Methodological development of the lesson “time management for students”. Principles of time management: simple rules for difficult tasks

Hello, friends! Dmitry Shaposhnikov is in touch.

In my observation, a modern successful person inevitably encounters the concept of “time management.” Everyone, to one degree or another, has felt a lack of time, pressure of deadlines, and experienced stress from forced haste.

After reading the article, you will learn the most important things about time management and become familiar with the basic concepts of successful time management. All this is accompanied by my examples and comments. I hope you find this topic useful, interesting, and fun!

Let's start, friends!

1. What is time management - definition and history

Direct translation of this term " Time Management"from English - " time management" It is clear that it is impossible to manage time in the literal sense: the real function of time management is to use the time of your life with maximum efficiency.

The most accurate definition of time management is:

Time management- this is the accounting, distribution and operational planning of your own time resources.

Another definition.

Time management is a scientific approach to organizing time and increasing the effect of its use.

The motto of a professional time manager:

Work less, have time more!

People who know how to manage their own time productively live richer and fuller lives and do their work with minimal time expenditure.

By managing our time, we have more living space: the opportunity to do what we really like becomes more real.

Considering the pressure in which modern people live, the issue of managing time resources is becoming increasingly relevant, if not vitally important. Developed time management skills significantly increase personal effectiveness. I realized this 12 years ago.

Time management allows you to organize your work and personal time throughout the day (week, month) in order to have time to do all the important and necessary things without being distracted by secondary or extraneous issues and problems.

Effective planning allows you to free up colossal time resources for a rich and fulfilling life. According to professionals, the size of such resources is calculated in years and decades.

History of time management

The scientific approach to organizing time is not a new problem. The history of time management goes back a long way.

Even 2000 years ago in Ancient Rome, the famous thinker Seneca proposed dividing all time into usefully spent, that is, good, into bad and useless.

Seneca also began to keep constant records of time in writing. The thinker said that when living a certain period of time, it is necessary to evaluate it from the point of view of its fullness.

In the subsequent history of time management, these ideas formed the basis of the concept of “personal effectiveness.”

Alberti, a writer and Italian scientist who lived in the 15th century, said that those who know how to manage time effectively will always be successful.

To do this, he proposed using two rules:

1. Make a to-do list every morning.
2. Arrange things in order of decreasing importance.

For many centuries, all these principles existed only in theoretical form, and only since the 80s of the last century this topic began to move from theory to practice.

Time management is necessary not only for executives and business owners: each of us must be able to manage our own assets in order to enjoy the process of life to the fullest.

Of course, not everyone needs time management. If a person has nothing to do in his life, and his main task is to “kill time,” then time management for such a person is an irrelevant and unnecessary discipline.

In other words, you first need to decide whether you really don’t have enough time and where you would like to spend your free minutes, hours and days when they appear.

Time management consists of several components:

• strict time tracking;
• optimization of time resources;
• planning the day (week, month or other period of time);
• organization of motivation.

Time management is important not only for work: people who have mastered the art of time management are more cheerful, healthy and successful in their professional and personal lives.

Effective time management allows you to comprehend all your actions and decisions from the point of view of their appropriateness for your own development and improvement.

2. Myths about time management – ​​3 main misconceptions

There are a number of social stereotypes and misconceptions about time management.

Some believe that time management is needed solely for work, that in Russia this discipline is ineffective due to the peculiarities of the national mentality, that life strictly according to plan turns a person into a robot and deprives him of free will.

All these myths are unfounded: below I will try to completely debunk them.

Myth 1. No one can manage time.

The statement is correct in form, but erroneous in content. Managing time is truly impossible. (unless, of course, you are the inventor of a time machine). No one is able to slow down its objective progress, speed it up or stop it even for a moment.

But a person can do the following : manage yourself, your decisions and actions over time, and also engage in setting priorities. This is exactly what time management practitioners talk about – about managing your own life.

Taking a smart and pragmatic approach to your actions is time management: you'll be surprised how many minutes and hours free up once you start to act more deliberately and consciously.

Remember that all successful people, regardless of their type of activity, plan their affairs and act with maximum productivity. At the same time, they work about the same amount of time as ordinary people, but they always manage to do more.

Their secret is that they manage to do more things per unit of time, which ultimately affects their life results.

Myth 2: Time management will make me work harder and harder.

Working hard and getting tired, neglecting rest is a direct path to overwork and depression. It is necessary to constantly strive to reduce the amount of work while increasing productivity. How to do it? In short, act strictly according to plan and be able to separate the secondary from the main.

Using time management techniques effectively does not mean doing more or increasing productivity by getting things done faster.

We are talking about increasing personal productivity by eliminating unnecessary tasks and eliminating the so-called “time wasters” or “chronophages”.

The category of chronophages includes hundreds of meaningless and small things that we do during the day, without even thinking about their expediency: frequently checking email, communicating and viewing news on social networks, meaningless conversations with colleagues.

A person’s commitment to matters distracted from the main task is partly explained by procrastination - the desire to postpone important and necessary events “until better times.”

However, if you discard reflection and recognize for yourself the importance and significance of your current tasks, you will have neither the strength nor the desire to be distracted by extraneous matters.

Myth 3. Using time management will turn me into a robot who will do everything according to a schedule, depriving me of freedom and choice.

People are afraid of turning into robots, but in fact they are already them, and also slaves of their own psycho-emotional habits and behavior patterns.

Time management does not limit our freedom, but, on the contrary, creates it.

Time management is necessary not only for office workers, executives and managers: managing the main resource of life - one’s own time - is necessary for everyone who takes themselves responsibly and seriously.

A practical criterion for the need to implement time management principles in life is the presence 4 or more cases in the plan for the current day (not only professional, but also personal matters are taken into account). Businessmen, freelance artists, and housewives need this.

Example

If you need to finish a project at work, talk to your boss about it, go to a phone repair shop after work, and finally pick up your baby from kindergarten, then smart time management is your absolute necessity.

Planning and allocating resources helps you achieve important goals faster and free up time for rest, recuperation, and communication with friends and family. Time control allows you to achieve results faster and at lower costs.

As for life according to a schedule, a reasonable organization of work and rest has never harmed anyone. And there is always a place for spontaneity and creativity (if any) in any work.

3. How to manage time - 7 main principles of time management

Now let’s move on to practice and find out how to manage time correctly, where to start controlling and planning your actions, what difficulties usually arise along this path and how to overcome them. Below I have described the basic principles and rules.

Principle 1: Plan your actions

Planning things for the next day (or the next week) is of practical importance in any job. It doesn’t matter whether you are sitting in an office, standing at a conveyor belt, or working as a courier in your free time from studying - a clear action plan will always bring real benefits in the form of increased productivity (personal and professional).

Even if your actions are strictly regulated by your job description, you should always have a plan drawn up in advance - this will help you cope with your work more efficiently and quickly.

Remember that all successful people plan their lives.

Remember some of the most important axioms of time management:

1. Record your goals in writing. If your goal is not indicated on paper (or in an electronic diary), then it does not exist.
2. Plan your day. A pre-compiled list of tasks and actions increases the productivity of any type of activity by 25%.
3. Break down big tasks. Time-consuming tasks should always be divided into several small subtasks - do not take on a large-scale project without thinking through the sequence of actions in advance.

You need to make planning second nature: make it a habit to make a plan for tomorrow before you go to bed. In the morning at work, you will already know exactly where to start, how to continue and how to finish.

Always leave a certain reserve of time for “force majeure” - unforeseen circumstances.

Remember that the few minutes that you spend on drawing up a plan will more than pay off in the future: you will appreciate the results of competent planning already in the first week of implementation.

Principle 2. Formulate the desired result into specific goals and objectives

Strategic and effective planning is impossible without competent goal setting. In simpler terms, you must be able to clearly formulate the main goal and be able to break it down into more specific and local tasks.

In management theory, this skill is called "decomposition of goals". The main way to put this concept into practice is to move from the general to the specific.

There is a professional tool (or principle) for formulating and setting local goals in time management and goal setting.

It is called SMART principle .

According to this principle, the goal should be:

• specific(Specific);
• measurable(Measurable);
• achievable for a certain period (Attainable);
• relevant or true - it is necessary to understand in advance whether this task will really help in achieving the goal (Relevant);
• limited in time(Time-bound).

The main criterion for the usefulness and effectiveness of a local task is its specificity. Starting towards a big goal by completing sequential tasks significantly reduces the time it takes to complete the work.

Consistency and focus on specific points is the key to future success.

Even the greatest creators did not create their works entirely at once - they first made a plan, and then carried it out point by point. One of the secrets to successful time management is the ability to focus on current tasks without losing the overall direction.

Principle 3. Fix your plan of action.

The need to necessarily record an action plan has already been mentioned above. Here we will look at how best to do this. There are several working and effective tools that allow you to make your plans and tasks more visual and specific.

One of these methods is called. Let me explain what this looks like in practice.

Example

Let's say your goal is to build a house. To begin with, you should divide the task into several stages: clear the site, dig and lay the foundation, carry out above-ground work, finish the premises, carry out communications and do landscaping.

The Grant diagram indicates all the tasks of the current large-scale project along with the timing of their implementation, duration in time and priority of implementation.

Tasks of the same type can be grouped into one item, and larger tasks should be divided into several sequential tasks.

Visually drawing up a plan not only saves your time, but also allows other employees involved in the project to quickly understand the state of affairs and get involved in the work from the right stage.

Principle 4: Prioritize

Timely and clearly defining the main goal is necessary and correct. But the main task is to move towards achieving this goal, consistently completing current tasks of varying degrees of difficulty.

To prioritize your daily planning, a simple method called "ABVGD Method".

ABCD method

“A” is the most important task of the current day, “B” is less important, “C” is a task of medium importance, etc.

The first thing on the list should be done first. Usually this task is the most time-consuming and difficult. Sometimes a person feels afraid or is lazy to start the day with the main task, but the secret is that the effectiveness of your current activities depends on its completion.

A specialist in practical time management advises to resolve this issue firmly and unambiguously. His method is called “eat a frog for breakfast.” “Frog” is the most difficult and unpleasant task of the day. You constantly postpone it to the “afternoon”, to the evening, or even to tomorrow.

But the point is that this creates constant emotional stress, which prevents you from doing everything else productively. Tracy says that you should start the day with the most difficult thing, then all the other tasks will be completed almost by themselves.

The logical continuation of Brian Tracy's method here is the Pareto law or principle.

Pareto's Law

20% of our efforts bring us 80% of the results, and the remaining 80% of our efforts bring us only 20% of the results.

Thus, our task is to identify these 20% of our most effective actions and concentrate on them.

Another tool for effective prioritization is called "Eisenhower Matrix". Political and military leader, US President Dwyatt Eisenhower was a practical and very successful man.

He came up with the idea of ​​dividing all current affairs into 4 categories:

• urgent and important;
• important but not urgent;
• urgent, but not very important;
• unimportant and not urgent.

First category : urgent and important - these are the primary tasks that must be completed today and now: postponing them will certainly create unnecessary difficulties in the future. There is no point in entrusting them to subordinates - you need to do it yourself and immediately.

This sector of the matrix is ​​called differently "Fire sector" being in which for a long time is fraught with adverse consequences, primarily for one’s own health.

My time management secret is to be in the sector « Important - Not urgent » .

This is the most efficient sector of the matrix. Here you are calm, here you plan, think, act competently and carefully, here you do what is truly important.

Do not allow important matters to flow into the urgent sector!

Cases from 4th category (non-urgent and unimportant) can be safely crossed off from the daily list.

You can make a table like this every day, based on the Eisenhower Matrix.

Don't be lazy and implement this simple table into your day planning system.

Principle 5: Focus on what matters most

I have already said how important it is to achieve your goals, in this paragraph I will tell you how to do this as efficiently as possible.

The ability to focus on the main thing, without being distracted by extraneous things, is the most important practical skill, mastering which, you will solve the highest priority tasks of productive time management.

Time is a non-renewable resource, and the most valuable of all. We can spend 10,000 rubles and earn them again, but we are not able to get back the second we have lived.

We are also not able to extend the day to 25 hours, but we can free up our own space for those activities that are truly important to us.

To prevent unimportant tasks from affecting your personal productivity, you need to master specific time management techniques.

One of the most effective techniques for freeing up time is delegation. It would be more accurate to say that delegation is a component of classical management.

Delegation- This is a way to entrust some of our affairs to other people.

The most basic examples: you can not wash your car yourself, but take it to a car wash, or else: you can fix a leaking faucet in the bathroom yourself or call a professional plumber.

Remember

Any tasks that are more expedient (from a financial and time perspective) to be left to others should be left to others.

The higher the value of your personal time, the more minor and not very important tasks can be delegated.

Less important things can be done during “non-resource time.”

We are talking about that part of the day when you are no longer at the peak of your mental and physical strength, for example, at the end of the day when you are tired.

Also, for example, while in transport or in a queue, you can combine waiting with learning - listening to audiobooks on professional skills or developing one of the personal effectiveness skills.

Another important skill for real time saving: the ability to say “no”.

Do not think that you need to refuse everyone indiscriminately.

The ability to say “no” applies primarily to those people and affairs that deprive you of your energy and time resources without giving anything in return.

Say “no” to a chatty neighbor or employee, reading the tabloid press, surfing the Internet on social networks and entertainment resources, watching TV.

Remember that even a small unplanned break, when someone or something distracts you from your task, can cause plans to be disrupted.

Principle 6. Analyze your experience and create your own time management rules

Periodically, it is worth looking back and drawing pragmatic conclusions from your time management experiences. Study your mistakes and be sure to take measures to correct them.

Be sure to analyze situations in which you lost personal resources especially intensely.

You should always remain aware and look from the outside at what exactly is happening in your life - in what direction and at what speed it is moving.

If you feel like you've lost control and are too deep into solving a problem without thinking about the time spent, it's time to stop, take a break and try to optimize your own actions.

In the end, create your own time management rules, your own tricks. Your whole life, your activity is unique.

Principle 7. Plan your vacation

In pursuit of success and personal productivity, never neglect rest, I will say more than that - plan your rest, just like your business tasks! For time management, proper rest is the most important element for success.

An example from the life of Radislav Gandapas

The famous Russian business coach and speaker Radislav Gandapas, as he said at one of his trainings, plans days in his work schedule to visit the golf club. This is an important hobby in his life.

He highlights these days in red as events of the highest degree of importance that cannot be rescheduled.

Otherwise, Radislav says, he cannot play golf at all, since there are always more important things to do.

You can only remain at the peak of your psychophysiological capabilities through regular recuperation.

You can’t skimp on sleep, your own weekends, and communication with loved ones—these are just as important factors in effective time management as planning and goal setting.

4. Review of popular books and trainings on time management and increasing personal effectiveness

There is a lot of useful literature on time management. Separate publications are devoted to time management for women (young mothers, housewives), students, schoolchildren, and managers.

Seminars, conferences, master classes and trainings on time management are held.

In my opinion, the most informative and accessible books on this topic are the works of Gleb Arkhangelsky, Evgeny Popov and Brian Tracy.

Evgeniy Popov– author of the “Time Master” course, creator of video lessons on this topic, practitioner of successful online business. Has a personal network resource where anyone can purchase the author’s intellectual products.

If you want to quickly master the basics of practical time management, be sure to study Evgeniy Popov’s course “”.

Gleb Arkhangelsky– leading Russian specialist on time management. Head of his own corporate projects to introduce time management into the practice of the largest domestic companies - RAO UES, Wimm-Bill-Dann and others. Creator of bestsellers: “Time Management” and “Time Drive”.

Brian Tracy- The world's leading expert on personal effectiveness, management consultant, writer, speaker.

Other books on this topic: “Time Management by Pomodoro” (Staffan Nötheberg), “Hard Time Management” (Dan Kennedy), “Maximum Concentration” (Lucy Paladino).

5. Conclusion

Let's sum it up, friends! I personally try to use the following elements of time management:

• planning the day;
• prioritization (ABVGD);
• working with a list of tasks.

In practice, I am convinced that time planning simplifies life and helps you get more done.

The main thing is that it becomes a habit for you. A habit is formed in 20-30 days. You will need to hold on for just a little while to get used to doing the right things, and then the system of habits and time management will work for you.

Time management techniques are most productively used by business people, for whom the distribution of their own time is a primary task. However, schoolchildren and higher education students must also teach themselves to use the allotted time correctly.

“

“Living without a plan is like watching TV with the remote control in the wrong hands.”

Time management principles vary across different age groups due to differences in development and understanding of the passage of time, as well as differences in academic workload. Also, successfully following time management techniques requires the ability to concentrate. Articles about the development of attention and its special properties can be found on the Brain.apps blog.

Time management for schoolchildren

Time management for schoolchildren should begin from the beginning of first grade. Since they develop the concept of the passage of time at the age of 6-7 years, and many school external stimuli will strengthen their understanding of time frames.

Basic time management techniques for schoolchildren:

• Wall schedule. This type of planning is very popular among parents, but it is necessary to schedule not only lessons, but also free time, so that the child learns to separate different types of activities from childhood.
• Planning for the future. Parents should let their child plan their future affairs themselves, with only a little help. Thus, the student will be both physically and emotionally prepared for any events in advance,
• Weekly calendar. One of the techniques that a student can master is scheduling his day by the hour. It’s better to start with the time you wake up and end with sleep. In this table, the child must color in the hours that he spent uselessly, which will allow him to clearly assess how much time he is wasting.
• Plan for the day. In elementary school, this technique should be performed together with parents. The child must learn to plan his activities in time, fit them into the day, and determine the main and secondary matters. Moreover, parents should explain to him that the main things are not those that he loves, but those whose implementation is more important.
• Fairy tales. Children learn information best through play, so a simple story can be a good time management exercise for schoolchildren. Parents come up with a fairy tale in which the main character behaves incorrectly, that is, wastes time. After this, the child is asked to analyze the character’s behavior and find mistakes in his actions. The student can also come up with his own plan of action for this hero.

A psychological analysis of primary school students showed that they waste about 40 hours a week. Moreover, the children themselves believe that all their free time is spent doing homework, although they are constantly distracted by extraneous tasks.

Time management for students

The main difference between time management for students and school is that these people are already considered adults, fully understand the value of time and have to do much more things per day than children. In addition, many students combine study with work and additionally manage to devote time to developing a hobby.

The time management method is in great demand for Stanford students. Its basic rules are maximum planning of work and even free time, recording all your activities and clearly separating one task from another.

Effective time management techniques for students:

• Diary. For the most optimal distribution of time, you should create one diary in which all events and plans for the future will be recorded. Moreover, you should write down your class schedule separately, separately - important events, for example, consultations, and, finally, part of the notebook should be allocated to planning your free time.
• Week schedule. You need to set aside time each week to make a plan for the entire week. This will help you avoid wasting extra time each day trying to decide which activity to take.
• Making the most of every minute. Any periods of time, for example, between classes, on public transport and others, can be used for some useful activity.
• Separation of study and personal. While doing something, it is important not to be distracted by extraneous stimuli, which can even be friends. First, you should complete the activity you started, and only then devote time to friends, social networks, and games.

Following these rules will allow the student to increase work productivity and find time for many things and events that have been put aside. However, in addition to classes, the student must allocate time in his schedule for rest, sleep and personal relationships.

Hard work, often just work that isn't done in its time. It's about how important tasks are put off until later, and then later. When a student is in a situation of low productivity, it means his life has come under the control of procrastination. For example: waiting for the right mood and time; lack of clear goals and underestimation of the complexity of the task; a set of ambiguous troubles; fear of failure or fear of success.
Time management is not a skill, but an organized approach, the ability to be effective. What is a student's valuable learning resource? Of course, time flies by at unprecedented speed. It's important to remember, there are only 24 hours. No student has more or less. With good coordination results are achieved. The skill of not wasting seconds is valuable for its effective consequences.

Day-to-day planning results in significant savings in hours for the student. It is necessary to set priorities and take care of urgent matters first. The schedule will clearly show how long it takes to complete notes and other educational tasks, and how many minutes are left for rest.

Time management stops the student’s slowness, gives an incentive to move, and develops productivity. When there is a plan, there is more freedom, that is, the student knows his purpose in a certain period of time.

An unfocused student often finds himself overwhelmed with work in the evening and does not have time to accomplish anything during the day.

The schedule reduces the student's feeling of guilt for unfinished work. Confidence in achieving the goal appears, free minutes are spent usefully.
A chart helps track successes and failures and clearly shows the long term. Self-organization removes uncertainty and focuses on obtaining better results. Discipline from within is the key to getting the most out of all activities. It creates a good balance of study and freedom, and brings benefits in many areas of life for many years. Many former students believe that managing their activity calendar was one of the best steps they took to improve their academic performance. Feeling under your own control is the pinnacle of perfection in your student years.

Organization or "Simple Method"

The organization will make the student a successful student. It sounds easy, but the secret to success lies in simplicity. The best approach to breaking down daily distractions is the three levels of planning: short, medium and long term. A great way to describe daily, weekly and long-term goals.

The best time to prepare a short-term to-do list for tomorrow is in the evening. The plan will coordinate the tests and assignments that must be achieved within seven days.

It is useful to use the calendar to have a broader view of the semester. Mark upcoming activities along with dates. A proven simple method - the ABC of priorities: List A - a task is critical to achieving a goal, it must be done that day (or else you may face serious consequences). List B - less urgent, but still important, is carried out after list A. List B is a composition of pleasant tasks, they are carried out after the top two have been successfully completed. Then, you can calmly move on to the next day, having written out the new alphabet.

Realistic planning

A schedule that is too demanding will cause stress and work accumulation for the student. A simple plan will not overwhelm you. Be flexible and adapt your schedule. Cases formed outside the schedule, it is necessary to determine the benefits.
Starting to finish is control and success.
There is no need to be a perfectionist: if something doesn’t work out, start again. See the mistake from the outside and approach the matter in different ways.
Don't tackle large projects all at once, but break them down into manageable pieces. This will make it easier to complete and the result will be satisfying. Study time should be divided in the same way. There is no need to study a subject for more than one hour at a time; a break is required.

How long should I study?

This question affects every student. We must remember that academic success is not the amount of time spent studying, but the quality of its planning. It is important to note that there is not one answer for all students. Some students are more effective than others. One person finds subjects difficult and has to spend more effort on mastering them. The other one will do it faster. It's better to focus on your own needs and abilities. The goal is to improve the scheduling method so that you can see the results of personal growth as much as possible.
Some items require more time and attention than others. Focus first on questions that you like and understand, but do not neglect the rest. It's hard to keep everything on track during the week, but with a flexible schedule it's possible. Use your days off, as it is useful to expand your knowledge in other areas.

Approximate guideline for studying one subject in
day:

• First year - 1.5 hours a day.
• Second year - 2 hours a day.
• Third year - 2.5-3 hours a day.
• Fourth year - 3-4 hours a day.
• Fifth year - 3.5-5 hours a day.

Of course, the number of hours in the schedule should increase, closer to exams and tests.

Time management experts advise students to spend the first half hour of the evening marking and reviewing the main topics covered in class that day. This identifies potential weaknesses, which in turn should be included in the plan for further study. Such increased attention to the subject will open interest and understanding.
There must be a desire to improve the level of skill on weekends. Split the training, for example from 9 to 12 am and from 16 to 18 pm.
Discuss your schedule with friends and family, let them know about your free time and study time. They will understand and make an effort to fit in free time for socializing or outdoor activities.

There are only 168 hours a week and it makes sense to manage them. You need to learn that you need to devote these hours exclusively to personal improvement. Don't waste precious seconds, don't let strangers take away time that can never be returned.
Finally, after completing a task, you can take a pleasant moment to look at the result and feel satisfied with your progress.

One of the main problems that students face is lack of time. To be able to do everything, students need to learn to plan their every day.

Correct distribution of forces is the key to successful studies

Experts regularly conduct various surveys among students, finding out what difficulties they encounter during their studies. The most common problems include:

• lack of time and disruption of work rhythm;
• depressive states;
• severe fears of exams;
• low academic performance, lack of self-organization.

These problems are largely related to the high workload students receive at universities. Problems often worsen if young people combine study with work, in such cases there is practically no time left for proper rest. The result is deplorable - academic performance drops and chronic fatigue occurs.

Experts recommend that students adhere to Pareto’s law – “80/20”. The essence of this law is very simple - you need to correctly distribute your forces, and then by spending only 20% of your resources you will get a result of 80%. If you go back and scatter, then the result will be the opposite.

Start simple - start a diary and plan every day ahead. Mark things by importance, learn to correctly determine the time frame for solving problems. For example, some cases are considered in the short term, others in the long term, etc.

Prioritizing will help you save time.

A common mistake modern students make is starting a new working day by solving minor problems. Young people scroll through their social media profiles every morning, then get distracted by phone calls, then spend too much time on a simple task, etc.

A schedule of tasks will help you set priorities correctly; it will show you which task needs to be solved now and what can be postponed. Time management works real miracles:

• reduces slowness and increases motivation to study;
• activates productivity;
• frees up hours for rest and free activities.

Due to lack of time, students often find it difficult to write their student papers and fail to meet the deadline. Preparation for writing a test or dissertation should begin as soon as you receive the topic from the teacher, without putting this question off for a long time.

If you still don’t have time, use a service that offers assistance with any student work. On the site you can get professional help in writing essays, tests, coursework and dissertations. The service provides round-the-clock support and practices an individual approach to clients, selecting the best experts to work on a given topic.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University"

Institute of Childhood

Department of Pedagogy and Methods of Primary Education

Abstract on the discipline “Time management, or student time management”

Topic: “Time management, or student time management”

Novosibirsk 2014

INTRODUCTION

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TIME MANAGEMENT

1. The essence of time management

4. Basic directions of time management

CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT TO A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

INTRODUCTION

In connection with the introduction of a new State educational standard into the educational process, the task of organizing independent work for students is becoming increasingly urgent. Independent work is defined as individual or collective educational activities carried out without the direct guidance of a teacher, but according to his assignments and under his control.

In a modern dynamically developing society, there is a need for proactive, independent people who can easily adapt to new conditions. Requirements are increasing not only for the quality of training of students as highly qualified specialists, but also for the development of their intellectual and creative abilities, allowing them to freely master their profession, develop the ability to think critically, express and defend their point of view, their positions, successfully find a way out of existing situations, often in non-standard situations.

In the traditional learning process, based on the transfer of ready-made knowledge from teacher to student, it is almost impossible to achieve the required level of development of a future specialist. Since the main activity of the student is to solve theoretical and practical problems, with a clear formulation and a ready-made algorithm, and does not require deep creative thinking and often comes down to standard actions. Thus, the problem lies in the need for high-quality training of future specialists, in the formation of a holistic and harmonious personality. This can be achieved by systematically involving the student in independent activities, which in educational activities is expressed in independent work and acquires the character of problem-search activity.

Leading teachers have always considered independent work to be one of the most effective ways to enhance students’ cognitive activity, develop independence, responsibility and creative abilities. The student should work in class and at home as independently as possible, and the teacher should only organize, control and manage this process.

The ability to organize educational and personal time by a student is a key factor in the professional and personal development of a future specialist. The relevance of optimizing time costs increases during the period of adaptation of first-year students to the educational process.

The development of professional and personal qualities of a modern person cannot be imagined without the skills of effective organization, saving and optimal use of time. Time management is an interdisciplinary branch of science and practice that studies the problems of optimizing time costs, a set of technologies and techniques. The sphere of its influence is fully revealed by understanding it as a complex system for managing oneself and one’s activities.

In the vast majority of universities, students do not have the methods and skills of self-organization absolutely necessary for study and life. Organization of the educational process is a problem, the solution of which determines the academic performance and subsequent career of a future specialist. The real situation shows that most young people do not plan their day or do it irrationally.

Time management can become an integral assistant in organizing a student's time - a separate area of ​​management aimed specifically at solving the problems of organizing time and setting priorities in its use.

Thus, the topic of the work “Time management, or student time management” is relevant.

Theoretical foundations of time management

1. The essence of time management

You can learn how to rationally use the resource of time, act effectively and achieve success by learning to properly plan your activities, manage your tasks and affairs (both long-term and short-term), set priorities, set goals for yourself and achieve them, distribute your work and study load , finding time for both work and rest. And the sooner you can master the skill of effectively managing your time, the faster and easier it will be to achieve mastery and success Bird P. Time management: Planning and controlling time. M., 2008. P.124. .

Self-organization of time includes the following stages: information and communication, goal setting (analysis and formation of goals), planning (developing plans and alternative options for one’s activities), decision-making (making decisions on upcoming matters), implementation and organization (drawing up a daily routine and organizing personal labor process for the implementation of assigned tasks), control (self-control and control of results) Self-management: textbook / ed. V.N.Parakhina, V.I. Perov. M., 2012. P.216. .

Time management is a holistic system for managing personal activities, including tools for developing a personal strategy, increasing personal effectiveness, managing personal resources (money, time, information, etc.) Molokova O.A. Time management as a factor of adaptation to studying at a university // Modern problems of science and education. 2012. No. 5 p. 180.

Time management helps a student determine what is important for him and needs organization, planning, and what is secondary, helps to control his own time, manage it, but, at the same time, we are not talking about strict control. In student life there are obligatory tasks that require clear organization, control, planning, and most importantly, timely completion. Failure to comply with plans and failure to achieve the set goal leads to a constant lack of time and a negative result of future actions. But there is a simple pattern, which is formulated in Pareto’s law: 80% of the work is done in 20% of the working time. Consequently, proper organization of work leads to achieving maximum results Skibitskaya L.I. Time management: textbook. aid for students economy universities K., 2009. P.314. .

In effective time planning by a student, the following stages can be distinguished:

1. determining the goal of one’s own activities in general (to answer the question “why do I need this?”), specific stages of achieving the goal and ways to implement them. It is important that the dream and goal do not contradict each other;

2. detailed analysis of the routine, tracking time spent, determining the appropriateness of each action (timing). This procedure helps to identify unnecessary, unnecessary things that take a lot of time;

3. compiling a to-do list in accordance with the Eisenhower matrix - dividing into urgent and important, important and non-urgent, urgent and unimportant, non-urgent and unimportant;

4. recording long- and short-term plans (planning several years, a year, months, weeks, days). The presence of such a diary disciplines and helps to clearly see tasks, methods of their implementation and deadlines;

5. planning rest and alternating different types of activities;

6. application of volitional efforts, cultivating the goal of achieving maximum results Frantsuzova S., Usov V. Time management in the internal training system // Management and manager. 2009. No. 5. P. 57--63. .

It is important to realize that no one can manage time, but can only correctly distribute the amount of work to be done, and what needs to be planned is not the time that will be spent on completion, but the amount of work that can be done in the appropriate period of time. And therefore it is wrong to say that there is not enough time. It's really a competency problem - lack of competency in planning and doing the job. Therefore, time management is not the ability to manage time, but the ability to manage work in time and space. The problem of some students is that they biasedly assess their competence in a particular issue, as a result of which they incorrectly plan their time to solve it Self-management: a textbook / ed. V.N.Parakhina, V.I. Perov. M., 2012. P.317. .

With the help of time management, every student has the opportunity to effectively plan their daily, monthly, and yearly schedule. It is especially important to use the theoretical foundations of time management starting from the process of mastering a future profession. This is an opportunity to successfully implement your plans and solve problems in your future profession. To plan your working time, it is important to determine your desires, aspirations, and interests. When planning, a visual display of cases and tasks also plays an important role, which allows you to systematize and determine priority tasks that will influence the result and the implementation of the overall goal. It is important to evaluate each of your activities, tasks, responsibilities, and powers from the point of view of contribution to the final result.

2. Basic time management techniques

Technique one: planning is one of the most important elements of time management. The bottom line is that time spent planning reduces the time needed to complete the job. Modern experts recommend that any planning be carried out in two stages: make a list and determine priorities.

Once the list is compiled, the cases are distributed in order of importance. However, no list is complete unless it reflects the order of importance of the items. Once such a list has been compiled, it needs to be completed by identifying priorities. This is the basis of planning.

Writing a to-do list is easy, but setting priorities, especially the first time, is more difficult. However, the following two methods have long been invented. Both methods are based on the popular Pareto rule : 20% of all cases produce 80% of all results, and vice versa, that is, you need to direct your main efforts to those things that are within these 20%, and they are the ones that are considered important. Experts recommend planning only 60% of your working time, leaving 20% ​​for solving unforeseen issues, and the remaining 20% ​​generally involves free creative activity.

The second technique is to work effectively with information. It is clear that the more information collected for analysis by a student, the less likely it is to take the wrong or irrational path. And here you need to maintain a sense of proportion, because there is a certain amount of information that can be obtained and analyzed.

Based on the information collected, one or another decision is usually made. Making a decision should not become a difficult and drawn-out process. It is necessary to review the data, identify all the pros and cons, formulate possible solutions to the problem, select the most acceptable one and... do it! Time management experts say: “It’s better to competently implement not the best decision than to rush around long and tediously in search of the most optimal one, that is, if you do it, then do it, or it’s better not to start at all.”

Reception third : willingness to do unpleasant things. Each of us from time to time has to deal with questions that are not interesting. Many people try to push these tasks as far away as possible, put them in a distant drawer and shirker in every possible way, which further increases the time spent on their implementation. Indeed, sooner or later we will still have to solve this most unpleasant problem. Additionally, if the problem does not go away on its own, the amount of work that needs to be done may increase over time.

Technique four: changing communication with others. What we mean is the following situation: people of a certain character may develop a desire, and then a habit, of asking to do certain things. You always need to express your own opinion, agreeing with those arguments that you accept and rejecting those that you do not recognize. Afterwards the conversation itself will come to its logical conclusion. Most often, the interlocutors do not have any more questions.

Technique five: skillful alternation of work and rest. The busier you are, the more you need to rest. By the beginning of a new working period, the body must regain strength. Therefore, you should not miss proper breaks, sleep and rest, even if you have a lot to do. Every person experiences ups and downs of energy, vitality and mental activity throughout the day, i.e. circadian biorhythms. We must not forget about them: during periods of increased biological activity, one should engage in creative work that requires mental effort and attention. On the contrary, it is better to devote time periods during which there is a decline in biological activity to routine tasks.

In addition to all the listed techniques, you can and should use the most important principle of time management: “Everything can be improved,” starting from the fact that the reserves of efficiency and development are not limited in any way Khalan I.S. Time management / translation from English. - St. Petersburg, 2011. P.16. .

3. Time management technologies

Today, there are a huge number of time management technologies created by domestic and foreign specialists.

There are three options for organizing your important affairs: using a regular piece of paper, a program, an organizer and the online service Obraztsova, L. Time is money. How to manage your time / Lyudmila Obraztsova. - M., 2007. P.86.

Here are the most popular time management techniques that use a piece of paper as a planning tool: flow maps and diagrams, Gantt maps and charts, network analysis, a simple organizer, an organizer with qualitative time analysis functions, Gastev’s time map, engagement system, SWOT analysis , highlighting priorities, highlighting levels of goals (values-goals-tasks), examination of the coherence and realism of goals, written recording of deadlines and first steps, SMART technology for goal setting (according to D. Dourden), project system for setting goals (according to G. Arkhangelsky) , goal setting from the general to the specific, situational analysis (according to L. Seiwert), paper and electronic notebooks, mind maps (Tony Buzan’s technique), Covey table, Pareto time planning proportion, Eisenhower matrix, goal setting from the general to the specific, planning method 60:20:20 L. Zaivert, ABC method, “Alps” method, theory of solving inventive problems (G.S. Alshtuller), “OTPAD” technology (A. Panfilov), the Eisenhower matrix, building a delegation system, optimizing decision-making procedures, introducing measures for information and technical support for decision-making, the Getting Thing Done system (David Allen), modernizing routines, dividing cases into “flexible” and “hard”, ensuring rhythm work, training in individual time planning skills (blocks, overlaps, gaps), the use of contexts, methods such as the “timing” technique, the “five fingers” method (according to L. Seiwert), control cards, planning information networks and information flows in the organization, development and implementation of electronic document management systems (IT engineering), etc.

To successfully apply time management knowledge, specially designed software products are also used that are aimed at automating time management processes. Here are the most common of them: scheduler, Time Assist Pro, organizer, WinLog Assist, Explain, FinExpertiza Time, Above & Beyond, Actual Planner, Secretary, A VIP Simple To Do List, C_Organizer, Life Balance, Tombo, WinOrganizer, etc. And this is not a complete list of programs of this type.

Main online services for time management: Todoist, Doit.im, etc.

4.Main directions of time management

There are three main types of time management, reflected in Table 1.

Table 1. - Three types of time management

	Individual		Social
Subject (who controls)	The man himself	TM consultant	TM consultant
Object (who is controlled)	The man himself	Personality (professional)	Group (organizational substructure)
Purpose (why)	Optimized the achievement of individual life goals of the individual	Optimize the process and result of performing social-role (professional) functions	Optimize the process and outcome of organizational functions, including relationships
(what is controlled)	Personal knowledge, abilities, skills	Professional knowledge and skills, behavior strategies	Norms, rules, standards, algorithms, methods of activity and communication
Motivation (why, for what)	Internal: interest, desire to become better	Partially internal (desire to improve competence), partially external (difficulties in work)	External: slow and inefficient work; Difficulty managing a group

The first type of time management, conventionally called “individual”, is carried out based on the paradigm of personal self-development. In this case, a person acts as his own time manager; the time management methods he uses are extremely individualized; he takes some things from books, learns some things in specialized courses and trainings, and invents some things for himself. . Essentially, such individual time management acts as a kind of hobby and is aimed at achieving, first of all, personal goals, in the context of a person improving his abilities and creative self-realization. The scope of application of such individual time management most often is creative hobbies (artistic or technical creativity) and training (working with information).

“Role-based time management” differs from individual time management in two important aspects: firstly, it is more specialized, tied to solving specific problems, and secondly, it requires the participation of a professional time management consultant in the time management process. The “attachment” of time management to problem solving places more stringent demands on the time management methods used and, therefore, makes the participation of an expert consultant extremely necessary. student time saving management

“Social time management” stands somewhat apart from other types of time management, not so much due to its special object - a group of people and/or organizational substructure (the organization as a whole), but due to the specific requirements for the work of a time management consultant . In this case of time management, the consultant acts primarily as a specialist in organizational development, making changes to key aspects of activities Skibitskaya L.I. Time management: textbook. aid for students economy universities K., 2009. P.412.

In addition to solving the problem of organizational development, within the framework of “social time management” the consultant must also solve one more problem - training and adapting a group of people to the changes that have occurred. Training is usually quite traditional in nature (conducting trainings, courses, seminars), but adaptation activities can take a wide variety of forms - from training to extensive measures to create a culture that includes time as one of the key values.

CONCLUSION

Time management is a holistic system for managing personal activities, including tools for developing a personal strategy, increasing personal effectiveness, managing personal resources (money, time, information, etc.)

Mastering technological techniques of time management by students will allow them to: analyze their time in order to use it rationally, formulate and set short-, medium- and long-term goals, clearly plan their affairs, quickly make decisions and implement them effectively, carry out self-control and control the results of their implementation activities. The development of skills for effectively organizing students’ independent work must be carried out in two directions: mastering time management technologies by teachers of a higher educational institution and using the acquired knowledge to organize students’ independent work.

The main time management techniques include: planning; effective work with information; willingness to do unpleasant things; change in communication with others; skillful alternation of work and rest.

Today, there are a huge number of time management technologies created by domestic and foreign specialists. There are three options for organizing your important affairs: using a regular piece of paper, a program, an organizer and an online service.

The three identified types of time management are very different from each other, predetermining the completely different nature of the activities of a time management consultant. Each type of time management requires the consultant to organize his activities in a special way, use special forms of work (diagnosis, activity analysis, individual or group training, including training, etc.) and use specialized time management methods.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Arkhangelsky G.A. Organization of time. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Peter", 2006 -448 p.

2. Bird P. Time management: Planning and time control. M.: FAIR PRESS, 2008.- 288 p.

3.Dorozhkin Yu.N., Mazitova L.T. Problems of social adaptation of foreign students // Sociologist. research 2007. No. 3. P. 73--77.

4. Molokova O.A. Time management as a factor of adaptation to studying at a university // Modern problems of science and education. 2012. No. 5 p.180

5. Obraztsova, L. Time is money. How to manage your time / Lyudmila Obraztsova. - M.: AST, 2007 - 126 p.

6. Pedagogy: Textbook for students of pedagogical educational institutions / V.A. Slastenin, I.F. Isaev, A.I. Mishchenko, E.N. Shiyanov. - 4th ed. - M.: School Press, 2012. - 512 p.

7.Self-management: textbook / ed. V.N.Parakhina, V.I. Perov. - M., 2012. - 368 p.

8.Skibitskaya L.I. Time management: study. aid for students economy universities K.: Condor, 2009. - 528 p.

9.Frantsuzova S., Usov V. Time management in the system of internal training // Management and Manager. 2009. No. 5. P. 57--63.

10. Khalan I.S. Time management / translation from English. - St. Petersburg: Dilya Publishing House, 2011. - 96 p.

ABSTRACT TO A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

Khakunova F.P. The problem of organizing independent work of students and schoolchildren at the present stage of education // Bulletin of the Adygea State University. Series 3: Pedagogy and psychology. - 2012. - p. 89-106.

In his article F.P. Khakunova substantiates the relevance of organizing independent work of subjects of the educational process. As the author notes, in the modern educational process there is no problem more important and at the same time complex than the organization of independent work of students in the educational process. F.P. Khakunova characterizes the levels and types of independent work. The author emphasizes that in order to effectively carry out independent work, it is necessary to master educational strategies, that is, a stable set of actions purposefully organized by the subject to solve various types of educational tasks. A special place for F.P. Khakunova in her work pays attention to the peculiarities of independent work of students and schoolchildren. The author describes in detail and classifies the features of students' independent work by type, based on the specifics of educational and cognitive activity and cognitive tasks.

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