1. Replace words with personal pronouns.

For example: Bob (Bob) – he (he), books (books) – they (they)

10. Robert and his dog

11. Helen and you

12.Mr. Nelson and I

2. Choose the correct pronoun option in brackets.

1. Look at your trainers. … (It/He/They) are dirty. (Look at your sneakers... dirty.)

2. Our teacher is old and … (he/she/they) has a beard. (Our teacher is old, and... has a beard.)

3. Don’t sit on that chair. … (He/It/We) is broken. (Don't sit on that chair... it's broken.)

4. I love Anna. … (It/He/She) is my best friend. (I love Anna. ... is my best friend.)

5. Give me some water. … (I/We/You) am thirsty. (Give me some water... I'm thirsty.)

6. Have … (he/you/she) got a car, Sam? (...do you have a car, Sam?)

7. Laura and I play volleyball. … (They/She/We) do it on Sundays. (Laura and I play volleyball... we do it on Sundays.)

3. Replace the highlighted words in the text with suitable personal pronouns (I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, us, him, her, them).

Lisa and Roger are in Spain now. Lisa and Roger are having their holiday. Lisa and Roger live in a hotel. The hotel is very comfortable. And the beaches are fantastic. The beaches are clean and big. The sea is warm. Roger goes jogging near the sea every morning. Lisa doesn't go with Roger. Lisa wakes up late. Lisa and Roger met their friends there. So Lisa and Roger spend all days with their friends.

4. Insert a suitable personal pronoun (me, us, you, her, him, it, them).

1. Where is Cindy? I can’t see… . (Where is Cindy? I don't see....)

2. Peter and Anna need your help. Can you help...? (Peter and Anna need your help. Can you help...?)

3. Here is your tomato juice. Drink…. (Here is your tomato juice. Drink....)

4. We are going shopping. Let's go with…. (We are going shopping. We are going with....)

5. Those are my nuts. Don't eat... (There are my nuts. Don't eat....)

6. The rat is under the table. Do you see...? (The rat is under the table. Do you see...?)

7. Robert is ill today. So we shall not see…. (Robert is sick today. So we won't see....)

8. I am very busy. Please don’t disturb… . (I'm very busy. Please don't bother....)

9. Mary and Paul can’t open the door. Go and help…. (Mary and Pavel cannot open the door. Go and help....)

10. It’s my sister’s birthday today. This is a present for…. (Today is my sister's birthday. Here is a gift for....)

Answers:

1. it (carpet)
2. she (Mary)
3. they (Mary and Tim)
4. we (Mary and I)
5. they (carpets)
6. it (tiger)
7. they (tigers)
8. it (milk)
9. he (Robert)
10. they (Robert and his dog)
11. you (Helen and you)
12. we (Mr. Nelson and I)
13. she (Miss Jones)
14. he (waiter)
15. she (waitress)

1. They
2. he
3. It
4. She
5. I
6. you
7. We

Lisa and Roger are in Spain now. They are having their holiday. They live in a hotel. It is very comfortable. And the beaches are fantastic. They are clean and big. The sea is warm. Roger goes jogging near it every morning. Lisa doesn't go with him. She wakes up late. Lisa and Roger met their friends there. So they spend all days with them.

Lisa and Roger are now in Spain. They are on vacation. They live in a hotel. It's very comfortable. And the beaches are fantastic. They are clean and spacious. Sea is warm. Roger goes jogging next to him every morning. Lisa doesn't go with him. She wakes up late. Lisa and Roger met their friends there. That's why they spend all their days with them.

1. her
2. them
3. it
4. us
5. them
6. it
7.him
8. me
9. them
10. her

Pronoun in English, it is a part of speech that can replace (noun pronouns) or (adjective pronouns). Pronouns are some of the most used words in the language.

There are many pronouns, they are divided into several categories:

Personal pronouns

Denotes a face: me, you, she, he, it etc. They are used in two cases: nominative And objective.

I love my sister. – I I love my sister.

He is my boss. - He's my boss.

We are the champions. - We are champions.

This is my cat Lucy. - This my cat Lucy.

Someone's table their bikes yesterday - Someone stole it yesterday their bicycles,

You can see our family in the picture. - You can see our family in this photo.

Is that your opinion? - This yours opinion?

Possessive pronouns-nouns

Noun pronouns are used, as you might guess, instead of . In a sentence they perform the function of , or the nominal part of the predicate.

My pencil is broken, please give me yours.– My pencil is broken, please give it to me. is yours(yours replaces your pencil)

Her car is blue, mine is white. - Her car is blue, my– white (mine instead of my car).

Your team is strong but not stronger that ours. – Your team is strong, but not stronger our(teams).

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Point to a person or object, in Russian it is that, that, these, that etc. There are only two such pronouns in English - they have singular and plural forms.

You may ask, where is the line between “near” and “far”? There is no such line expressed in centimeters; you just need to rely on common sense. In Russian, we use the words “this” and “that” in the same way.

This man – this person (well, there he is, standing next to him).

That man – that person (not present here or the one who stands aside).

These photos – these photographs (pointing with my finger).

Those photos – those photographs (they hang on your wall at home).

For good movie examples of using this and that, see this video:

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns mean that the action is directed by the actor towards himself; they are used as objects after some verbs. They are formed using endings -self, -selves, they join pronouns my, our, your, him, her, it, the, indefinite pronoun. In Russian, particles perform a similar function -sya, -sya at the end of the verb.

Protect yourself! - Defend yourself!

Don't hurt yourself- Don't get hurt.

There are cases when reflexive particles are used in Russian, but in English the same words are used without a reflexive pronoun. For example, in Russian we say: wash, shave, dress, bathe, hide. In English the corresponding to wash, to shave, to dress, to bathe, to hide usually used without reflexive pronouns:

I washed, dressed and shaved. – I washed, dressed and shaved.

Hide in the cardboard box. – Hide in a cardboard box.

I'd like to bathe. - I would like to take a swim.

Also, reflexive pronouns are used to strengthen, like Russian words yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself.

I heard it myself! - I heard it myself!

He di it himself- He did it himself.

A common mistake is to say I’m feeling myself fine \ I feel myself fine (I feel fine). Actually correct: I’am feeling fine \ I feel fine.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns like “each other”. There are only two of them: each other(each other), one another(one another). In theory, each other- this is when two persons or objects, and one another- when there is a lot. In practice, no one pays much attention to these subtleties, especially in colloquial speech.

They don't talk about each other. - They don't talk about each other.

They often see one another. – They see each other often.

Please note that the preposition comes before the pronoun, and is not wedged into it, as in Russian. Compare:

They talk about each other – They say each other O friend.

Interrogative pronouns

Questions are asked using these pronouns, there are only four of them:

1.Who (whom)– who, whom, to whom.

Who is this person? – Who this person?

Who is here? – Who Here?

2.Whose– whose, whose, whose, whose.

Whose is that noise? – Whose Is this noise (who is making noise)?

Whose car is parked by the house? – Whose is the car parked at the house?

3. What- What.

What are you doing? – What You doing?

What is going on? – What happening?

4.Which– what, which (which of several)

Which part of the task is hard for you? – Which part of the task is difficult for you?

Which student in your group had the best result? – Which student in your group has the best result?

Note: whom is who in the objective case, if who is “who,” then whom is “whom.” Who is often used instead of whom.

Who (whom) did you see there? – Whom did you see there?

Who (whom) can I ask for help? – Whom can I ask for help?

How to choose between I and Me?

Pronouns deserve special mention I and me, in which even native speakers often get confused. As mentioned above, I used as a me– object of action, . Here are simple examples:

I am looking for an interesting movie. – I I'm looking for an interesting film.

My sister was looking for me. - My sister was looking for me.

It would be a grave mistake to confuse these two pronouns:

Me is looking for an interesting movie.

My sister was looking for I.

But even children learning English as a foreign language rarely make mistakes. The difficulties begin in more complex sentences.

Case one: Anna and I\me went to the park

In sentences with two subjects like “Anna and I went to the park,” there is a choice between pronouns:

• Right: Anna and I went to the park.
• Incorrect, but found in colloquial speech: Anna and me went to the park.
• Unacceptable: Me went to the park.

The first option (Anna and I) is considered correct, because here I plays the role of subject. However, in colloquial speech the second option (Anna and me) is often used, which, however, offends the ears of educated people. But notice there are two subjects here. The option “Me went to the park” is not used and sounds very illiterate.

Case two: My father is talking to I\me and Anna

There are two additions here. If there was one addition here, everything would be clear: My father is talking to me. But when this pronoun is paired with another noun, even native speakers sometimes get confused.

• Right: me.
• Wrong: My father is talking to Anna and I.

Case three: John is taller than I\me

There are three possible options here, in short, they are all correct, there is a slight stylistic difference.

• John is taller than I am. – grammatically correct, most complete version, sounds official, serious.
• John is taller than I. – a grammatically correct option, also formal.
• John is taller than me. – grammatical correctness is ambiguous; this option is more common in colloquial speech.

The latter option is used more often and sounds more natural. Some linguists recognize it as correct, but some do not. This is a complex linguistic question due to the fact that scientists do not agree on whether than conjunction or preposition.

Another nuance of designs with than me is that a double understanding is possible. For example:

• me I(I love this dog).
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than me. – Mary loves her dog Jim more than me.

In this case, it is better to write the sentence more fully:

• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I do.
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I love him.

- a topic without which it is impossible to express oneself and even difficult to formulate the simplest English sentence. Therefore, it’s worth studying this whole thing a little and strengthening yourself with a couple of new words, or if you already have a basic level of English, you can read something new for yourself.

The author of this article did not want to write a lot about the entire grammar of pronouns in the English language, in order to free your mind from unnecessary classifications and other heresies, so the “meat” that is most often used in the English language is laid out here.

Starting with the basics of the English language, let's remember what pronouns we knew or didn't know that answer the question “Who?” There are not so many of them, only 7 pieces.

№	Pronoun	Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation	Example
1	I	I		ah	I love to eat
2	You you	You		Yu	You took 5 dollars
3	We	We		vyi	We work every day
4	They	They	[ðei]	zay	They went to sleep
5	He	He		hee	He is a doctor
6	She	She	[∫i:]	shi	She likes to dance
7	He she it	It		it	It ran to the guys

In graphic format:

Let's look at a couple of nuances:

• The pronoun "It" replaces all inanimate objects, as well as animals:

Where is the book? It is on the table. - Where is the book? She is on the table.

My cat is very funny. It runs and jumps all day long. – My cat is very funny. He runs and jumps all day.

Important: Do not replace people with the pronoun “It”. For third parties, only the pronouns “He”, “She” and “They”!

• To verbs that come after the pronouns “He”, “She” and “It”, in the present tense we add the ending “-s” or “-es” after the endings -ch, -x, -sh, -ss, -s, -o:

He love s me. - He loves me.

She open s the windows every morning. – She opens the windows every morning.

The dog like s to bark. This dog likes to bark.

• In English, the pronoun “I - I” is always written with a capital letter.
• The pronoun “You” can be used both to address one person and to address a group of people.
• The pronoun "You", when addressed in writing, is not capitalized (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence). To express respect for another person, other words are used.

All these pronouns in English know how to bow. Namely, they can all answer the question “Whom?” To whom?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whom? To whom?	Pronunciation	Example
1	I	I	me, me	me	mi	Give me money
2	You you	you	you, you	you	Yu	I love you
3	We	we	us, us	us	ac	They see us
4	They	they	them, them	them	zem	Do it for them
5	He	he	him, him	him	chem	She go to him
6	She	she	her, her	her	hey	I left with her
7	He she it	it	him, him, her	it	it	Medicine helped it

To reinforce this, let’s take more detailed examples:

• I gave you the key. - I gave you the key.
• They don't give me to train. “They don’t let me train.”
• Do do you understand me? - You understand me?
• They will not understand us. - They won't understand us.
• I helped them. - I helped them.
• I heard that you have a new notebook. Show it me please. – I heard that you have a new laptop. Show it to me please.

Also, all these 7 basic pronouns can decline and answer the question “Whose?” or “Whose?”:

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whose? Whose?	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I	I	my	my		May
2	You you	you	yours, yours	your		yoar
3	We	we	is our	our	[‘aΩə]	ave
4	They	they	their	their	[ðεə]	Zea
5	He	he	his	his		xyz
6	She	she	her	her		hey
7	He she it	it	his her	its		its

For example:

• Will I take your car? - Shall I take your car?
• I bought their house yesterday. – I bought their house yesterday.
• She will finish her project tonight. She will finish her project at night.
• The monkey did it its hands. “The monkey did it with his own hands.”
• This is my friends. - These are my friends.

The note; do not confuse “It’s - it is” and its !

And let’s summarize everything in a general table:

№	Pronoun (who?)	Pronoun (whom? to whom?)	Pronoun (whose? whose?)
1	I – I	me – me, me	my - mine, mine
2	You - you, you	you - you, you	your – yours, yours, yours
3	We - We	us – us, to us	our – ours
4	They - They	them – theirs, to them	their - theirs
5	He – He	him – him, him	his - his
6	She - She	her - her, her	her - her
7	It – he, she, it (object)	it – his, him, her (subject)	its – his, her (object, animal)

Analyze this block again. We know that there are 7 basic pronouns in total that can answer the question “Who?” or the question “Whom?” To whom?”, or to the question “Whose?” Whose?". And if you have secured this material well, then we move on.

The pronoun "it" has several important functions in English:

First, we learned that the pronoun “it” is used to replace the names of all objects, animals and any other animate or inanimate phenomena. In short, everything except people!

Secondly, the pronoun “it” means or is translated as “this”. Example:

• It is very interesting - This is very interesting.
• It's Mike. Open the door! - This is Mike. Open the door!
• It's her new style. - This is her new style.
• Who is it? - Who is this?

Well, and thirdly, the pronoun “it” is not translated at all, but is used simply to talk about the weather, time, condition, etc. Example:

• It is frost - frost (outside).
• It is bright day - a wonderful day.
• It will be windy - It will be windy.
• It’s 5 o’clock - five o’clock
• It’s was cool - It was cool.
• It will be very funny - It will be very fun.

In English, our basic pronouns answer the question “Whose?” or “Whose?”, can be transformed into an absolute form in order to avoid repetition of the defined subject, namely:

№	Pronoun (whose? whose?)	Absolute pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	my - mine, mine	mine – mine, mine		main
2	your – yours, yours	yours – yours, yours		yearz
3	our – ours	ours – ours	[‘auəz]	Avaz
4	their - theirs	theirs - theirs	[ðεəz]	zeaz
5	his - his	his - his		xyz
6	her - her	hers - her		hez
7	its - his, her	its - his, her		its

Let's present these pronouns graphically:

Example:

• Did you see my keys? – No, I didn’t. But mine is here. (mine instead of my keys)

Have you seen my keys? - No, but mine are here.

• Your tables are smaller than theirs. (theirs instead of their tables)

Your tables are smaller than theirs.

• Whose car is this? - It's hers. (hers instead of her car)

Whose car is this? - It is her .

Thus, this absolute form frees us from repetitions of objects and indicates the owner of these very objects.

The last important transformation of our base pronouns is independent pronouns. How can you correctly say “yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself” in English and show independence of actions? Let's take a look:

№	Pronoun (who?)	Pronoun (self)	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I - I	myself - I myself		may-self
2	You – you, you (singular)	yourself - you yourself		yoa-self
2	You – you (plural)	yourselves - yourself		yoa-savs
3	We - we	ourselves - we ourselves	[‘auə’selvz]	ave-selves
4	They - they	themselves - they themselves	[ðəm’selvz]	Zem-Salves
5	He – he	himself - himself		chemical self
6	She - she	herself - she herself		ho-self
7	It – he, she, it	itself - it itself		it-self

Example:

• I will do it myself - I'll do it myself.
• It subsidized itself – It settled down by itself.
• She will not do it herself - She will not do it herself.
• Will you call her yourself? – Will you call her yourself?
• You can do it yourselves - You can do it yourself.
• They cope themselves - They can handle it themselves

There are pronouns in English that, when combined with the words “thing, one, body, where,” form another series of frequently used pronouns. Let's look at these very pronouns:

• some – some;
• any - any;
• every – everyone;
• no – negative prefix;

All these pronouns, in combination with the above words, generate new words:

An association	Thing	Body		Where
some	something anything something	somebody anyone somebody	someone anyone somebody	somewhere somewhere somewhere
	anything anything all sorts of things	anybody anyone any	anyone anyone any	anywhere somewhere anywhere
	nothing Nothing	nobody nobody	no one nobody	nowhere nowhere
every	everything All	everybody All	everyone every	everywhere everywhere

In this table, if you notice, there are some pitfalls:

1. Combinations with the pronouns some and any are translated the same way, but in the context they are used differently, since “any” means “any”, and “some” means “some”. Affirmative sentences almost always use the pronoun “some”and in interrogative or negative sentences - any. For example:

• Is anybody here? - Is anyone here?
• I feel someone was here. – I feel someone was here.
• I didn't see anybody there. – I didn’t see anyone there.

2. Conversions with “-body” and “-one” are synonymous. It makes no difference whether you say “everybody” or you say “everyone”. Combinations with “-one” are more modern in American English and therefore you will hear them more often.

3. Here you could add the word “-time” and also get a series of combinations (sometimes, anytime, everytime, no time). But in American English they use only one - sometimes (sometimes). For others there are analogues:

• instead of “no time” - never - never;
• instead of “everytime” – always – always;

It is important that it will not be a mistake to use any combination with “-time”. They're just rarely used anymore. Moreover, “everytime” is translated rather as “every time”, and it is perfect for strengthening the expression:

• You always clean your shoes - You clean your always shoes.
• Every time you clean your shoes.

There are also frequently used combinations with the pronoun “any”:

• anyhow - however you like;
• anyway - in any case, be that as it may;
• anytime - at any time;

And simple examples with these pronouns:

• Sometimes I feel myself very good – Sometimes I feel very good;
• I know someone of you was in a club yesterday - I know that one of you was in the club yesterday;
• Nobody know about it - Nobody knows about it (in English there can be only one negation in a sentence);
• Call her and tell that I will be somewhere in the center about 8 o’clock - call her and tell her that I will be somewhere in the center at about 8 o’clock;
• Everybody rest now. Come later - Now everyone is resting. Check back later

And now let's quickly go over the small pronouns.

Meet the pronoun “each other”, translated as “each other”. Can be combined with prepositions:

• for each other - for each other;
• with each other - with each other;
• without each other - without each other;
• about each other - about each other;

Example:

• They do it for each other - They do this for each other.
• Will you exchange with each other? – Will you exchange with each other?
• We can’t live without each other - We cannot live without each other.
• Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other - Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other.

Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
this - this	[ðɪs]	zis
that - that	[ðæt]	zet
these - these	[ði:z]	ziiis
those – those	[ðəuz]	zous

In graphic format:

Example:

• I ran this morning – I ran this morning.
• We were there that evening – We were there that evening.
• These books are ours - These books are ours.
• She went there to ask those guys - She went there to ask those guys.

That's all the foundation that should be laid in each of us over time. The daily ten-minute habit of composing new English sentences using pronouns will dispel fear and make you rise to a higher level in English. Study a little, practice a lot and smile more.

If you have something to add or want to ask something on this topic, then don’t be shy - write to us in the comments.

Here you can take a lesson on the topic: Pronouns in English. English Pronouns.

A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces a noun, adjective, adverb and some other words in sentences. In English, as well as in Russian, there are several types of pronouns. It is this part of speech and its varieties that we will consider in this lesson.

There are 8 main types of pronouns in English and they all have different properties. So, for example, in the sentence “He is a student,” the personal pronoun he replaces someone’s name and is the subject, and in the sentence “Can you give me that book, please?”, the demonstrative pronoun that acts as an object in the sentence.

In English there are the following: types of pronouns:

Personal pronouns - I, you, he, she, him, them, me, it, etc.
Possessive pronouns - my, his, her, mine, its, ours, etc.
Demonstrative pronouns - this, that, these, those.
Reflexive pronouns (reflexive pronouns) - myself, yourself, himself, themselves, etc.
Relative pronouns - who, which, where, that, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns - one another, each other.
Indefinite pronouns - somebody, anything, nothing, etc.
Interrogative pronouns (interrogative pronouns) - who, whom, why, when, etc.

I. The most important and frequently used pronouns are rightfully personal. These pronouns can take many forms and serve several functions in sentences. Personal pronouns, in turn, are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective pronouns answer the question who? or what?, and object pronouns - to the questions of whom? what? to whom? what?

1. Subjective pronouns:

I - I
you - you/you
he - he
she - she
it - he/she (inanimate)
we - we
they - they

2. Object pronouns:

me - me, me
you - you, you, you, you
him - to him, him
her - to her, her
it - to him/her, his/her (inanimate)
us - to us, us
them - to them, theirs

Subject and object personal pronouns in sentences can replace nouns and additions. For example:
She is a high school student. - She is a high school student. (noun)
He loves her. - He loves her. (addition)

Personal pronouns are often found in English folk sayings. For example:

After us the deluge. - After us there might be a flood.
As you sow, so shall you reap. - What goes around comes around.
Man can do no more than he can. - A person cannot do more than what he can do. / You can’t jump above your head.
Before you make a friend eat a bushel of salt with him. - Before you make a friend, eat a pound of salt with him. / Don’t recognize a friend in three days, recognize a friend in three years.
We know not what is good until we have lost it. - We learn what is good when we lose it. / What we have, we don’t keep; having lost it, we cry.

II. The following pronouns, which are also often used in English sentences, are possessive, i.e. indicating ownership, and answering the question “whose?” :

my (mine) - mine
your (yours) - yours, yours
his (his) - his
her (hers) - her
its (its) - his/her (inanimate)
our (ours) - ours
their (theirs) - theirs

A special type of possessive pronoun is indicated in brackets. If the words my, your, their are commonly used with nouns, then mine, yours, theirs are used independently. For example:
It"s my pillow. (This is my pillow.) It"s mine. (She is mine.)
Is this your car? (This is your car?). -No, it's his. (-No, it's his.)

Unlike Russian, English possessive pronouns do not change in numbers. For example:
These are my books. - These are my books.
His poems are very interesting. - His poems are very interesting.

Possessive pronouns are also sometimes found in English sayings. For example:

Pleasure has a sting in its tail. - Pleasure has a sting in its tail.
All is fish that comes to his net. - All the fish that come into his net. / He benefits from everything.
Don"t count your chickens before they are hatched. - Don’t count your chickens until they hatch./Chickens are counted in the fall.

III. Another category of frequently used pronouns in English is called demonstrative or index finger. There are only 4 of them and they differ depending on the proximity or distance of objects:

this - this (close)
these - these (close)
that - that (far)
those - those (far)

Demonstrative pronouns do not change according to gender, but vary by numbers and agree with the verb. For example:
This is a table. - It is a table.
These are tables. - These are tables.

In sentences, demonstrative pronouns can serve noun, adjective, or object. For example:
This is my mother. - That's my mom. (noun)
That girl is too rude. - That girl is too rude. (adjective)
I"d like to buy these oranges. - I would like to buy these oranges. (addition)

Demonstrative pronouns are also found in some proverbs:

That "s a horse of another color - That's a horse of a different color. / This is a completely different matter.
That cock won't fight. - This rooster will not fight. / This number will not work.

IV. Reflexive pronouns , or as they are popularly called “mirror” - another category of English pronouns. They are formed by adding the singular suffix "-self" to indicate "on my own, on my own", to possessive pronouns; or the suffix "selves" to plural pronouns:

myself - I myself
yourself - you yourself
himself - himself
herself - she herself
itself - he/she himself/herself (inanimate)
ourselves - ourselves
yourselves - You yourself
themselves - they themselves

Only in reflexive pronouns can you see the difference between the singular and plural of the second person, i.e. between “you” and “You”: yourself - yourselves.

In sentences, reflexive pronouns serve as complements, and are used after transitive verbs(semantic verbs related not only to the activity, but also to the recipient). For example:

Be careful! Don"t injure yourself! - Be careful! Don't get hurt!
She bought herself a new skirt. - She bought herself a new skirt.
They can't do it themselves. - They can't do it themselves.

There are a number of set phrases with reflexive pronouns. Here are some of them:
Help yourself! - Help yourself!
Enjoy yourself! - Enjoy the atmosphere!
Behave yourself! - Behave yourself!

There are some verbs after which You should not use reflexive pronouns. This: wash (to wash), dress (to dress), shave (to shave), relax (to relax) and some others. For example:
She dressed and went to work. - She got dressed and went to work.
Tom washed and then shaved. - Tom washed his face and then shaved.

In these sentences there is no need to add the pronouns “herself” or “himself”, because it is already clear that the action is performed independently.

Some reflexive pronouns occur in English folklore:

Give a fool enough, and he will hang himself. -Give a fool a rope and he’ll hang himself./Ask a fool to pray to God, he’ll hurt his forehead.
Don"t keep a dog and bark yourself. - Don’t hold the dog and then bark yourself. / Don’t work for your subordinate. / Because the dog is fed because it barks.
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you. - Respect yourself, otherwise no one else will respect you. / He who does not respect himself, will not be respected by others either.

V. Pronouns called relative outwardly very similar to question words, but have a different meaning. They are used to determine the preceding noun. Although relative pronouns do not vary by gender or number, they depend on the object being defined. So, for example, if we want define a person, then we use the pronoun "who". Here is a more complete list of relative pronouns and examples of use:

who - who, which (person)
which/that - what, which (inanimate object, thing)
where - where, in which (place)
when - when, at which (time)
whose - whose, which (belonging)

He is the man who saved me. - He is the man who saved me.
This is the pen which (that) I found. - This is the pen I found.
This is the place where I was born. - This is the place where (in which) I was born.
This is the month when they go on holiday. - This is the month when (in which) they go on vacation.
She is the woman whose son is a burglar. - She is the woman whose son is a thief.

Now let's see how variously relative pronouns are used in proverbs:

He who likes borrowing dislikes paying. - He who likes to borrow does not like to pay back./ When borrowing, he is a friend, when giving, he is an enemy.
He knows much who knows how to hold his tongue. - He who knows how to hold his tongue knows a lot./ A wise man does not throw words to the wind.
He who hesitates is lost. - Who hesitates? he dies. Delay is like death.
That "s where the shoe pinches! - That's where the shoes pinches! / That's where the dog is buried.
He who would search for pearls must dive below. - He who looks for pearls must dive deep. / He who wants to eat fish must go into the water.
That which one least anticipates soonest comes to pass. - What you least expect happens.

VI. The smallest group of pronouns in English is reciprocal pronouns. There are only 2 of them and they can be interchangeable:

each other - each other (refers to two persons)
one another - one to another (may imply more persons)

In sentences, these pronouns are placed in the middle or at the end, and, as a rule, serve as a complement. For example:

They have known each other for many years. - They have known each other for many years.
They love each other. - They love each other.
The staff always help one another. - The staff always helps each other (one another).
The students spoke to one another in a quiet voice. - The students spoke to each other (one to another) in a quiet voice.

Reciprocal pronouns are often found in various legends, quotes, proverbs and other phrases. Thus, Joseph Addison once said:

Health and cheerfulness mutually beget each other. - Health and cheerfulness go hand in hand.

And another English saying says:

Families with babies and families without babies are sorry for each other. - Families with children and families without children sympathize with each other.

VII. One of the largest groups of English pronouns is indefinite pronouns. In sentences they can serve replacing adjectives, And replacing nouns. For example:

They have some problems. - They have some problems. (adjective replacement)
Are there any books there? -There are some on that shelf. - Are there any books there? -There are several on that shelf. (noun replacement)

Indefinite pronouns are conventionally divided into pronouns starting with the words “some” (a little, several), “any” (a little, several, any) and “no” (not at all, not at all).

1. Indefinite pronouns with the word "some":

some - a little, several
someone/somebody - someone/someone
something - anything
somewhere - somewhere
somehow - somehow/somehow
some time/some day - someday/someday

Note that the words "somebody" and "someone" are the same. All indefinite pronouns beginning with the word "some" are used in ordinary affirmative sentences, as well as in questions and requests And questions and suggestions. For example:

(+) * There is someone in the house. - There is someone in the house.
(+) There are some guests in the hotel.- There are several guests in the hotel.
(?) Can you give me some water, please? - Could you give me some water? (question-request)
(?) Would you like some cookies? - Would you like some cookies? (question-suggestion)

2. Indefinite pronouns with the word "any":

any - no, a little, several, any
anyone/anybody - anyone/anybody, anyone
anything - something/anything, anything
anywhere - somewhere/somewhere, anywhere/anywhere
anyhow - somehow/somehow, whatever
any day/any time - whenever

These pronouns are used either in negative and interrogative sentences, or in affirmatives with the meaning "any, whatever". For example:

(-) There isn’t any sugar in my coffee. - There is no sugar in my coffee.
(?) Is there anything interesting on TV? - Is there anything interesting on TV?
(+) I like any kind of fish. - I like any kind of fish.

3. Indefinite pronouns with the word "no":

no - no, not at all
noone/nobody - no one
nothing - nothing
nowhere - nowhere

Unlike Russian, English sentences can only contain one negative word. For example:

There is noone in the room.=There isn't anyone in the room. (There is no one in the room.)
There are no pictures on the wall.=There aren't any pictures on the wall.(There are no pictures on the walls.)

In many English sayings Indefinite pronouns are used:

By doing nothing we learn to do ill. - Without doing anything, we learn to do evil./ Idleness is the mother of all vices.
There is no rose without a thorn. - There is no rose without thorns.
To know everything is to know nothing. - To know everything means to know nothing.
To put a spoke in somebody's wheel. - Insert a spoke into someone's wheel. / Insert spokes into wheels.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. - Nothing is impossible for a loving heart.

VIII. The final group of pronouns is interrogative pronouns. They are very similar in appearance to relatives, but they perform different functions in English sentences. These pronouns are also known as "question words":

who? - Who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
which? - which?
what? - What?
where? - Where?
when? - When?
whose? - whose?
why? - Why?

Interrogative pronouns most often appear in sentences as subject, adjective, or as an addition with a preposition at the end. For example:

Who is your brother? - Who is your brother? (subject)
Which seat is yours? - What is your place? (adjective)
What is the book about? - What is this book about? (addition)

Sometimes interrogative pronouns serve nominal part of the predicate, as, for example, in famous proverb:
Tell me who your friends are and I"ll tell you who you are. - Tell me who your friend is, and I’ll tell you who you are. (literal translation). / Tell me who your friend is, and I’ll tell you who you are. ( literary translation).

Thus, in this lesson we became familiar with pronouns in English, their varieties and functions in sentences. We also learned useful proverbs and sayings. The following lessons will cover personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns in a little more detail.

Pronoun- a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. A pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if a noun is singular, then the pronoun replacing it must be singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must be feminine, and so on.

For example:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
Train was late He was stuck somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late, They were delayed somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Type	Description	Examples
Personal Pronouns	They replace nouns when it is already clear from the context or situation who or what they are talking about.	I, you, he,she, it, we, you, they
Possessive Pronouns	Express belonging.	Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns	They show that the action returns to the one who performs the action.	Myself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourselves, yourself
Interrogative Pronouns	Used in questions.	Who, what, which, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns	They point to a specific object, place, etc.	This, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns	Used to connect main and subordinate clauses.	Who, whose, which, that, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns	Indicate unknown, uncertain objects, signs of quantity.	Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, etc.
Reciprocal Pronouns	They indicate that some action is performed jointly, or that some persons or objects are compared with each other.	Each other, one another

• Personal Pronouns in English

- these are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns if it is clear from the context what or who we are talking about.

Pronouns I And we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns “I” and “we”. They are first person pronouns ( I has a singular form, we– plural form).

For example:
I am free now.
Now I free

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Please note that in modern English you always has a plural form, and, accordingly, the verb after it always follows in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun “you” when addressing a group of people, or one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun “you”, depending on the context.

For example:
You are a good worker.
You you good worker.

You have finished your assignments successfully.
You successfully completed their tasks.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. All of them have a singular form, except the pronoun they, which has a plural form. In addition, pronouns he And she are used to refer to male and female people respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, corresponds to the neuter gender in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they used to refer to both people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to establish the identity of the interlocutor:

It used in disjunctive questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything And all:

Everything is all right, isn't it?
It's okay, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, right?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For example:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It's not that easy to solve this math problem.

It used as a formal subject that does not have its own meaning in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc.:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o"clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative case of personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), And subject case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative	Subjective case
I	me – to me, me, by me, etc.
You	you - you, you, by you, etc.
He	him - his, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it – his/her, him/her, etc. (about inanimate objects)
We	us – to us, us, by us, etc.
They	them – theirs, them, by them, etc.

• I and Me: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For example:
  I am a teacher (not me).
  I- teacher.

  Give that to me(but not I).
  Give it to me to me.

  Sometimes it is difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. Choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or object in a sentence.

  For example:

  Which is correct?

  "It was I who did the homework." or "It was me who did the homework."
  This I did my homework.

  Simplify the statement:

  "I did the homework." So"It was I who did the homework." is the correct option.

  me(but not I).
  The teacher gave homework to my friend and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break down the offer by participant.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in a sentence serve as the subject or nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn't come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He's still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subject case in a sentence serve as a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulate her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence the pronouns her serve as a direct complement.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence the pronoun him performs the function of an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive Pronouns in English

Reflexive pronouns in English formed from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle –self for singular and –selves for plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
Plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed towards oneself.

For example:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself in the mirror.

John doesn't know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what's wrong yourself to do.

In Russian, reflexivity can be conveyed by a verb particle –xia or -s:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain yourself in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help.

For example:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She herself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I myself cleaned up the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words as, like, but (for), And except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners as How are you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy, except me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs are the same in Russian and English.

For example:
Suddenly the door opened. (AND NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (AND NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good for sale.

I tried to concentrate. (AND NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I have tried concentrate.

However, some such verbs in Russian and English do not coincide:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed up And shaved.

She feels happy.
She feels himself happy.

• Interrogative Pronouns in English

Interrogative pronouns in English are used to ask questions. Some of them can only specify people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example, " What"). They are not divided into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions, which cannot be answered simply “yes” or “no”.

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - Who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - What? Which?
which? - Which? which?
whose? - whose?

For example:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What you need?

As can be seen from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can serve as a subject, object or possessive pronoun.

Subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When consumed who the predicate, as a rule, has a singular form.

Exceptions are those cases when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a plural noun.

Pronoun whom is the indirect case form of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in the complement function, especially in formal style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For example:
Whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call? ( The first option has a more formal tone.)

For whom will you vote?
Behind whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and which?". Meaning "what?" pronoun what is used separately, while in the meaning “which?” pronoun what is part of the interrogative group at the head of the question.

For example:
What is your name?
How Your name is?

What film are you watching?
Which are you watching the movie?

Pronoun which translated as “which?”, “which?” and offers a choice from a limited number of items, unlike the pronoun what, which rather requires characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number that is not predetermined.

For example:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( This means one of several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
Which do you like jumpers? ( This means in general, regarding coloring, model, etc.)

• What and Which: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns - and Which, And What are used in interrogative sentences, and both are translated as " Which", "which", etc. Which can also be translated as " which", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is unknown in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the answer only the options that interest him.

For example:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in questions where the number of answers is already known in advance.

For example:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress – my blue ones or my black ones?
Which Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations you can use both Which, And What, depending on what the speaker means.

For example:
Which bus goes into the center?
Which does the bus go to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On Which do I need to take the bus?

Both proposals are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker probably means fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What And Which You can also read in the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" in a sentence it functions as possessive pronouns, expressing ownership. And can be used immediately before the noun it refers to, or used independently, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For example:
Whose car did you drive in?
IN whose were you driving?

Whose is this book?
Whose this is a book?

• Demonstrative Pronouns in English

As the name suggests, they are used to indicate something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can have singular and plural forms:

This(units) and These close speaker.

That(units) and Those(plural) indicate an object or person located on distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, may indicate distance in time. This And these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that And those may indicate something that just happened or happened some time ago.

For example:
Listen to this. It's going to be interesting.
Listen This. It will be interesting.

Watch this. It's worth seeing.
Look This. It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You This did you see? This it was wonderful!

Who said that?
Who This said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions of nouns. In this case they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What This for the noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These the flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This the horse is faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that And those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are more congested than the streets in Paris.

In the example above the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets. In the singular, in such cases the pronoun is used that.

• Relative Pronouns in English

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to introduce subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For example:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you're talking about. ( In this sentence that replaces a previously specified word book, and enters additional information.)

In a subordinate clause that introduces relative pronouns, they can serve as the subject. In this case pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which– to designate objects, that can refer to both people and objects.

For example:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which stole a watch and was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book, which will interest children of all ages.

The people that/who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live next door and continue to have nightly parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which And that can perform the function of a complement in a subordinate clause. In this case the pronouns who And whom interchangeable, but whom has a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who used as subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which and Who). In simple terms, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can also use Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when talking about a person or group of people who did something, or when asking someone's name. Factual, in informal speech and writing pronouns Who used very often.

Pronoun Whom used in formal language as the object of a verb or preposition.

note

Pronoun Whom rarely used in questions.

For example:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( It sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
WITH by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test" he or him" – try rewriting the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For example:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores." – “He adores he.” Sounds wrong. So it will be right"He adores him."

Based on the above, it follows that they serve two purposes: they serve as the subject or object of a subordinate clause, and, at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For example:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I have found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found my car keys which you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mister Peter whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns in English

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, uncertain objects, signs, quantities. They do not point to specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general.

For example:
None of them have come yet.
Nobody one of them hasn't arrived yet.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some great people are born, but some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
Nobody did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Somebody let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
Few managed to get out unscathed.

Indefinite pronouns can take singular, plural, or change their number form depending on the context.

Below is a table with all the indefinite pronouns, indicating what number form they can take.

Singular		Plural	Singular or plural
anybody- anyone	anyone- somebody	several- some	all- All
anything- anything	each- every	both- both	more- more
either– any (of two)	everybody- All	others- other	some- some
everyone- All	everything- All	few- A little	most- majority
much- a lot of	nobody- nobody	many- a lot of	none- no one, nothing
neither- none (of two)	no one- nobody	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- somebody	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

One day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

Some milk was split.
Some milk was spilled.

• Any and Some: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any And Some are determinants. They are used when talking about uncertain quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact quantity or number is not important. Mainly, Some used in declarative sentences, and Any- in interrogative and negative. To Russian Some And Any, as a rule, are not translated.

For example:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, do you have sparkling water?" Unfortunately, they didn't have it.

note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question asked is expected.

For example:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you"re at the shops?
Please buy me some gummy bears while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or restrictive connotation.

For example:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice."
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any And Some belong to the type of indefinite pronouns. Such pronouns are discussed in more detail in the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much And Many used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences meaning " a lot of". There are also synonyms of these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

How much (how much = how much)... + uncountable nouns

For example:
How much sugar do you take in your coffee?
How many do you put sugar in your coffee?

How much money do you want for this?
How many(money) do you want for this?

Do you have much work to do?
At your place a lot of work?

How many (how many = how many)... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative construction sentences Not Much And Not Many usually translated as " few", "A little".

For example:
He doesn't earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= A little) money.

Not many people have heard of her ( noun people- countable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn't have many friends.
At Barbara's few (= A little) friends.

• Each and Every: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning – “each”. The general rule for using these pronouns is that Each used when talking about two or more objects or things, Every– when we are talking about three or more objects or things.

For example:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (AND NOT...every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and every part was given to them.

Pronoun usage Each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every It is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For example:
Each boy in the class was given a present.
To every boy a gift was given in class. ( Each one separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went on a picnic in class. ( All the boys are as one.)

Every, but not Each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (AND NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
Do you have every reason to be content.

The same way, Every(but not Each) can be used with cardinal nouns:

Buses leave every ten minutes. (AND NOT...each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

As an adverb Little, so and adverb Few means " few", "small, insufficient amount of something". The difference is that Little used with Not, A Few- With countable nouns.

For example:
They have very little money.
They have very few money.

There seems little hope.
There seems to be hope few.

Hey very much little at lunch.
He ate a lot few at lunch.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you.

note

Adverbs Little And Few have a somewhat negative connotation.

For example:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren't more.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you. = I wish I could recommend more places to you, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little And Few the indefinite article is used a, they acquire a positive connotation and have a meaning similar to the word some – "some", "some amount", "A little" etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For example:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in the city.

We've got a few cakes left over from the party. = We've got some cakes left over from the party.
We have some left over from the evening some cakes.

A Little used with .

For example:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little With practice, Mike will succeed.

• Use of the pronoun all in English

The pronoun all in English can be used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "whole", "all", etc.

More often all used with uncountable nouns and with plural nouns (in this case there must be more than two objects being described).

For example:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= all, different) music. (Pronoun all used with an uncountable noun music. )

All the guests turned up.
All invited came. ( Pronoun all used with a plural noun invites. )

If all used with a plural noun, the verb usually also has a plural form. After an uncountable noun, the verb has a singular form.

For example:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fats.

All the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not usually used as a subject with a verb in the negative form. In this case, as a rule, the design is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For example:
Not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can chirp.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determiner (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), it is used all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determiner (for example: the, my, this, etc.), can be used as all, so all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I have invited all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday.

Used before a personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music (AND NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them. (AND NOT...all them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word being defined.

For example:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We're all going to the cinema.

All can be used after the defined pronoun if it serves as a complement:

I love you all. (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hello to them all from me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I prepared food for you all.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that functions as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any used in negative and interrogative sentences, and may have a connotation of doubt, disbelief, or denial. To Russian pronoun any, as a rule, is not translated.

For example:
Is there any water in the bottle?
There is in the bottle water?

Have you got any friends?
Do you have Friends?

Are there any witnesses?
Eat witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help needed?

I haven't got any money.
I have no money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
In my pantry almost no food.

You never give me any help.
You to me never don't offer help.

Also any often used after a conjunction if:

If you need any help, let me know.
If you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Please note that the pronoun itself any has no negative meaning. It takes on a negative value only together with the partial not.

For example:
See that you don"t do any damage. (AND NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to cause any damage.

Instead of a combination not any you can use a pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For example:
He has got no friends. Him no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn't got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before pronouns and nouns with a determiner (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.), the form is used any of.

For example:
Do any of these books belong to you?
belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don't think any of us want to work tomorrow.
I think, none of us doesn't want to work tomorrow.

She doesn't like any of my friends.
None of my friends she does not like.

It is important to note when a noun after any of has a plural form, the verb following the noun can also take a plural form, or it can take a singular form.

For example:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( Formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( Informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, please let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a/an, but in the plural. It is often used before plural and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt."
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I"d like to buy a magazine." " This one?" "No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one over there.

"Can you lend me a pen?" "Sorry, I haven't got" one."
Can you lend me a pen? - Sorry, I don’t have a pen.

I"ve already read this book, I"m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and am going to buy a new one.

As can be seen from the examples above, one can be used to replace any specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with a definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one used either without an article or with an indefinite article if the noun is preceded by an adjective.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For example:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples often taste better than red ones.

In what cases can one/ones be omitted?

Substitute words one/ones may be omitted immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other qualifiers ( which, whichever, and etc.).

For example:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I think my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Any will suit me.

Let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like?" "That looks the nicest."
Which one would you like? “That one over there is the best.”

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after numbers.

For example:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (AND NOT... my one.)
Take your coat and give me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (AND NOT... any ones?)
I'd like some matches. Do you have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (AND NOT... some ones today.)
Are there any grapes? - Yes, I bought it today.

However, please note that one will be used in all the above cases if an adjective is used.

For example:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today."
Do you have any mango? – Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones." (AND NOT... four white.)
Has your cat already given birth to kittens? – Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For example:
If you haven't got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (AND NOT... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll use canned cream.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (AND NOT... the English one.)
The grammatical system of the Dutch language is very similar to the grammatical system of the English language.

Substitute word one and pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, a pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a bike? - Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? - Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For example:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such unkind deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Please note that the pronoun one has a more formal tone than you.

Pronoun one not used to describe people in general, unless the speaker himself refers to them, the pronoun you not used to describe people in general unless the speaker is one of them.

For example:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (AND NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century, people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where it is used one, in order to indicate one, pronouns are often used he, him, his, himself. In British English, the possessive form is usually used in this case one – one's And oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one's country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal Pronouns in English

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, one another) indicate that some action is performed jointly, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For example:
Peter and Mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed twice as briefly and simply.

For example, a sentence

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On their wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using a reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave each other Golden rings.

Differences between pronouns each other And one another No. However, when talking about more than two people or things, the pronoun is often preferred one another.

For example:
The students in this classroom help one another.
Students in this class help each other.