Why does the tropical zone occupy a much smaller area in South Africa than in North Africa? Why does Lake Chad change its shape and area throughout the year? Why is Antarctica considered the highest continent on Earth?
Answers:
1) North Africa is elongated in the sublatitudinal direction, and South Africa is elongated in the submeridional direction, therefore a feature of Africa’s configuration is the unequal land area north and south of the equator. The northern part of the continent is more than twice as wide as the southern one: the greatest distances between the extreme eastern and western points of the northern and southern parts of the continent are 7600 and 3100 km, respectively. 2) If it were not for the southern rivers Shari and Komadugu-Yobe, which feed the lake with their waters, it would have disappeared long ago. These tributaries flow from the slopes of the relatively low mountains that separate the Chadian drainage basin from the basins of the great African rivers Nile and Congo. About 500-600 millimeters of precipitation falls here throughout the year. This amount of moisture is enough to feed both the rivers and Lake Chad. Confronting the desert, the lake often changes its boundaries, and as a result, the area of the water surface changes dramatically. 3) Antarctica is covered with an ice shell, the average height of which is 2040 meters (2.8 times the average height of the surface of all other continents). Near the South Pole, the thickness of the ice shell reaches 3800 meters. The total mass of frozen water concentrated in Antarctica is 30 million cubic kilometers. Under its weight, the earth's crust on this continent bent up to 950 meters.
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The fate of the city of Puchezh is unusual. He turned out to have two lives. The first lasted several centuries, the second began in 1952. In connection with the construction of the Gorky hydroelectric power station, Puchezh fell into a flood zone, and a decision was made to move the city to a new, elevated location. The old city with its churches, merchant buildings, and beautiful embankment disappeared forever. Some of the wooden buildings were moved to the new city, and all the stone ones were destroyed. One church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary survived, but it also suffered a bitter fate: in the early 1960s it was dismantled. But the old city lives in the memory of people, in historical documents. The earliest surviving document mentioning Puchezh is dated 1614, but it contains references to the petitions of the Puchezh headman and tselovalniks from 1604 and 1594, which confirms that in the second half of the 16th century Puchezh was a significant settlement.
The name Puchezh was given by the rivers Bolshoy Puchezh (now Pushavka) and Maly Puchezh (now Rodinka), at the confluence of which into the small river Pushavka the Puchezhskaya Slobodka was located, where residents were engaged in crafts and trade. They did not engage in arable farming. The earliest information about the Puchezh residents and their occupations is available in a scribe book dated 1676. The Puchezhskaya settlement was part of the Order of the Great Palace, i.e. belonged personally to the royal family and paid rent to the royal treasury. At that time there were 114 residential courtyards in the settlement, in which about 500 people lived. They traded in krashenin (painted canvas), leather, salt and soap. Among the crafts, canvas dyeing and blacksmithing were quite significant. In addition to the monetary rent, the Puche residents supplied the royal court with fish and salt.
Next to the Puchezhskaya Slobodka, on the other side of the Pushavka River, there was a monastery - the Pushavinskaya Hermitage. It was small; at different times, from 6 to 20 monks lived in it. In 1717, at the expense of Metropolitan Job of Novgorod and Galich, a stone Church of the Resurrection of Christ was built in the monastery instead of a wooden one. Job donated many valuable utensils and a shroud to the monastery in 1441. In 1918, the shroud was confiscated and is now kept in the collections of the Kremlin museums.
In 1793, by decree of Empress Catherine II, the Puchezhskaya settlement was transformed into the Puchezh settlement. The monastery was closed by that time. The convent and almshouse at the Podgorny parish survived until 1917. In it, in a separate cell at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, the mysterious nun Arkadia lived. In the second half of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, Puchezh dramatically changed its appearance. Puchezh traders began to buy and sell bread and flax, drove large caravans of barges to the main grain market of the country - in Rybinsk. Many Puchezh residents of the petty-bourgeois class were engaged in the ship trade: having their own ships (up to 35 of them were built per year in Puchezh alone with a carrying capacity of up to 27 thousand poods ) were contracted to transport bread for Puchezh merchants. Therefore, Puchezh was one of the major centers for hiring barge haulers. With a population of about 1,000 people, by the beginning of navigation, there were up to 6,000 barge haulers. By the middle of the 19th century, the Puchezh market was selling about 700,000 poods of flax per year. Vyaznikovsky merchant Joseph Senkov built a flax spinning factory in Puchezh in 1862 with about 1000 workers.
In connection with reforms in Russia in 1860-1870. Puchezh received elements of self-government. Since 1863, the zemstvo was introduced, in 1870 a city government appeared in Puchezh with the city mayor at its head, and its own coat of arms appeared. According to 1898 data, the population of the settlement is 2315 people. In the settlement there were 6 churches, an elementary school, a higher elementary school, a city public bank, and a savings bank. The people of Puchechka endured the change of power in 1917 calmly; they only held re-elections to the city government, in which the Essers won. On February 25, 1918, the City Council was created. In 1924, when the population of Puchezh was already 4088 people, a city power plant was built, in 1925 the first residential buildings for workers were built, and Puchezh officially received the status of a city. In 1929, the Puchezhsky district was created, which changed its outline and area many times. In 1947, the fate of Puchezh was decided and a decision was made to build the Gorky hydroelectric power station.
Now Puchezh with 9 thousand inhabitants is not like the old one. Multi-storey buildings and new buildings make up the city. Among them are a flax mill, a plant for reinforced concrete structures, a stitching and sewing factory, and an enterprise for the repair of agricultural machinery.
Based on materials from the site: http://tourizm.ivanovo.ru
Additional information http://kond-nikolaj.narod.ru/puchezh-histori-01.html
The geographical boundaries of the seas are not always land. And the sea itself sometimes does not represent a surface of water at all, as we are accustomed to seeing it. The name will not be entirely correct from a geographical point of view, since the “shores” of such seas are not limited by land, but by currents.
... We found ourselves in the region of the Sargasso Sea, a mysterious sea that is located west of Corvo, one of the Azores islands. This sea covers an area six times larger than Germany. It is completely covered with a thick carpet of algae. “Algae” in Spanish is “sargasso”, hence the name of the sea...
How is it possible: a sea in the middle of an ocean? - asked Miss Kingman.
This question has not yet been resolved by scientists themselves. As they must know, the warm Gulf Stream flows from the Straits of Florida north to Spitsbergen. But along the way, this current splits, and one branch returns to the south, reaches the Azores, goes to the western shores of Africa and, finally, having described a semicircle, returns to the Antilles. It turns out to be a warm ring, in which there is cold, calm water - the Sargasso Sea.
Look at the ocean!
Everyone looked around and were amazed: the surface of the ocean lay motionless in front of them, like a stagnant pond. Not the slightest wave, movement, splash. The first rays of the sun illuminated this strange, frozen sea, which looked like a continuous carpet of greenish-pale algae.
Belyaev A., “Island of Lost Ships”
In fact, there is nothing to add to the words of Alexander Romanovich: in his novel he provided a fairly accurate description of the unique natural formation that is the Sargasso Sea. “Liquid”, unstable shores formed by currents change their shape throughout the year, and the sea area fluctuates between 6-7 million km. Due to the direction of currents and atmospheric pressure, the water in this part of the Atlantic Ocean is almost motionless, except for powerful currents rising from a depth of 7 km, discovered in the 1970s by Soviet oceanographers.
But it is not the absence of “material” shores that attracts researchers here, namely algae and sargassum. This is where their largest concentration is. It is possible that once the sailors found themselves in a particularly dense area: among experienced sailors, the story quickly becomes overgrown with extraneous details, and as a result a real legend turns out. It is possible that Belyaev included one of these legends in his novel: the ship got stuck in a dense sargassum “porridge” and was unable to get out of there. The crew died from hunger and thirst, and the ships bound by algae one after another were destroyed among the sargassum. In “The Island of Lost Ships” this version (there were many like it) found its place: in the center of the Sargasso Sea, the ships that were captured by its brown-green captivity formed an entire island, on which, by some miracle, the few surviving crew members maintained their existence . To be fair, it is worth noting that to this day this version attracts many scientists: at the beginning of the last century, the Danish microbiologist E. Vinge would have described a case when a ship ended up in a real sargassum field - wherever you look, everything around was densely covered with algae, and free water was visible only near the sides of the ship. Columbus, during his historic voyage, also encountered Sargassum: he aptly dubbed this section of the Atlantic “a jar of algae.”
It is believed that the name “bank” was first given by Portuguese sailors: the underwater part of the algae, due to the presence of air bubbles on it, is very similar to a bunch of one of the grape varieties - “Sargasso”, hence the second name of the sea, which was very popular in its time - Grape . The algae itself is still called “sea grapes”. A small bush, no more than one and a half meters long, mostly hidden under the surface of the water, the visible part is just a few leaves that act as a sail. Initially, the roots of the plant cling to the bottom, but, breaking away and following the current or gusts of wind, they gather into the so-called thalli, of which the Sargasso Sea consists. There was another version, according to which floating sargassum is formed “on the spot,” vegetatively; however, over time, it was dispelled: being torn from the bottom, sargassum does not reproduce. One way or another, within the sea there are up to 11 tons of them. In the Sargasso Sea, representatives of approximately 60 species of living creatures and plants coexist calmly with each other. On the scale of the ocean, this is negligible, and even this can soon be lost: not so long ago, another “layer” formed among the sargassum thalli, the fault of which is man. Currents that delineate the boundaries of the sea become unwitting accomplices in the collection of garbage. Everything that falls into the Gulf Stream in the west, the Canary Current in the east, the North Atlantic Current in the north and the North Trade Wind in the south, all the garbage is “concentrated” in the Sargasso Sea. Plastic and other waste formed a floating layer of debris there.
What do you think of the name - Great Pacific Garbage Patch? Another option is the Eastern Garbage Continent. Imagine, the seventh continent - and made of garbage! It was “predicted” back in 1988, but apart from research, absolutely no action is being taken. This “continent” is located approximately at 135°-155° west longitude and 35°-42° north latitude. Due to the fact that the center of the North Pacific current system is almost motionless, it is there that all the waste that enters this part of the ocean every day is collected. About 20% was dropped from ships, the rest from land. According to 2001 data, the mass of plastic waste in this zone slightly exceeded 3.5 million tons, now it is already more than 100 million. The area of the “spot” is not constant, it varies from 700 thousand to 1.5 million km² or more (from 0. 41% to 0.81% of the total area of the Pacific Ocean). One of the “discoverers” of the water dump said that at first people thought it was some kind of island that you could walk on, but this was not the case. The consistency of the “continent” is more like a soup: pieces of plastic and other waste float there at a depth of one to one hundred meters, moreover, presumably about 70% of all accumulated rubbish sinks to the bottom and lies in the ground. If Belyaev created the “Island of Lost Ships,” then humanity as a whole may well create the Island of Garbage and Waste. This spot cannot be seen from a satellite: most of the anthropogenic emissions are under water, and they can only be distinguished from aboard a ship or when swimming with scuba gear, and besides, the smallest particles of plastic are not much larger in size than small marine inhabitants. Ships rarely sail here, so everyone pretends that there is no problem as such. In addition, the North Pacific Whirlpool belongs to neutral waters - no one is going to take responsibility for this section of the Ocean. The impending disaster is noticed only when another storm covers the nearby beaches with a thick layer of debris. The concentration of plastic in many places in the “garbage dump” exceeds the concentration of zooplankton by seven times! 90% is plastic, and only 10% is allocated to organic waste. I believe that there is no need to talk about the impact this garbage has on the animal world. Birds feed their chicks with plastic, trying to get enough of it themselves, turtles also eat it, confusing it with food. The result is painful death from poisoning, starvation or suffocation.
Since 2008, research has been organized, samples have been taken, and laboratories have been opened to study the garbage continent. I would be very happy to write that regular work is being done to clean up the ocean and process the waste floating there, but, unfortunately, I can’t. So far, the scientific world provides only words. A spot in the Sargasso Sea, a “garbage vortex” in the Pacific and Indian oceans, and hundreds and thousands of similar, smaller formations that float across all open waters and... no one cares about them. Neutral territory.
King's Square (Plaça del Rei – Plaza del Rey) is one of the main attractions of the Gothic Quarter of Barcelona. It is an almost completely enclosed space: you can get to Plaza del Rey from Veguer Street (carrer del Veguer) and Santa Clara Lane (baixada de Santa Clara), on the other three sides the square is surrounded by the medieval buildings of the Viceroy's Palace (Palau de Lloctinent), The Great Royal Palace (Palau Reial Major) and the Chapel of St. Agatha (Capella de Santa Àgata) with a high bell tower dominating the square. Another dominant feature is the five-tier Watchtower (also known as lookout or watchtower) King Martin Tower (Mirador del rei Martí), towering over the Great Royal Palace and the Viceroy's Palace (by the way, it is often called the Count's Palace and the Viceroy's Palace). The steps on the right lead to the Saló del Tinell - the main hall of the royal palace, which was used for celebrations, receptions, and later for meetings of the Spanish Inquisition.
CC BY-SA 3.0, maximdankov.ru)">The King's Square has repeatedly changed its outline. In its modern form, the most ancient of its listed buildings are the Chapel of St. Agatha, built on the remains of Roman walls, at the beginning of the 14th century, and the Great Royal Palace, more or less finally formed at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries. The Viceroy's Palace and King Martin's Tower appeared a little later - in the 16th century. At one time there was a fountain on the square, and one of the columns of the Roman Temple of Augustus was installed here. Currently, all four surviving columns can be seen in the Catalan Excursion Center (Centre Excursionista de Catalunya), located near Plaza del Rey - on Carrer Paradís.
CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org)">
Another building of the modern King's Square, which we have not yet mentioned, is Casa Clariana Padellàs. It was built in the 14th century and significantly renovated at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. However, this building was originally located in a completely different place, on Carrer Mercaders Street, and was moved to Plaza del Rey literally brick by brick in the 30s of the 20th century. At the same time, the ruins of the Roman Barsino were discovered under the square, including streets, houses and even wineries. All these finds were preserved in their places - underground. However, they can be seen - King's Square hides the History Museum of Barcelona (Museu d'Història de Barcelona). In fact, the entrance to the museum is located in the house of Clarian Padellas, which was moved here.
Lake Chad is the only large body of water of its kind located in Central Africa, as well as one of the most significant and famous attractions. The lake is located in the west of the republic, near the lands of Shari. By the way, it is worth noting that these waters are today the most ancient springs in Africa, due to which the republic received its current name. Chad is considered one of the most volatile lakes in the entire world. This can be done based on the fact that the lakes are constantly changing their external outlines, sometimes expanding in length, sometimes losing width, sometimes shrinking to unimaginable sizes, sometimes, on the contrary, increasing tens of times. The lake has no external drains, the waters are slightly salty and not intended for drinking; here people can only have a good beach holiday and swim to their heart's content. The maximum depth here is only eleven meters. The territory of the lake today is one of the richest territories of the Chadian Republic, because it is here that an unimaginable accumulation of wildlife is collected, which is rarely seen in such arid regions. Numerous vegetation grows around the lake, which annually serves as a home and cozy corner for thousands of different animals and birds. Today the waters serve for local residents, to a greater extent, as a source of seafood and a territory for fishing. It is no secret that at least over fifty species of marine life live here.
The Shari River with its tributary Logone carries its waters into Lake Chad. Fluctuations in water flow in the river are quite significant. At N'Djamena, near the confluence of Logone, the Shari in early June has a width of 84 m, but when it floods in November, its width reaches 600 m.
The Shari is rightfully considered one of the most fish-rich rivers on earth. The largest fish, called captain, can reach two meters in length and weigh 80 kg, and it also has a very delicate taste. According to Nachtigall, the influx of water through rain and rivers is 100 cubic meters. km, and the loss of water through evaporation is 70 cubic meters. km. Due to the absence of a visible source of water from the lake, while the water of the lake remains fresh, Nachtigall suggests the existence of an underground channel in the northeast direction to the Aegean and Borku. Near the river mouths the water in the lake is fresh, in the rest of the lake it is slightly brackish; the insignificance of mineralization is apparently explained by the constant change of water in the lake due to the underground outflow of infiltration waters. In a very rainy season (which happens extremely rarely), with unusually high levels of the water's edge, a temporary surface runoff of the lake is formed in the northeast (along the dry bed of Bahr el-Ghazal). The dark, dirty water of the lake is thickly overgrown with algae in places. From July to November, under the influence of rains, the water level gradually rises and the low southwestern coast is widely flooded almost to Cook. Over a considerable area, the lake is very shallow (you can wade across it on horseback); The western part near Ngornu and Maduari is distinguished by great depth. The maximum depth during the rainy season is 11 meters. The banks are mostly marshy and overgrown with papyrus; to the northeast the area has the character of a steppe, and only the southern coast is distinguished by rich tropical vegetation.
In the eastern part, the lake is covered with a network of islands (up to 100 in number), of which the Buduma, Karka and Kuri groups are inhabited (up to 30 thousand people) by people from neighboring tribes (Buduma, Kuri, Kanemba, Kanuri, Bulala and Datsa).
In 2006, the lake with an area of 23 thousand square kilometers, located on the borders of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and the Republic of Chad, shrank 26 times and continues to dry out, which became known thanks to Earth monitoring carried out by the international Disaster Monitoring Constellation system. It is known that Chad is drying out for the seventh time in the last millennium. Scientists-paleontologists established this from the remains of animals found there.
The region of the upper reaches of the Shari is the most fertile and populated in the country. The population density here reaches 15 people per 1 km 2 (with an average density in the Republic of Chad of 3 people per 1 km 2).
The Republic of Chad is divided into two parts: northern and southern. In the south there live black tribes who speak many languages and dialects. Some of them profess Christianity, others are loyal to local traditional cults. The population of the south is engaged in agriculture. Fertile soils make it possible to grow here, along with food, valuable industrial crops for export.
The northern part of Chad is mostly desert and semi-desert. There is no fertile land there. The population has long been engaged in nomadic cattle breeding.
The water in the lake is darkish due to thick algae. During the rainy season, the maximum depth of Lake Chad can reach up to eleven meters. Most of the shores of the lake are swampy, overgrown with papyrus, only the southern shore of Lake Chad is rich in tropical vegetation. There are small islands in the eastern part of the lake.
It should be noted that in the northeastern part of the coast of Chad there are deposits of natural salt.
The presented lake is home to unique animals - manatees, crocodiles, and hippos. Also on the territory of this lake you can see a large number of beautiful marsh and water birds. This lake is home to a large variety of fish.