Present Perfect Simple
1. Time name
Present Perfect Simple
2. Method of education
3. Changefinal letters
Tat (short vowel syllable) + ed = tatted
Silent e + ed = ed
Ty + ed = tied
4. Formation approval
Subject + have\has + V3 + minor members of the sentence
5. Formation of the question
Have\has + subject + V3 + minor members of the sentence?
6. Formation of denial
Subject + have\has + not + V3 + minor members of the sentence
7. Words are indicators of time
Ever, never, yet (the word yet in interrogative sentences comes last), already, just, since, for (non-continuous verbs) not only lately, recently, the first (second) time, superlative degree of comparison.
8. Time value
An action that just happened.
The action took place in the past, but we see the result now.
An action that began at a certain moment in the past and continues to this day or has just ended (non-continuous verbs) or state verbs.
An action that began at a certain moment in the past and is repeated to this day.
Something that never happened.
With a superlative degree of comparison.
An action that happened 1, 2, 3... times.
9. Modal verbs and constructions
Modal verbs:
- Can - have\has\had to
No constructions are used.
Present Perfect - Present Complete
We have already gone through 2 present tenses, which we called “simple” and"long". Now we'll look at present complete - Present Perfect. It sounds paradoxical, but in English some types of completed actions can refer to the present tense rather than the past tense. Such actions are referred to in the context of a period of time that has not yet ended. For Russian-speaking students, this phenomenon may present some difficulties, because... we convey it using the past tense. However, the situation will become clearer after you understand the difference. Look at the following pair of sentences in Russian that used the past tense:
In English, these two sentences will be used in 2 different tenses.- I traveled to the USA last spring.-- refers to the Simple Past, which we have already gone through. the key phrase is " last spring ", i.e. a period of time that has already been completed. -I went to the USA last spring
- I have traveled to the USA three times in my life.-- refers to the Present Complete, because time interval " in all my life " has not yet been completed, despite the fact that the action has already been completed. - I have gone to the USA three times in my life
- For education Present Perfect You need to put after the subject the verb “Have” in the form corresponding to the subject (Have / Has), and after that the verb, to which the ending “ed” is added. It should be noted that the verb have in the Present Perfect is auxiliary and does not mean “to have”. It simply helps form the Present Perfect Tense.
| Present | Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| be | was, were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| burst | burst | burst |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cut | cut | cut |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| do | did | done |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| leave | left | left |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| quit | quit | quit |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shine | shone | shone |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke (waked) | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
| Subject | have/has (not) | Past Participle | Abbreviations |
| I | have (not) | written | I"ve (not) (I haven"t) |
| you | have (not) | worked | you"ve (not) (you haven"t) |
| he | has (not) | understood | he"s (not) (he hasn't) |
| she | has (not) | played | she"s (not) (she hasn't) |
| it | has (not) | broken | it"s (not) (it hasn't) |
| we | have (not) | cooked | we"ve (not) (we haven"t) |
| they | have (not) | met | they"ve (not) (they haven"t) |
Questions:
| Where | have
|
I/you/we/they
|
been? |
| Have | you | been | to Ukraine? | Yes, I have |
| Has | she | written | a letter? | No, she hasn't |
| Have | they | visited | their parents? | Yes, they have. |
The present perfect tense is a difficult tense for a learner of English to understand. We are not accustomed to the fact that the past tense in English can be represented by a variety of options, which differ in what exactly the author emphasizes in his sentence (the time of the action, its result, duration or lack thereof). The Present Perfect tense is the present perfect tense, but, nevertheless, it is translated into Russian by a verb of the past tense, and even of the perfect form.
And the whole point is that this time just talks about events that have happened, actions that have been completed. But these actions or events have a direct connection with the present, their result affects this very present. How can one not recall the classic example of the Present Perfect: I have lost my keys. I can't open the door. (I lost my keys and can't open the door). The second is a consequence of the first, and the first, in turn, is the cause of the second. This example clearly illustrates the present perfect tense. But there are times when you wonder how to translate or understand correctly? To make the perception of time even a little easier, you should pay attention to the Present Perfect marker words in a sentence; they are an indicator of this particular time. Such markers exist in all tenses of the English language, and knowing them can be a great help in a situation when you doubt your choice of the necessary grammatical form.
Adverbs of indefinite time are what are usually companion words to the Present Perfect. These time indicators emphasize the connection of an action that began in the past and ended not so long ago with the present time. Here are the adverbs with the Present Perfect that you need to remember when studying the present perfect tense:
- ever – ever, whenever, someday;
- never - never;
- just - just, exactly, barely, just, only, completely, just, only, now;
- already – already, earlier, even;
- not...yet - still not, not yet, not yet, no, not yet;
- before – earlier, before, not yet, already, before;
- lately – long ago, recently, recently, lately;
- of late – recently, lately, recently;
- so far - already, by now, at this hour, so far, until now, up to this moment;
- recently - recently, the other day, recently, just now, not so long ago;
- by now – at the present moment;
- up to now - until now, until now.
Even looking at the meanings of these adverbs with the Present Perfect, one can already understand that they are all closely related to the present tense, although they serve to explain the actions of the past. These adverbs are placed before the semantic verb, but some of them have their own usage features that need to be listed:
- With the adverb never, the verb is used only in the affirmative form, since the sentence already contains one negation:
I have never seen him. - I have never seen him.
- Present Perfect marker words such as yet, already, lately, recently, before, of late can appear at the end of a sentence:
- Adverbs so far, up to now, by now are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence (sometimes at the end):
- In the Present Perfect, the indicator words lately (lately) and just (meaning just now) are used only in the Present Perfect tense:
The mail has just come. - The mail has just arrived.
I've just heard this news. – I just heard the news.
- When we use such an adverb with the Present Perfect as recently, we mean “recently” (for a short period of time before the present). Here we definitely take the forms of the present perfect tense:
I haven’t heard from her recently. “I haven’t heard from her lately.”
He has seen many films lately. – He has watched a lot of films lately.
He has not finished his work yet. - He hasn't finished his work yet.
He has made good progress recently. “He has made significant progress recently.”
I have seen this cartoon before. – I have seen this cartoon before.
I’ve been here for an hour already. – I’ve been here for an hour already.
We haven’t spoken of late. “We haven’t talked lately.”
Note that the adverb yet is used in negative sentences. By the way, the adverb ever is most often used in interrogative questions:
I haven’t had lunch yet. - I haven't had lunch yet.
Have you ever had a car accident? -Have you ever been in a car accident?
So far, he has written ten letters to this company. – By now he has already written ten letters to this company.
Up to now, I haven’t found this book. – I still haven’t found this book.
By now, she has read fourteen novels by Stephen King. – So far, she has read fourteen Stephen King novels.
And if we encounter the combination just now, then we must choose the simple past tense Past Simple:
She was here just now. - She was just (this minute) here.
If we need to use this adverb recently in a sentence meaning “not long ago”, we turn to the tense form of the simple past tense (Past Simple):
I started painting only recently. – I started drawing not so long ago.
We met quite recently. – We met quite recently.
Hi there! Today we’ll talk about the main secret of the English language - the Present Perfect and its adverbs. In this article, we will remind you how the Present Perfect is constructed and when it is used, what markers can be used with it, and we will tell you about the nuances of their use.
Present Perfect - past or present?
In English, the past tense can be presented in different variations, depending on what the author places emphasis on (the result of the action, time or duration).
Present Perfect —present perfect tense. It has no analogue in Russian and is translated by a perfective verb in the past tense (I have found it. - I found it.)
To construct the Present Perfect, take have/has as an auxiliary verb, and the main one will always be in the third form (the ending “-ed” or the third column in the table). In both negation and question, the verb will retain the third form.
I have finished my project. - I finished your project.
I haven't finished my project. - I didn't finish your project.
Have you finished your project? - You finished your project?
By using the Present Perfect we mean past actions that are related to the present. How can they be connected?
- The action began in the past and is still ongoing.
I have learned English since childhood. - I learned English since childhood (and still learning).
- The present is the result of a past action.
I have broken my leg and I am at hospital now. - I broke leg and I'm in the hospital now.
- The job is done, but the time is not over yet.
I have made all the tasks this week. - I did all the tasks for this week (and the week is still going on).
With simple examples everything is easy. And when you are faced with atypical contexts and experience doubts and the torment of choosing between the Present Perfect and other times, then special ones will come to the rescue markers.
Marker words Present Perfect
Usually Present Perfect markers are represented by adverbs, which very vaguely tell us about the time of action. For example, “already” - when exactly? Today? Yesterday?
In order not to be confused and doubtful, it is enough to learn these adverbs and always use the Present Perfect with them:
ever- ever, ever, ever;
never- never;
just- just, exactly, barely, just, only, completely, just, only, now;
already- already, earlier, even;
not … yet- still no, no yet, not yet, no, not yet;
before- before, before, not yet, already, before;
lately- a long time ago, recently, recently, lately;
of late- recently, lately, recently;
so far- already, by now, at this hour, so far, until now, up to this moment;
recently- recently, the other day, recently, just now, not so long ago;
by now- Nowadays;
up to now- until now, until now;
since- since (from some point);
still- still.
Where to put markers in a sentence?
Some Present Perfect adverbs have specific usage patterns.
- The most common Present Perfect markers "already" and "just" used before the semantic verb and after “have/has”.
I have already bought a gift. - I already bought a gift.
He has just started this task. - He only started this task.
There are cases when we will put " already” at the end to express surprise.
You have come already! - You came already!
- "Never"- a word that already contains a negation, so with its participation the verb will only be in the affirmative form.
I have never seen him. - I have never seen him (note, in the Russian version there is a double negative - “never + not”, in English “I have never seen him”).
- « Already», « lately», « recently», « of late" usually appear in the middle of a sentence (before the semantic verb), but they can also be placed at the end.
He has lately read many books. - He recently I read a lot of books.
She has made good progress recently. - She has made progress in Lately.
They have not spoken of late. - Lately they didn't talk.
I have already been here. - I already was here.
- « Before" And " yet", as a rule, are placed at the end of the sentence.
I have seen this film before. - I saw this film earlier.
They haven't finished their project yet. - They more haven't finished your project.
- « Yet"—for denials and questions. " Ever» - for questions only.
I haven't had lunch yet. - I more didn't have lunch.
Have you ever been to New York? - You When-someday been to New York?
Have you cooked dinner yet? - You already have you prepared dinner?
In questions " yet"used to find out something, to get information. Often " not yet" used for a short answer - " Not yet»:
- Have you congratulated Bill? - Not yet. I "ll call him right now. - Did you congratulate Bill? - Not yet. I'll call him right now.
- « So far», « up to now», « by now" are most often found at the end, but can be placed at the beginning and before the semantic verb.
She has read all his books by now. - To date she read all his books.
He has so far written ten letters to her. - By this time he had already written her ten letters.
Up to now I haven’t found my keys. - Still I didn't find my keys.
- « Still»indicates that the situation remains unchanged; The process has been delayed and has not yet been completed.
I still haven"t finished writing my composition. - I no way I won't finish writing my essay.
He still hasn't found a new job! - He no way won't find a job!
What to choose: Past Simple or Present Perfect?
In American English the markers " just», « already», « yet” are accompanied by both Present Perfect and Past Simple. Don't be surprised if you come across:
The mail just came. - The mail just arrived (American version).
The mail has just come(British version).
I already heard the news. - I have already heard this news (American).
I've already heard the news (British).
The combination " just now» is used exclusively with the Past Simple.
She was here just now. - She was just here.
At the marker recently There are 2 meanings: “not so long ago” and “lately”.
In the meaning of “not so long ago” we will use the Past Simple.
I started playing the piano only recently. - I started playing the piano not so long ago.
To mean “lately” we use the Present Perfect.
I haven't heard from her recently. - I haven't heard of her V Lately.
Conclusion
And that’s all for today! Not so scary Present Perfect how they write about him. We hope our secrets have helped you understand these slightly treacherous times.
May your English be perfect! And don't forget, there's always a better You living inside!
Big and friendly EnglishDom family
The big difficulty is to get used to the fixed word order in English sentences. Everything in a sentence must be in its place, so teachers constantly remind you about the sentence construction scheme subject + predicate . And, it would seem, you are following the pattern, but if an adverb appears in a sentence, then it begins to “wander.” Sometimes, of course, you can catch “by ear” that the adverb is in the wrong place, and the sentence sounds “somehow wrong”. But it’s better to firmly know the places of adverbs in a sentence, because depending on their positions, the meaning of your statement may even change.
In this article we will talk about adverbs of time just, already, yet, still . They can occupy two positions in a sentence: in the middle(just, already, still) and at the end(yet).
JUST
Adverb of time just stands for "just now, just about" and describes an action that occurred in the recent past, but does not name the immediate moment of the action.
She "s just gone out. (BrE) / She just went out. (AmE) - She just went out.
I "ve just heard the news. (BrE) / I just heard the news. (AmE) - I just heard the news.
With tenses expressing future actions ( , ) just describes an action that will happen in the near future or is about to happen at the present moment ("just about", "already"):
The phone is ringing. I'm just answering! - The phone is ringing. I'm already answering!
He's just about to leave. - He's about to leave.
With the expression just now in the meaning "recently, some time ago" past tenses are used:
He was here just now! - He was just here!
The boys were fighting just now, but at the moment they are playing together. - The boys were just fighting, but now they are playing together.
I just saw a program about healthy food. - I just watched a program about healthy eating.
ALREADY
Already used primarily in statements and has the meaning: "already". Already used to show that an action occurred earlier than expected or a certain situation appeared earlier than expected. Already- adverb-marker of time, but it can also be found with other tenses. The place of the adverb already in a sentence is between the auxiliary and main verb, but sometimes already can come at the end of a sentence:
I have already cooked dinner. - I have cooked dinner already. - I've already prepared dinner.
We have already booked the tickets. - We have booked the tickets already. - We have already ordered tickets.
If already is put at the end, they want to express astonishment regarding the fact that the action happened earlier than the speaker expected:
You have come already! You are early today! - Have you come already! You are early today!
I don"t believe that you"ve done the task already. - I don’t believe that you have already completed the task.
Already can be used in questions if you want to get confirmation completed action, order:
Have you already sent the letters? - Well, have you already sent the letters?
Have the children already returned from school? - Well, have the children come home from school yet?
YET
Yet considered to be the opposite already. If already used in statements, then yet - in questions and denials. In other words, if the statement contains already- in question and negation there will be yet. Place yet - at the end suggestions or questions:
Have you cooked dinner yet? -Have you already prepared dinner?
Has she booked the tickets yet? - Has she already booked tickets?
He promised to call me but he hasn't called me yet. - He promised to call me, but hasn't done it yet.
We haven't decided where to go on holiday yet. - We haven't decided where to go on holiday yet.
In negatives, yet can come after the auxiliary verb:
In questions yet they are used to find out something, to get information. Not yet is often used for a short answer ("Not yet"):
Have you congratulated Bill? - Not yet. I"ll call him right now.
- Did you congratulate Bill? - Not yet. I'll call him right now.
Has he published his book? - Not yet. He's going to do it in May.
- Has he already published his book? Not yet. He plans to do this in May.
The pair of adverbs already and yet are typical of time, but in American English you can easily find them with Past Simple.
STILL
Adverb still has the following meanings: "still", "still", "as before". Still can be used with many tenses ( , and others) and indicates that the situation remains unchanged; The process has been delayed and has not yet been completed. The adverb of time still emphasizes the duration, duration of an action.
Still is used in statements and questions. Place still- in the middle of a sentence: after the verb to be, and if the predicate is expressed by a semantic verb - after the subject before the predicate:
Are you still waiting? -Are you still waiting?
I am still angry at him. - I'm still angry at him.
She still works as a doctor. - She is still working as a doctor.
He was still excited after the trip. - He is still impressed by the trip.
They can be still discussing the problem. - They may still be discussing the problem.
To emphasize the duration of an action, still is sometimes placed before the auxiliary verb to be:
He still is ill. - He's still sick.
Jane is still looking for a job. - Jane is still looking for a job.
The adverb still can be found in negations, where it appears after the subject and expresses dissatisfaction with the protracted situation or surprise:
I still haven"t finished writing my composition. - I still won’t finish writing the essay.
He still hasn't found a new job! - He still won't find a job!
Still can be used before the infinitive. In this case, you can replace still on yet:
What will you do? - It's still (yet) to be decided.
- What will you do? - This is still to be decided.
I "ve done a lot of housework but the greatest part it still (yet) to be done. -
I have done a lot of work around the house, but most of it still needs to be done.
Very often students ask: “How do you say “already” and “yet” in English?". It is impossible to answer such a question right away, because depending on the type and meaning of the statement, you have to choose three words: already, yet and still. There is no single and universal option. Let's look at some examples to understand the difference. Imagine you are waiting for an event to start:
Have they started yet? -Have they already started?
They have already started. - They have already started.
The speech turned out to be boring and you can’t wait for it to end:
Are they still playing? -Are they still playing?
Yes, they are still playing. They have not finished yet. - Yes, they are still playing. They're not done yet.
Another situation: you can't wait for the guest to arrive:
And then you wait for your guest to finally leave:
If you are waiting for something to happen - use already or yet. If you are waiting for the action to end, use still.
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