Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich Encyclopedia "Aviation"
Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich- A.I. Pokryshkin Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich (1913–1985) Soviet military leader, air marshal (1972), candidate of military sciences (1969), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (twice 1943, 1944). In the Soviet Army since 1932. Graduated from Perm... ... Encyclopedia "Aviation"
- (1913 85) Air Marshal (1972), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (1943 twice, 1944). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aviation, commander of a squadron, regiment, division; 156 air battles, shot down 59 aircraft. In 1968 there were 71 deputies... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- [R. 21.2 (6.3).1913, Novosibirsk], Soviet military leader, air marshal (1972), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (24.5.1943, 28.8.1943, 19.8.1944). Member of the CPSU since 1942. Son of a worker. In the Soviet Army since 1932. Graduated from the aviation school of aircraft technicians... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (1913 1985) Soviet military leader, air marshal (1972), candidate. military sciences (1969), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (twice 1943, 1944). In the Soviet Army since 1932. Graduated from the Perm Military Aviation School of Aircraft Technicians (1933), Kachin Military... ... Encyclopedia of technology
The request "Pokryshkin" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ... Wikipedia
- (03/06/1913 11/13/1985) outstanding Soviet ace, three times Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, 1943, 1944), air marshal (1972). Participant of the Great Patriotic War from the first day. Fought with the 55th (16th Guards) IAP. He ended the war in Berlin as commander of 9... ... Large biographical encyclopedia
- (1913 1985), Air Marshal (1972), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943 twice; 1944). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aviation, commander of a squadron, regiment, division. He developed his own air combat tactics, conducted 156 air battles, shot down... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin March 6 (19), 1913 (19130319) November 13, 1985 Place of birth ... Wikipedia
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Books
- A great victory. Heroes of War (demonstration pictures), . The "Heroes of War" set is dedicated to 16 brave and courageous people who accomplished a feat for the sake of their country and gave all their strength to fight the invaders during the Great Patriotic War...
- “Achtung! Pokryshkin is in the air! "Stalin's Falcon" No. 1, Evgeniy Polishchuk. “Achtung! Achtung! Pokryshkin is in the sky! - rushed from all German warning stations, as soon as he took off, the “invincible” Luftwaffe experts hurried to leave the battle. "Brave of the brave...
In 2018, the famous fighter pilot, who was the first in the history of our country to become a three-time Hero, will be one hundred and five years old. It’s time to look carefully at long-past events, compare existing facts with new, recently appeared information and try to find the answer to the question: “In reality, how many "Did Pokryshkin shoot down the planes?" The air marshal was exceptionally famous during his lifetime, and today interest in the famous pilot has not diminished. Historians are looking for old documents in the archives to find out how many planes Pokryshkin actually shot down. The data in many certificates is quite different.
Biography
The country will never forget Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin, since it is precisely such great personalities that move the wheel of its history. He was born into a working-class family, and Novosibirsk (then Novonikolaevsk) became his hometown. After graduating from seven classes of school, he decided to follow in his father’s footsteps and got a job at the Sibkombaynstroy plant (still a leading enterprise, although it has a different name) as a simple toolmaker. There he studied this specialty for two years at a factory apprenticeship school. Since Pokryshkin’s biography began in February 1913, he did not remember the Tsarist era; he was entirely a man of a new formation - persistent and talented in work and study, like almost all young people of the first decades of the Soviet country. In 1932, Alexander Pokryshkin “fell ill with the sky,” whose biography from that moment became entirely connected with aviation. He entered the Third Military School of Aviation Technicians. Almost all the boys and many girls of those years dreamed of becoming pilots, and many succeeded, since the state then did everything to develop aviation.
Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich graduated from this school with excellent marks and was sent to Leningrad for advanced training courses, and at the end of 1934 he was already sent to the glorious Taman Rifle Division as a senior aircraft technician. She was stationed in Krasnodar, where the young technician served for four whole years, constantly dreaming of Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich not only dreamed, he acted as best he could. He wrote almost forty reports to his superiors with a request to send him to a flight school, but he was an excellent specialist, and his superiors did not want to lose such a technician. Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich received refusal after refusal, but stubbornly continued to independently study the history of flights, mathematics, physics, military history, descriptive geometry, even physiology. And then I found another way.
Pilot!
In September 1938, Alexander Pokryshkin took another vacation, but did not go on vacation. He came to the Krasnodar flying club and passed the entire two-year program with excellent marks in seventeen days. And then I wrote the fortieth report, to which I attached a certificate of completion. The authorities had to give in, and in November of the following year he graduated with honors from the Kachin Military Aviation School. Now he has become a pilot, and soon it will be possible to count how many enemy planes Pokryshkin shot down. At the beginning of the winter of 1939, he was already a pilot of the Fifty-fifth Fighter Aviation Regiment in Odessa. Two months before the start of the war, as part of rearmament, Pokryshkin was one of the first to master the MiG-3, transferring to it from the I-15 biplane. In 1941, he was already a senior lieutenant and deputy squadron commander. Of course, I got to the front from the first hours of the war. Until the autumn of 1942, he flew the Yak-1, I-16, MiG-3, and in 1943 he tried to fly the American Airacobra (P-39) and distinguished himself in battles in the Kuban.
By this time it was already possible to say how many planes Pokryshkin shot down. By May 1943, he had 354 combat missions, 54 air battles, and 19 downed enemy vehicles, for which he was awarded the title of Hero, the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star. And in August of the same year he earned a second Golden Star. How many planes did Pokryshkin shoot down in such a short time? Thirty! Personally! And that is not all. This difficult war year of 1943 brought him a third similar award. Five hundred and fifty sorties, one hundred and thirty-seven air battles, fifty downed enemies! Many glorious heroes were born on our long-suffering land, but Alexander Pokryshkin is a hero three times over! And the very first! From May 1944, he commanded the Ninth Guards Fighter Aviation Division until the very end of the war, which he graduated with the rank of colonel. At the Victory Parade in June 1945, pilot Pokryshkin carried the front banner.
What happened next
Immediately after the war, he studied at the Frunze Military Academy, which he graduated in 1948, and continued his studies at the Military Academy of the General Staff. Then, for just under twenty-five years, he held the most responsible positions in the country’s air defense forces. In 1953 he became a general, and in 1972 - an air marshal, then headed the DOSAAF of the Soviet Union. In the Novosibirsk region he was elected as a deputy for eight convocations in a row, and was a member of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council. He also wrote the most fascinating books, which Soviet youth became engrossed in. Particularly loved were “Wings of a Fighter”, “Know Yourself in Battle”, “Sky of War”.
The homeland appreciated the merits of the exceptionally talented pilot. In addition to the three Gold Hero Stars, Pokryshkin has seventeen orders and many medals received during the war. Of these, nineteen awards came to the hero from other countries - Asia, Africa, Europe. Even the United States awarded such a successful pilot its gold medal “For Military Merit,” which was presented to him on behalf of President Roosevelt. In 1993, one of the minor planets began to be called “Pokryshkin”, and in 1995 a museum named after Pokryshkin opened in Novosibirsk. In 2000, the Novosibirsk metro received the Pokryshkinskaya station, and in 2005, a monument to the famous pilot was erected there, on Karl Marx Square. There is a monument to Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin in Krasnodar. In Russia and Ukraine, many streets are named after the hero. In honor of the air marshal and fellow countryman, the Novosibirsk region established a medal named after Pokryshkin, which rewards particularly distinguished people who have made a special contribution to military-patriotic education, to maintaining the combat readiness of our country, to perpetuating the memory of Siberians who died in the Great Patriotic War and subsequent wars.
Personal qualities
During the war, no one else became a hero three times, and only seven of our pilots managed to shoot down almost as many planes as Pokryshkin shot down. Both Kozhedub and Zhukov became heroes three times after the Victory. In 1944, the US President named Alexander Pokryshkin the best air ace. But not only because of performance. The results did not appear on their own. Pokryshkin came up with and developed a completely different tactics for conducting air combat. Moreover, he tested and implemented it, risking not only his own life, but even his good name. There will be a separate story about how Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin introduced his theory into combat practice, how many planes he shot down demonstratively, for show, so that they would believe him and understand the importance of the new theory.
Pokryshkin was not just a purposeful person, always striving for his goal. He was very flexible, knew how to prove that he was right, approaching a problem not from one side, but from the other and from the third. In addition, his sense of justice was so acute that he easily put everything else on the line for her sake. There was such a case described in the memoirs of Vasily Sevastyanov, Pokryshkin’s colleague. An alarming thirty-seventh year, arrests of enemies of the people take place in waves. The repressions also did not pass by the aviation town where Pokryshkin worked as an aircraft technician. Seeing how the wife of the arrested pilot was evicted with their children right onto the street in the pouring rain, Pokryshkin stopped, while the rest, with downcast eyes, ran past. Having found out what was the matter, he asked Vasily to shelter him, and gave his room to this family. Even after being warned about the consequences of helping the relatives of the enemy of the people, he did not change his decision, he said that he was not afraid of anything except children crying with grief. This was what Pokryshkin always followed until the end of his life. He also had his own children. They met his wife Maria in 1942 - at the front. Son Alexander and daughter Svetlana had someone to look up to.
Tactics
In the very first days of the war, after several battles, Alexander Pokryshkin realized that our aviation was lagging behind not only technically, but also tactically. The pilot was a genius, and therefore came to the conclusion that new combat techniques were needed that would help overcome this imbalance. And he immediately began to come up with new flight techniques, started a notebook, in which he developed new fighter tactics in battle. It was quickly filled with graphs, diagrams, notes. Moreover, before taking notes, Alexander Pokryshkin always tested his ideas on himself, briefly described the search for solutions, identified mistakes, and emphasized successes. All this very often diverged from the instructions that were developed for the use of air force.
The authorities could not convince the authorities of the effectiveness of the battle. Therefore, for the first couple of dozen defeated enemies, Pokryshkin received not praise, but a scolding for conducting a battle not according to the regulations. But the pilot could not retreat from his research. It’s a strange thing: the more stars appeared on the fuselage for downed enemy vehicles, the more tense the relationship with the command became. And finally, in 1942, the best air ace was expelled from the party, put in a guardhouse and about to be court-martialed for violating combat instructions. I was lucky - a much higher-ranking authority arrived and asked to show me new tactics in battle. Pokryshkin was released to show his own flying style. And Pokryshkin’s plane showed everything it can do. The management was delighted. However, they asked not to violate the instructions again. How is this possible for a real genius? A true genius never deviates from his own.
Kuban
There were fierce battles in Kuban, and the pilots did not have time to get enough sleep. The army commander - the legendary Konstantin Andreevich Vershinin - saw the pilot Pokryshkin in action: right before his eyes, the air ace shot down four planes one after another. Vershinin immediately presented Alexander Pokryshkin with the Order of the Red Banner and ordered him to be nominated for the title of Hero. In May 1943, a meeting of aviation commanders of the Southern Front was held, where the army commander summoned Pokryshkin. Alexander Ivanovich was not going to remain silent and shy there. He himself asked to speak and sharply said that all the old instructions for pilots and all the instructions are no longer useful, but harmful, they require replacement, if only because our pilots die too often because of them.
But he immediately said that there was a new technique, and briefly outlined his own tactics, developed and repeatedly tested. The generals and colonels sitting in the hall were amazed: Pokryshkin had somehow accumulated either unprecedented self-confidence or exceptional courage. Probably, if a bomb had exploded in this room, it would not have been so surprising. Then Vershinin himself took the floor and summed up the results. First, he admitted that there were indeed many failures and shortcomings in our organization of the battle, and Pokryshkin was right a hundred times over. Then an order came from him for all those present: Tires’ experience should be immediately adopted, and the army headquarters should immediately prepare a directive to all troops, including the General Staff, that the current instructions should be changed. This was Pokryshkin’s finest hour! The new battle tactics really proved their effectiveness in military operations in the Kuban. And we developed practice quite quickly.
How Pokryshkin fought
He always took upon himself the most dangerous, the most difficult: to shoot down the group commander, to identify the most skillful and aggressive pilots. Pokryshkin took over all the presenters. The German aces had the same system: the squadron was led by the most experienced, and always by the commander. What is a leader's attack? All the fire that is available is concentrated on the attacker, all the cannons and all the machine guns of the flying bombers are trying to protect their leader, and all the escort fighters are hovering around in a swarm. It is calculated: at the time of the attack, the attacking fighter must avoid up to one and a half thousand shells and bullets every second. The commander of a group of fighters is even more difficult to attack. After all, the Germans knew how to fight in the sky better than anyone else, until ours learned.
And Pokryshkin taught - skillfully and persistently. All his subordinates comprehended innovations and mastered them in battle with gratitude. Firstly, because they remained alive, and secondly, because they became the same aces. That Guards Aviation Regiment, where Pokryshkin served, was famous for its students: thirty Heroes of the Soviet Union made this glory. Pokryshkin increased his personal count of downed planes not at the expense of his own subordinates, he needed them alive. He said that together they do much more damage. Many times, at the last moment, he abandoned the target that was already on his sights, which he had already brought out and prepared, and all in order to rush to the rescue of the pilot of his squadron. Pokryshkin’s much greater merit is that not one of his wingmen died in any of the battles. Even the enemies he shoots down are not worth that much. Without his students, without friends, he could not imagine life.
Modesty
After the third Golden Star was awarded, the whole country learned about Pokryshkin. All the largest newspapers in the world had his portraits. At the same time, he received a division under his command and trained 1,108 order bearers, including almost sixty Heroes of the Soviet Union. In total, all the pilots of the division shot down more than a thousand enemy aircraft. From all fronts they went to Pokryshkin for experience.
And yet, Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin shot down how many planes? Officially, fifty-nine. The editor of his memoirs, “Knowing Yourself in Battle,” Evgeniy Podolsky, tried to find out more precisely this figure, since many knowledgeable people said that it was greatly underestimated. Pokryshkin threw up his hands and said that this is not so important, what is more important is that the entire division shot down 1,147 German aces.
Pilot's notebooks
And five years later, when the brilliant pilot was no longer alive, his widow, Maria Kuzminichna, opened the personal archive of Alexander Pokryshkin. These are his diaries, letters, and most importantly, notebooks preserved from wartime, where everything about the downed planes is scrupulously recorded with statutory accuracy - the type, location and all the circumstances under which this happened. Moreover, only what was officially confirmed by the ground troops was recorded. But Pokryshkin fought not only as a fighter, but also served as a reconnaissance officer. He often met the enemy alone over the Black Sea, therefore, no one could document the death of the enemy. In addition, Alexander Pokryshkin understood the anxiety of young pilots about the outcome of combat missions, their worries about the lack of experience, which is why they do not hit enemy vehicles, so he often convinced the guys that the downed fascist plane was on their account.
All of 1941 and almost all of 1942, when our army was retreating, and at first in absolute disorder, what confirmation could there be? Not up to them. There was even a case when a unit, emerging from encirclement in battle, was unable to save staff documents; their entire car burned down - including flight books, where Pokryshkin recorded fifteen aircraft that he personally shot down.
And so they are listed only in the notebook that we saw after the death of the air marshal. Pokryshkin himself not only did not insist on “authorship,” but also did not mention this case at all - what burned, burned. And he never talked about himself personally and about his own merits. However, after the death of Alexander Ivanovich, researchers proved: there were at least 116 of them.
Alexander is a defender
But he spoke loudly and persistently about the merits of others. Mikhail Devyatayev, the same one who stole the Heinkel-111 from the concentration camp and took out our prisoners on it, only thanks to Pokryshkin received the Hero star, and then after much trouble. After the war, from a prisoner of war camp (it was an American zone!) he rescued his beloved student Ivan Babak, who shot down more than forty enemy aces and whom Pokryshkin nominated for the title of Hero just before the tragic flight.
The pilot Grigory Dolnikov was shot down, captured, escaped, and reached his own people, who began to judge him. Pokryshkin intervened and defended: “Dolnikov has his entire biography written on his skin!” - he said. Indeed, he was severely beaten and tortured in captivity. The name Alexander is translated from Greek as “protector.” Pokryshkin completely acquitted him.
Pilot, three times Hero of the Soviet Union, air marshal, Honorary citizen of the city of Novosibirsk.
A.I. Pokryshkin is an outstanding Russian pilot, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, whose name is associated with innovative approaches to the tactics of using combat aviation.
Born on March 6, 1913 in Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) into a poor family of immigrants from the Vyatka province.
In 1928, Pokryshkin successfully completed the seven-year school. For some time he worked as a roofer, and in the spring of 1930, against the will of his father, he entered the school of the Sibkombaynstroy factory school and left home for a dormitory. After 4 years, on a Komsomol ticket, he was sent to Perm, to an aviation school. In September 1938, during his vacation, in 17 days he mastered the two-year flying club program and passed the exam as an external student. Pokryshkin was sent to flight school, and again, with excellent marks, less than a year later he graduated from the famous Kachin pilot school and was assigned to the 55th Fighter Aviation Regiment.
Pokryshkin met the war in Moldova and already on June 23 opened a personal account - he shot down the first Me-109. But soon - on July 3 - he himself was hit by anti-aircraft fire. While in the medical unit, he began keeping an album, “Fighter Tactics in Combat,” in which he developed new tactical techniques for air combat.
A.I. Pokryshkin went on the attack with eight fighters against 91 enemy aircraft, four against 50, three against 23, alone against eight and did not know defeat. They reported to Goering about his battle tactics, and the Nazis started a real hunt for him - to no avail. German observers on the ground and in the air warned their pilots: “Attention! Attention! Pokryshkin is in the sky! Alexander Ivanovich always remembered himself and never tired of repeating Suvorov’s rule to his subordinates: “Die yourself, but save your comrade,” and therefore in every battle with the enemy he took upon himself the most dangerous thing - the attack of the leader.
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin not only mastered the highest personal art of air combat, not only excellently led these battles in the air, each time choosing the most advantageous battle formations and destroying the maximum number of enemy aircraft, but he also knew how to best prepare the flight crew on the ground for operations in the air.
Air Marshal Pokryshkin became the only three times Hero of the Soviet Union to receive all three Gold Stars during the war.
In 1948 he graduated from the Military Academy named after. Frunze, and then the Academy of the General Staff. A fearless warrior, a patriot of his Motherland and his people, a man of honor and decency - he never pursued glory. Only in 1953 A.I. Pokryshkin received the rank of general, although he already commanded a division during the war.
At the end of the 60s, Alexander Ivanovich became deputy commander-in-chief of air defense, working in this position for about four years, and then, in 1972, he was appointed chairman of the DOSAAF Central Committee and was awarded the rank of marshal.
Having headed the defense society, A.I. Pokryshkin held this post for almost ten years and played a special role in the history of DOSAAF.
Three times Hero of the Soviet Union A.I. Pokryshkin was awarded six Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, four Orders of the Red Banner, two Orders of Suvorov II degree, Order of the Patriotic War I degree, two Orders of the Red Star, the Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” III degree, 11 foreign orders, many medals.
Both during the war and after its end, Alexander Ivanovich’s connection with his native Novosibirsk was not interrupted. On every visit to the city where he spent his childhood and youth, the famous pilot always visited the Sibselmash plant.-Here he worked in his youth and here he received a ticket to a flying school.
Despite his busy career and social activities, Alexander Ivanovich also found time to engage in literary work. In 1966, his book of memoirs, “The Sky of War,” was published, and much later (after his death) the story “Knowing Yourself in Battle.” Books by A.I. Pokryshkin’s works are still popular not only among war veterans, but also among young people.
LITERATURE:
- The man from the legend Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. Biobibliographic index. - Novosibirsk, 2013. - 113 p.
- Golden names of Novosibirsk: Honorary citizens and residents of the city (1910-2007). - Novosibirsk, 2008. - P. 38-45.
- Kronich G. High destiny // Creators: Essays about people who wrote their names in the history of Novosibirsk. T.1. - Novosibirsk, 2003. - P. 358-366.
- Petrushin N. The height of his feat // Soviet Siberia. - 2003. - March 5. - P. 3.
- Shumilov V.N. Pokryshkin A.N. // Novosibirsk: Encyclopedia. - Novosibirsk, 2003. - P. 681-682.
ISSUE LIST:
- Pokryshkina, M.K. In the sky - Pokryshkin: [Fragm. book memoirs of M.K. Pokryshkina "Rise, star of memories!" about the thrice Hero of the Owls. Union Air Marshal A.I. Pokryshkin]
- Ustinov, Yu. S. "Falcon Strike" Pokryshkina: [Major General, member. society All-Russian Council in memory of three times Hero of the Owls. Union of A.I. Pokryshkin about some episodes of the combat biogr. pilot]
- Pokryshkina, M.K. Ace in the epicenter of a muddy thunderstorm: [Conversation with the widow of A.I. Pokryshkin, three times Hero of the Soviet Union. Union (Novosibirsk)] / M.K. Pokryshkina; prepared text by A. Timofeev
- Koshelev, A. Family of the hero: little-known pages: To the 85th anniversary of the birth of A.I. Pokryshkin, [three times Hero of the Soviet Union. Union, a native of Novosibirsk (1913-1985): About the history of the family (from the moment of the birth of parents, I.P. Pokryshkin and K.S. Mosunova, in the 2nd half of the 80s of the 19th century in Vyatka provinces)
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin officially shot down 59 planes, but in reality, according to his colleagues, 116
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin - this is a famous Soviet fighter pilot, Great Patriotic War war. He became FIRST Three times Hero of the USSR And the only one during the war! List Three times Heroes consists of only 23 Human !
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin was born 19th March 1913 years in the city Novosibirsk, which Then was called Novonikolaevsk, V ordinary wooden house that stood on the shore small rivers Kamenka. Wish becoming a pilot came to his mind when Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin saw for the first time airplane! It was the one who arrived in Novosibirsk propaganda airplane. Pokryshkina happened touch the wing plane, after which he said : « I'll just pilot! But way from children's dreams before first independent departure ended up with him long And not simple!
By Komsomol travel package Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin Fall into aviation school, but the school turns out to be aviation technical. At first he didn't want to study there, but he was told that if you don’t study at aviation equipment, That post it on the table Komsomol card. Allow this to happen at that time meant get for the whole the rest of my life "wolf ticket" And Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin was forced continue studying at aviation equipment.
At first Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin got into aviation as a military man aviation equipment. During service aircraft technician in order to get into the flight crew he sent air command report requesting send him V pilot school. Reports it turned out 39 pieces, and ALL they stayed NO ANSWER! Help suddenly provided by the boss Krasnodar flying club, besides civil institutions ! While studying at flying club Pokryshkin made it myself AIR SIMULATOR, on which I worked everything flight elements. That's why when Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin flew on a plane with instructor, it became clear that he can fly on one's own! IN 10th flight Pokryshkina released one! The flight he took off Great! Having passed full course training, Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin safely rents out All exams. After that command finally for rent and sends to Kachinskoye aviation flight school.
The Great Patriotic War can be divided into two stages. The first stage was 1941-42, when the Soviet army was losing the war in almost all respects and was basically retreating. During the first two years of the war, the Soviet army held out mainly due to three factors - Russian distances, Russian winter and at the cost of UNCONCIBLE LOSSES both in equipment and ESPECIALLY in HUMAN RESOURCES! The second stage is when the Soviet army began to win, however, also at the cost of an incredible NUMBER of LIVES!
Life Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin also possible conditionally divide on two stages. The fact is that first day wars June 22nd Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin shot down MINE plane with red stars! Tragic ridiculous happening. Under certain conditions For Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin he might even become deadly! Pokryshkina in some ways with a stretch one might say lucky. The command decided What is the point will be from another death in the location of the part, Here if in battle...
On the next day Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin shoots down his own in the sky first fascist airplane. First victory was given in the sky Alexander IvanovichPokryshkina Very not easy, considering cargo previous mistakes! It happened impression, How like fate still a very long time punished Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin behind admitted mistake!
The war continued. There was in the sky tenfold superiority fascists ! Fascist planes superior Soviet according to all technical characteristics! German pilots in progress flight training business, before hitting directly to the front, attacked besides the usual aerobatics, and also 200 COMBAT TRAINING flight hours ! These were flights from A COMPLETE IMITATION OF REAL AIR COMBAT. Soviet pilots receive such training BEFORE hits on front I never dreamed of it (see article "German fighters of the Second World War")! More is needed here add, What German pilots before war with USSR already acquired a real combat experience in Spain, England, France! Let us also recall that many Soviet pilots who purchased COMBAT experience V Spain, were BEFORE, Great Patriotic War wars, SHOOTED BY Stalin. So the science win in Great Patriotic War the war was given, TOO MUCH EXPENSIVE price!
Thanks to this flight-combat preparation GERMAN pilots objectively real were at that time the best in the world. This is in no way and under no circumstances doesn't belittle merits and abilities Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin and others productive Soviet pilots, we're just talking Not about individual pilots, and about THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY flight crew . Also based on analysis And results military operations World War II war must be stated fact, What second in the world by CLASS were JAPANESE pilots. If we don’t talk about this topic for a long time, then enough bring one exponential fact. Japanese pilots KAMIKAZE were trained to fly FIGHTER ON YOURSELF With age V 14 years old! Guilt behind 3rd place V world, our Soviet pilots, lies under no circumstances Not on the pilots themselves, and on Air Force command And leaders of the USSR because they did not provide relevant CONDITIONS OF PREPARATION pilots !
American Aircobra fighters supplied to the USSR under Lend-Lease
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin was KNOWN TWICE. Here you need mention one such very important point. Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin managed stay alive after he 2 times was shot down V greater degrees thanks to that he more fought part of the time NOT IN SOVIET, A IN AMERICAN fighter « AIRCOBRA! The fact is that American fighter Aircobra, Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin had one very important technical peculiarity, giving him, undeniable advantage in a relationship pilot protection! As everything is known fighter weapon only shoots forward, That's why a fighter is shot down from behind, getting behind him. On Aircobra engine was NOT IN YOUR NOSE airplane, and BEHIND THE PILOT. Respectively Aircobra engine, Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin In addition to the main function, he also performed pilot protection function from enemy bullets and shells ! Yes, of course, when bullets and shells hit engine he usually went out of order But THE PILOT REMAINED INITIAL! Alone American fighters Aircobra, was delivered in USSR by program Lend-Lease, 6 000 things !
First once Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin shot down July 3rd upon departure to INTELLIGENCE early in the morning. We flew out on reconnaissance 2 in pairs. Done wrong approach – By valley along the river. There was German crossing across the river. Accordingly, they were quickly noticed German anti-aircraft gunners. Fighters enemy in this area did not have. Anti-aircraft gunners opened on them powerful anti-aircraft fire. U Germans has always been a lot of anti-aircraft guns ! I had to snuggle To water. At that time Lukashevich from 1st the couple began to change lanes to the left, and there he ended up Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin and airplanes almost collided. Avoiding a collision Pokryshkin flew up up meters per 50 above water. At this moment in motor airplane Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin fall three anti-aircraft projectile. Water And oil from the engine flowed the plane continued barely pull on height 50 meters.
Pokryshkin tried to fly over front line. At this time he saw there is a small one ahead valley and decided to sit on it. But when approaching To valley I saw what was going through it road, and along the road he goes German Column. Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin pulled with difficulty to the side through small river. Set bank the plane was it is forbidden, so he turned as far as possible, periodically little by little, pressing in the direction of the turn and letting go pedals. At this moment over the hill engine finally refused and the plane started flat sharp decline. Height was very small, so jump with a parachute was it is forbidden! Rested his hands V dashboard Hit.
American Aircobra fighter brought to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program on the blades is the Curtiss Electric emblem
When Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin I woke up and saw that wings lie separately, tail Same fell off but he himself remained alive! Straightaway unhooked the parachute. First thought was about what will have to happen now shoot back. cocked gun, looked around on both sides, listened, did they appear Germans. The time was 5 hours morning, solar day, the birds are singing! Nemtsev nearby it didn't turn out. Then thanks thoughts, What shoot yourself he always will be in time, calmed down and went towards his troops ! Until yours Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin got about 3 days. When the plane crashed, he, of course, received injuries, But no fractures! There was only a small crack in the bones legs and some burns. Stayed 3 days in the medical unit. Then reeled To leg, where there was a slight crack, tire and so and continued to fly out for assignments !
Basic reason so big quantities air victories of Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin it was his NON-STANDARD And THE UNEXPECTED conducting the battle. Only those were good THOUGHT OUT surprises ! He acted in battle accurately. By instructions combat was envisaged mainly in horizontal planes, on turns, A Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin IMPOSED air battle to the enemy on VERTICALS! Also Pokryshkin I used one more thing INNOVATION. Before this, shooting from everyone kind weapons on Aircobra managed separate button. Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin All fire control of your fighter REDITED on ONE BUTTON, that is ALL WEAPONS his fighter started shooting SIMULTANEOUSLY, when you press ONE BUTTON! Armament fighter Aircobra was more powerful than on Soviet fighters. Into arms Aircobras included, including a gun caliber 37 mm ! Thus, if Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin from the weapons of your fighter hit it right on the plane enemy it's just that spread V "dust"! And of course one of the immutable terms his victories were PERFECT AIRCRAFT OWNERSHIP!
Also Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin used his personal aerobatic reception, in most cases bringing him victory in an air battle, which was called "falcon strike" It was that he previously dialed greater height flight, then from this height under dived at a high angle on high speed on the enemy. Then when approaching to the enemy passed on small dive angle And, keeping big speed, shot at him. This aerobatic maneuver Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin was especially effective when attacking numerous groups of planes, besides he allowed attackers leave the battle almost no loss! For more greater efficiency such attacks Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin previously studied technical device German airplanes and always took into account from which sides better come in on this type enemy aircraft.
However independent, direct character and non-standard fighting Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin liked not everyone! One day division commander, despite successes in air battles, he said emotionally Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin: »Everyone will reward you awards do not wait!" Further more, in 1942 year according to the wording “for violation of the requirements of the fighter aviation charter” by Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin expelled from the party And transferred to reserve regiment. In addition to that, in a military tribunal on him they start a case.
However, from flying Pokryshkin was NOT suspended. Beginning with 1943 year Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin, begins new stage in life. IN 1943 year after three months air battles May 24th he gets the first star of the hero of the Soviet Union behind the number 993! From that moment on he became to help That, which was a hindrance before. His formula – height, speed, maneuver, fire began to be used All! Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin appointed commander shelf and then the commander divisions. At the same time he continues to fly. His American airplane Aircobra, pointing on enemies panic! IN 1944 year Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin was awarded third Hero Star!!! Decree awards was published in all newspapers countries ! Solemn the award ceremony took place in Kremlin.
For capture bridgehead over the river Vistula, Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin awarded herself valuable For front-line soldier award - home leave — on 5 days ! When he arrived in Novosibirsk, he was greeted by half the city! Everyone wanted to see him, say hello, talk. As a result Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin spent directly with family 1 day. Co his wife Maria, Pokryshkin met on front - She was nurse. IN end they will have wars daughter, A after the war son!
Spring 1945 year in Europe it was a great day early. Ground airfields got lucky. Fascists concrete takeoffs were blown up stripes on their Germanic airfields. Soviet troops quickly were advancing and they needed air support. Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin suggested using it as runway straight section highway Breslau – Berlin(quality of German roads!). In the sky Germany Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin knocked down his 59th fascist plane in 156 air battles. Number 59 downed planes was assigned to him officially, But ACCORDING TO DATA OF CO-SERVANTS Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin, he shot down 116 airplanes !
Then there was victory parade. Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin at the parade in rank colonel carried Banner of the First Ukrainian front ! Then he learned and graduated Frunze Academy and continued to serve in aviation. After the war he promoted receiving new positions and titles, but years of war remained for him the most stellar!
The legendary pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin was feared like fire by all the pilots of the Third Reich. March 6 marked the 102nd anniversary of the birth of the legendary Soviet ace pilot. This post will tell you about the difficult fate of the great pilot who went through the entire war and became an air marshal.
“Achtung! Pokryshkin ist in der Luft!”
“Achtung! Achtung! Pokryshkin is in the air! - since the spring of 1943, German warning posts warned their pilots that there was a Russian ace in the air. His name terrified both young people and Luftwaffe aces. In only three cases did the Germans switch over the air from encrypted messages to clear text: “Achtung! Khir is a partisan!” (“Attention! There are partisans here!”); “Achtung! Hir panzer! (tanks) and “Akhtung! Pokryshkin!
March 19 (March 6, O.S.) marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin, the legendary ace pilot, the second most successful (after Ivan Kozhedub) fighter pilot among the pilots of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II.
It is interesting that Alexander Ivanovich was born on the day when the celebration of the “Blessed Heaven” icon takes place - this is the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, according to legend, brought to Moscow from Lithuania by the wife of Grand Duke Vasily I, Sofia Vitovtovna, as a parental blessing. The title goes back to the text of the Mother of God of the 1st hour (written on the icon inside the edge of the radiance): “What shall we call Thee, O Blessed One? Heaven, as if you have risen as the Sun of Truth.”
There is something significant about this coincidence. The sky really was fertile for Pokryshkin.
August 19, 1944 A.I. Pokryshkin becomes three times Hero of the Soviet Union. The first and only one during the war years (G.K. Zhukov and I.N. Kozhedub were awarded the third Gold Stars after May 9, 1945). Alexander Ivanovich was also awarded one of the highest awards in the United States - the Medal for Distinguished Service.
Pokryshkin went through the war from the first to the last day. He did not leave the battles from June 22, 1941 to August 1942. He later said: “Those who did not fight in 1941-1942 do not know the real war.”
He was shot down twice and escaped from encirclement. At least ten times only a miracle saved the pilot from death: bullets hit the sight, the headset earpiece, and scratched his chin. “I will never hide from the enemy and I will remain alive. I have always followed this,” said Pokryshkin. In 1944, he refused his general position at the Air Force headquarters and returned to the front.
Pokryshkin is the creator of new tactics for Soviet fighter aviation, as well as a system for commissioning young pilots. There were only two analysts of this level among our and German aces - Alexander Pokryshkin and Werner Mölders (died in a plane crash in 1941). Surprisingly, they were not just the same age, but were born almost on the same day: Pokryshkin - 6 (19 according to the new century), Mölders - March 18, 1913.
During the Great Patriotic War, Pokryshkin became the author of the famous air combat formula: “altitude - speed - maneuver - fire.”
Among the names of military pilots, the name of Pokryshkin stands apart. Having one of the highest official results in the number of aerial victories, he was the author, guide and bearer of new tactical formations and air combat techniques, an unbending fighter against routine, an example of a fighter - skillful, fierce and noble.
Natural wisdom, honesty, strength of character and, as a consequence, high civic courage distinguished the actions of this man and determined the greatness and adversity of his inspired destiny.
A fighter, purposeful and active, looking for his own path, not in a hurry to carry out ill-conceived orders, an excellent organizer of group air combat and, as time has shown, air warfare, Pokryshkin was very inconvenient to many superiors. Initiative and independence do not always find recognition, and during the hard times of war they cost the ace a lot of strength. At the same time, Pokryshkin was not ambitious, as evidenced by his refusal in February 1944 from a high position at the Air Force headquarters and from the immediate rank of general's shoulder straps.
Despite his outward sternness, as a true pilot, he was characterized by balanced and precise humor; he himself loved jokes, was not offended by witticisms directed at himself, and appreciated comedians. By nature, Pokryshkin was very reserved and delicate. Companions and relatives testified that swearing in his mouth was impossible under any circumstances: not in the excitement of an air battle, not when other people made mistakes, not during domestic troubles.
The author of the popular formula: altitude - speed - maneuver - fire - Pokryshkin on the ground was very restrained and taciturn, able to express his thoughts clearly and concisely. No one ever heard abuse from his lips, and the pilot’s honesty and integrity often caused conflicts with his superiors.
In the late winter of 1942, his regiment was recalled from the front to master a new type of American fighter, the P-39N Airacobra. During training, Pokryshkin often disagreed with the new regiment commander, Isaev, who did not accept Pokryshkin's criticism of Soviet military aviation doctrine.
Uncompromising defense of his tactical innovations and sharp objections to the regiment commander in 1942 led to Pokryshkin’s exclusion from the lists of the regiment and from the party. Only the intervention of higher command saved him from the tribunal.
In January 1943, the 16th Guards Aviation Regiment was sent abroad to Iran to receive new equipment. The regiment returned to the front on April 8, 1943. During his first flight on the new Airacobra aircraft, Pokryshkin shot down a Bf-109. The next day, April 9, he was able to confirm 2 more of the 7 aircraft he shot down. In total, during this period, Pokryshkin chalked up ten Bf-109s shot down. Pokryshkin received his first title of Hero of the Soviet Union on April 24, 1943, and was awarded the rank of major in June.
American "Airacobra" on which Pokryshkin fought
In 1943, Pokryshkin fought in the Kuban against the famous German fighter aircraft. His new tactics for air policing, such as the “high-speed swing”, “Kuban whatnot” and the use of ground-based radars, as well as an advanced ground control system, brought the Soviet Air Force its first big victory over the Luftwaffe.
In most sorties, Pokryshkin took on the most difficult task - to shoot down the leader. As he understood from the experience of 1941-1942, knocking out a leader meant demoralizing the enemy and often thereby forcing him to return to his airfield. Pokryshkin received the second star of the Hero of the Soviet Union on August 24, 1943.
He became the first three times Hero of the Soviet Union in the country. And the only one - during the war years.
In total, during the war years, Pokryshkin made 650 sorties, conducted 156 air battles, shot down 59 enemy aircraft personally and 6 in a group. Of his 65 official victories, only 6 were won in the last two years of the war.
So why were the Germans so afraid of Pokryshkin, since he seemed to have shot down less than some Luftwaffe aces? The point is that the German aces were not always, to put it mildly, modest, and that not all of Pokryshkin’s victories were taken into account.
During 1941, Pokryshkin won 15 more official victories, which were not included in his total score. The reason for this was the destruction of documents from the headquarters of the fighter aviation regiment during the retreat. Alexander Ivanovich himself said on this occasion that these uncounted planes would still go to the general account of the Victory.
In addition, the unofficial list of his victories (like that of all Red Army pilots) may in fact be much larger, since in the Order of the USSR NKO No. 0299 “On the procedure for awarding the flight personnel of the Red Army Air Force for good combat work and measures to combat hidden desertion among individual pilots” dated August 19, 1941, the following was said:
The number of downed aircraft is established in each individual case by the testimony of a fighter pilot at the site where the downed enemy aircraft fell and confirmation by the commanders of ground units or by the establishment on the ground of the crash site of the downed enemy aircraft by the regiment command.
At a meeting at the Air Army Headquarters, which took place after intense fighting in the Kuban, Pokryshkin criticized this order:
“In his speech, he spoke about the advisability of intercepting enemy bombers on their flight route to the target in order to prevent attacks on our ground forces. He gave examples of my eight intercepting large groups of enemy bombers deep behind enemy lines. Unfortunately, destroyed equipment is not counted towards us. An order issued at the beginning of the war established that downed enemy aircraft must be confirmed by our ground forces or recorded by a film machine gun. Can advanced units see an air battle if we are fighting twenty to thirty kilometers behind enemy lines? Our industry still produces aircraft without film machine guns. For example, in the Myskhako area we had to conduct the main battles over the sea, fifty kilometers west of Novorossiysk. The downed enemy vehicles were clearly visible to the shooters of the bombers we were escorting. But their data does not confirm victory in an air battle. I asked on behalf of the fighter pilots to change this order.”
Subsequently, in NKO order No. 0489 of June 17, 1942, these comments were taken into account:
“Payment for downed enemy aircraft should be made in cases where this is confirmed by ground troops, photographs or a report from several crews.”
Pokryshkin also often gave the planes he shot down to the accounts of his subordinates (mostly wingmen), thus stimulating them. This was quite common. He tried to support his subordinates and emphasize that in battle, victory depends on the coherence of the actions of all participants.
The stars no longer fit on the fuselage
The legendary battle of April 29, 1943 is widely known. Then the eight “airacobras” led by Pokryshkin scattered and turned back three echelons of Yu-87 (81 aircraft). In addition, they were covered by ten Me - 109. One pair pinned down enemy fighters, the other six with a “falcon strike” through a powerful fire barrier (the gunners of 27 bombers sent more than 400 bullets per second towards them), twice repeating a mathematically calculated maneuver with a variable dive profile and a sharp going up, she shot 12 Junkers (four of them were Pokryshkin).
Four against 50, three against 23, alone against 8 Pokryshkin entered the battle. And I never knew defeat. Moreover, in every battle he took upon himself the most dangerous thing - the attack of the leader of the German groups. This happened back in 1941-1942, when, with sometimes a tenfold numerical superiority of the Germans in the air, the only way to turn the tide of the battle was to defeat the ace commander. This immediately deprived the enemy of control and confidence. The Siberian hero, who endured overloads unimaginable for most pilots, and was omnipresent in the sky (“How many of them are there, Pokryshkins?!” - the desperate cry of a German pilot once reached the regimental radio) in addition to brilliant personal victories, became the author of the main tactical techniques and formations of his regiment. This tactic, noticed and appreciated after the impressive successes of the regiment, became the basis of the actions of Soviet fighter aircraft from 1943, ensuring its superiority over the enemy.
Pokryshkin created his own system for training aces. He attached particular importance to combat friendship and teamwork in squadrons. More than once Pokryshkin left a German plane already caught in his sights to save his pilot who was in danger. Until the end of his days, he was most proud of the fact that not one of those whom he led into battle died through his fault...
Pokryshkin and Levitan
Pokryshkin at the Victory Parade in 1945
Post-war fate was outwardly prosperous. Until the late 1950s, he flew the latest jet fighters. He graduates from two military academies with gold medals. The corps and armies he commanded become the best. However, from the post of deputy commander-in-chief of air defense, Pokryshkin was sent to lead the voluntary society for the assistance of the army, aviation and navy (DOSAAF). And this organization (now ROSTO) developed powerfully under Pokryshkin.
In 1972, Alexander Ivanovich was awarded the rank of air marshal. But, according to Hero of the Soviet Union, who knew Pokryshkin well, Air Marshal I.I. Pstygo: “His life was not only heroic, but also martyrdom. That’s right. He lived under a heavy burden of envy... My deep conviction is that the capabilities of Alexander Ivanovich, his statesmanship were less than half in demand. He would have been a brilliant commander-in-chief of the Air Force and Air Defense, he would be an excellent minister of defense... And, if necessary, even higher..."
Alexander Ivanovich, without hesitation, spoke the “truth” to both Vasily Stalin and the Air Defense Commander-in-Chief, Marshal P.F. Batitsky, and L.I. Brezhnev... Therefore, Pokryshkin’s post-war fate was not nearly as brilliant as it could have been.
Evgeny Shaposhnikov, Air Marshal, Honored Pilot of Russia:
Vasily Stalin, commanding the air force of the Moscow Military District, invited him, like other heroes, to the air army. Pokryshkin refused categorically and even very, so to speak, sharply. I didn’t want to serve under his banner for some moral reasons, because he was a very highly moral person. And such pressure was created in relation to Pokryshkin by other assistants, deputies, and superiors of various kinds that he was forced to go to another branch of the armed forces - to air defense. He graduated from the Academy not of Moninsky, like many hero pilots, but of the Frunze Academy of the Ground Forces. And he didn’t become a general right away; for about five years he commanded formations; he had generals subordinate to him, but they didn’t give him assignments. And only in 1953, when all the Stalins left, he became a general.
Everyone who had the opportunity to serve with Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin says that he was a direct, uncompromising person who was at the same time approachable and easy to communicate with.
When the opportunity presented itself, he decisively went to work for DOSAAF, to the position of chairman of the society, and enthusiastically took up military patriotic work.
In December 1972, Pokryshkin was awarded the rank of Air Marshal.
One day he called the Central Committee and asked for his resignation. They objected, persuaded, offered options, but he left his last position on his own.
Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin died on November 13, 1985 in the arms of his inconsolable wife after several days of unconsciousness, when in delirium he called his friends to attack, warned them of danger, and again overtook the hated enemy...
He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.