- Alcoholism, drug addiction. Treatment is carried out in narcological clinics and hospitals, in specialized departments and wards of psychiatric hospitals by narcologists and psychiatrists. The goals of treatment are to relieve withdrawal symptoms, the consequences of intoxication, suppress desire, create the inability (sensitization, conditioned reflex aversion) to drink alcohol, drugs, psychotherapeutic reorientation, hypnotherapy.
- Amnestic (Korsakovsky) syndrome - memory disorder. It is observed in organic brain lesions caused by intoxication, trauma, infections, alcoholic polyneuritic psychosis (Korsakoff psychosis), tumors, and strokes.
- Affective syndromes - depression and mania
- Rave new syndromes. Delusions are false, absolutely uncorrectable judgments caused by painful reasons that arise without adequate external reasons. Delirium is observed in schizophrenia, organic, vascular and atrophic diseases of the central nervous system, epilepsy, psychogenic, symptomatic and other psychoses.
- Hallucinatory syndrome ( hallucinations). for quite a long time it manifests itself almost exclusively as abundant hallucinations and proceeds without impairment of consciousness. Occurs in schizophrenia, organic and vascular diseases of the central nervous system, symptomatic psychoses, intoxications, epilepsy. There are auditory, visual and tactile (the feeling of worms, insects, microbes crawling under the skin) hallucinosis.
- Mental defect - dementia, insanity
- Intoxication psychoses - occur as a result of acute or chronic poisoning with industrial or food poisons, chemicals used in everyday life, drugs, and medications. Intoxication psychoses can be acute and protracted.
- Hysterical syndrome hysterics. A distinctive feature of hysterical symptoms is theatricality and demonstrativeness of manifestations. Their occurrence is often accompanied by a violent expression of feelings, usually inadequate to the strength of the psychogenic stimulus, and excessive affectation - a hysterical attack that lasts from several minutes to several hours and is characterized by a variety of motor manifestations
- Catatonic syndromes occur with a predominance of motor disorders - stupor or agitation, often replacing each other.
- Manic-depressive psychosis - (MDP) circular psychosis, cyclophrenia, is a disease manifested by periodic manic and depressive states (phases), usually separated by intermissions; does not lead to the formation of a mental defect.
- Obsessive states(obsessions) are characterized by the involuntary and irresistible emergence of thoughts, ideas, doubts, fears, drives, and motor acts.
- Neuroses- the most common type of psychogenia (painful conditions caused by exposure to traumatic factors); they are characterized by partiality of mental disorders (obsessive states, hysterical manifestations, etc.), a critical attitude towards them, preservation of the consciousness of the disease, and the presence of somatic and autonomic disorders.
- Mental retardation- congenital or early acquired dementia, expressed in underdevelopment of the intellect and psyche as a whole. Oligophrenia is not a progressive process, but a consequence of a previous illness. The degree of mental disability is quantified using IQ using standard psychological tests. Oligophrenia is often accompanied by physical developmental defects.
- Confusion of consciousness - difficult perception of the environment, impaired orientation in place and time; inability to think coherently; complete or partial loss from memory of the period of darkened consciousness.
- Presenile (presenile, involutional) psychoses- a group of mental illnesses that manifest at the age of 45-60 years, occurring in the form of either depression (involutional melancholia) or delusional psychosis of a paranoid or paraphrenic structure (involutional paranoid).
- Psychoorganic syndrome is a state of mental weakness caused by organic damage to the brain (due to trauma, intoxication, infections, vascular and other diseases).
- Psychopathy - persistent congenital personality traits that prevent full adaptation to the environment. Acquired psychopathic states due to organic lesions of the central nervous system and other diseases are also distinguished.
- Reactive psychoses - along with neuroses, they constitute a group of psychogenic diseases, i.e., caused by mental trauma. They are characterized by the correspondence of the content of psychopathological manifestations to the traumatic factor and their disappearance after the elimination of the cause.
- Symptomatic psychoses- Acute symptomatic psychoses usually occur with symptoms of confusion; protracted forms manifest themselves in the form of psychopathic-like depressive-paranoid, hallucinatory-paranoid states, as well as persistent psychoorganic syndrome.
- Traumatic encephalopathy. Caused by degenerative, dystrophic, atrophic and cicatricial changes in brain tissue due to injury. The timing of the onset, nature and severity of neuropsychic disorders depend on the severity and location of the injury, the age of the victim, the effectiveness of treatment and other factors.
- Schizophrenia - The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia have not been sufficiently studied. An important role is played by constitutional and genetic factors, as well as the gender and age of patients. The most severe forms of the disease occur mainly in men, less pronounced - in women. Schizophrenia that begins in adolescence is more malignant than in adults. Treatment is lifelong, medicinal.
Psychomotor disorders are the general name for disorders of voluntary movements, facial expressions and pantomimes.
1. Symptoms of psychomotor disorders
Psychomotor is understood as a set of consciously controlled motor actions. Symptoms of psychomotor disorders may include:
1. Difficulty, slowdown in execution motor acts (hypokinesia) and complete immobility (akinesia):
a. catalepsy, waxy flexibility, in which, against the background of increased muscle tone, the patient becomes able to maintain a given position for a long time;
b. airbag symptom, relating to manifestations of waxy flexibility and expressed in tension in the neck muscles, while the patient freezes with his head raised above the pillow;
c. hood sign, in which patients lie or sit motionless, pulling a blanket, sheet or robe over their heads, leaving their face open;
d. passive subordination of state when the patient does not have resistance to changes in the position of his body, posture, position of the limbs, in contrast to catalepsy, muscle tone is not increased;
e. negativism, characterized by the patient’s unmotivated resistance to the actions and requests of others. There is passive negativism, which is characterized by the fact that the patient does not fulfill the request made to him, when trying to get him out of bed he resists with muscle tension; with active negativism, the patient performs the opposite of the required actions.
f. mutism (silence)- a condition when the patient does not answer questions and does not even make it clear by signs that he agrees to come into contact with others.
2. Symptoms motor excitation or inappropriate movements:
a. impulsiveness when patients suddenly commit inappropriate acts, run away from home, commit aggressive actions, attack other patients, etc.;
b. stereotypies- repeated repetition of the same movements;
c. echopraxia- repetition of gestures, movements and poses of others;
d. paramimia- discrepancy between the patient’s facial expressions and actions and experiences;
e. echolalia- repetition of words and phrases of others;
f. verbigeration- repetition of the same words and phrases;
g. passing, passing- discrepancy in the meaning of the answers to the questions asked.
2. Speech disorders
1. Stuttering- difficulty in pronouncing certain words or sounds, accompanied by impaired speech fluency.
2. Dysarthria- slurred, stuttering speech. Difficulty in correctly articulating sounds. With progressive paralysis, the patient's speech is so unclear that they say that he has “porridge in his mouth.” To identify dysarthria, the patient is asked to say tongue twisters.
3. Dislalia- tongue-tied - a speech disorder characterized by incorrect pronunciation of individual sounds (omissions, replacement with another sound or its distortion).
4. Oligophasia- impoverished speech, small vocabulary. Oligophasia can be observed in patients with epilepsy after a seizure.
5. Logoclony- spastic repeated repetition of individual syllables of a word.
6. Bradyphasia- slowing of speech as a manifestation of inhibition of thinking.
7. Aphasia- a speech disorder characterized by a complete or partial loss of the ability to understand someone else’s speech or to use words and phrases to express one’s thoughts, caused by damage to the cortex of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, in the absence of disorders of the articulatory apparatus and hearing.
8. Paraphasia- manifestations of aphasia in the form of incorrect speech construction (violation of the order of words in a sentence, replacement of individual words and sounds with others).
9. Akatophasia- speech impairment, use of words that sound similar but do not have the same meaning.
10. Schizophasia- broken speech, a meaningless set of individual words, put into a grammatically correctly constructed sentence.
11. Cryptolalia- creation of the patient’s own language or special font.
12. Logorrhea- uncontrollability of the patient’s speech, combined with its speed and verbosity, with a predominance of associations of consonance or contrast.
3. Movement disorder syndromes
Movement disorders can be represented by stuporous states, motor agitation, various obsessive movements, actions and seizures.
1. Stupor- complete immobility with mutism and weakened reactions to irritation, including pain. There are various types of stuporous states: catatonic, reactive, depressive stupor.
a. Catatonic stupor, developing as a manifestation of the catatonic syndrome and characterized by passive negativism or waxy flexibility or (in the most severe form) severe muscle hypertension with numbness of the patient in a position with bent limbs. Being in a stupor, patients do not come into contact with others, do not react to current events, various inconveniences, noise, wet and dirty bed. They may not move if there is a fire, earthquake or some other extreme event. Patients usually lie in one position, the muscles are tense, the tension often begins with the masticatory muscles, then goes down to the neck, and later spreads to the back, arms and legs. In this state, there is no emotional or pupillary response to pain. Bumke's symptom - dilation of the pupils in response to pain - is absent.
b. Stupor with waxy flexibility, in which, in addition to mutism and immobility, the patient maintains the given position for a long time, freezes with a raised leg or arm in an uncomfortable position. Pavlov's symptom is often observed: the patient does not respond to questions asked in a normal voice, but responds to whispered speech. At night, such patients can get up, walk, put themselves in order, sometimes eat and answer questions.
c. Negativistic stupor characterized by the fact that with complete immobility and mutism, any attempt to change the patient’s position, lift him or turn him over causes resistance or opposition. It is difficult to get such a patient out of bed, but once raised, it is impossible to put him back down. When trying to be brought into the office, the patient resists and does not sit down on the chair, but the seated person does not get up and actively resists. Sometimes active negativism is added to passive negativism. If the doctor extends his hand to him, he hides his behind his back, grabs the food when it is about to be taken away, closes his eyes when asked to open, turns away from the doctor when asked a question, turns and tries to speak when the doctor leaves, etc.
d. Stupor with muscle numbness characterized by the fact that patients lie in the intrauterine position, muscles are tense, eyes are closed, lips are extended forward (proboscis symptom). Patients usually refuse to eat and have to be fed through a tube or undergo amytalcaffeine disinhibition and feed at a time when the manifestations of muscle numbness decrease or disappear.
e. At depressive stupor with almost complete immobility, patients are characterized by a depressed, pained expression on their face. You manage to make contact with them and get a monosyllabic answer. Patients in a depressive stupor are rarely untidy in bed. Such a stupor can suddenly give way to an acute state of excitement - melancholic raptus, in which patients jump up and injure themselves, can tear their mouths, tear out an eye, break their heads, tear their underwear, and can roll on the floor howling. Depressive stupor is observed in severe endogenous depression.
f. At apathetic stupor patients usually lie on their backs, do not react to what is happening, and muscle tone is reduced. Questions are answered in monosyllables with a long delay. When contacting relatives, the reaction is adequate emotional. Sleep and appetite are disturbed. They are untidy in bed. Apathetic stupor is observed with prolonged symptomatic psychoses, with Gaye-Wernicke encephalopathy.
2. Psychomotor agitation - psychopathological state with a pronounced increase in mental and motor activity. There are catatonic, hebephrenic, manic, impulsive and other types of excitation.
a. Catatonic agitation manifests itself in mannered, pretentious, impulsive, uncoordinated, sometimes rhythmic, monotonously repeated movements and talkativeness, even to the point of incoherence. The behavior of patients is devoid of purposefulness, impulsive, monotonous, and there is a repetition of the actions of others (echopraxia). Facial expressions do not correspond to any feelings; there is an elaborate grimace. Highlight lucid catatonia, in which catatonic arousal is combined with other psychopathological symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, mental automatisms, but without clouding of consciousness, and oneiric catatonia, characterized by oneiric clouding of consciousness. Impulsive excitement characterized by unexpected, outwardly unmotivated actions of patients - they suddenly jump up, run somewhere, attack others with senseless rage
b. Hebephrenic arousal manifested by absurdly stupid behavior (grimacing, antics, unmotivated laughter, etc.). Patients jump, gallop, and mimic those around them. The mood is often elevated, but gaiety can quickly give way to crying, sobs, and cynical abuse.
c. Manic excitement manifested by increased mood and well-being, characterized by expressive facial expressions and gestures, acceleration of associative processes and speech, increased, often chaotic activity. Each action of the patient is purposeful, but since the motivation for activity and distractibility quickly change, not a single action is completed, so the state gives the impression of chaotic excitement.
Mental disorders are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore very insidious. They significantly complicate a person’s life when he does not even suspect there is a problem. Experts who study this aspect of the boundless human essence claim that many of us have mental disorders, but does this mean that every second inhabitant of our planet needs treatment? How to understand that a person is truly sick and needs qualified help? You will receive answers to these and many other questions by reading the subsequent sections of the article.
What is a mental disorder
The concept of “mental disorder” covers a wide range of deviations of a person’s mental state from the norm. The problems with internal health in question should not be perceived as a negative manifestation of the negative side of the human personality. Like any physical illness, a mental disorder is a disruption of the processes and mechanisms of perception of reality, which creates certain difficulties. People faced with such problems do not adapt well to real life conditions and do not always correctly interpret what is happening.
Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
Characteristic manifestations of mental deviation include disturbances in behavior/mood/thinking that go beyond generally accepted cultural norms and beliefs. As a rule, all symptoms are dictated by a depressed state of mind. In this case, a person loses the ability to fully perform habitual social functions. The general spectrum of symptoms can be divided into several groups:
- physical – pain in various parts of the body, insomnia;
- cognitive – difficulties in clear thinking, memory impairment, unjustified pathological beliefs;
- perceptual - states in which the patient notices phenomena that other people do not notice (sounds, movement of objects, etc.);
- emotional – sudden feeling of anxiety, sadness, fear;
- behavioral – unjustified aggression, inability to perform basic self-care activities, abuse of psychoactive drugs.
Main causes of diseases in women and men
The etiology aspect of this category of diseases has not been fully studied, so modern medicine cannot clearly describe the mechanisms that cause mental disorders. Nevertheless, a number of reasons can be identified, the connection of which with mental disorders has been scientifically proven:
- stressful life conditions;
- difficult family circumstances;
- brain diseases;
- hereditary factors;
- genetic predisposition;
- medical problems.
In addition, experts identify a number of special cases that represent specific deviations, conditions or incidents against the background of which serious mental disorders develop. The factors that will be discussed are often encountered in everyday life, and therefore can lead to a deterioration in people’s mental health in the most unexpected situations.
Alcoholism
Systematic abuse of alcoholic beverages often leads to mental disorders in humans. The body of a person suffering from chronic alcoholism constantly contains a large amount of breakdown products of ethyl alcohol, which cause serious changes in thinking, behavior and mood. In this regard, dangerous mental disorders arise, including:
- Psychosis. Mental disorder due to metabolic disorders in the brain. The toxic effect of ethyl alcohol overshadows the patient’s judgment, but the consequences appear only a few days after stopping use. A person is overcome by a feeling of fear or even a mania of persecution. In addition, the patient may have all sorts of obsessions related to the fact that someone wants to cause him physical or moral harm.
- Delirium tremens. A common post-alcohol mental disorder that occurs due to profound disturbances in metabolic processes in all organs and systems of the human body. Delirium tremens manifests itself in sleep disorders and seizures. The listed phenomena, as a rule, appear 70-90 hours after stopping alcohol consumption. The patient exhibits sudden mood swings from carefree fun to terrible anxiety.
- Rave. A mental disorder, called delusion, is expressed in the patient’s appearance of unshakable judgments and conclusions that do not correspond to objective reality. In a state of delirium, a person's sleep is disturbed and photophobia appears. The boundaries between sleep and reality become blurred, and the patient begins to confuse one with the other.
- Hallucinations are vivid ideas, pathologically brought to the level of perception of real-life objects. The patient begins to feel as if the people and objects around him are swaying, rotating, or even falling. The sense of the passage of time is distorted.
Brain injuries
When receiving mechanical brain injuries, a person can develop a whole range of serious mental disorders. As a result of damage to the nerve centers, complex processes are triggered, leading to clouding of consciousness. After such cases, the following disorders/conditions/diseases often occur:
- Twilight states. Celebrated, as a rule, in the evening hours. The victim becomes drowsy and becomes delirious. In some cases, a person may plunge into a state similar to stupor. The patient’s consciousness is filled with all sorts of pictures of excitement, which can cause appropriate reactions: from psychomotor disorder to brutal affect.
- Delirium. A serious mental disorder in which a person experiences visual hallucinations. For example, a person injured in a car accident can see moving vehicles, groups of people and other objects associated with the roadway. Mental disorders plunge the patient into a state of fear or anxiety.
- Oneiroid. A rare form of mental disorder in which the nerve centers of the brain are damaged. Expressed in immobility and slight drowsiness. For some time, the patient may become chaotically excited, and then freeze again without moving.
Somatic diseases
Against the background of somatic diseases, the human psyche suffers very, very seriously. Violations appear that are almost impossible to get rid of. Below is a list of mental disorders that medicine considers the most common in somatic disorders:
- Asthenic neurosis-like state. A mental disorder in which a person exhibits hyperactivity and talkativeness. The patient systematically experiences phobic disorders and often falls into short-term depression. Fears, as a rule, have clear outlines and do not change.
- Korsakov's syndrome. A disease that is a combination of memory impairment regarding current events, impaired orientation in space/terrain and the appearance of false memories. A serious mental disorder that cannot be treated with known medical methods. The patient constantly forgets about the events that just happened and often repeats the same questions.
- Dementia. A terrible diagnosis that stands for acquired dementia. This mental disorder often occurs in people aged 50-70 years who have somatic problems. The diagnosis of dementia is given to people with reduced cognitive function. Somatic disorders lead to irreparable abnormalities in the brain. The mental sanity of a person does not suffer. Find out more about how treatment is carried out, what is the life expectancy with this diagnosis.
Epilepsy
Almost all people suffering from epilepsy experience mental disorders. Disorders that arise against the background of this disease can be paroxysmal (single) and permanent (constant). The following cases of mental disorders are encountered in medical practice more often than others:
- Mental seizures. Medicine identifies several types of this disorder. All of them are expressed in sudden changes in the patient’s mood and behavior. A mental seizure in a person suffering from epilepsy is accompanied by aggressive movements and loud screams.
- Transitory mental disorder. Long-term deviations of the patient's condition from normal. Transient mental disorder is a prolonged mental attack (described above), aggravated by a state of delirium. It can last from two to three hours to a whole day.
- Epileptic mood disorders. As a rule, such mental disorders are expressed in the form of dysphoria, which is characterized by a simultaneous combination of anger, melancholy, causeless fear and many other sensations.
Malignant tumors
The development of malignant tumors often leads to changes in a person’s psychological state. As the formations on the brain grow, the pressure increases, causing serious abnormalities. In this state, patients experience unreasonable fears, delusions, melancholy and many other focal symptoms. All this may indicate the presence of the following psychological disorders:
- Hallucinations. They can be tactile, olfactory, auditory and gustatory. Such abnormalities are usually found in the presence of tumors in the temporal lobes of the brain. Vegetovisceral disorders are often detected along with them.
- Affective disorders. Such mental disorders in most cases are observed with tumors localized in the right hemisphere. In this regard, attacks of horror, fear and melancholy develop. Emotions caused by a violation of the structure of the brain are displayed on the patient’s face: facial expression and skin color change, the pupils narrow and dilate.
- Memory disorders. With the appearance of this deviation, signs of Korsakov's syndrome appear. The patient gets confused about the events that just happened, asks the same questions, loses the logic of events, etc. In addition, in this state a person’s mood often changes. Within a few seconds, the patient's emotions can switch from euphoric to dysphoric, and vice versa.
Vascular diseases of the brain
Disturbances in the functioning of the circulatory system and blood vessels instantly affect a person’s mental state. When diseases associated with high or low blood pressure occur, brain functions deviate from normal. Serious chronic disorders can lead to the development of extremely dangerous mental disorders, including:
- Vascular dementia. This diagnosis means dementia. In their symptoms, vascular dementia resembles the consequences of some somatic disorders that manifest themselves in old age. Creative thought processes in this state almost completely fade away. The person withdraws into himself and loses the desire to maintain contact with anyone.
- Cerebrovascular psychoses. The genesis of mental disorders of this type is not fully understood. At the same time, medicine confidently names two types of cerebrovascular psychosis: acute and prolonged. The acute form is expressed by episodes of confusion, twilight stupefaction, and delirium. A protracted form of psychosis is characterized by a state of stupefaction.
What are the types of mental disorders?
Mental disorders can occur in people regardless of gender, age and ethnicity. The mechanisms of development of mental illness are not fully understood, so medicine refrains from making specific statements. However, at the moment, the relationship between some mental illnesses and age has been clearly established. Each age has its own common deviations.
In older people
In old age, against the background of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, heart/renal failure and bronchial asthma, many mental abnormalities develop. Senile mental illnesses include:
- paranoia;
- dementia;
- Alzheimer's disease;
- marasmus;
- Pick's disease.
Types of mental disorders in adolescents
Adolescent mental illness is often associated with adverse circumstances in the past. Over the past 10 years, the following mental disorders have often been recorded in young people:
- prolonged depression;
- bulimia nervosa;
- anorexia nervosa;
- drankorexia.
Features of diseases in children
Serious mental disorders can also occur in childhood. The reason for this, as a rule, is problems in the family, incorrect methods of education and conflicts with peers. The list below contains mental disorders that are most often recorded in children:
- autism;
- Down syndrome;
- attention deficit disorder;
- mental retardation;
- developmental delays.
Which doctor should I contact for treatment?
Mental disorders cannot be treated on their own, therefore, if there is the slightest suspicion of mental disorders, an urgent visit to a psychotherapist is required. A conversation between the patient and a specialist will help quickly identify the diagnosis and choose effective treatment tactics. Almost all mental illnesses are treatable if treated early. Remember this and do not delay!
Video about mental health treatment
The video attached below contains a lot of information about modern methods of combating mental disorders. The information received will be useful for everyone who is ready to take care of the mental health of their loved ones. Listen to the words of experts to destroy stereotypes about inadequate approaches to combating mental disorders and learn the real medical truth.
Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.
Found an error in the text? Select it, press Ctrl + Enter and we will fix everything!Age of people having mental disorders (mental illness or mental illness) can be different: from the very young to the very, very elderly.
Symptoms of such diseases (mental disorders) most often have a subjective, seemingly “internal” character and do not necessarily manifest themselves in the form of gross behavioral disorders, popularly called “madness” or “insanity.”
This includes sensations and experiences such as constant anxiety or internal unreasonable restlessness, fear and/or avoidance of various objects or life situations, mood swings, feelings of “melancholy” or “apathy,” unusual “persistent” thoughts and sensations that cause anxiety and discomfort. loss of strength" or "lack of energy", decreased memory and "intelligence", a feeling of "loss of control over oneself" or one's behavior, attacks of intense anxiety and panic, accompanied by palpitations, difficulty breathing, a feeling of "fear of death", etc., appetite disorders (complete avoidance of food and everything connected with it or excessive, “wolfish” appetite, when a person loses control over his eating behavior), unusual sensations (pain, burning, “twisting”, etc.) in various parts of the body or internal organs, when general practitioners, surgeons, etc. deny the presence of a specific problem, but the person’s condition does not improve and he continues to suffer) and much more. Usually, all these symptoms do not appear individually, but in combination, forming a “picture” specific to each case, then we are talking about a psychiatric diagnosis (mental disorders, mental illness, mental illness).
Very often, mental disorders (mental illnesses or mental illnesses) are popularly associated with a psychiatric hospital of the “prison” type, “madness” and the corresponding attitude on the part of relatives, colleagues, neighbors, etc., registration “with the loss of opportunity.” employment or obtaining a driver’s license and similar “delights” of traditional Soviet psychiatry. In fact, in the vast majority of cases, it is possible to help a person with mental disorders (mental illness or mental illness) without hospitalization, as doctors say, on an outpatient basis. In such cases, a person’s desire to receive such help is sufficient.
Modern psychiatry has a huge arsenal of various medications to help most people with mental disorders (mental illness or mental illness). Very often, a person can receive help or at least relief from his mental and/or psychological suffering using a method such as psychotherapy (psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychotherapy, etc.).
Psychological diseases are caused by various factors of disorders of the nervous and mental systems of the body.
The first factor - productive - lies in the normal mental activity of a person (the appearance of ideas that partially or completely surround a person’s attention; the patient listens and feels something that is not really there).
The second factor - negative - lies in general changes leading to a weakening of a person’s nervous activity.
Types of diseases
Types of psychological diseases are divided into two categories:
- exogenous;
- endogenous.
Analyzing in detail the list of human psychological diseases, it is taken into account that exogenous mental disorders include psychoses that arose under the pressure of environmental factors. Examples of psychoses: the effects of various types of infections on the cortex (gray matter) of the body's head organ - the brain - and the brain as a whole, intoxication with chemicals that have penetrated the internal part of the body, diseases of the internal organs (kidneys, liver and heart muscle), endocrine diseases. A separate group of diseases - exogenous mental disorders - can include reactive psychoses, the causes of which are severe mental and emotional trauma and a constant depressing mental influence on a person.
Endogenous mental disorders include causes of hereditary factors. Such factors can go completely unnoticed by a person, but can result in such a serious list of psychological diseases as: schizophrenia (psychosis in which consciousness and intelligence are preserved, but there is a clear deviation in the psyche), MDP (manic-depressive psychosis - passing from one in other periods of joyful and depressed mood), schizophrenic psychosis (is an intermediate stage between MDP and schizophrenia).
Causes
Often a person’s thinking leads to the question of the psychological causes of illness. These include a huge variety of different factors. They all depend on what exactly the person is sick with. When analyzing the psychological problems of diseases and their causes, we always come to one human organ, which is responsible for our psyche. This is the brain, any disruption of which leads to unstable functioning of our thinking and an unstable mental state.
The psychological causes of diseases have not been fully studied, but with complete confidence it can be noted that the psychological causes of mental diseases are influenced by biological, social, and also psychological factors that disrupt the proper functioning of the nervous system. They also include situations of hereditary factors and deep stress in the body.
Resistance to the above reasons is determined by the physical characteristics of a person as an individual and his general mental development as a whole. All people can react completely differently to the same type of situation. Some can easily survive failure and draw a conclusion and try to move forward again, while others fall into depression and, sitting still, depress an already difficult situation. What will lead to disruption of their nervous system and reveal the psychological prerequisites for the disease?
Headache? Learn about the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure from our. Read about the manifestations of various thyroid diseases.
Almost all symptoms of psychological illnesses can be detected with the naked eye of a qualified doctor. There can be a huge variety of symptoms. Patients do not attach much importance to some of them and do not seek qualified help from professionals.
Psychological diseases and their symptoms include receptor disorders:
Treatment of psychological diseases
It is quite difficult to treat human psychological diseases, but it is fully possible and effective. With such treatment, it is very important to determine the names of psychological diseases so that you can know with confidence what and for what to treat the patient.
Basically, all treatment involves a detailed study of the main psychosomatic symptoms. All mental illnesses and disorders are treated in psychological clinics by experienced specialists and safe medications for patients.
The probability of recovery of patients in our time is very high, but we should not put off the treatment of mental disorders for a long time. If there are psychological prerequisites for illness, immediate contact with a psychiatrist is the best option in this case!
We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most unusual psychological syndromes. Many of them got their names thanks to our favorite fairy tales from childhood, dear films, and famous writers.
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Megan/Flickr.com A person suffering from ADD is inattentive, impatient, and has great difficulty concentrating on anything.
Dealing with ADD is quite difficult, but quite possible. Read about how to do this.
Chris/Flicker.com This syndrome is named after ducklings because the duckling mistakes anyone it sees for its mother immediately after birth. Even an inanimate object can be considered a mother by a duckling.
In people, duckling syndrome manifests itself as follows: seeing something for the first time, a priori a person begins to consider this something the best. But in fact, everything can be exactly the opposite.
In order to get rid of duckling syndrome, you should not take everything for granted. Develop critical thinking, analyze, do not be too self-confident and do not make hasty conclusions.
Courtney Dirks/Flickr.com We all know that:
If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.
But despite this, most of us take on a lot of things at once and ultimately cannot complete any of them properly. And if you think about how much nerves we spend on this and how many sleepless nights we spend trying to do everything at once, it becomes scary. You can learn how to cope with things normally and not plunge yourself into the abyss of multitasking.
Monk syndrome for three days
is a belle/Flickr.com The essence of this syndrome: you cannot complete what you start. It doesn’t matter what - training, foreign language courses, some project or anything else. It doesn’t even matter how much time you spent on this matter before: days, weeks, months and even years - in one not at all wonderful moment it all goes to hell.
It would be very disappointing if you stopped doing something important to you because of your laziness, your own disorganization, or simply because you are a master at coming up with excuses, right? You will learn how to always finish what you start and stop being a “monk for three days.”
sumboid/Flickr.com It seems they are not idle and could live. They should take Mondays and cancel them.
Andrey Mironov
Any adult, even a responsible and organized one, has encountered this syndrome at least once. It turns out that to avoid Monday syndrome, you need to set yourself the right pace at the beginning of the day. Read about how to do this.
Lajpal_Kaur/Flickr.com Another syndrome named after the work of Lewis Carroll. Scientifically, this syndrome is called “micropsia” and “macropsia”. A person suffering from Alice in Wonderland syndrome has a distorted perception of reality: surrounding objects will seem to him much smaller or much larger than they actually are.
Like the heroine Alice, people suffering from this syndrome will not understand what is reality and what is their distorted perception.
Most often, this syndrome can accompany migraine, but can also occur under the influence of various psychotropic drugs.
Dustin Gaffke/Flickr.com This is a mental disorder that is accompanied by rapid heartbeat, dizziness and hallucinations. This syndrome manifests itself when a person suffering from it finds himself in places where works of fine art are concentrated: in museums and art galleries. Stendhal syndrome can also be caused by excessive natural beauty.
Stendhal, in his book “Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio,” described the first manifestation of this syndrome, which later received its name in honor of the famous French writer.
Florence, Venice, Rome and Istanbul are the cities in which Stendhal syndrome is most often activated.
shelby gill/Flickr.com People suffering from this syndrome tend to isolate themselves from society, are disdainful of themselves, are incredibly stingy and tend to collect various rubbish.
A striking example is Plyushkin from the poem “Dead Souls” by Gogol.
The syndrome is named after the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes, who, according to legend, lived in a barrel. However, Diogenes did not collect all kinds of rubbish and did not avoid human communication, so a number of researchers consider it advisable to rename this syndrome Plyushkin syndrome.
Amelie syndrome
Still from the film "Amelie" Everyone who watched the film “Amelie” by French film director Jean-Pierre-Junet can guess what the essence of this syndrome is.
People suffering from this syndrome periodically relapse into childhood, love to watch strangers and make surprises for them, post various announcements and congratulations around the city - in general, the list could take a long time and still not list everything, so I simply advise everyone to watch this film .
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com Adele syndrome, or love madness, is a passionate, unrequited love feeling.
The syndrome got its name thanks to Adele Hugo, the daughter of the famous French writer Victor Hugo.
Adele was a very beautiful and gifted girl, but her mental health was greatly affected by the death of her older sister. Later, the girl met the English officer Albert and fell madly in love with him. But she fell in unrequited love: Albert did not reciprocate the girl’s feelings.
She pursued Albert, lied to everyone first about her engagement, and then about marrying him. She upset the officer's engagement to another girl and spread rumors that she had given birth to a stillborn child from him. The story has a sad ending: Adele spent the rest of her life in a psychiatric hospital.
Despite the fact that all this seems incredible and greatly exaggerated, many girls and boys suffer from a similar syndrome.
It is hardly possible to identify specific methods that will help fight such a harmful feeling that sucks a person in like a black hole. You just should always remember that “There is no such thing as unhappy love...”, and find the strength and pride in yourself to abandon the person who doesn’t need you.
zeondp/Flickr.com This syndrome affects many young people who are able to throw all their energy, money and their own time into the pursuit of external youth and beauty. This becomes their main goal in life.
This syndrome is familiar to readers from Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.
This syndrome often has a very negative effect on the human psyche and leads to other mental disorders.
Capgras syndrome
ℓyts/Flickr.com This syndrome is also called “delusion of a negative double.” A person susceptible to this syndrome is sure that people close to him have been possessed by their double. A person does not exclude the possibility that a double has moved into him, and attributes to the “second self” all the negative actions that he commits on his own.
Eugene Parmon/Flickr.com ...or pathological jealousy. A person suffering from this syndrome is constantly jealous of his beloved / his lover, even if he has no reason or reason at all.
This syndrome makes people go crazy: people constantly watch the object of their love, their sleep is disturbed, they cannot eat normally, they are constantly nervous and cannot think about anything except that they are allegedly being cheated on.
Anhedonia
This is not a syndrome, but due to its importance, anhedonia is also worth including on this list.
Pete Pahham/Shutterstock.com Anhedonia is a diagnosis of lack of joy.
Anti-war army, anti-fire fire.
Yanka Diaghileva
Anhedonia is a decrease or loss of the ability to experience pleasure. A person suffering from anhedonia loses motivation for activities that can bring pleasure: sports, travel, favorite hobbies.
Anhedonia is treated with long sleep and a healthy diet; the rehabilitation process also includes visiting various institutions and events that should evoke positive emotions in a person. In severe cases, drug treatment is used.
Kevin Hamm/Flickr.com All children, except for one and only child in the world, sooner or later grow up.
James Barry "Peter Pan"
People suffering from Peter Pan syndrome under no circumstances want to grow up, and it doesn’t matter how old they are - 20, 30, 40...
Such people are called kidalts (adult children).
Exploding head syndrome
ahhhlicia/Flickr.com When falling asleep or waking up, a person may hear a loud sound, which can be compared to a shot or the cry of a wild animal. He will feel like his head is exploding.
Exploding head syndrome is very often a consequence of the frantic pace of life, permanent fatigue, and a heavy workload of affairs and worries. To cope with this syndrome, a person needs proper rest, ideally a rest for a couple of days or even weeks.
viktoria/Flickr.com Scientifically, this syndrome is called Kleine-Lewin syndrome. Those suffering from this syndrome are characterized by excessive sleepiness (18 hours of sleep, and sometimes even more), and if they are not allowed to sleep, they become irritable and aggressive.
Alexander Raths/Shutterstock.com A person susceptible to this syndrome constantly feigns various illnesses and then seeks medical help. Those suffering from this syndrome are usually intelligent, inventive and resourceful, and have extensive knowledge of medicine.
Brent Hofacker/Flickr.com Excessive passion for refined and, as a rule, expensive food. This syndrome is not dangerous to human life and health, but it is quite deplorable for the wallet.
What unusual syndromes are you familiar with? Share in the comments.