What works do OGE literature need? Format and features of the literature exam

In the 2018-2019 academic year, 9th grade graduates in all regions of the Russian Federation will be examined in 5 subjects, of which two will be compulsory (Russian language and mathematics), and the choice of the remaining three will be given to the students themselves and their parents.

In 2018, literature was in last place among the optional subjects of the OGE, because only 3% of ninth-graders decided to take this subject. Today, as the moment of choosing subjects for graduates of 2019 approaches, many children and parents have a question: is it worth taking the OGE in literature in 9th grade and, if so, is it difficult to prepare for it? Let's try to understand the intricacies of the subject, the features of CMMs and the secrets of preparing for this exam.

the date of the

Students who will graduate from 9th grade in 2019 will take the OGE at the end of the school year. But, as in previous seasons, students will be given the opportunity to take the test early, or try again if they fail to pass the minimum threshold the first time.

The following days are reserved for the literature exam in 9th grade:

Early period
Main day	Reserve day
Main period
Main day	Reserve days 28.06.19 / 02.07.19 / 03.07.19
Autumn retake
1 retake	2 retake 19.09.19 / 21.09.19

Format and features of the literature exam

Literature will be chosen as one of the 2019 OGE exams by students who want to continue their studies in philological classes, because to successfully pass the test it is necessary:

know the biographies of writers and poets;
thoroughly study the works included in the school curriculum;
be able to analyze and compare texts, draw up portraits of heroes, evaluate their actions;
express your own opinion beautifully, concisely and competently.

The main feature of the OGE in literature from other exams taken by ninth-graders in 2019 is the fact that the ticket contains no tests with answers. The 2019 exam paper will consist of 2 parts:

Ninth-graders undergo final certification at their school.
Examinees are given 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes) to complete the work.

Part 1 (text analysis)

Before you begin completing the tasks of Part 1, you need to familiarize yourself with the two proposed options and choose for analysis only one, the closest and most understandable.

Important! You cannot do both options at once.

The length of the detailed answer should be approximately:

Do not use overly complex speech structures. Let the text be concise, but at the same time readable and filled with deep meaning.

Part 2 (essay)

Most of all, graduates, accustomed to simply answering tests during tests in various subjects, are afraid of the essay, which is an integral part of the 2019 OGE in literature.

In fact, the majority of graduates completing 9th grade pass the second part of the OGE in literature without any problems, and in 2019, examinees also have nothing to fear. It is also worth knowing that:

in the process of writing an essay, it is allowed to use the full text of the work of art;
The length of the essay must be 200 words (works of less than 150 words are not assessed);
your judgments must be argued using fragments from the text;
When analyzing a work, it is important not to distort the author’s position.

Work evaluation

The OGE 2019 works on literature do not contain a test part, and therefore are fully assessed by independent experts. To determine the final score, each work will be checked by two teachers. As a result, the following scenarios are possible:

The assessments agreed - everything was excellent, the score was determined and it was entered into the documentation.
In the assessments of two experts there is a difference not exceeding 2 points - the arithmetic average is given.
Expert assessments differ by more than 2 points - a third specialist is involved, whose opinion will be decisive.

The grade received by a ninth-grader on the OGE in literature in 2019 will affect the certificate score. When converting test scores for a given subject into grades, a special correspondence table is used:

Thus, if the preparation for the OGE in literature in 2019 was weak, and the graduate’s goal was to overcome the minimum passing threshold, then it will be enough for him to get only 7 test points. If the subject was chosen for the purpose of entering a specialized class or college, you will need to score at least 15 test points, which already corresponds to a grade of “4”.

Since the OGE in literature has its own specific specifics, graduates of 2019 need to start preparing for the exam as early as possible, because they will need to read a fairly large amount of literature (the list of works is given below) and work on the main topics of the essays.

Where to begin?

Step 1. Familiarize yourself with the requirements for the examination paper by familiarizing yourself with the codifier and specifications.

Step 2. We read the works given in the list. Naturally, it is better to read the full text in the original, but if there is no time for this, then it is worth reading the abridged version and criticism, which can be found in special collections or on the Internet.

We bring to your attention a complete list of literature for the 2019 OGE in literature with questions that need to be answered while reading the work.

Step 3. Taking notes. You should not rely on the capabilities of human memory; unfortunately, they are not limitless. While reading, take the time to write down in your notebook the basic information you will need to answer questions and write essays.

Step 4. Let's practice completing the tasks of the first part. The demo version of the OGE in literature 2019 will help with this, as well as the tickets that were offered at the exams to graduates of the 2018-2018 academic year.

Step 5. We practice writing an essay, observing the basic requirements for the text.

It would be a good idea to listen to the advice of experienced teachers, read the analysis of the demo version and recommendations for writing an essay. We invite you to watch one of these video tutorials right now:

LITERATURE NECESSARY FOR SUCCESSFUL PASSING OF THE OGE AND USE!

OLD RUSSIAN LITERATURE

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

FROM THE LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY

DI. Fonvizin. The play "The Minor"

G.R. Derzhavin. Poem "Monument"

LITERATURE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

A.S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit"

V.A. Zhukovsky poem “Sea”, ballad “Svetlana”

A.S. Pushkin novels: “The Captain’s Daughter”, “Eugene Onegin”, poem “The Bronze Horseman”, poems: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian mines...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” (“I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“the forest drops its crimson headdress...”), “Prophet "", "Winter Road", "Anchar", "On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...", "I loved you: love still, perhaps...", "Winter morning", "Demons", "bookseller's conversation with the poet”, “Cloud”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”, “The daylight has gone out...”, “The desert sower of freedom...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the traveler weary of God grumbled..."), "Elegy", ("Crazy years of faded fun..."), "... I visited again..."

M.Yu. Lermontov poem “Mtsyri”, novel “Hero of Our Time”, “Song about... Merchant Kalashnikov”, poems: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask...", "Sail", "Death of a Poet", "Borodino", "When the yellowing field is agitated...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), “Three Palms”, “Prayer” (“In a difficult moment of life...”), “Both boring and sad”, “No, it’s not you I love so passionately...”, “Motherland”, “Dream” (“ In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road..."

N.V. Gogol the play “The Inspector General”, the poem “Dead Souls”, the story “The Overcoat”.

LITERATURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

A.A. Fet poems: “Dawn bids farewell to the earth...”, “With one push, drive away a living boat...”, “Evening,” “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. We were lying...", "It's still a May night"

ON THE. Nekrasov poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, poems: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the Road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock...”, “You and I stupid people...", "The Poet and the Citizen", "Elegy" ("Let changing fashion tell us..."), "Oh Muse! I'm at the door of the coffin..."

I.S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons"

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin satirical tales: (“The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”, “The Wise Minnow”, “The Wild Landowner”, the novel “The History of a City” (review study)

L.N. Tolstoy epic novel "War and Peace"

F.M. Dostoevsky novel "Crime and Punishment"

I.A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov"

N.S. Leskov one work (at the examinee’s choice), for example, the story “Lefty” or “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”.

A.N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm"

F.I. Tyutchev poems: “Noon”, “There is melodiousness in the sea waves...”, “A kite rose from the clearing...”, “There is in the primordial autumn...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “You can’t understand Russia with your mind...”, “Oh, how murderously we love...”, “It is not given to us to predict...”, “K. B." (“I met you - and all the past ...”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more true it is...”

LITERATURE OF THE END OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

A.P. Chekhov play “The Cherry Orchard”, stories: “Student”, “Ionych”, “Man in a Case”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”

FROM LITERATURE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

I.A. Bunin stories: “Mr. from San Francisco”, “Clean Monday”

A.A. Akhmatova poem “Requiem”, poems: “Song of the last meeting”, “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I have no need for Odic armies...”, “I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I bear with those who abandoned the earth..." , “Poems about St. Petersburg”, “Courage”

M. Tsvetaeva poems: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")

M. Gorky play “At the Depths”, story “Old Woman Izergil”

S.A. Yesenin poems: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."

B.L. Parsnip novel “Doctor Zhivago” (review study with analysis of fragments), poems: “February. Get some ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night”, “No one will be in the house...”, “It’s snowing”, “About these poems”, “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines”, “Rime”, “July”

O.E. Mandelstam“Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears..."

V.V. Mayakovsky poem “Cloud in Pants”, poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Sitting around”, “Nate!”, “Good attitude to horses”, “An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway sale”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”

A.A. Block poem “The Twelve”, poems: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In the restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad..." (from the cycle "On the Kulikovo Field"), "On the Railway", "I Enter Dark Temples...", "Factory", "Rus", "About Valor, about Deeds, about Glory ...”, “Oh, I want to live crazy...”

M.A. Sholokhov novel “Quiet Don”, story “The Fate of a Man”

M.A. Bulgakov novels: “The Master and Margarita”, “The White Guard” (choice allowed)

A.T. Tvardovsky poem “Vasily Terkin” (chapters “Crossing”, “Two Soldiers”, “Duel”, “Death and the Warrior”)

A.I. Solzhenitsyn story "Matrenin's Dvor", story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

A.P. Platonov one piece (of the examinee’s choice)

FROM LITERATURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

Prose of the second half of the 20th century: F.A. Abramov, Ch.T. Aitmatov, V.P. Astafiev, V.I. Belov, A.G. Bitov, V.V. Bykov, V.S. Grossman, S.D. Dovlatov, V.L. Kondratyev, V.P. Nekrasov, E.I. Nosov, V.G. Rasputin, V.F. Tendryakov, Yu.V. Trifonov, V.M. Shukshin (works by at least three authors of your choice)

Poetry of the second half of the 20th century: B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky (poems by at least three authors of your choice)

Drama of the second half of the twentieth century: A.N. Arbuzov, A.V. Vampilov, A.M. Volodin, V.S. Rozov, M.M. Roshchin (work of one author's choice)

Reference materials for preparing for the OGE in literature

9th grade

(Literary terms and concepts)

Literary types and genres.

There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely narration, this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about the events, but about the impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings, which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly the experience was becoming the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can depict item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction.

EPOS

DRAMA

LYRICS

(Greek - narrative) a story about events, the fate of heroes, their actions and adventures; image of the external side of what is happening

(even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). Author

can directly express his attitude to what is happening.

(Greek - action) depiction of events and relationships between characters on stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions.

(from the name of a musical instrument) experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes the main thing

event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- this is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form; such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:

Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.

Genus: epic; V id: story; genre: fantastic story, etc.

historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.

Main literary genres

Lyrics
	An enthusiastic poem in honor of some significant person or event.
Poem	A small work created according to the laws of poetic speech.
	The poem is a philosophical reflection on life, love, nature, and the passage of time.
	A poem meant to be sung.

Message	A lyrical work written in the form of an appeal to any person or persons.
Epigram	A short poem making fun of a person.
Epic
	A short work dedicated to a specific event in a person’s life. In such a brief episode from a person’s life, the author reveals the essential typical features of life.
	Events that actually happened in life are depicted, the participants of which existed in reality.
	It is distinguished by the clarity of the depiction of events, the unexpectedness of their development and outcome.
	The story depicts a series of events that illuminate an entire period of a person’s life. In ancient Russian literature, a story was called any narrative about events in historical or private life.
	Reflects a complex life process, a large range of life phenomena shown in development. The events depicted in the novel usually involve many characters, whose destinies and interests are intertwined.
Epic novel	A novel that covers particularly complex and rich life material, spanning an entire era.
Drama
Tragedy	In this work, the character of the hero is revealed in a hopeless situation, in an unequal, intense struggle that dooms him to death.
	Any work written in the form of a conversation between the characters, without the author’s speech. A work that depicts a complex and serious conflict, an intense struggle between the characters.
	A work that reflects the funny and incongruous in life, ridicules some unhealthy social or everyday phenomenon, or funny traits of human character.
Mystery	A medieval drama performed in Latin, initially in Catholic churches, and later as a folk spectacle. Its content consisted of dramatizations of some church legend with interludes.
Melodrama	A drama whose characters are sharply divided into virtuous heroes and notorious villains. They have an unusual destiny, are endowed with exceptional feelings, find themselves in implausible acute situations that end happily. According to the laws of the genre, virtuous heroes, after many vicissitudes of fate, always win.
	A funny comedy with everyday content.
Vaudeville	A small humorous theatrical play with verses and dances, a one-act funny comedy.
Tragicomedy	Combines the features of tragedy and comedy.

Correspondence of literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts

Muses-patrons of the arts	Literary genres
Polygamy	Solemn chants - hymns.
	Love poetry - elegy
	Lyric poetry - messages
Calliope	Lyric-epic works - fable, story, story.
Melpomene	Tragedy.

Genres of epic works

Genres of lyrical works

(song of praise)

(glorification of a person or event)

Epitaph

(gravestone inscription, sometimes comic)

(poems about a serene shepherd's life)

Epigram

(satire on a person)

Dithyramb

(liking one person)

Message

(address to a person in the form of a letter)

Lyric poem

Madrigal

(a poem of praise dedicated to a lady)

(poem of 14 lines)

Literary directions

Literary direction (method) – the basic principles that guide the writer when selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting life facts in artistic images.

Signs of a literary movement:

unites writers of a certain historical era;

a general understanding of life values and aesthetic ideals;

general type of hero;

style of artistic speech;

characteristic plots;

favorite genres;

choice of artistic techniques for depicting life;

writers' way of thinking;

the personality of the writer;

worldview and worldview of writers.

Classification of literary movements

classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism

Classicism:

Classicism (from the Latin classicus first-class) is a movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of the ideology of absolute monarchy. It reflected the idea of rationalistic harmony, strict orderliness of the world, and faith in the human mind. It developed at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.

Representatives	Western European literature	Russian literature
	Corneille, Boileau, Moliere, Racine	A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Kheraskov, M.V. Lomonosov, G.D. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin
Distinctive features	Inherits the traditions of the art of antiquity
	The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of reason
	A work of art is a logically constructed whole
	Strict division of heroes into positive and negative (character schematization). Heroes are idealized.
	The plot and composition obey accepted rules (the rule of three unities)
	The narrative must be objective
	The importance of civil issues content

Division of genres

High	Low
Tragedy, poem, ode	Comedy, fable, satire
They feature characters, talk about social life, history	They feature ordinary people and talk about everyday life.

Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Sentimentalism (from the French sentimental - sensitive) is a literary movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 19th century. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

Representatives	Russian literature
Representatives	N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev, V.V. Kapnist, N.A. Lviv
Distinctive features	Portrayal of human psychology
	The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of feelings, the sensitivity of the heroes is exaggerated
	Idealization of reality, subjective image of the world
	In the center of the image are feelings, nature
	Representatives of the lower classes are endowed with a rich spiritual world
	The ideal is moral purity, innocence.

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Sentimental story, message, travel notes	Elegy, folk songs	Philistine drama

Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Romanticism is a movement in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia of the 18th - 19th centuries, consisting in the desire of authors to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots, suggested to them by life phenomena. A romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, what, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.

Representatives	Foreign literature	Russian literature
	J.G. Byron, I. Goethe, I. Schiller, E. Hoffmann, P. Shelley, C. Nodier	V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, K.F. Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol
Distinctive features	Unusual characters, exceptional circumstances
	A tragic duel between personality and fate
	Freedom, power, indomitability, eternal disagreement with others - these are the main characteristics of a romantic hero
	Interest in everything exotic (landscape, events, people), strong, bright, sublime
	A mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual
	The cult of freedom: the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for the ideal, for perfection

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, ballads and thoughts, poems	Elegiac lyrics, landscape lyrics, philosophical lyrics	Problem-historical drama

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Realism (from Latin realis) is a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.

Representatives	Russian literature
Representatives	A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky and others
Distinctive features	Portrayal of characters interacting with the outside world
	For a writer, details of the interior, portrait, landscape are important
	Character typing
	Portrayal of characters and events in development
	Historically specific society, events, era
	Focus on conflict: hero - society

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, poem, story	Song, elegy, satire	Tragedy, comedy, historical chronicles

Piece of art- a literary work, the distinctive feature of which is the depiction of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.

The course of events in the work is determined by:
composition	conflict	plot	plot
The structure of the work, the arrangement of its components, the order of presentation of events.	A disagreement, a clash that underlies the struggle of the characters in a work of art.	A series of interconnected and sequentially developing life events that make up the direct content of an epic work.	A sequential account of events or incidents (in chronological order) depicted in a work of fiction.
One of the main means by which a writer characterizes characters.	The conflict can be both external (the hero and circumstances) and internal (the hero struggles with his shortcomings).	The plot reflects the clashes and contradictions characteristic of life, the relationships between people and the writer’s assessment and attitude towards them.	The plot may coincide with the plot, or may diverge from it.

Basic Plot Elements

Prologue	A unique introduction to the work emotionally and eventfully prepares the reader to perceive the content of the work.
Exposition	The introductory, initial part of the plot, the depiction of external conditions, living conditions, historical events. Does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
The beginning	An event from which an action begins, entailing all subsequent significant events in it.
Action Development	Description of everything that is happening, the course of events.
Climax	The moment of greatest tension in the development of the action of a work of art.
Denouement	The position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it is the final scenes.
Epilogue	The final part of the work, in which the further fate of the heroes and the development of events can be determined. It can also be a short story about what happened after the completion of the main storyline.

Extra-plot elements

Introductory episodes	“Inserted” episodes that are not directly related to the plot of the work, but are given as memories in connection with the events described.
Lyrical digressions	They can be actually lyrical, philosophical and journalistic. With their help, the author conveys his feelings and thoughts about what is depicted. These can be the author’s assessments of heroes and events or general reasoning on any subject, an explanation of one’s goal and position.
Artistic framing	Scenes that begin and end an event or work, adding a special meaning to it.

SUBJECT - Subject, main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)

SUBJECT (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, image, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic utterance (...). (Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1984.)

Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word “theme” is equated in meaning to the term “content,” while the content of a work of art is immeasurably broader than the topic, the topic is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.

The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:

SUBJECT - this is a life phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in a work. The range of such life phenomena is SUBJECT literary work. All phenomena of the world and human life constitute the artist’s sphere of interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, the joys of life, money, relationships in society, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. and so on. - these are the words that name life phenomena that become themes in art.

The artist’s task is to creatively study a life phenomenon from sides that are interesting to the author, that is express the topic artistically. Naturally, this can only be done posing a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This question that the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.

So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a clear solution or involves many equivalent solutions. The problem differs from the ambiguity of possible solutions tasks. The set of such questions is called PROBLEMATICS.

The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more complex the chosen subject), the more questions (problems) it will raise, and the more difficult these questions will be to resolve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be problems literary work.

The topic and problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate different themes and problems to artists. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the 12th century “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked the questions: how to force the Russian princes to stop caring only about personal gain and to be at enmity with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what an ideal state should be like.
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of human dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of interaction between a talented and extraordinary person and a soulless and mundane society of ordinary people.

The 19th century, with its focus on the literature of critical realism, turned artists to new themes and forced them to think about new problems:

Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “little” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and relationships with “big” people;

The women's issue became the most important, and with it the so-called public "women's issue"; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to this topic;

the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;

the unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused keen interest in the peasantry, and the theme of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became leading in literature, and with it the question: what will be the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?

The tragic events of history and public sentiment brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in attempts to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation from the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile generations of “fathers” and “sons” in a turbulent and bloody world? How do we understand the relationship between good and evil today and what is meant by both? How can you avoid losing yourself in your quest to be different from others? Chernyshevsky turns to the topic of public good and asks: “What should be done?” so that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase public wealth? How to “equip” Russia for a prosperous life? Etc .

note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated primarily in interrogative form, especially if formulating problems is the task of your essay or other work on literature.

Sometimes in art, a real breakthrough is precisely the question posed by the author - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now burning, vitally important. Many works are created to pose a problem.

So, IDEA (Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems he poses. A set of ideas, a system of author’s thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEAL CONTENT a work of art.

Thus, the scheme of semantic relationships between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:

Life phenomenon →	A question that allows you to explore a life phenomenon using figurative language →
Subject →	Problem →

Visual and expressive means in a work of art
Concept	Definition	Examples
Trope is a figure of speech built on the use of words or expressions in a figurative meaning, meaning (from the Greek tropos-turn).
Allegory	An allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality using a specific life image. Allegory is often used in fables.	Cunning allegorically depicted in the form of a fox, greed- in the guise of a wolf, deceit in the form of a snake.
Hyperbola	A figurative expression consisting of an exorbitant exaggeration of the strength, significance, size of the depicted phenomenon.	...a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol, “Terrible Revenge”).
Irony	Subtle hidden mockery, one of the types of humor. Irony can be good-natured, sad, angry, caustic, angry, etc.	Did you sing everything? This is the case... (I.A. Krylov, “Dragonfly and Ant”).
Litotes	This is an understatement of the size, strength, and significance of the depicted object.	For example, in works of oral folk art - a little boy, a hut on chicken legs. Steel knife - steel nerves. Bee from cells wax Flies for field tribute.
Metonymy	Transfer of meaning (name) based on the contiguity of phenomena.	So eat some more plate, my dear! (I.A. Krylov, “Demyan’s Ear”) - in this example, we do not mean the plate itself as a piece of utensils, but its contents, i.e. ear. All flags will be visiting us.
Personification (prosopoeia)	One of the techniques of artistic depiction consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings and thoughts.	Will be consoled silent sadness And frisky will think about it joy… (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Portrait of Zhukovsky”).
Sarcasm	Evil and caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, one of the most powerful means of satire.	Helps to detect the unseemly essence of a person’s behavior or motives, shows the contrast between subtext and external meaning.
Synecdoche	Replacing the name of a life phenomenon with the name of its part instead of the whole.	As a girl, she didn't stand out in any way in the crowd of browns. dresses (I.A. Bunin, “Easy Breathing”).
Comparison	Definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has common characteristics with the first. A simile either simply indicates similarity (he was like...) or is expressed using similar words like, exactly, as if and so on.	He was looks like evening clear... (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Demon”).
Periphrase	Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and characteristics that define it, creating a vivid picture of life in our minds.	It's a sad time! Ouch charm! (about autumn). (A.S. Pushkin, “Autumn”).
Epithet	A figurative definition that characterizes the property or quality of a person, phenomenon, or object.	Cloud spent the night golden On the chest giant cliff. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Cliff”).
Antithesis	A stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning.	They got along. Wave and stone Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other. (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
Oxymoron	A stylistic figure or a stylistic error, a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incompatible things). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect. From a psychological point of view, an oxymoron is a way of resolving an inexplicable situation. Oxymoron is often found in poetry.	And the day has come. Gets up from his bed Mazepa, this frail sufferer, This corpse alive, just yesterday Moaning weakly over the grave. (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
Stylistic figures are syntactic structures built in a special way; they are necessary to create a certain artistic expressiveness.
Anaphora (unity of principle)	A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of consonances of individual words. Sound unity of command consists in the repetition of individual consonances.	The black-eyed girl Black-eyed horse!.. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Desire”).
Antithesis	A turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.	They got along. Water and stone. Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other... (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
Gradation	Gradual strengthening or worsening - one of the stylistic figures consists of grouping definitions with increasing or decreasing meaning.	Don't think about running! It's me Called. I'll find it. I'll drive it. I'll finish it. I'll torture you! (V.V. Mayakovsky, “About This”).
Inversion	Violation of the direct order of words, rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness, unusual sequence of words in a sentence.	And the maiden's song is barely audible Valleys in deep silence. (A.S. Pushkin, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”).
Oxymoron	A phrase consisting of a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory features in the definition of phenomena.	Sounding silence, sweet pain and so on.
Rhetorical appeal	(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) rhetorical appeals are very characteristic of poetic speech and are quite often used in texts of journalistic style. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in a conversation.	Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?
Default	It consists in the fact that the thought remains not fully expressed, but the reader guesses what was left unsaid. Such a statement is also called interrupted.
Ellipsis	Omission in speech of some easily implied word, part of a sentence, most often a predicate.

Phonetic means of expression
Euphony	It consists of beauty and naturalness of sound.
Alliteration	Repetition of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.	The Neva swelled and roared, A cauldron bubbling and swirling... (A.S. Pushkin, “The Bronze Horseman”).
Assonance	Repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in a line, phrase, stanza.	It's time! It's time! The horns are blowing... (A.S. Pushkin, “Count Nulin”).
Sound recording	Using the sound composition of a word, its sound to enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.	For example, onomatopoeia, which can be used to convey the singing of birds, the clatter of hooves, the noise of the forest and river, etc.
Visual means of syntax
Syntactic parallelism(from Greek parallelos - walking next to)	One of the techniques of poetic speech. It consists of comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel in order to emphasize the similarities or differences between the phenomena. A characteristic feature of syntactic parallelism is the uniformity of phrase construction.	curly birch, There is no wind, but you make noise: My heart is zealous There is no grief, but you are in pain. (1) For ten years he selected option after option. (2) It’s not a matter of school hard work and patience - he knew how to invent new combinations, come up with new questions. (3) This is how Johann Bach constructed his fugues, extracting inexhaustible variations from one theme. In this example, syntactic parallelism and lexical repetition are used to connect sentences 2 and 3.
A rhetorical question	A turn of poetic speech consisting of expressing a statement in interrogative form. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in the conversation.	Or is it new for us to argue with Europe? Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories? (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Slanders of Russia”).
Exclamation, exclamatory sentence.	This is a type of sentence that contains emotional relations expressed in a syntactic way (particles what, for, how, which, like this, well and etc.). By these means, the statement is given the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation, feelings of joy, sadness, fear, surprise, etc. are conveyed.	Oh, how bitter you are, desperately, later, you need youth! (A. Tvardovsky, “Beyond the Distance”). Do you love me? Yes? Yes? Oh, what a night! Wonderful night! (A.P. Chekhov, “The Jumper”).
Appeal	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in an emphasized, sometimes repeated address of the writer to the hero of his work, to natural phenomena, to the reader, in the hero’s address to other characters.	Don't sing in front of me, beauty. (A.S. Pushkin, “Don’t Sing...”). And you, Arrogant descendants! (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Death of a Poet”).
Non-union (asyndeton)	A turn of poetic speech that consists of the omission of connecting conjunctions between words and sentences. Their absence gives speech speed, expressiveness, and conveys rapid intonation.	Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning... (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
Polyunion (repeating alliances)	A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of the same conjunctions.	And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice... (A.S. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”).

Basics of versification.

Rhythm.

Word rhythm in the Greek language from which it came to us, it means “harmony, proportionality.” How does this proportionality arise? What condition is necessary for rhythm to occur? What does the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock have in common? the measured noise of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?

Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.

Rhyme.

The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of line endings and rhymes. The lines seem to echo like an echo, repeating each other, sometimes changing their sound slightly. Re-read A.A.’s poem out loud again. Feta “The summer evening is quiet and clear...”. Find lines that rhyme.

Rhyme- This is a repetition of sounds that connect the endings of two or more lines.

idle - varied

harsh - pine

Stanza.

Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four – quatrain.

Rhyme

The following types of rhyme are distinguished:
Name	Definition
Depending on the place of emphasis
	The stress falls on the last syllable
	The last syllable is unstressed
Dactylic	The stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the line
Hyperdactylic	The stress falls on the fourth syllable from the end of the line
Depending on the order of rhyming lines
Adjacent, steam room	Lines that follow each other rhyme (AA)
	Three consecutive lines rhyme (AAA)
Cross	Rhyming lines go one after another (ABAB)
Encircling, ring	Of the four lines, the 1st and 4th, 2nd and 3rd rhyme with each other (ABBA)
Ternary	Complex alternation in six lines (AABAAB)
Depending on the repetition of the ending sounds of rhyming lines
	Frost roses
Assonance	Broom tables

Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem “Butterfly” and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.

You're right with one air outline

I'm so sweet

All the velvet is mine with its living blinking

Only two wings.

If adjacent lines rhyme, it is born steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner”:

I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle raised in captivity,

My sad comrade, flapping his wing,

It's pecking at bloody food under the window...

Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin’s poems:

The hops are already drying up on the mew.

Behind the farmsteads, on the melon fields,

In the cool rays of the sun

Bronze melons are turning red...

The rhyme in a stanza can be more complex.

Poetic dimensions

Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic And trisyllabic.

Two-syllable sizes called a poetic meter with a line of two syllables.

In Russian versification there are two two-syllable meters: iambic And trochee.

Iambic– a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).

Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.

Iambic trimeter :

Friend of the idle thought, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic tetrameter:

There is a green oak near Lukomorye; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The golden chain on the oak tree... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic pentameter:

One more last legend - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

And my chronicle is finished _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Trochee– two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).

The word “trochee” translated from Greek means “dancer” from the word “choir”, “dance”, “round dance”.

Trochee trimeter :

In the haze of invisibility _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The month of spring has come... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Trochee tetrameter:

Through the wavy fogs _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The moon is making its way... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(A.S. Pushkin)

Pentameter trochee:

I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Through the fog the flinty path shines... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Iambic and trochee are the most popular meters in Russian poetry; for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.

Trisyllabic verse meters

Consider the lines of the poem “Railroad”:

Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces...

Let's place the emphasis and build a verse diagram:

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first is stressed, the second and third are unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the first syllable. It is called dactyl: _́ _ _ .

Let’s take other lines - from Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children”, place the emphasis and build a diagram of the verse.

Once upon a time in the cold winter time

I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first is unstressed, the second is stressed, the third is unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. It is called amphibrachium: _ _́ _

Algorithm for determining poetic meter.

Place the emphasis.

Identify unstressed vowels.

Write down the resulting diagram.

Determine the size.

I those be nothing GO Not ska andat .

I those bI Not meet VO zhu neither hat t.

AND O TO m,What I mO lcha you LOLat ,

Not re wat syaneither on ThuO name bookat t.

A. Fet.

- trimeter anapest

Now let’s place emphasis in the lines from Nekrasov’s poem “Troika” and build a diagram of the verse.

Why are you looking greedily at the road?

Away from your cheerful friends?

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second are unstressed, the third is stressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the third syllable. It is called anapaest: _ _ _́.

So, there are three three-syllable meters of verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrachium

(_ _́ _ ), and anapest (_ _ _́ )

Verse sizes
Disyllabic
		The storm covers the sky with darkness...
		My first friend, my priceless friend!
Trisyllabic
		Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Amphibrachium		In the sandy steppes of Arabian land Three proud palm trees grew high.
		Don't be sad, dear neighbor...

Clue: To remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered young poets the following hint:

Ann A A Khmatova – dactyl; M A rin A Color e that e V A– amphibrachium; N And To O Lai G at m And lion - anapest.

Themes and motives in the lyrics

Subject

From Greek theme (the basis of the plot of the work).

Intimate lyrics

M.Yu. Lermontov “She is not proud of her beauty...”

B.L. Parsnip “Winter Evening”.

Landscape lyrics

A.A. Fet “Wonderful picture...”

S.A. Yesenin “behind the dark strand of woods...”.

Lyrics of friendship

B.Sh. Okudzhava "Ancient student song".

Theme of the poet and poetry

M.I. Tsvetaeva "Rolandov Horn".

Patriotic and civil lyrics

ON THE. Nekrasov "Motherland"

A.A. Akhmatova “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”

Philosophical lyrics

F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"

I.A. Bunin "Evening".

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: It is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (two poems called “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags...”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where il..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Motive

From French motif - lit. movement.

A stable formal and content component of a work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identifying the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.

The motifs of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, melancholy, and loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.

Leitmotif

A leading motif in one or many works.

The motive of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".

The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. Story. Dictionary. M.I.Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.

A brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. M.: Education, 1978.

Internet resources:

http://russlovesnost.

http://shkola. lv

http://4ege. ru

http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).

http://www. liceum 1. net

The 2018 Main State Examination (OGE) in Literature will bring with it some changes to the final certification from the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) with the support of Rosobrnadzor and the Ministry of Education. Ninth-graders graduating from school who want to connect their lives with the world of artistic works must be prepared for new assessment criteria, improved instructions, and high-quality improvements to existing assignments.

In 2018, 9th grade students will most likely need to take a total of 5 subjects instead of 4: 2 compulsory ones (mathematics and Russian language) and 3 optional ones, which include the OGE in literature. In 2020, there may be 6 exams, because today representatives of the Ministry of Education, interested in motivating schoolchildren and encouraging them to conscientiously study secondary school courses, are seriously thinking about this.

From now on, the results of elective papers will be taken into account when forming a certificate - the educational system became familiar with this innovation already this year. Children will need to successfully pass all examination tests (grade “satisfactory” or “3” or higher). For those who fail to pass the OGE the first time, the Ministry of Education will provide an additional attempt, but this provision will only be relevant for 2 certifications. Students who are unable to take advantage of this opportunity and fail to cope with at least one of the repeated tasks will not be awarded the coveted document on completion of the high school course. They will remain within the walls of the educational institution for another year.

Preparation for the OGE in Literature 2018 can begin at different times, depending on whether the student wants to write the test in an early or general format, the main difference of which is the dates of the exams. Thus, “early-term” students usually undergo certification starting in the second ten days of April. The start of testing for the main stream of schoolchildren occurs in May/June, and the retake period begins in September. In 2018, early submission of literature is scheduled for April 27 (Friday). The majority of graduates will start writing their work only on June 7 (Thursday).

General information about the examination certification for the subject is as follows:

duration – 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes);
the minimum primary score corresponding to a “three” is 7;
number of tasks – 4.

More about retaking

According to the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia No. 1394 dated December 25, 2013 “On approval of the Procedure for conducting state final certification for educational programs of basic general education,” only certain categories of students will be able to hope for re-admission to take the OGE in the current academic year. We are talking about teenagers who:

Received unsatisfactory grades in no more than 2 subjects.
They filed an appeal due to a violation of the rules of the event and were found to be right.
Did not come to the exam or did not complete the test for a valid and documented reason (illness, etc.).
Subsequently canceled work was submitted if third parties were at fault for violating the certification procedure. These may be the heads of examination points (EP), representatives of state commissions, technical specialists, law enforcement officers, medical workers, assistants helping children with disabilities, and other persons.

The educational organization is notified of the results of writing the work no more than 10 days after the control check. A change in the result or complete cancellation of the test is carried out within 12 days. A teenager admitted to retaking the OGE will need to appear again at the PES (possibly a new one) with an identity document.

Structure of CMMs

Control and measurement materials are tickets that require a written or oral answer to the question posed. At the moment, such a knowledge testing system is considered established and proven, so FIPI employees are not going to make significant adjustments to the forms. And yet, teachers, students and their parents should know and remember about some new provisions:

Starting next year, the instructions given to examinees along with the tasks will be more detailed, thorough, consistent and clear. This way, graduates will be able to more clearly understand what is required of them, and therefore unnecessary organizational questions during the exam will be avoided.
The criteria for assessing detailed answers will henceforth be based on the Unified State Exam standards.
The highest score you can get for writing a paper will increase from 23 to 29.

Important! Children will be able to get an idea of the OGE in literature 2018 thanks to an open bank of tasks, as well as demo versions, specifications and codifiers presented on the official FIPI website. You can find them in the appropriate sections on the page fipi.ru/oge-i-gve-9 (menu on the left).

The CMM consists of 2 parts. The first includes fragments of works (prose and poetry), from which the student must choose one for subsequent analysis. The essence of the work is to write detailed, reasoned answers to 3 questions posed. In the first tasks you will need to competently, harmoniously and completely express your thoughts in 3-5 sentences, and in the last one you will also need to provide a comparative analysis of two different passages in 5-8 sentences.

The second part will require the student to write an essay of at least 200 words on one of 4 assigned topics. At the same time, here the organizers of the OGE-2018 allow teenagers to use the full texts of works (including lyric works) from the list of references available in official sources to argue their position and quote. The books will be located on a separate examiner’s desk and will be freely available.

The evaluation criteria take into account:

meaningful correspondence of the answer to the task (understanding of the given fragments without distorting the author’s point of view);
the degree of analysis of images, details, micro-themes, motifs, etc.;
factual, logical and verbal accuracy;
ability to compare works and work with texts;
correspondence of the essay to the topic and its disclosure;
mastery of theoretical and literary terms;
compositional integrity and consistency;
compliance with speech norms (the maximum possible number of errors that does not entail the loss of points on this item is no more than 2).

For each of the tasks you can get:

No. 1 and No. 2 – 5 points each;
No. 3 – 6 points;
No. 4 (essay) – 13 points.

The final results are correlated with a grade, which is then entered into the certificate:

0-9 points correspond to a “two” grade;
10-17 – “three”;
18-24 – “four”;
25-29 – “five”.

How to prepare

In order to prepare for the OGE in literature 2018, you need to hone your own literacy and engage in tireless analysis and interpretation of works included in the official list of FIPI, required reading for 9th grade graduates.

Video tips from “experienced” ": which books to read first:

OGE in literature– one of the optional final exams at the end of 9th grade. The exam itself, although it bears the name of a test, actually comes down to only five questions, each of which requires writing a short essay or a detailed answer. The main part of the exam is an essay in a form similar to the final exam in the 9th grade before the introduction of the OGE in literature.

After familiarizing yourself with the general information about the exam, you can immediately begin preparing. The 2018 version of the KIM OGE is not much different from the 2017 version. The main change is that the maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 23 to 29. Other changes.

Structure of the OGE test

The OGE literature test consists of two parts.

Part 1 consists of two options: one gives a fragment of a prose work, and the other gives a poem. You choose what to analyze. Analysis is detailed answers to 3 questions. In the first two you write your thoughts in 3-5 sentences, and in the third you also need to compare the work given in the test with another and therefore 5-8 sentences are allocated to it.
Part 2 is a short essay on one of the four proposed topics, the length of the essay is at least 200 words. Topics relate to works from the school curriculum; no excerpts, chapters or fragments are provided. In the process of writing an essay, you can use the full texts of the works.

Preparation for the OGE

Trial OGE in literature online

On our website you can take OGE tests online for free without registration or SMS. At the moment, the section is being updated, and over time, new tests will appear in it for the entire period of the OGE. The tests presented are identical in complexity and structure to the actual exams conducted in the corresponding years.

Detailed parsing deployed answers Part 1 and Part 2 essays based on the 2017 demo material.

Demo versions of the OGE

In the section of demo versions of the OGE you can download tests for free for 2009 - 201 7 years.

All of the tests given were developed and approved for preparation for the state final certification in the 9th grade by the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI).