What science studies this organism? A30

Modern biology is a complex system of knowledge, which includes a large number of individual biological sciences, differing in tasks, methods and methods of research. Human anatomy and physiology are the basis of medicine. Anatomy human studies the form and structure of the human body from the point of view of its development and the interaction of form and function. Physiology- the vital activity of the human body, the significance of its various functions, their mutual connection and dependence on external and internal conditions. Physiology is closely related to hygiene- science about the main ways to preserve and strengthen human health, about normal working and rest conditions, and about the prevention of diseases. Each person in his own way reflects the external world that surrounds him. Everyone develops their own inner world, relationships with other people, defining and evaluating their actions. All this forms the mental activity of each individual, his psyche. It includes: perception, thinking, memory, representation, will, feelings, experiences of a person, thereby forming the character, abilities, interests of everyone. Psychology- a science that studies the mental life of people. It uses methods characteristic of any science: observations, experiments, measurements.

The development of these sciences helps medicine to develop effective methods for treating disorders of the vital organs of the human body and to effectively combat various diseases.

The science	What does he study?
Botany	Plant science (studies plant organisms, their origin, structure, development, life activity, properties, diversity, history of development, classification, as well as the structure, development and formation of plant communities on the earth's surface)
Zoology	Animal science (studies the origin, structure and development of animals, their way of life, distribution around the globe)
Biochemistry, biophysics	Sciences that separated from physiology in the mid-twentieth century
Microbiology	Microbial Science
Hydropaleontology	The science of organisms that inhabit aquatic environments
Paleontology	Fossil science
Virology	Virus Science
Ecology	Science that studies the lifestyle of animals and plants in their relationship with environmental conditions
Plant Physiology	Studies the functions (life activity) of plants
Animal Physiology	Studies the functions (life activity) of animals
Genetics	The science of the laws of heredity and variability of organisms
Embryology (developmental biology)	Patterns of individual development of organisms
Darwinism (evolutionary doctrine)	Patterns of historical development of organisms
Biochemistry	Studies the chemical composition and chemical processes underlying the life of organisms
Biophysics	Explores physical indicators and physical patterns in living systems
Biometrics	Based on the measurement of linear or numerical parameters of biological objects, it performs mathematical processing of data in order to establish practically significant dependencies and patterns
Theoretical and mathematical biology	Allowing the use of logical constructions and mathematical methods, establishing general biological patterns.
Molecular biology	Explores life phenomena at the molecular level and takes into account the importance of the trimeric structure of molecules
Cytology, histology	Studies the cells and tissues of living organisms
Population and aquatic biology	The science that studies the populations and components of any type of organism
Biocenology	Studies the highest structural levels of the organization of life on Earth up to the biosphere as a whole
General biology	Studies general patterns that reveal the essence of life, its forms and development.
and many others.

The emergence of human sciences

The desire and ability to help a sick relative is one of the traits that distinguishes us from animals. In other words, medicine, or more precisely, the first experiences of healing appeared even before the emergence of the human mind. Fossil finds indicate that Neanderthals already cared for the wounded and maimed. Experience passed on from generation to generation as a result of medical activities contributed to the accumulation of knowledge. Hunting animals provided not only food, but also some anatomical information. Experienced hunters shared information about the most vulnerable places of their prey. The shape of the organs was clear, but most likely they were not thought about at that time. Persons who took on the role of healers were often forced to practice bloodletting, applying bandages and sutures to wounds, they also removed foreign objects and performed ritual interventions. All this, together with spells, worship of idols and belief in amulets and dreams, constituted a complex of means of healing.

The primitive communal system is unique: all the peoples of our planet, without exception, went through it. In its depths, the decisive prerequisites for the entire subsequent development of mankind were formed: instrumental (labor) activity, thinking and consciousness, speech and languages, economic activity, social relations, culture, art, and with them healing and hygienic skills.

Primitive healing. Before the emergence of the science of paleontology, which was formed (as a science) about a hundred years ago, there was an idea that primitive man was absolutely healthy, and diseases arose as a result of civilization. A similar point of view was held by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who sincerely believed in the existence of a “golden age” at the dawn of humanity. Paleontological data contributed to its refutation. The study of the remains of primitive man showed that his bones bear traces of traumatic injuries and serious illnesses (arthritis, tumors, tuberculosis, curvature of the spine, caries, etc.). Traces of diseases on the bones of primitive man are much less common than traumatic defects, which are most often associated with damage to the skull. Some of them testify to injuries received during hunting, others - to experienced or not experienced trepanations of skulls, which began to be performed around the 12th millennium BC. paleontology made it possible to determine the average life expectancy of primitive man (it did not exceed 30 years). Primitive man died in the prime of his life, not having time to grow old, he died in the fight against nature, which was stronger than him.

The earliest people have already shown collective care for sick relatives, since without support a seriously ill person must die in the early stages of the disease; however, he lived for many years as a cripple. Ancient people The first burials of the dead have already begun. Analysis of numerous samples from burials indicates that relatives collected medicinal herbs and covered their dead with them.

In its heyday primitive society healing was a collective activity. Women did it because caring for children and other members of the community required it; men assisted their relatives during the hunt. Treatment during the period decay of primitive society Traditional skills and techniques were consolidated and developed, the range of medicines expanded, and instruments were made.

Formation healing magic occurred against the background of already established empirical knowledge and practical skills of primitive healing.

How does the human body work? Why is it designed this way and not otherwise? All these and other questions began to interest man from the moment when he began to think not only about his physical existence. The first question is answered by anatomy, the second by physiology. The history of anatomy and physiology is consonant with the history of advanced human thought. Mysticism and speculation, unable to withstand the test of time and research - first with a scalpel, and then with a microscope - were eliminated, but the truth remained, corrected, obtaining the proper results. In this regard, it seems that the interest in anatomy and physiology as sciences among the enlightened part of humanity was natural, dictated by the need to understand human suffering and, if possible, alleviate it. Therefore, it is in the ancient art of healing, which summarized the experience of previous millennia, that one should look for the origins of such sciences as human anatomy and physiology.

At the origins of medicine

In the modern world, assessment primitive healing ambiguous. On the one hand, his rational traditions and vast empirical experience were one of the sources of traditional medicine of subsequent eras and, ultimately, of modern scientific medicine. On the other hand, the irrational traditions of primitive healing arose as a natural result of a perverse worldview in the difficult conditions of the struggle of primitive man with a powerful and incomprehensible nature; their critical assessment should not serve as a reason to deny the centuries-old rational experience of primitive healing as a whole. Healing in this era was not primitive. The end of the primitive era coincides with the beginning of the history of class societies and states, when more than 5 thousand years ago the first civilizations began to emerge. However, remnants of the primitive communal system were preserved in all periods of human history. They continue to remain in the tribes today.

The art of healing and medicine in countries ancient Mediterranean were empirical-descriptive and applied in nature. Having absorbed the achievements of all the peoples of the Mediterranean, medicine was formed as a result of the transformation and mutual penetration of ancient Greek and Eastern cultures. Associated with mythological ideas about the structure of the world and the place of man in this world, the emerging science of medicine was limited only to external observation and description of the structure of the human body. Everything that went beyond information about the shape, color, eye and hair color, everything that could not be examined with the eyes and hands, remained outside of medical intervention. However, facts that did not find an explanation at that time gradually accumulated and were initially systematized. True science was purified from magic and witchcraft, which made medicine more convincing. Thanks to research related to the autopsy of animal and human corpses, sciences such as anatomy and physiology arose, studying the structure and functioning of the human body. Many anatomical terms and surgical techniques exist in medicine to this day. Undoubtedly, studying the experience and way of thinking of the great scientists of ancient times will allow us to better understand the laws and trends in the development of modern natural sciences.

Period	Thinkers/Scientists	Contribution to science
6th–5th centuries	Heraclides (Greek thinker)	Organisms develop according to the laws of nature and these laws can be used for the benefit of people; the world is constantly changing; “You cannot step into the same river twice!”
384–322 BC	Aristotle (Greek thinker)	any living creature differs from inanimate bodies by a clear and strict organization; coined the term “organism”; I realized that a person’s mental activity is a property of his body and exists as long as the body lives.
460–377 BC	Hippocrates (ancient physician)	studied the influence of natural factors on human health; found the causes of diseases for which people themselves are to blame.
130–200 AD	Claudius Galen (Roman physician, successor of the ideas of Hippocrates)	studied in detail the structure of the bones, muscles and joints of the monkey; suggested that man is constructed in a similar way; He owns many works on the functions of organs.
1452–1519	Leonardo da Vinci (Italian artist and scientist)	He studied, recorded and sketched the structure of the human body.
1483–1520	Rafael Santi (great Italian artist)	He believed that to correctly depict a person, you need to know the location of the bones of his skeleton in a particular pose.
1587–1657	William Harvey (English scientist)	Opened two circles of blood circulation; pioneered the use of experimental methods to solve physiological problems.
First half of XVII	René Descartes (French philosopher)	Discovery of the reflex.
1829–1905, 1849–1936	I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlov	Reflex work
Beginning of the 19th century to the present day	Louis Pasteur (French scientist), I. I. Mechnikov (Russian scientist)	Reflex work

Middle Ages, which until recently was considered barbaric, made a significant contribution to the cultural history of mankind. The peoples of Western Europe went through a difficult path from tribal relations to developed feudalism, the natural sciences of that time experienced periods of almost complete oblivion and rigid church dogmas, so that, turning to the rich heritage of the past, they were reborn anew, but at a new, higher level, using experience and experimentation to new discoveries.

Nowadays, when humanity returns to understanding the importance of the priority of universal human values, the study of the historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages allows us to see how in the era Renaissance The cultural horizons of the world began to expand, as scientists, at the risk of their lives, overthrew scholastic (knowledge divorced from life) authorities and broke the framework of national limitations; Exploring nature, they served, first of all, truth and humanism.

You will learn about what sciences that study humans exist from this article.

What science studies the body?

Science studies the human body physiology, anatomy, morphology, hygiene.

We will talk about each separately.

Morphology

The science that studies the structure of organisms is human morphology. She specializes in studying the external structure of the human body, its connection with the functions performed, as well as the patterns of change in its individual parts.

This science is associated with the origin and place of man in the system of the animal world. It consists of two sections. These are somatology and merology. Somatology studies the patterns of variability of the body as a whole, the influence of living conditions and age-related changes on it. And merology studies changes in the development and growth of individual parts of the body.

Anatomy

Anatomy is a science that studies the internal structure of a person and his individual organs. There are several divisions of this science:

Normal anatomy. Explores the anatomy of the healthy human body.
Comparative anatomy. Studies the patterns of organ structure, comparing them with different animal taxa.
Topographic anatomy. Study the location of organs.
Functional anatomy. Studies the connection between the structure of the body and the functions it performs.
Plastic anatomy. Study the external shape of the body and its proportions.
Pathological anatomy. Studies painful pathological processes in the body.
Macroscopic anatomy. Study the structure of the body and its organs.
Microscopic anatomy. Examines organs under a microscope.

Physiology

Physiology is a science that studies the functions of the body and its organs. Several areas of general science have emerged:

Neurophysiology. Studies the nervous system.
Age physiology. Studies the development of an organism throughout its individual development.
Comparative physiology. Studies the functions of the body by comparing them with animals.
Evolutionary physiology. Studies the process of changes in body functions during evolutionary development.
Ecological physiology. Observes how environmental factors influence the body's reactions.

There are also other sciences that study the human body. These include hygiene, which studies the influence of work and living conditions on health. Thanks to this, measures are being developed to prevent illnesses and create conditions for strengthening and maintaining health.

1.science that studies fossil organisms 2.a scientist who studied the history of the development of horses 3.the process of formation of large systematic groups 4.what are they called

organs with a common structure, origin, developing from the initial rudiments 5. science that studies the development of the embryo 6. the name of organs that perform similar functions, but do not have a common structure and origin 7. what organs include the limbs of the mole and the mole cricket 8. the second name of aromorphosis 9 .the second name of catagenesis 10.the main path of evolution 11.adaptability to certain environmental conditions without changing or complicating the biological level of organization 12.simplification of the structural level of the organism 13.similarity of characteristics of various unrelated groups 14.independent development of genetically close groups in the process of evolution 15.name ancient era 16. the period of the highest development of coelenterates, worms, mollusks 17. the era, including the Silurian and Divonian periods 18. the period of development of gymnosperms 19. an animal called a real “living fossil” 20. the period of the appearance of the first bird Archeopteryx 21. the era of new life 22. name of a three-toed horse 23.period of human development 24period of formation of the modern biosphere

A1. The science of physiology studies 1) the structure of cells 2) the functions of the body and individual organs 4) the intrauterine development of humans A3.

The flexibility of the spine is ensured by the vertebrae connected

1) by fusion 2) by bone suture 3) by cartilaginous discs 4) movably

A4. The vital capacity of the lungs is

1) the amount of air inhaled at rest

2) the amount of air exhaled in a state of rest

3) the maximum amount of exhaled air after the deepest inhalation

4) the amount of exhaled air after maximum exhalation

A5.What happens to the chest when you inhale?

1) rises, volume decreases

2) falls, volume decreases

3) rises, volume increases

4) goes down, volume increases

A6. Subcutaneous fatty tissue

1) gives skin elasticity

2) softens the skin

3) participates in sweating

4) protects the body from cooling and overheating

A7.What is the protective function of the liver in the human body?

1) forms bile, which is involved in the digestion process

2) neutralizes toxic substances that the blood brings to it

3) converts glucose into animal starch - glycogen

4) converts proteins into other organic substances

A8.Intensive absorption occurs in the large intestine

1) glucose 2) amino acids 3) carbohydrates 4) water

A9. During the decay of which substances not only a lot of energy is released, but also

1) proteins 2) fats 3) carbohydrates 4) vitamins

A10.Primary urine is formed in

1)renal capsule

2) bladder

3) convoluted lot

4)renal artery

A11. In what part of the human brain is the center of respiratory reflexes located?

1) in the socket 2) in the midbrain 3) in the medulla oblongata

4) in the diencephalon

A12. The somatic nervous system regulates activity

1) heart, stomach 2) endocrine glands

3) skeletal muscles 4) smooth muscles

A13. The function of platelets is

1)protection from germs

2)blood glow

3)transport of gases

4) neurohumoral regulation

A14. Passive immunity occurs after administration

1) serum 2) vaccine 3) antibiotic 4) donor blood

A15. Highest blood flow rate in

1) veins 2) arteries 3) capillaries 4) aorta

A16. Created the theory of conditioned reflexes

1) I.M. Sechenov 2) I.P. Pavlov 3) I.I. Mechnikov

4) A.A.Ukhtomsky

B1. For myopia ( choose three correct answers)

1) the eyeball is shortened

2) the image is focused in front of the retina

3) you must wear glasses with biconvex lenses

4) the eyeball has an elongated shape

5) the image is focused behind the retina

Q2. Establish a correspondence between the function of the fabric and its type

FABRIC FUNCTIONS

1.What is the name of the science that studies the structure and function of cells?

a) histology

B) embryology

B) genetics

D) cytology

2.What are the functions of the cell nucleus?
a) transfer of hereditary information to daughters

B) protein synthesis

B) synthesis and transport of nutrients
cells using chromosomes

D) breakdown of proteins, fats, carbohydrates

3.Which of the listed functions is not typical for cell proteins?
a) energy
b) enzymatic

B) protective
d) thermoregulatory

4.What organs are lined with ciliated epithelium?
a) energy
b) enzymatic

B) protective
d) thermoregulatory

5.Which organs include skeletal muscle tissue?
a) walls of the heart
b) pectoralis major muscle

B) stomach walls
d) walls of blood vessels

6.What organs belong to the circulatory system?
a) heart
b) kidney

B) gastric mucosa
d) brain

7.What organ system do the lungs belong to?
a) sexual
b) digestive

B) respiratory
d) endocrine

8. What an outstanding Russian scientist who studied physiology
higher nervous activity of man, proved that consciousness
human is closely related to the development of the second signaling system?
a) I.I. Mechnikov
b) N.N. Burdenko

B) I.M. Sechenov
d) I.P. Pavlov

9.Where is the spinal cord located?
a) in the skull
b) in the chest

B) in the spine
d) in the abdominal cavity

10.Which part of the brain does the spinal cord go to?
a) forebrain
b) midbrain

B) medulla oblongata
d) cerebellum

11.What function does the retina of the eye perform?
a) refraction of light rays

C) nutrition of the eye

12. Where are the olfactory receptors located?
a) refraction of light rays
b) eye protection from mechanical and chemical damage

C) nutrition of the eye
d) perception of light, converting it into nerve impulses

1. The science that studies the history of living organisms on Earth from remains preserved in sedimentary rocks is: 1) Embryology 2)

Paleontology

3) Zoology

4) Biology

2. The largest periods of time:

3) Periods

4) Subperiods

3. Archean era:

4. The formation of the ozone layer began in:

2) Cambrian

3) Proterozoic

5. The first eukaryotes appeared in:

1) Cryptozoan

2) Mesozoic

3) Paleozoic

4) Cenozoic

6. The division of land into continents occurred in:

1) Cryptozoan

2) Paleozoic

3) Mesozoic

4) Cenozoic

7. Trilobites are:

1) The oldest arthropods

2) Ancient insects

3) The oldest birds

4) Ancient lizards

8. The first land plants were:

1) Devoid of leaves

2) Rootless

9. The descendants of the fish that came to land first are:

1) Amphibians

2) Reptiles

4) Mammals

10. The ancient bird Archeopteryx combines the following characteristics:

1) Birds and mammals

2) Birds and reptiles

3) Mammals and amphibians

4) Amphibians and birds

11. Not credited to Carl Linnaeus:

1) Introduction of binary nomenclature

2) Classification of living organisms

12. Non-cellular life forms are:

1) Bacteria

3) Plants

13. Eukaryotes do not include:

1) Amoeba proteus

2) Lichen

3) Blue-green algae

4) Man

14. Does not apply to unicellular organisms:

1) White mushroom

2) Euglena green

3) Ciliate slipper

4) Amoeba proteus

15. Is a heterotroph:

1) Sunflower

3) Strawberries

16. Is an autotroph:

1) Polar bear

2) Tinder

4) Mold

17. Binary nomenclature:

1) Double name of organisms

2) Triple name of organisms

3) Name of the class of mammals

Anatomy is a private biological science that studies the structure of the human body, its parts, organs and organ systems. Anatomy is studied in parallel with physiology, the science of body functions. The science that studies the conditions of normal functioning of the human body is called hygiene.

An organ is a part of the body that performs specific functions and has a specific structure. It consists of a complex of tissues, of which, usually, one predominates.

Organs that are similar in their structure, functions and development are combined into organ systems: musculoskeletal, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory system, endocrine, reproductive.

Organ system

A set of organs that have a common origin and are anatomically and functionally related to each other.

The human body is a complex self-regulating and self-renewing system of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, non-cellular structures, united by cellular, humoral, and nervous regulatory mechanisms into a whole organism. However, unlike other animals, man is capable of constructive, creative activity, which turned out to be possible thanks to the development of abstract thinking and speech.

Humoral regulation of the body's vital functions is carried out by hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. This regulation is slow, because its speed is limited by the speed of blood movement through the vessels (0.005-0.5 m/sec).

Nervous regulation ensures rapid restructuring of the body and its systems.

The human body is connected with the external environment by metabolic processes. Changes in the external environment cause an adequate restructuring of the body's functions.

Human development is determined by his biological and social characteristics. Human biological characteristics have been formed as a result of evolution and are inherited from generation to generation. Social characteristics, formed under the influence of communication, training and upbringing, are not inherited, but acquired along with the experience of each generation.

What science studies this organism? A30

The emergence of human sciences

At the origins of medicine

What science studies the body?

Physiology

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