From other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions, like all function words, cannot be used independently; they always refer to some noun (or a word used as a noun). Due to their syntactic independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. They serve control as a type of subordinating connection, being associated with the control component of the phrase.
This part of speech was formed due to other lexical and grammatical categories. This largely determines the heterogeneity of prepositions. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a continuous replenishment of the composition of derivative prepositions. The most interesting developments are prepositions that express the most abstract meanings - objective, causal, target, etc. The development of new prepositions is reflected in the growing role of journalistic and scientific speech in the Russian language of the 19th century.
Some prepositions, mostly derivatives, combine a number of meanings. Yes, prepositions for, under, from, from, in, on combine causal, spatial and temporal meanings. Pretext through, expressing spatial ( through the mountains) and temporary ( through the centuries) relations, colloquially found when expressing causal relations ( through you I lost my family). Other prepositions combine causal meanings with goal meanings, for example for, by.
Classification by origin and structure
- Non-derivatives (ancient prepositions) - in, without, to, from, to, on, by, about, from, before, at, through, with, at, for, over, about, under, about, for.
- Derivative prepositions were formed at a later time from words of other parts of speech and are divided into:
- adverbial - near, deep, along, near, around, around, ahead, after and etc.;
- denominable - by means of, in the role of, depending on, by, about, regarding, in view of, on occasion, during and etc.;
- verbal (mostly formed from gerunds rather than verbs themselves) - thanks, despite, after and others.
Classification by structure
- Simple (consist of one word): in, with, to, at, over, on, before, at and etc.
- complex (consist of two simple ones connected by a hyphen): from under, from behind, over and etc.
- compound (consist of several words): despite, in contrast to, due to and etc.
Classification by use with noun cases (valency)
- with one case
- with two cases
- with three cases
Classification by relationship
As researchers note, in modern Russian the range of meanings of prepositions and the scope of relationships they express are expanding and deepening. So, prepositions do not change and are not parts of the sentence, but they express different relationships:
- spatial - about , , among , on and etc.;
- temporary - during, in continuation and etc.;
- causal - in view of , thanks to , as a result of , in connection with , because of and etc.;
- target - For and etc.;
- object - and etc.;
- comparative
- definitive
- concessions
- accompanying
see also
Links
- English preposition: "who is he friends with?" (Comparison of Russian and English prepositions)
Literature
- Baranov M.T. Russian language 7th grade. - Education, 2011. - 224 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-09-024813-6
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Preposition” is in other dictionaries:
Reason, occasion, basis; justification, excuse; chicane. Under a plausible pretext.. Wed. . See excuse, cavil, reason, trick, trick to look for an excuse, under the pretext... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under.… … Synonym dictionary
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
1. PREPOSITION1, preposition, husband. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. An excuse for a quarrel. “Annibal, Biron’s personal enemy, was sent to Siberia under a plausible pretext.” Pushkin. “You just want it, and there will be an excuse.” Dahl. “I’m Dimitri, or no... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
1. PREPOSITION, a; m. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. Find, find p. Blagovidny p. P. for a quarrel. P. leave. Come up with a way to leave. Reject under any pretext. ◁ Under the pretext of what. in sign. pretext. As a result, because of. Give up... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
pretext- PREPOSITION, reason, obsolete. pretext, colloquial clue... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
PREPOSITION, part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between the dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (for example, enter the house). Not a member of the proposal... Modern encyclopedia
Part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (eg, enter the house). Not a member of the proposal... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PREPOSITION 1, a, m. External reason for what n. Find the item for refusal. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
PREPOSITION 2, a, m. In grammar: a function word expressing the relationship between words that are grammatically dependent on each other (the word and the form of the word), for example. on (put on the table), along (walk across the field), at (be near the house). Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
PREPOSITION, ah, husband. External reason for what n. Find the item for refusal. Under the pretext of what, meaning. prepositions with gender explaining, justifying that n. than n., referring, relying on what n. Refuse under the pretext of being busy. Under the pretext that (under the fact... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (gram.) an unchangeable particle that serves to more accurately determine the meaning of a verb or case. The original material meaning of P. has been lost, but undoubted traces of their former declination have been preserved; eg Greek en, eni in, on (local pad.),… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Books
- Preposition - we are familiar with it! Teaching the use of prepositions in written speech, Svetlana Vasilievna Ivanova. The manual offers the author’s didactic material for working with primary school students who have general speech underdevelopment, with children in special education classes,…
Any schoolchild can answer; children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions there are throughout the entire school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because they make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement takes on meaning and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to one, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, you simply need to know what prepositions there are, how they affect the endings of the words they are associated with, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.
In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of a preposition in the Russian language sounds something like this: this is a service word that formalizes the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing an attitude towards objects regarding their actions.
Main functions
Like all function words, prepositions are not used independently; they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included among them. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, making it quite easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.
For example: to school - from school; before lesson - after lesson; at the kindergarten - at the kindergarten - near the kindergarten; due to inattention - due to inattention.
What are the prepositions?
All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:
- to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
- thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
- at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
- in the park - P. p. (in what?).
The example shows that the preposition “in” can be used with words in different cases. Prepositions such as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.
If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:
- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;
- In one hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "V";
- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is the gerund .
Structural differences
Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided by their structure. Namely:
- Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
- Complex or paired ones, which are essentially a type of simple prepositions: because of, from under and others.
- Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along by, in part, in relation to, depending on and so on.
Places by value
Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relationships between nouns used in oblique cases and other words. In other words, its lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, but it can convey various adverbial nuances of the connection between words.
All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:
- Spatial or prepositions of place: from, in, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; runs around the house.
- Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, with, before, during. For example: after half an hour; jogging in the morning; walk before bed.
- Causal: from, for, from evil, due to, thanks to, by chance, in view of, as a result. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase out of spite; I made a mistake due to carelessness.
- Prepositions indicating purpose: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; speech on occasion; go on vacation.
- Object, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: about, about, with, about, regarding, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about ratings.
Classification of derived prepositions
Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into the following categories. Many hours are devoted in the school curriculum to what kinds of prepositions that come from other parts of speech, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what kind of connection words can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.
Spelling prepositions
Knowing what prepositions there are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children learn is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function word, a question or complement can be placed between the preposition and the associated word.
For example: on (what?) the sea or at the Black Sea.
In high school, children are introduced to adverb education. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence contains a noun in and how it is related to the controversial part.
For example: look around (adverb) or look around you (preposition).
There is also the following rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change.” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:
- due to (because of, for a reason);
- like (like);
- about (about, about);
- as a result (due to reason).
For example: Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk.
Notes
The following prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, in contrast to.
It should also be noted that paired or conjoined prepositions, such as because of, from under, for, for, over, are written only with a hyphen.
For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.
There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with a soft sign).
Using prepositions with cases
It is very important to know what prepositions there are in cases, since often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case a particular word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that prepositions are not used with nominatives, only with indirect ones:
- with the genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
- with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in defiance of, towards, by;
- with the accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, for;
- with the instrumental case - above, before, between, behind, under, with;
- with the prepositional case - about, at, in, on.
This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or more cases of nouns.
Instead of a conclusion
In fact, learning this topic thoroughly during school years is not so difficult; there are very few rules for spelling and forming prepositions from other parts of speech. The main task is that you should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow you not only to correctly structure the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing the endings.
§1. General characteristics of prepositions
A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:
- temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
- spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
- Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
- target: come For participation in competitions and others.
But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.
Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:
To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.
From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.
§2. Formation of prepositions
From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.
- Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, before, For, behind, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
- Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological features of words are lost. Examples:
Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
During hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.
Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.
Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.
§3. Preposition structure
From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.
- Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
- Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.
§4. Places by value
According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:
- Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
- Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
- Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
- Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
- Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
- Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
- Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
- Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.
Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.
- Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
- Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What are prepositions for?
- To connect words in a sentence
- To connect simple sentences within complex ones
- To express emotions
Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?
Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?
-
It should be noted that this is a function word. It expresses the dependence of pronouns or nouns on other words in a sentence or phrase.
Why do you need a pretext?
It may seem that prepositions, which by their nature do not convey anything when taken away from the context, are absolutely unnecessary in speech. However, if you try to remove these small words from the conversation, the connection in the sentence will be broken. The phrase will simply crumble, like beads on a torn thread, into separate components! And to assert the fact that prepositions do not carry any information is, to say the least, absurd. For example, the sentence “The hospital is located... by a bridge” without this dependent part of speech carries absolutely no information. After all, the hospital, based on the incomplete information received due to the lack of a pretext, may be located as under the bridge, so behind the bridge. So, especially if the bridge is quite large, this incomplete indication may be of poor service. And the error will be caused by the fact that there is no preposition in the sentence. Which part of speech adds additional information to speech and ensures the connection of words in a sentence? Already in elementary school, students know the answer to this question. As a part of speech, it is not independent, but without it the verb cannot be combined with nouns and pronouns in some cases.
Connection of words in a sentence
Nouns and pronouns to which the preposition refers are declined. The preposition, as an auxiliary part of speech, is included in the question, which establishes the type of connection between words. For example, in the sentence “Nikolai was fishing on the river,” there is a relationship between the verb “fished” and the noun “on the river.” The connection between them is defined as follows: fished (where?) on the river or fished (on what?) on the river. And in the sentence “He put the fish in the fish tank,” using the question, you can establish the following construction: put (where?) in the fish tank or put (in what?) in a fish tank. When defining the members of a sentence, the preposition is related to the noun. And it is also part of the question that is asked to the secondary member of the sentence. Thus, the preposition cannot act as a member of a sentence in a sentence; it cannot be asked a question; it is not used separately from a noun or pronoun.
Spatial relations that express prepositions
In each individual case, the connection between words is ensured by changing the forms of nouns. Each case is governed by certain prepositions. Examples: I run along the path, I run next to the path. That is, if a word is used in the instrumental case, then the auxiliary part of speech “with”, “under”, “above”, “next to” and others is used. The meaning of prepositions varies in different situations. There are spatial semantic relationships between the members of the sentence: “The girls happily worked out on the crossbar.” The preposition is included in the case question: practiced (on what?) on the crossbar, where the preposition “on” is included in itself. Although this construction can be represented in this way: practiced (where?) on the crossbar.
Temporary relations expressed by preposition
In the sentence “It was already evening” you can establish a connection using a case question: it was (when?) in the evening. And in the sentence “Valentina returned home at half past four,” the temporary relationship is established by the question: returned (when?) at half past five. Such a connection as control in a phrase is provided by a preposition. An independent part of speech - the noun “half” - in this context can be used with the word “in”. But if you use the preposition “about”, then both the meaning of the statement and the case in which the word dependent on the verb will appear will change. Indeed, the phrase “Valentina returned home around half past four” differs from the original version. And the preposition “about” will put the noun in the genitive case instead of the prepositional case, as was the case in the first version.
Object semantic relations expressed by a preposition
In the sentence “The note wrote about a young cyclist who came to the finish line first,” there is a connection between the words: wrote (about whom?) about a cyclist. In a phrase, a preposition as a part of speech establishes an object relationship between verbs and nouns. In a phrase, the predicate controls the object in the prepositional case.
Object relations are also manifested when using the preposition “y” - “The athlete had quite bright equipment.” Here the connection is due to the placement of the noun in the genitive case: was (who?) an athlete. There is an option to use the preposition “over” when placing the controlled word in the prepositional case. Example: “The guys laughed loudly at their friend who had fallen into the mud.” In this version, object relations are noted in the phrase laughed (at whom?) at the fallen. Here the object is not a noun, but a participle, which is an addition and does not have a defined word with it. One can observe the use of the preposition “from” in this type of semantic relationship. For example, this can be seen in the example of the phrase “Cyclists were recruited from children who live in the fifth microdistrict,” which demonstrates a similar connection in the phrase recruited (from whom?) from children.
Semantic relations of the mode of action expressed by a preposition
Considering the sentence “The guys watched the camel with pleasure,” we can establish a connection between the predicate and the object. It will look like this: watched (how?) with pleasure or watched (with what feeling?) with pleasure. The meaning of prepositions in phrases is great, since the verb can control the dependent word only if the noun is placed in the required case.
Relationships of manner of action can appear when other prepositions are used.
Causal semantic relations expressed by preposition
In the sentence “Because of her love for animals, Tanyusha created a real living corner at home where a family of guinea pigs lived,” the verb “arranged” controls the noun “out of love.” The control relationship is established using the question (because of what?) and looks like this: arranged (for what? why?) because of love.
Causal semantic relationships can be established using the preposition “from”. For example, in the sentence “The rabbit was trembling with fear” in the phrase trembled (from what? why?) from fear the noun is in the genitive case. Causal relationships can also arise when using the auxiliary part of speech “at”. For example, in the sentence “For sunburn, special ointments should be used” in the phrase apply (for what reason?) to a burn the connection is established using the preposition "at". Most often, a verb-controlled word plays the role of an adverbial adverb. Causal relationships are sometimes established by using the preposition “by”. For example: “I was not at work due to illness.” Here there is a connection of control in the phrase wasn't (why?) for a reason, which demonstrates causal relationships.
Target semantic relations expressed by preposition
In the sentence “Natalya was engaged in floriculture for her own pleasure,” the verb “was engaged” controls the noun “for pleasure” with the help of a question (why? for what?). Target semantic relationships are established between these words.
A similar connection can be seen in the use of other prepositions, for example, “s”. An example of this would be the sentence: “Victoria bought a laptop with the goal of using it for work,” where the target relationship is traced twice: bought (why? for what?) for the purpose And use (how? for what?) for work. In the first case, the control connection is determined using the preposition “with”, and in the second case the already discussed option with “for” is present.
Non-derivative and derived prepositions
The origin of these function words allows us to divide them into two large groups. Non-derivative prepositions include those that were not formed from other parts of speech. These are through, in, on, before, without, between, for, over, under and others. Derivatives appeared as a result of the transition of independent parts of speech into prepositions. They were formed from adverbs, gerunds and nouns.
Simple prepositions - dividing them by composition
Representatives of this auxiliary part of speech are divided into two groups based on the number of words included in it. For example, simple prepositions consisting of one word are distinguished: between, in, on, from, under, near. Examples of their use include the following sentences:
- Crocodiles are raised on special farms.
- These reptiles are then used to make luxurious handbags, belts, and shoes.
In the first case, the control connection can be traced in the phrase grown (where? on what?) on farms using the preposition "on". There are spatial relationships between words. In the second option, you can see the control verb - noun in the form of a participle made (from whom?) from reptiles using the preposition "from". These relations are characterized as object relations.
Complex prepositions
Complex prepositions consist of two or three words. For example, these will be in connection with, despite, in contrast to and others. Examples of their use:
- Despite her deteriorating vision, Natalya continued to sit at night checking notebooks.
- In connection with the onset of fifty-five years, Maria went to the city to apply for a pension.
- Unlike the rich daughters of the merchant Malakhov, Nastasya had neither a dowry nor a future.
Thus, we can conclude that a preposition as a part of speech cannot be used without other words - nouns, participles, adjectives. Also, they cannot be members of a sentence; they cannot be asked a question. However, being a service part of speech, prepositions play an important role in a sentence.
We already know that words in a sentence are related in meaning. Today we will learn about little helpers, without whom this connection would not be possible.
Let's look at the first example. Let's make a sentence with words cat And table based on the drawings.
The cat is sitting on table.
The cat is sitting under table
The cat is sitting behind table
The cat is sitting at table.
Let's name the words that helped indicate where the cat is: on, under, behind, at . If you remove them from sentences, they lose their meaning and coherence.
Pretext is a part of speech that serves to connect words with each other.
There are about 200 prepositions in the Russian language. Let's get to know some of them.
Where do mushrooms grow? In the forest. Pretext IN.
Where does Kolobok sit? On a stump. Pretext ON.
Who is the dog's friend? With cat. Pretext WITH.
What is the ship sailing on? By sea. Pretext BY.
Where does the student sit? At the desk. Pretext BEHIND.
Let's remember the prepositions: in, without before, from, to, on, by, about, from, before, at, through, for, with, at, for, over, about, under, about.
Unlike nouns, adjectives and verbs, prepositions do not answer questions. However, the connection of words in a sentence without prepositions is impossible.
Let's remember:Prepositions with words are written separately.
We already know that the Russian language has similar prefixes. But consoles - this is part of the word, so they are written together with the words. A prepositions - this is a part of speech, so they are written with words separately.
Let's find out how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition.
Let's determine where the prefix is and where the preposition is.
(On) wrote (on) the envelope.
The first method: you can discard or change the prefix, but the preposition cannot. Let's try:
Wrote (on) an envelope. The words are related in meaning. This means that the first HA is a prefix.
I wrote it in an envelope. The connection has been broken. This means the second ON is a preposition.
Posted by- ON the prefix - we write together. On the envelope- FOR a preposition - we write separately.
Remember: prepositions with verbs are not used!
Let's consider the second method:
(About) read (about) animals.
The second way: you can insert another word between the preposition and the word. Let's try:
I read - What did you do? - this is a verb, PRO is a prefix, you cannot insert another word.
I read about pets. ABOUT is an excuse, we’ll write it separately.
I read about animals.
Word pretext translated from Greek means “ before the word" In terms of frequency of use, prepositions occupy fourth place after nouns, verbs and adjectives.
If you liked it, share it with your friends:
Join us onFacebook!
See also:
Preparation for Russian language exams:
The most necessary from the theory:
We suggest taking tests online: