How to outline a proposal? Examples of complex sentence diagrams.

You can learn how to quickly analyze the most complex sentences and draw up diagrams at trainings. Classes are held weekly from September to the end of May. In addition to webinars, you will receive a wealth of material for independent work.

But perhaps this article is enough for you.

So. There are two main types of complex sentence diagrams: vertical (also called expanded) and horizontal.

Horizontal supply diagram

On a horizontal diagram, subordinate clauses are depicted using round brackets, main clauses are depicted using square brackets, construction breaks are shown, punctuation marks are placed, and arrows indicate a subordinating relationship (arrows go from the main clause to the subordinate clause). Such a diagram clearly shows the boundaries of sentences; with its help, it is easy to explain the placement of punctuation marks between sentences and show which word the subordinate clause refers to.

Example.

I keep remembering the day when you got a job in a flower shop to earn money, when you came home with a whole armful of flowers, when you talked about more valuable things than money, you were happy that evening, and I gave you a flower vase , which still stands on the coffee table, pretending that everything remains the same.

Vertical supply diagram

On the vertical diagram, all sentences are depicted as numbered rectangles (sometimes teachers require subordinate clauses to be depicted in circles, and main clauses to be depicted as rectangles), the figures are distributed according to levels of subordination. Sentence connections are indicated by straight lines. The main sentences, regardless of their location in the text, are depicted at the first level and are connected by lines. Homogeneous sentences are circled in an oval. Such diagrams do not show structural breaks and do not place punctuation marks. The vertical diagram clearly shows the relationships between simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Here is a vertical diagram of the complex sentence from the previous example.

Instructions for drawing up a complex sentence diagram

Circle in an oval or mark with a marker all subordinating conjunctions and allied words. These words will have to be learned. Otherwise, you will not be able to parse complex sentences.
Underline the stems of the sentences (subjects with one line, predicate with two lines).
Number the sentences as shown in the pictures.
Construct a horizontal diagram.
Construct a vertical diagram.
Count the number of sentences in the diagrams and in the sentences. It is important that it matches. Sometimes students get confused when numbering, at which point the error should be detected.

Do not deviate from this procedure, otherwise you will get confused.

If the sentence is given without punctuation, then first draw diagrams of the sentence, then place the symbols on the diagrams, and only after that arrange the symbols in the text.

How to show a break in a structure on a diagram of a complex sentence

If a sentence is broken by another sentence, draw it as in mathematics (brackets in parentheses). Sometimes it is impossible to show the structure of a sentence only with brackets; in these cases, dots are placed to show part of the structure. Look at the picture. It shows a diagram of a complex sentence with a construction break.

How to show homogeneous sentences on a diagram

Circle homogeneous sentences in a vertical diagram in an oval. This way it will be clear that they are homogeneous, and not just subordinate, for example. On the horizontal diagram we show homogeneous main clauses and homogeneous subordinate clauses with arrows with questions. If you do not have a subordinating connection, and the sentences are made homogeneous by a common word, then you will not be able to show on a horizontal diagram that the sentences are homogeneous. In the proposed example, the main clauses are homogeneous.

How to show direct speech in a sentence diagram

Direct speech is not shown on the diagram of a complex sentence, since it is considered a complication of the structure of a simple sentence within a complex one. If direct speech itself is a complex construction, its diagram is drawn separately, next to the diagram of the main sentence. The same applies to insert structures. The picture shows how it is shown diagram of a complex sentence with direct speech.

Why might you need a proposal outline? There are several options. For example, you need to create an outline of a sentence when parsing it syntactically.

You can also schematically depict the parts of a sentence for yourself in order to more clearly imagine its structure and trace the logic of connecting parts of a sentence to each other (relevant for complex sentences).

If we are talking about complex sentences, it is convenient to analyze sentences with different types of connections using diagrams. And in simple ones, the diagram helps to visualize the syntactic structure.

In general, whatever one may say, sentence patterns in the Russian language are far from useless. Now we will summarize this topic. So that you can use this article as reference material. By the way, in order to draw up diagrams correctly, it doesn’t hurt to repeat some topics on syntax. Now we will analyze example circuits and repeat them at the same time. So you will benefit twice from the article - at the same time you will receive a summary of types of sentences, punctuation marks for direct speech, homogeneous members, etc. will.

Proposal outline plan

Read the sentence carefully, pay attention to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, or motivating. And take note of the emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
Identify grammatical basics. What parts of speech are they expressed by?
After this, it will no longer be difficult to tell whether the sentence in front of you is simple or complex.
In a complex sentence, determine the boundaries of the simple ones included in it and, using a simple pencil, mark them with vertical lines. By the way, also separate participial and adverbial phrases and other types of complications with these features.
Underline the additional parts of the sentence (dashed line - addition, wavy line - definition and participial phrase as a whole, "dot-dash-dot" - adverbial phrase and participial phrase). What parts of speech are they represented by?
If you have a complex sentence with a conjunction between its parts, pay attention to the conjunctions: whether they are coordinating or subordinating.
The previous paragraph will help you correctly identify the predicative parts of a complex sentence. So, parts of a complex and non-conjunctive complex sentence are equal, denote them with square brackets. Indicate the subordinate clause in a complex sentence with round brackets. Don’t forget that the union/union word must also be included in them.
In a complex sentence, in the main part, find a word from which you can ask a question to the subordinate clause, mark it with a cross. From the word, draw an arrow with a pencil to the subordinate clause and write down the question. It also happens that the question to the subordinate clause is posed from the entire main clause.
And now the next step is the scheme of a simple/complex sentence - depending on what you have. Draw a linear graphic diagram onto which you transfer all the main symbols that were previously used to outline the sentence. In particular, sentence boundaries, grammatical basics, complications, if the sentence is complicated, the connection between sentences and the arrow with the question, conjunctions and allied words.
Complex sentences with multiple clauses will require a vertical diagram to correctly display sequential, parallel, or homogeneous subordination. We will look at these below using specific examples.
The numbers above the parts of a complex sentence can indicate the levels of subordinate clauses, which will reflect their position in the complex sentence. The main sentence is not indicated in any way.

Sometimes teachers may have specific requirements. For example, in the diagram, in addition to the main ones, additional members will be indicated. In addition, there are also reverse tasks when you need to compose a sentence according to the scheme. You will find an example of such a task below.

Simple Sentence Schemes

So let’s start right away with a task, no joke, at the 2nd grade level: we need a diagram of a simple sentence of the form “subject - predicate - subject”. Simple example:

At the same time, keep in mind that a simple sentence based on the presence of main members can be one- and two-part. By the presence of minor members - common and non-common (in the example above, which one?). And also based on the presence of a complete or reduced set of necessary members, sentences are divided into complete and incomplete.

When transferring the main members of the sentence to the diagram, do not let the predicates confuse you. They are:

Now let's move on to grade 5 and take on sentence patterns with inversion and other types of complications of simple sentences.

Appeal: denoted by O, the sign is separated from the rest of the sentence in the diagram by two vertical lines - │ │. The address is not a part of the sentence and only its location and the punctuation marks used during the address matter:

In the diagram with homogeneous members The latter sentences are indicated by a circle - ○, in which their syntactic role in the sentence can be noted (homogeneous objects, or adverbials, or subjects - any of the possible options). Also, the conjunctions and punctuation marks associated with them are transferred to the diagram. Generalizing words are also indicated, for example, by a circle, only with a dot in the middle. And in this article we use a square - it’s more convenient for us:

Offers with introductory words: we can designate them as BB and also enclose them in two vertical lines - the introductory words are not part of the sentence. Otherwise, the same aspects are important for the scheme with an introductory word as for the scheme with an appeal:

In the scheme with participial phrase, in addition to punctuation marks, indicate the word being defined. In the scheme with participial phrase And constructions with the meaning of addition and clarification– the most important thing is to indicate their place in the sentence:

You also probably remember that a simple sentence can be complicated dissociated members(some of them are already reflected in the examples above):

separate definitions (agreed and uncoordinated, single and widespread; participial phrases also belong to this category);
separate additions;
isolated circumstances (gerunds, participial phrases, nouns and adverbs in the role of circumstances).

Sentences with direct speech

The diagram of a sentence with direct speech is not at all difficult: it only indicates the boundaries of the sentence, the words of the author and the direct speech itself, as well as the punctuation marks that accompany them. Here are some examples:

Complex Sentence Schemes

And now we have finally reached the high school program. And now we’ll look at diagrams of compound and complex sentences with examples. And we will definitely consider proposals with non-union, as well as different types of communications.

Let's start with compound sentence: its parts are equal, so in the diagram we denote them with the same square brackets.

IN complex sentence The main and subordinate parts are clearly distinguished, so we denote the main part with square brackets and the subordinate part with round brackets. A subordinate clause can occupy different positions in relation to the main one: stand in front or behind it, break the main clause.

Parts non-union complex sentence are equivalent, therefore, here, too, the same square brackets are used to indicate them in the diagram.

Making a diagram offers with different types of communication, it's easy to get confused. Carefully study the proposed example to avoid mistakes in the future:

A special case - complex sentence with several clauses. When drawing diagrams of subordinate clauses, they are arranged not horizontally, but vertically. Consistent submission:

Parallel subordination:

Homogeneous Subordination:

Make sentences based on these diagrams

Now, after we have examined the whole theory in such detail, it will, of course, not be difficult for you to write proposals yourself using ready-made diagrams. This is a good workout and a good task to check how well the material has been learned. So don't neglect it.

Sentence with appeal: [ │О?│… ]?
Sentence with homogeneous members: [and ○, and ○, and ○ – □].
A sentence with a participial phrase and an introductory word: [ X, |ПЧ|, … |ВВ| …].
Sentence with direct speech: “[P, – a: – P].”
A complex sentence with several types of connection: [...], but [...], (which...): [...].

Write us your options in the comments - at the same time you can check whether you have learned everything well and understood the diagrams. See for yourself that there is nothing extremely complicated here!

Conclusion

You have worked on a large and voluminous topic. It includes knowledge from different sections of syntax: types of sentences, types of predicates, punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence, direct speech, etc. If you carefully studied all the material, you could not only remember how to designate the members of a sentence in the diagram, but also repeat very important and useful rules.

And if you haven’t been too lazy to write down the sentences according to the diagrams, then you can say with complete confidence: you will face tests and exams fully armed.

Do you think this article will be useful to someone else in your class? So click on the buttons below and “share” it on social networks. And write, write in the comments - let's communicate!

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The ability to draw up a sentence outline is necessary for schoolchildren and students of philological faculties. Often, when performing syntactic analysis, problems arise with drawing up a sentence diagram. At the same time, it is thanks to a clear and understandable diagram that you can see the parts of a complex sentence, trace the logic of composition and subordination, and clearly record the main members. It is especially convenient to use diagrams when analyzing sentences of a complex structure, with different types of connections. Schools and universities also conduct classes in which they not only draw up diagrams of ready-made sentences, but also compose texts according to given schemes. It is important to master the basic techniques in order to create a proposal outline correctly. Then it will help you visualize the syntactic structure of the text.

We draw up a proposal outline. General recommendations
First, you will need to remember all the basic information from the “syntax” section.

You need to know exactly how a simple sentence differs from a complex one, and be able to find parts in a complex sentence.
Requires knowledge of the types of simple and complex sentences.
The skill of determining the boundaries of a sentence and its grammatical basis is of great importance.
To accurately highlight the grammatical basis, you need to know the types of predicates and the main ways of expressing them.
It is necessary to repeat all the complicating elements of the sentence in order to quickly find and distinguish from each other isolated, homogeneous members of the sentence, appeals, introductory and clarifying constructions.
You must be able to determine the type of sentence by the structure of its grammatical basis.
It is advisable to freely navigate the means of communication of sentences, to distinguish conjunctions from allied words. It’s great if you can immediately determine the type of connection or the type of subordinate clause based on the conjunction.
At the moment, special attention is paid to the analysis of sentences of a complex structure with different types of connections, so you will need the skill of analyzing such sentences, the ability to determine parallel, sequential, homogeneous subordination.

If you have the opportunity, refer to tutorials and analysis samples. At the training stage, it is advisable to do analysis and draw up diagrams, checking with samples. Write for yourself a special guide to drawing up a sentence diagram: indicate in it different types of schemes, notation methods, add examples. This way, you will better remember the necessary information, and you will be able to use the reminder if difficulties arise while completing the task.

Algorithm for creating a proposal diagram
The proposal scheme must be drawn up according to a specific algorithm. Try to concentrate and not be distracted, take notes on a piece of paper, write a draft. Only after a complete analysis of the proposal, when you check whether your diagram is drawn up correctly, can you transfer it to the final copy.

Read the sentence carefully 2-3 times. Think about the meaning of each word - this will help you not to confuse the role of words in a sentence in the future.
First, define the grammatical basics. Select the subject and predicate. The predicate is emphasized by two lines, and the subject by one.
Think about whether the sentence in front of you is simple or complex. Sometimes there is only one subject, two predicates, and the sentence is complex. Don't forget that there are one-part and incomplete sentences.
Mark the boundaries of sentences with vertical lines.
Identify all the minor members of the sentence, underline them, following general conventions:
- definition – wavy line;
- addition – dotted line;
- circumstance – dot, dash, dot, dash;
- participial phrase - dot, dash, dot, dash, highlighted on both sides by vertical lines;
- the participial phrase is a wavy line, distinguished by vertical lines on both sides.
Highlight the predicative parts in a complex sentence. To do this, you will need to determine the type of connection in the sentences; the designation will depend on it:
- equal parts of a compound sentence are enclosed in square brackets;
- in a complex sentence, the main part is indicated by square brackets, and the subordinate clause by round brackets.
Pay attention to conjunctions: in a complex sentence, the conjunction must be left outside the boundaries separating simple sentences from each other. In a complex sentence, the conjunction is included in the subordinate clause. Sometimes conjunctions are double, one part of them remains in the main clause.
Find a word in the main sentence from which you can ask a question to the subordinate clause. Sometimes the question is asked from the entire sentence as a whole. Thus, there is a difference between a word connection and a sentence connection. If the connection is conditional, put a large dot above the main clause and draw an arrow from it to the subordinate clause. Above the arrow, write the question that the subordinate clause answers. When the connection is propositional, the arrow is drawn without a dot.
Now you can start transferring the schema. There is no need to rewrite the sentence itself into it. In the classical scheme, only the grammatical basics, sentence boundaries, complicating elements, the connection of sentences are indicated, an arrow with a question to which the subordinate clause answers is indicated, conjunctions and allied words are entered. However, do not forget about the specific requirements of the teacher. Sometimes for practical exercises it is necessary to indicate in the diagram all the members of the sentence.
If you have a proposal with a complex structure in front of you, your diagram will not be built in one line, but three-dimensional. Determine the type of subordination, build a scheme depending on it.
- Sequential subordination: First, mark the main clause, draw an arrow down from it, and on the next line graphically mark the subordinate clause by drawing parentheses. From the subordinate clause, draw the arrow down to the next subordinate clause, then follow the sequence.
- Homogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses depend on the main clause and answer one question. Indicate the main sentence and draw arrows down from it. On the second line, place the designations of all subordinate clauses. Write one general question.
- Parallel subordination - subordinate clauses answer different questions and depend on the main one. Indicate the main sentence with square brackets, draw arrows from it to the subordinate clauses, and next to each arrow write the question that the subordinate clause answers.
- With combined subordination, different types of communication are combined. The scheme will also be combined: place sequentially subordinate sentences on top of each other, and place parallel or homogeneously related sentences on the same line.
Mark the levels of division with numbers. For example, when the subordination is sequential, the first subordinate clause is on the first level, and the second is on the second. One level is one line, but the main sentence is not taken into account in the numerical designation: these are precisely the levels of division, and not the number of sentences.

After drawing the sentence diagram, be sure to re-read the text again. Pay special attention to sentence boundaries, complicating elements, and types of communication. After a complete check, proceed to drawing up the proposal scheme in a clean copy. By using the algorithm and thinking about the meaning of the sentence, the meaning of all its members, you can draw up its diagram without errors.

This article will talk about how to correctly create a proposal outline. Who needs it? Everyone without exception. If short posts or comments on social networks and instant messengers can be written without knowing the Russian language (which is what many people do), then when writing articles for your own blogs you must be guided by these rules. After all, it is much more pleasant and understandable for users visiting your websites and blogs to read competent speech that attracts attention and keeps them on the page. And, of course, correct preparation of proposals is very important for people holding senior public or commercial positions - literacy increases trust on the part of visitors, partners and clients. And in order for sentences to sound correct and beautiful, they must be composed according to certain patterns. This material will also help schoolchildren and students prepare for exams or complete homework assignments.

Action Plan for Proposal Outlining

In order to correctly compose a sentence diagram, you must follow a certain algorithm of actions:

Carefully consider the written proposal;
Determine what type it belongs to by the intonation and purpose of the statement;
Find the basis, the main idea of the sentence, which carries important information (subject and predicate);

Simple and complex sentences

By the number of stems, determine whether the sentence is simple (with one stem) or complex (with two or more stems);

How to determine the number of parts in a complex sentence

Use perpendicular lines to separate the boundaries of simple sentences (you can also highlight participial/adverbial phrases and other complications);
Underline the parts of the sentence with appropriate lines;

Symbols of sentence members

Determine the presence and nature of the conjunction between fragments of a complex sentence (subordinating or coordinating) - if determined correctly, you will understand what type of sentence you are dealing with;
Place simple sentences in rectangular brackets, since they are equivalent fragments of compound or non-conjunctive compounds;

Rectangular brackets to indicate simple and complex sentences

Place subordinate clauses included in the complex structure in parentheses;

Parentheses to indicate subordinate clauses

Carefully study the complex sentence and put a question from the word in the main fragment (over which draw a cross) to the subordinate clause; Draw an arrow from this word to the subordinate clause and write a question above it.

Parsing a simple sentence

All the information collected during the study process makes it possible to correctly draw up a proposal outline. After completing all of the above steps, the moment comes when you can start drawing the diagram itself. Write down from your sentence in order all the signs that were used to distinguish simple sentences, highlight phrases (adverbial and participial), grammatical basics, questions and arrows to the subordinate clause from the main one, and other complications. Collect all this data in a line graph. When it is necessary to parse a complex sentence that has several subordinate clauses, then to correctly display the subordination, a vertical graphic diagram is also necessary (it will be discussed below). The numbers indicate the degrees of subordinate clauses - by them you can determine their place in the composition of sentences, while the main thing does not have any designations.

If you are a schoolchild or student, you may encounter a situation where teachers require you to mark the secondary clauses along with the main clauses on the diagram. It is also possible that a new proposal must be drawn up according to the proposed scheme. If you approach the matter carefully, these actions will not hinder you.

Making a plan for a simple proposal

We need to put together a simple sentence diagram. We won’t go far, let’s take an example from primary school:

Simple sentence diagram

This sentence is two-part - it has two main members. There are also one-part sentences in which the main member is only one of the two. If a sentence does not have minor members, then it is not widespread (“Poems were born”), but if it does, then it is widespread (as presented above). Also, sentences have an incomplete or complete form (depending on whether the necessary members are present in the configuration - abbreviated or complete). Avoid mistakes with predicates when drawing up a graphical diagram of a sentence:

compound nominal predicates – Danielwill be an athlete;
simple – Danielswam;
compound verbs – Danielwanted to swim.

Simple sentence with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members are displayed in a graphical diagram using circles. These circles indicate their role in the syntax of a sentence: definitions, predicates, etc.

The circles reflect the roles of homogeneous members of the sentence

With introductory words or appeal

Introductory words are indicated by the letters “ВВ”, separated from the rest of the parts in the diagram by two vertical lines and necessarily by the punctuation marks that surround them in the sentence.

Introductory words in a sentence

The same rules apply to addresses as to introductory words, only “O” are used instead of the letters “BB”.

Appeal in a proposal

With adverbial or participial phrases

To highlight phrases that include gerunds (DO) or participles (PO), the diagram uses the same punctuation marks as to delimit them in a sentence.

Participial phrase in the diagram

How to create a sentence diagram with direct speech

In the diagram, direct speech is highlighted as follows:

the boundaries of the proposal are highlighted;
the letter “A” is used to denote author’s words, and “P” is used for direct speech;
punctuation marks are added.

Direct speech in a sentence

How to outline a complex sentence

Fragments of a complex non-conjunctive and complex sentence are in an equal position, therefore rectangular brackets are used to designate them.

Complex sentence on the diagram

Non-union complex sentence on a graphic diagram

Rectangular brackets are used to indicate the main part in a complex sentence, and round brackets are used to indicate a subordinate clause. Moreover, the subordinate clause can appear anywhere: at the back, at the beginning, and even in the middle of the main clause.

Rectangular brackets are for main clauses, round brackets are for subordinate clauses

Before drawing up a proposal plan, the source material must be carefully studied so that there are no difficulties with various types of communication. It happens that such sentences contain an important idea that is easy to lose when trying to simplify the text and rearrange parts.

How to create a complex sentence diagram with multiple clauses

In order to correctly display sentences that have several subordinate clauses, a vertical diagram is used:

“We learned that a hurricane was coming that could destroy everything on the coast.” (sequential submission):

[…],

↓what?

(What …)

↓which one?

(which …).

“When we were already approaching the city, Daniil squinted to get a better look at the surroundings.” (parallel submission):

[…],

↓when? ↓why?

(when...), (to...).

“We are very glad that you came, that you are with us today, that you like it here.” (homogeneous submission):

[…],

↓what? ↓what? ↓what?

(what...), (what...), (what...).

The main purpose of this article is to help you remember school rules for the Russian language and remind you of the main points, observing which you can easily construct a diagram of any sentence.

Sentence patterns in Russian are necessary to explain punctuation marks. They are also indispensable when analyzing a given syntactic unit, especially when it comes to a complex sentence. Direct speech causes difficulties for almost every student. If, at the stage of studying this topic, you learn to compose an appropriate graphical explanation, you will not have any problems with punctuation at all. Let's look at what a sentence pattern is, consider a simple example, all types of complex ones, as well as units with direct speech. This will help you delve deeper into the topic.

What does a proposal outline include?

First, let's figure out what a proposal scheme is and why it is needed. Many people consider this element of syntactic analysis to be just a whim of the teacher, without any meaning. This is wrong. A correctly composed graphic outline will help in further analysis of the syntactic unit.

What should be indicated when drawing up a diagram?

Predicative basis. The main members must be indicated in order to prove that we really have a sentence (after all, it is on this basis that it is distinguished from a phrase); correctly defined subject and predicate will help classify the syntactic unit as one-part or two-part.
If the sentence is complex, then the conjunctions connecting its parts are indicated. The same objects are marked if they are used with homogeneous terms.
Sentence patterns in Russian may contain complicating elements. In the next section we will look at which ones.

It is also worth saying that the graphic display of a sentence is usually enclosed in brackets. They contain every simple sentence. The square brackets enclose the simple sentences themselves, and they are also included in the compound and non-conjunctive sentences. If we are talking about a complex syntactic construction, then its main part is enclosed in square brackets, and the subordinate part is in round brackets.

What makes the proposal difficult?

As mentioned above, the scheme of a simple sentence may include elements that complicate it. Let's list them and give examples.

Homogeneous members. They are enclosed in circles in the diagram. In addition, with homogeneous members there may be a generalizing word. It is denoted by the letter "o" enclosed in a circle.
Separate definitions (participial phrases): “Plants that require careful care must be distributed to students during the holidays.” In this sentence there is a participial phrase that comes after the word being defined: “plants”. Accordingly, it must be reflected in the diagram, as well as the member of the sentence to which it relates. [X, |P.O.|, =]. These can be not only participial phrases, but also inconsistent definitions, coordinated, single and widespread. And also applications.
(clarifying parts of the sentence, participial phrases, single gerunds): “Having done the housework, Masha sat down to read her favorite book.” In this sentence there is an adverbial phrase that must be included in the diagram. [|TO|, - =]. Let us give an example with a clarifying phrase. “In the village house, in a cool cellar, grandmother’s delicious pickles were kept.” The qualifying circumstance of place is highlighted with commas and indicated on the diagram. [Х,|УО|, = -].
These syntactic elements are separated by commas and must also be included in the diagram. Let's give examples. "Sergei, bring me a sip of water." We display the address “Sergey” as follows: [O, =]. Also with the introductory words: “They, of course, did not listen to their parents.” We reflect the introductory word “of course” like this: [-,ВВ.СЛ, =].

Simple sentence

The scheme for parsing a simple sentence will be clearer with an example. Let's compose it and give a complete description of the syntactic unit. “We limped up to a dilapidated house hidden among lush greenery.”

First, you need to determine the grammatical basis; both the characteristics and the scheme of the sentence depend on this. An example is a simple one with the stem “we have arrived.” We add the basis to the diagram.

Next, you need to see whether the syntactic unit is complicated. Judging by the presence of punctuation marks, we can safely say yes. Here there is a separate single gerundial participle “limping” and a participial phrase “hiding among the lush greenery.” These elements are reflected in the diagram.

[-,|D|, = X,|P.O.|]. Here is the outline of the sentence, an example of which we gave at the beginning of the section. However, it should be noted that it is compiled academically correctly, but some teachers may make their own requirements. For example, regardless of homogeneity, enter all minor members of the sentence. The scheme then grows and becomes cumbersome. Although, sometimes this is necessary at the initial stage of learning syntax.

Complex sentence

Now let's look at what complex sentences represent in graphical display. The only difficulty in drawing up their diagrams is to determine the boundaries of the simple parts. In addition, it is necessary to know well the difference between compound and complex sentences, because their patterns are radically different. First, let's look at the first type. Let us define the distinctive features of all schemes:

Let's look at what a sentence diagram is. An example is this: “The rain was already ending, and the sun was peeking out in the sky, shining with dim rays, giving hope for a good day.”

First, let's prove that we have a complex sentence. The first part has a predicative basis “the rain has stopped”; the second - “the sun was peeking out.” Between the parts there is a connecting conjunction “and”, coordinating. In this case, it conveys the meaning of a sequence of events. The first part, although common, is not complicated in any way. The second is complicated by adverbial and participle phrases. They will definitely be included in the scheme. [- =], and […,|D.O.|,= -,|P.O.|]. Let us make an explanation: it was necessary to put an ellipsis at the beginning of the second part, since the participial phrase is located in the middle (in front of it is the adverbial place “in the sky”).

Complex sentence

It has a completely different scheme, its differences are as follows:

There is a division into the main part and subordinate parts, and the latter can be located anywhere and even break the main part.
The conjunction is part of a simple sentence (entered in brackets).
The connection between the parts can be different, so in addition to the horizontal diagram, a vertical diagram is sometimes drawn up.

Let's look at specific examples: "Within a few minutes, all the houses disappeared, which until recently seemed like fairy-tale huts standing on a green meadow."

The main part is distinguished from a subordinate clause by two aspects: firstly, it asks a question to the subordinate clauses, and secondly, it does not contain a conjunction. Accordingly, the first one is exactly like this. We conclude it in the second sentence - a subordinate clause: it contains a conjunction (in this case, a conjunction word). Also, it is to him that we ask the question from the word of the main part: “huts (what?) that recently seemed...”. The subordinate clause is complicated by the participial phrase. The scheme will be like this: [= -], (which = X,|P.O.|).

Another example: “The dacha where we vacationed in the summer was located in a picturesque place, surrounded by rich forest.”

The difficulty in this sentence is that the subordinate clause “breaks” the main thing. There is a complication in the subordinate clause - a participial phrase. The scheme will be like this: [-, (where - =), = X,|P.O.|].

Direct speech at the end of a sentence

What is a direct speech sentence pattern? As is known, such a syntactic unit consists of someone else’s speech itself and the words of the author. Depending on how these parts are located in relation to each other, the diagram will look like. Each component of the unit has square brackets - they are equal.

In the sentence: He said: “Let’s go talk face to face,” the author’s words come first, and then direct speech. The diagram will look like this: [A]: “[P.R]”, since this construction conveys the direct speech of a person, at the end of the sentence there are often question marks and exclamation marks, which must be reflected in the diagram.

Examples: The girl turned and asked: “What time is it?” Please note that the author’s words in this case are complicated by a single isolated gerund. [-,|D|,=]: “[P.R.?]”.

Yuri shouted loudly: “Get down!” [A]: “[P.R.]!”

Direct speech in the middle of a sentence

The scheme of a sentence with direct speech in the middle will be like this:

She stood up and said loudly: “I don’t want to participate in this chaos!” - After that, she left the living room.

[A: [“P.R.!”] - a].

Please note that after direct speech, the author’s words must be written in small letters.

Also, if a question or exclamation mark is not required, a comma is placed after direct speech.

Example: Masha read: “Wipe your feet,” and entered the hallway. [A: “[P.R.]”, - a].

Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence

Direct speech can begin a sentence. In this case, the scheme is like this:

“Listen to quiet music,” said the composer and began to play a leisurely melody.

"[P.R.]", - [a].

If direct speech is an exclamatory or imperative sentence, a comma is not needed:

“Can I come in?” - was heard behind the door. “[P.R.?]” - [a].

“We will try again and again!” - the coach encouraged me. “[P.R.!]” - [a].

You are now familiar with the basic types of sentences and their structures.