On Yandex Maps, geographic coordinates are recognized in degrees, presented as decimal fractions. At the same time, several other formats for recording coordinates are used in the world, for example, in degrees, minutes and seconds.
Coordinates are a pair of numbers that determine the location of an object on the map.
The first digit in the format adopted on Yandex Maps is , or the angle between the local zenith direction (that is, the direction pointing directly upward over a specific location) and the equatorial plane. Northern latitude is designated by the letter N, southern latitude by the letter S.
The second number is longitude, or the angle between the meridian plane (the line of section of the surface of the globe by a plane passing through a given point and the axis of rotation of the Earth) and the plane of the initial prime (Greenwich) meridian. Longitudes from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern (E), and to the west - western (W).
Entering coordinates on Yandex Maps
Open your browser and type maps.yandex.ru in the address bar, or open the Yandex Maps application on or. Enter the coordinates in the search bar, for example: 55.751710,37.617019 - then click “Find”. In the application, to call up the search bar, you must first click on the magnifying glass icon (usually located at the bottom of the screen). Please note that the format for entering coordinates should be exactly this: first latitude, then longitude; the integer part of the coordinates is separated from the fractional part by a dot; numbers do not contain spaces; latitude and longitude are separated by a comma.After clicking on the “Find” button, the marker on the map will move to the point that the coordinates describe - now you can build a route.
To the left of the map, the address corresponding to the coordinates will be displayed, as well as an alternative representation of them - with degrees, minutes and seconds. In our case it will look like this:
Latitude: 55°45′6.16″N (55.75171)
Longitude: 37°37′1.27″E (37.617019)
If you enter coordinates in the wrong order - for example, first longitude and then latitude (some navigators and other electronic mapping services work with data in exactly this sequence) - on Yandex Maps you can quickly change the order of the numbers. To do this, click on the “Swap” link under the full description of the coordinates, and the marker will move to the correct point.
Each point on the planet's surface has a specific position, which corresponds to its own latitude and longitude coordinates. It is located at the intersection of the spherical arcs of the meridian, which corresponds to longitude, with the parallel, which corresponds to latitude. It is denoted by a pair of angular quantities expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds, which has the definition of a coordinate system.
Latitude and longitude are the geographic aspect of a plane or sphere translated into topographic images. To more accurately locate a point, its altitude above sea level is also taken into account, which makes it possible to find it in three-dimensional space.
The need to find a point using latitude and longitude coordinates arises due to the duty and occupation of rescuers, geologists, military personnel, sailors, archaeologists, pilots and drivers, but it may also be necessary for tourists, travelers, seekers, and researchers.
What is latitude and how to find it
Latitude is the distance from an object to the equator line. Measured in angular units (such as degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, etc.). Latitude on a map or globe is indicated by horizontal parallels - lines that describe a circle parallel to the equator and converge in the form of a series of tapering rings towards the poles.
Therefore, they distinguish between northern latitude - this is the entire part of the earth's surface north of the equator, and also southern latitude - this is the entire part of the planet's surface south of the equator. The equator is the zero, longest parallel. 
- Parallels from the equator line to the north pole are considered to be a positive value from 0° to 90°, where 0° is the equator itself, and 90° is the top of the north pole. They are counted as northern latitude (N).
- Parallels extending from the equator towards the south pole are indicated by a negative value from 0° to -90°, where -90° is the location of the south pole. They are counted as southern latitude (S).
- On the globe, parallels are depicted as circles encircling the ball, which become smaller as they approach the poles.
- All points on the same parallel will be designated by the same latitude, but different longitudes.
On maps, based on their scale, parallels have the form of horizontal, curved stripes - the smaller the scale, the straighter the parallel strip is depicted, and the larger it is, the more curved it is.
Remember! The closer to the equator a given area is located, the smaller its latitude will be.
What is longitude and how to find it
Longitude is the amount by which the position of a given area is removed relative to Greenwich, that is, the prime meridian.
Longitude is similarly characterized by measurement in angular units, only from 0° to 180° and with a prefix - eastern or western. 
- The Greenwich Prime Meridian vertically encircles the globe of the Earth, passing through both poles, dividing it into the western and eastern hemispheres.
- Each of the parts located west of Greenwich (in the Western Hemisphere) will be designated west longitude (w.l.).
- Each of the parts distant from Greenwich to the east and located in the eastern hemisphere will bear the designation east longitude (E.L.).
- Finding each point along one meridian has the same longitude, but different latitude.
- Meridians are drawn on maps in the form of vertical stripes curved in the shape of an arc. The smaller the map scale, the straighter the meridian strip will be.
How to find the coordinates of a given point on the map
Often you have to find out the coordinates of a point that is located on the map in a square between the two nearest parallels and meridians. Approximate data can be obtained by eye by sequentially estimating the step in degrees between the mapped lines in the area of interest, and then comparing the distance from them to the desired area. For accurate calculations you will need a pencil with a ruler, or a compass. 
- For the initial data we take the designations of the parallels closest to our point with the meridian.
- Next, we look at the step between their stripes in degrees.
- Then we look at the size of their step on the map in cm.
- We measure with a ruler in cm the distance from a given point to the nearest parallel, as well as the distance between this line and the neighboring one, convert it to degrees and take into account the difference - subtracting from the larger one, or adding to the smaller one.
- This gives us the latitude.
Example! The distance between the parallels 40° and 50°, among which our area is located, is 2 cm or 20 mm, and the step between them is 10°. Accordingly, 1° is equal to 2 mm. Our point is 0.5 cm or 5 mm away from the fortieth parallel. We find the degrees to our area 5/2 = 2.5°, which must be added to the value of the nearest parallel: 40° + 2.5° = 42.5° - this is our northern latitude of the given point. In the southern hemisphere, the calculations are similar, but the result has a negative sign.
Similarly, we find longitude - if the nearest meridian is further from Greenwich, and the given point is closer, then we subtract the difference, if the meridian is closer to Greenwich, and the point is further, then we add it.
If you only have a compass at hand, then each of the segments is fixed with its tips, and the spread is transferred to the scale.
In a similar way, calculations of coordinates on the surface of the globe are carried out.
Geographical coordinates -angular values: latitude (p and longitude TO, determining the position of objects on the earth’s surface and on the map (Fig. 20).
Latitude is the angle (p between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator. Latitudes vary from 0 to 90°; in the northern hemisphere they are called northern, in the southern - southern.
Longitude - dihedral angle TO between the plane of the prime meridian and the plane of the meridian of a given point on the earth's surface. The prime meridian is taken to be the meridian passing through the center of the Greenwich Observatory (London area). The prime meridian is called Greenwich. Longitudes vary from 0 to 180°. Longitudes measured east of the Greenwich meridian are called eastern, and longitudes,. counted to the west - western.
Geographic coordinates obtained from astronomical observations are called astronomical, and coordinates obtained by geodetic methods and determined from topographic maps are called geodetic. The values of astronomical and geodetic coordinates of the same points differ slightly - in linear measures by an average of 60-90 m.
Geographic (cartographic) grid formed on the map by lines of parallels and meridians. It is used for targeting and determining the geographic coordinates of objects.
On topographic maps, the lines of parallels and meridians serve as the internal frames of the sheets; their latitudes and longitudes are signed on the corners of each sheet. On sheets of maps of the western hemisphere, the inscription “West of Greenwich” is placed in the northwestern corner of the frame.
Rice. 20.Geographic coordinates: f-latitude of point L; TO- longitude of the point A
On sheets of maps of scale 1:50000, 1:100000 and 1:200000 the intersections of average parallels and meridians are shown and their digitization in degrees and minutes is given. Using these data, the signatures of the latitudes and longitudes of the sides of the frames of the sheets cut off when gluing the map are reconstructed. In addition, along the sides of the frames inside the sheet there are small ones (2-3 mm) strokes after one minute, along which you can draw parallels and meridians on a map glued together from many sheets.
On maps of scale 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:200,000, the sides of the frames are divided into segments equal to one minute in degrees. Minute segments are shaded every other and separated by dots (with the exception of the 1:200000 scale map) into parts of 10".
On map sheets at a scale of 1:500,000, parallels are drawn through 30", and meridians through 20"; on maps at scale 1:1000000
parallels are drawn through 1°, meridians - through 40". Inside each sheet of the map, their latitudes and longitudes are signed on the lines of parallels and meridians, which make it possible to determine geographic coordinates on a large map glued together.
Definition geographic coordinates of the object on the map is carried out according to the parallels and meridians closest to it, the latitude and longitude of which are known. On maps of scale 1:25000-
|
|
1:200,000 for this it is necessary, as a rule, to first draw a parallel to the south of the object and a meridian to the west, connecting with lines the corresponding strokes along the frame of the map sheet. The latitude of the parallel and the longitude of the meridian are calculated and signed on the map (V degrees and minutes). Then the segments from the object to the parallel and the meridian are estimated in angular measure (in seconds or fractions of a minute) ( Ami And Amiin Fig. 21), comparing their linear dimensions with minute (second) intervals on the sides of the frame. Size of the segment At\ is added to the latitude of the parallel, and the segmentAmi-to the longitude of the meridian and obtain the desired geographic coordinates of the object - latitude and longitude.
In Fig. Figure 21 shows an example of determining the geographic coordinates of an object A, its coordinates: north latitude 54°35"40", east longitude 37°41"30".
Drawing an object on a map using geographic coordinates. On the western and eastern sides of the frame of the map sheet, marks corresponding to the latitude of the object are marked with dashes. The latitude count starts from the digitization of the southern side of the frame and continues at minute and second intervals. Then a parallel line to the object is drawn through these lines.
The meridian of an object is constructed in the same way, only its longitude is measured along the southern and northern sides of the frame. The intersection point of the parallel and the meridian will indicate the position of the object on the map.
In Fig. 21 provides an example of mapping an object IN at coordinates: 54°38",3 and 37°34",7.
For determining latitude It is necessary, using a triangle, to lower the perpendicular from point A to the degree frame onto the line of latitude and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds on the right or left along the latitude scale. φА= φ0+ Δφ
φА=54 0 36 / 00 // +0 0 01 / 40 //= 54 0 37 / 40 //
For determining longitude you need to use a triangle to lower a perpendicular from point A to the degree frame of the line of longitude and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds from above or below.
Determining the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map
The rectangular coordinates of the point (X, Y) on the map are determined in the square of the kilometer grid as follows: 
1. Using a triangle, perpendiculars are lowered from point A to the kilometer grid line X and Y and the values are taken XA=X0+Δ X; UA=U0+Δ U
For example, the coordinates of point A are: XA = 6065 km + 0.55 km = 6065.55 km;
UA = 4311 km + 0.535 km = 4311.535 km. (the coordinate is reduced);
Point A is located in the 4th zone, as indicated by the first digit of the coordinate at given.
9. Measuring the lengths of lines, directional angles and azimuths on the map, determining the angle of inclination of the line specified on the map.
Measuring lengths
To determine on a map the distance between terrain points (objects, objects), using a numerical scale, you need to measure on the map the distance between these points in centimeters and multiply the resulting number by the scale value. 
A small distance is easier to determine using a linear scale. To do this, it is enough to apply a measuring compass, the opening of which is equal to the distance between given points on the map, to a linear scale and take a reading in meters or kilometers. 
To measure curves, the “step” of the measuring compass is set so that it corresponds to an integer number of kilometers, and an integer number of “steps” is plotted on the segment measured on the map. The distance that does not fit into the whole number of “steps” of the measuring compass is determined using a linear scale and added to the resulting number of kilometers.
Measuring directional angles and azimuths on a map
.
We connect points 1 and 2. We measure the angle. The measurement is carried out using a protractor, it is located parallel to the median, then the angle of inclination is reported clockwise.
Determining the angle of inclination of a line specified on the map.
The determination follows exactly the same principle as finding the directional angle.
10. Direct and inverse geodetic problem on a plane. When performing computational processing of measurements taken on the ground, as well as when designing engineering structures and making calculations to transfer projects into reality, the need arises to solve direct and inverse geodetic problems. Direct geodetic problem . By known coordinates X 1 and at 1 point 1, directional angle 1-2 and distance d 1-2 to point 2 you need to calculate its coordinates X 2 ,at 2 .
|
|
Rice. 3.5. To the solution of direct and inverse geodetic problems |
The coordinates of point 2 are calculated using the formulas (Fig. 3.5): (3.4) where X,atcoordinate increments equal to
(3.5)
Inverse geodetic problem .
By known coordinates X 1 ,at 1 points 1 and X 2 ,at 2 points 2 need to calculate the distance between them d 1-2 and directional angle 1-2. From formulas (3.5) and Fig. 3.5 it is clear that. (3.6) To determine the directional angle 1-2, we use the arctangent function. At the same time, we take into account that computer programs and microcalculators give the main value of the arctangent= 
, lying in the range90+90, while the desired directional anglecan have any value in the range 0360.
The formula for transition from kdepends on the coordinate quarter in which the given direction is located or, in other words, on the signs of the differences y=y 2 y 1 and x=X 2 X 1 (see table 3.1 and figure 3.6). Table 3.1
Rice. 3.6. Directional angles and main arctangent values in the I, II, III and IV quarters
The distance between points is calculated using the formula
(3.6) or in another way - according to the formulas 
(3.7)
In particular, electronic tacheometers are equipped with programs for solving direct and inverse geodetic problems, which makes it possible to directly determine the coordinates of observed points during field measurements and calculate angles and distances for alignment work.
Video lesson “Geographical latitude and geographic longitude. Geographic Coordinates" will help you get an idea of geographic latitude and geographic longitude. The teacher will tell you how to correctly determine geographic coordinates.
Geographic latitude- arc length in degrees from the equator to a given point.
To determine the latitude of an object, you need to find the parallel on which this object is located.
For example, the latitude of Moscow is 55 degrees and 45 minutes north latitude, it is written like this: Moscow 55°45" N; latitude of New York - 40°43" N; Sydney - 33°52" S
Geographic longitude is determined by meridians. Longitude can be western (from the 0 meridian to the west to the 180 meridian) and eastern (from the 0 meridian to the east to the 180 meridian). Longitude values are measured in degrees and minutes. Geographic longitude can have values from 0 to 180 degrees.
Geographic longitude- length of the equatorial arc in degrees from the prime meridian (0 degrees) to the meridian of a given point.
The prime meridian is considered to be the Greenwich meridian (0 degrees).
Rice. 2. Determination of longitudes ()
To determine longitude, you need to find the meridian on which a given object is located.
For example, the longitude of Moscow is 37 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude, it is written like this: 37°37" east; the longitude of Mexico City is 99°08" west.
Rice. 3. Geographical latitude and geographic longitude
To accurately determine the location of an object on the surface of the Earth, you need to know its geographic latitude and geographic longitude.
Geographical coordinates- quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface using latitudes and longitudes.
For example, Moscow has the following geographic coordinates: 55°45"N and 37°37"E. The city of Beijing has the following coordinates: 39°56′ N. 116°24′ E First the latitude value is recorded.
Sometimes you need to find an object at already given coordinates; to do this, you must first guess in which hemispheres the object is located.
Homework
Paragraphs 12, 13.
1. What are geographic latitude and longitude?
Bibliography
Main
1. Basic course in geography: Textbook. for 6th grade. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.
3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6th grade: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook manual for 6th grade students. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual / A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().