If we look at this issue in more detail, an interesting detail will emerge - the very formulation of the question of the “capital” is incorrect: Switzerland simply does not have a capital! However, there is a city that performs the corresponding functions. However, first things first.
In 1848, when Switzerland transformed from a weak union of cantons into a stronger and more stable federal state and adopted a new constitution, the question arose - does Switzerland need a capital, and if so, which city is worthy of performing this honorable function? The decision was peculiar: on November 28, 1848, the Swiss parliament, consisting of two chambers - the Council of Cantons and the Council of Nationalities - voted on Bern as the seat of residence. However, no official document calls Bern the capital (Hauptstadt). The name of Bern's status sounds like “Bundesstadt”, which can be translated as “city of federal significance”. That is, Bern is actually the capital of Switzerland, but this status is not legally secured. Even the Swiss constitution does not have the concept of “capital of Switzerland”. Article 108 merely confirms that the federal government, as well as federal departments and institutions, are located in the “federal city of Bern”.
At the same time, parliamentarians were chosen from 3 cities: Zurich, Bern and Lucerne. More precisely, there were significantly more candidate cities, but these three made it to the final round of voting. Zurich had the best infrastructure at that time, but it was already the unofficial center of Switzerland, and parliamentarians did not want to further strengthen its position. Lucerne is located in the center of Switzerland, but the population of the city had a negative attitude towards the new constitution; in Lucerne it was adopted only by a minimal majority of votes. Bern lagged behind in terms of infrastructure, but was strategically located - very close to the French-speaking part of Switzerland. In addition, the city government promised to provide workspaces for the federal government and parliament completely free of charge.
On election day, November 28, 1848, Bern won the first round of voting. 58 members of the Council of Nationalities (lower house of parliament) and 21 members of the Council of Cantons (upper house) voted for it. Zurich took 2nd place and Lucerne 3rd.
In the 90s, Switzerland began to implement the so-called “decentralization program”, the purpose of which was to reduce the concentration of government agencies in Bern. As a result, the Federal Bureau of Statistics BFS moved to the city of Neuenburg (French name - Neufchatel), the Federal Office of Communications BAKOM to Biel (French Bienne), and the Federal Office of Housing BWO to the city of Grenchen. This decentralization also affected the judiciary: the Federal Administrative Court moved from Bern to eastern Switzerland, to.
Bern was founded in 1191. The city has 139,211 inhabitants (January 2015). This is a very modest amount by Russian standards. But in Switzerland, Bern, together with Lausanne, is one of the largest cities in the country.
Bern's old town was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983. And in September 2009, Dmitry Medvedev and his wife Svetlana, who arrived on an official visit to Switzerland, gave Bern two bear cubs who were born and raised in the Ussuri taiga. This gift is very symbolic: the image of a bear appears both on the coat of arms and flag of the city of Bern, and on the coat of arms and flag of the canton of Bern.
Switzerland is a country that attracts tourists all year round. It has elegant cities with a unique flavor and famous resorts with comfortable hotels. Nature has generously given Switzerland magnificent mountains, clean transparent lakes and amazing hillsides. The country is home to picturesque nature with beautiful landscapes and famous creations of mankind. Every visitor to the country will find something he likes thanks to the availability of relaxing and active recreation. And every guest will remember the sights of wonderful Switzerland forever.
General information
- The official name of the country is the Swiss Confederation.
- The capital of the country is the city of Bern.
- Form of government – federal republic
- The state is located in Western Europe. Switzerland has borders with France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country is landlocked.
- The area of the territory is 41.3 thousand square meters. km.
- The largest cities are Bern, Geneva, Zurich, Lucerne, Basel, Lausanne, Lugano.
- The country's population is about 7 million people.
- The official languages are French, German, Italian, Romansh.
- The main religions are Catholicism and Protestantism.
- The official currency is the Swiss franc.
- Time zone UTC+1.
Climate
It is as contrasting as nature. In Switzerland both the tropics and the Arctic meet. The Alps act as a climate barrier, and they also influence the climate. In the northern and central parts, winters are harsh due to the influence of the Atlantic, while in the southern part the climate is sunny, mild and Mediterranean. The weather varies significantly in different parts of the Alps. Frequent rains are typical for high mountain areas. Sunny and relatively dry prevails in the alpine valleys. In general, the climate of Switzerland moderate. This country is not characterized by extremes of cold, heat or humidity. The temperature in July-August is 18-27 °C, and in January-February it ranges from -1 to 5 °C. Location above sea level affects temperature.
Brief history
The country got its name from one small canton Schwyz. In 1291, the leaders of the cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden met and formed an alliance against the House of Habsburg - this refers to the founding of the Swiss state. Afterwards, other regions and cities joined, wishing to maintain their independence.
Excavations that were already carried out in modern Switzerland indicate that this area was also inhabited during the cave period, even though the weather was then much harsher and colder. In 107 BC. e. Roman tribes appeared in this territory, but due to the mountainous terrain they did not completely conquer it. They were supplanted already in the 5th century by the German tribe of Atelmans. In 1032, the area of the state was united with the Roman Empire. Centralized control and order were still a long way off. The situation changed when Habsburg family came to power. In the future, this dynasty became very powerful in Central Europe.
The local aristocracy decided in 1291 that the time had come to gain independence. They soon achieved success: in 1499 the country gained independence from the Roman Empire, and gained victory over the forces of Venice and France in 1515. But the Swiss had to realize that victory over large states that were superior in weapons and numbers could not be achieved. Therefore, they abandoned the expansion of lands and proclaimed neutrality.
In Europe, the Reformation began in 1517. Massive discontent among various segments of the European population was the main reason for the religious movement. Even though the central part of Switzerland was Catholic, Protestant teachings quickly spread throughout the country. When confrontations Christian movements developed into the “Thirty Years' War” - a serious armed conflict that to one degree or another affected all European countries, Switzerland took the neutral side and closed its borders. Still, she could not avoid trouble: Napoleon Bonaparte’s army captured Switzerland in 1798. It was not until 1815 that the French were expelled from Swiss lands.
A federal constitution was adopted in Switzerland in 1848. To resolve state issues, they began to convene a federal assembly, and the capital of the country became Berne. Switzerland, having gained stability, began to deal with economic and social problems. Massive construction of railways and roads opened access to the Alpine regions, which attracted thousands of tourists to the state.
Global events of the 20th century ignored Switzerland. In World War I, her participation was in the creation of Red Cross units. And World War II brought new financial flows to the country. German capital was kept in Swiss banks. At a time when European countries were recovering from hostilities, Switzerland continued its industrial and economic development. International organizations have their own headquarters in Geneva, and in Zurich international insurance and banking centers.
Attractions
Ancient castles, cities, monuments and resorts in Switzerland allow tourists to choose the best. Mountain, excursion, ecological, medical, winter and other types of tourism are widespread in the country.
IN Zurich with interesting Gothic architecture, it is recommended to visit the Grüssmünster and Fraumünster churches, Bahnhofstrasse, and take a walk along the lake. IN Lucerne you need to walk along the streets with painted houses, stroll along a wooden bridge with frescoes. Can be seen in Geneva A 140-meter fountain that gushes from Lake Geneva, St. Peter's Cathedral, the headquarters of international organizations. IN Montreux You can visit Chillon Castle. It is recommended to familiarize yourself with the Swiss thermal springs, primarily Leukerbard, Yverdon and Bad Ragaz. Each ski resort has its own advantages. Zermatt is a famous resort, where the famous “falling” track from an altitude of 2627 m is located. St. Moritz there are more than 350 km of slopes and 60 lifts, in Saas-Fee There is a glacier on which people ski in the summer. It won't take any trouble Interlaken reach the top of the Jungfrau.
National cuisine
For gourmets, Switzerland is a real paradise. Swiss food, like the nation, is a symbiosis of German, Italian and French cuisines. Given the apparent diversity of tastes in different parts of the Alpine country, the inhabitants have at least two symbols of the highest quality - these are cheese and chocolate. Almost every canton has its own varieties.
Amid the diet craze delights of Swiss chefs may seem inappropriate. Fragrant potatoes, golden-brown sausages, melted cheese, delicious gravy - it’s simply impossible to resist these delicacies.
Fondue and raclette- These are Swiss dishes made from melted cheese. Fondue was first prepared in Neuchâtel. Raclette is served on a heated plate. During a tour to Switzerland, you must try Zurich-style chopped veal with traditional Swiss potatoes. In the vicinity of Lake Geneva, guests will be offered fried perch fillets. It is served with lemon wedges, and boiled potatoes will be on the side.
Minestrone soup is a thick vegetable soup that is unusual and very tasty. It contains potatoes, tomatoes, rice, beans, peas, carrots, leeks, cauliflower and grated cheese. This soup is a traditional dish in Ticino. Grisons barley soup is another famous first course. It is made from smoked beef, cabbage and, of course, barley.
To try an amazing dessert, you should take a vacation to Switzerland. "Zuger Kirshtort"- This is a cherry cake made from puff pastry and the most delicate buttercream. It is sprinkled with nuts and soaked in cherry liqueur.
Amazing in its diversity and Swiss wines. This is the freshness of aromas and a rich palette of tastes. Currently, Swiss wines win top prizes and receive the highest ratings at international competitions. “Merlot” (Ticino), “Dol” (Valais), “Fendan” (Valais), “Aminier” (Valais) are original and expressive Swiss wines.
Fresh unfiltered beer loved by the local population. In addition to it, the Swiss drink various drinks and the strongest schnapps. The culture of consumption and the tradition of schnapps production came from Germany. In cold weather, locals drink the Café Ferzig drink, the recipe of which consists of one-third schnapps and two-thirds coffee. It is served in a glass with a curved stem.
Customs and orders
In Switzerland, ancient customs are treated very carefully. Many traditions are local and exist only in certain cantons.
Singing competitions in Zurich or Basel Carnival- These are famous folklore holidays. In the spring, a trip to the Alps will be interesting, when peasants move their cattle to pasture. This ordinary event turns into a small celebration. Cow fights in Nizhny Val are the main event of this holiday. Residents of Catholic cantons are distinguished by their adherence to ancient customs.
The people in Switzerland are hospitable and friendly. There is order and cleanliness literally everywhere. The Swiss respect punctuality and friendliness, so they expect the same from others. The country values comfort and convenience.
Local residents value their privacy, so they behave inconspicuously and quietly in crowded places. In a restaurant or train, loud conversation will be perceived negatively and considered bad manners. There is no need to be afraid of being in a sparsely populated area at night, because the country has a deep concern for order and security.
Purchases
Undoubtedly, Swiss products are a symbol of quality. Stylish and expensive can describe shopping in Zurich. Central Bahnhofstrasse street there is an abundance of bright and expensive shop windows. The entire one and a half kilometer of the street can be walked at a leisurely pace in about 30 minutes. During this time you can get from the simplest shops to luxury boutiques.
Traditionally sales seasons in Switzerland they take place in mid-summer and before Christmas. This is very beneficial for tourists, because in winter the country invites ski lovers to the steep slopes, and in summer it is a paradise for those who love hiking and cycling. During the sales season, you can purchase goods with a discount of more than 50%.
Swiss watch is a product that deserves special attention. Popular watch brands can be bought in the country at reasonable prices. Switzerland offers a wide selection of watches from famous companies.
An equally famous delicacy is swiss chocolate. A true lover of sweets simply must try the creations of Swiss chocolatiers. Chocolate in the country is represented by different varieties and a variety of colorful packaging.
Pocket knives- This is another popular Swiss-made product. Quality and functionality are the main features of a knife. Over twenty different tools and blades can fit in the handle. How much this needs to be judged by users.
The symbol of Switzerland is a cow grazing in alpine meadows. The main souvenir is associated with this image - bells. Other Swiss souvenirs that tourists can bring home are wood crafts, music boxes, ceramics and other crafts, as well as books and antiques.
The credo of Swiss stores is friendly staff and excellent service. The buyer in any store will be served at the highest level.
Switzerland is a small country, but an amazing one. If there is a corner of security and tranquility in the world, then this is it - a symbol of prosperity and prestige, a country with spectacular ski resorts, the most stable banks, the most accurate watches and the most delicious cheese in the world. Coming again and again to Switzerland, travelers will be able to discover something new every time.
is a mountainous country located in southern Central Europe, in the heart of the Alps. It borders with Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein.
The name comes from the name of the canton of Schwyz, derived from the Old German “to burn”.
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Capital: Berne
The area of the land: 41.3 thousand sq. km
Total Population: 8.6 million people
Administrative division: Switzerland is a federation of 23 cantons (3 of them are divided into half-cantons).
Form of government: Federal parliamentary republic. Each canton has its own constitution, parliament and government.
Head of State: The president is elected by parliament for a year from among the members of the government.
Population composition: 65% are Germans, 18% are French, 10% are Italians and 1% are Romansh.
Official language: German, French, Italian and Romansh are the national and official languages of the Swiss Confederation.
Religion: 50% are Catholics, 48% are Protestants.
Internet domain: .ch
Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz
Country dialing code: +41
Country barcode: 760-769
Climate
Switzerland belongs to the temperate continental climate region. But, speaking about the climate of this country, it should be borne in mind that about 60% of its territory is occupied by mountains, so here you can get from winter to summer in two hours. The Alps are a kind of barrier that prevents the flow of cold Arctic masses to the south, and warm subtropical masses to the north.
In the northern cantons, winter is mild and lasts about 3 months: from December to February. At this time, the minimum temperature is -1...-4, maximum +2...+5 degrees. In summer (from June to August) at night it is usually +11...+13 degrees, during the daytime the air warms up to +22...+25 degrees. There is quite a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Their maximum occurs in the summer (up to 140 mm per month), the minimum from January to March (slightly more than 60 mm per month).
In the south, winter temperatures are almost the same, and summer temperatures are higher. The average minimum temperature is +13...+16, the average maximum +26...+28. There is even more precipitation in this area. From March to November, more than 100 mm of precipitation falls per month, and from June to August this amount approaches 200 mm. The least precipitation falls in January and February (about 60 mm).
The weather in the mountains depends on the altitude of the area. In the highlands it is snowy in winter. The temperature most of the year (from October to May) is negative both at night and during the day. In the coldest months (January and February), at night the temperature drops to -10...-15, during the day - to -5...-10. It is warmest in July and August (2...7 degrees at night, 5...10 degrees during the day). The maximum snow depth is usually observed in early April. At an altitude of 700 meters it lasts 3 months, 1000 meters - 4.5 months, 2500 meters - 10.5 months.
Geography
Swiss Confederation, a state in Central Europe. The government system is a federal republic. The area of the country is 41.3 thousand square meters. km. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, and in the east with Austria and Liechtenstein. The northern border is partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which begins in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura Mountains, the southern border along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The capital of Switzerland is Bern.
The Jura Mountains, the Swiss Plateau (the so-called "middle zone") and the Alps are the three main geographical regions of the country.
Most of the country is located in the Alps. The average height of the mountains is 1,700 m. The snow limit lies at an altitude of 2,500 m. The Swiss Alps have about 100 mountains with a height of 4,000 m or more, as well as about 1,800 glaciers. The second highest mountains in Switzerland are the Jura. These mountains became famous thanks to excavations, which resulted in the discovery of numerous dinosaur remains. It was from the excavation site in the limestone Jura Mountains that the name of the geological period was given.
In Switzerland you can find everything that is found in Europe. It has gathered within its borders all the captivating contrasts characteristic of this continent, offering the attention and senses of the traveler a rare combination of natural and man-made attractions.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
About 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with forests. The composition of forests depends on the altitude above sea level. In the area of the Swiss Plateau, up to an altitude of 800 m, broad-leaved forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, and linden predominate. Above 1000 m, the broad-leaved species that remain are mainly beech; spruces, pines, and firs appear. And starting from an altitude of 1800 m, the main place is occupied by coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch. At the highest altitudes (up to 2800 m) there are subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azalea, and juniper.
The Swiss plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, with pine mixed in in some places. On the southern slope of the Alps the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the mountain slopes, coniferous forests grow, forming a transition zone between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). Crocuses and daffodils are typical for alpine flowers in spring, and rhododendrons, saxifrage, gentians and edelweiss in summer.
Animal world
The fauna is greatly depleted. While snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tier of the mountains as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. The Swiss National Park, located near the border with Austria, is home to roe deer and chamois, and less commonly, alpine ibex and fox; Ptarmigan and several species of birds of prey are also found. There are numerous reserves and sanctuaries.
In the mountains there are fox, hare, chamois, marten, alpine marmot, and birds - capercaillie, thrush, swift, and snow finch. Along the shores of the lakes you can find seagulls, and in the lakes you can find trout, char, whitefish, and grayling.
Attractions
Switzerland is an example of a classic tourist country - elegant cities and famous resorts with cozy hotels, majestic mountains, pristine lakes and picturesque hillsides. Here, all the beauties of nature and outstanding creations of human hands are concentrated in a small space.
The country is replete with small towns with unique flavor, such as Biel - the “watch capital” with two official languages, the famous Solothurn - a city with Baroque buildings and many cultural monuments, Chur - the oldest city in Switzerland (2500 BC). ), Disentis with an interesting Benedictine monastery and museum (8th century), Münster with a Benedictine nunnery (8th century, UNESCO protected cultural monument), Guarda and Splügen - typical Alpine villages with many beautiful "chalets", the birthplace of Le Corbusier - La Chaux-de-Fonds with its International Watch Museum, Afoltern and Emmental, where the famous cheese exhibitions are held, or Romont with its Swiss Museum of Glass Painting. Each such town has a unique charm and deserves special attention.
Banks and currency
Swiss franc (CHF), equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins in 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.
Banks and currency exchange are open from 8.00 to 16.00 (some until 17.00 - 18.00) on weekdays, break from 12.00 to 14.00. Once a week banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8.00 to 22.00, often around the clock.
Many stores accept convertible currencies, and all major credit cards and traveler's checks are accepted. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at exchange offices of large department stores, airports and at some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is overvalued.
Useful information for tourists
There are no endemic infectious diseases in Switzerland. Vaccinations against such are not required upon entry, with the exception of those who have been in an epidemic area 14 days before arriving in Switzerland. Swiss medical institutions are among the best in the world. For a doctor's visit or hospitalization, you must pay a deposit in cash, traveler's checks, or provide medical insurance. You will be sent an invoice after your hospitalization, but you may be asked to pay on the spot.
The most popular items among buyers are jewelry, watches and chocolate. All major jewelry companies have their representative office in Geneva. For Switzerland, watches have become the embodiment of precision, elegance, and a kind of world standard.
It is usually not customary to tip, except in restaurants, where the tip is 10% of the order price. We advise you to read the bill carefully, not to save money, but to respect tradition, and never exceed a 10% tip. They are handed over only after the change to the centime is brought.
The official name is the Swiss Confederation (Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Confederation Suisse, Confederazione Svizzera, Swiss Confederation). Located in Central Europe. Area 41.29 thousand km2, population 7.3 million people. (2002). Official languages are German, French, Italian. The capital is Bern (112.5 thousand people, 2001). National holiday - Day of the creation of the Swiss Confederation on August 1 (since 1291). The monetary unit is the Swiss franc.
Member of 67 international organizations, incl. UN (since 2002), OECD, UNCTAD, WTO, etc.
Sights of Switzerland
Geography of Switzerland
Located between 8°00′ east longitude and 47°00′ north latitude. The country is landlocked. It borders on the east with Austria (164 km) and Liechtenstein (41 km), on the north with Germany (334 km), on the west with France (573 km), on the south with Italy (740 km). The country's landscape is mainly mountainous: 58.5% of the entire territory (south, southeast, center) is occupied by the Alps, 10% by the Jura Mountains (northwest), the rest falls on the Swiss Plateau (Mittelland), which is located between two main mountain arrays. The highest mountains: Peak Dufour (4638 m), Finsteraarhorn peak (4275 m).
Main rivers: Rhine (within the country - 375 km), Rhone (264 km), Ticino (91 km) - a tributary of the river. Po, Inn (104 km) - tributary of the Danube River. There are a large number of lakes on the Swiss Plateau, the largest: Geneva (581 km2), Constance (538.5 km2). The country's soils are not naturally fertile. In high mountain areas the soil cover is not continuous and is replete with rubble. The Swiss Plateau has brown forest and alluvial soils that are relatively fertile.
In the plant world, the influence of vertical zoning is clearly expressed. Up to an altitude of 800 m, cultivated vegetation (meadows, gardens, vineyards) predominates. At an altitude of 0.8-1.8 thousand meters there are deciduous and coniferous forests (they occupy a quarter of the entire territory of the country). Above 2 thousand meters alpine meadows begin.
The fauna is included within the European-Siberian subregion of the Palearctic region. Found (mainly in nature reserves): bear, wolf, hare, deer and mountain goat. In the highlands there are chamois and alpine marmot. The country's climate is also characterized by vertical zonation. On the Swiss Plateau - moderately warm and humid; in the valleys of the southern slope of the Alps - it approaches the Mediterranean; in high mountains it is cold and wet (snow usually does not melt even in summer).
Mineral resources include: hydro resources, timber and rock salt.
Population of Switzerland
Dynamics of population growth since mid. 1950s quite active - the increase occurred by 46% (in 1950 - 5 million people). At the same time, the annual increase reaches 2.4‰ (2002). Net influx of immigrants - 1.37‰. Birth rate 9.84‰, mortality 8.79‰, infant mortality 4.42 people. per 1000 newborns. The average life expectancy is 79.86 years, incl. men 76.98 years, women 82.89 years (2002).
Age structure of the population: 0-14 years - 16.8%, 15-64 years - 67.7%, 65 years and older - 15.5%. The average ratio of men to women is 0.97, but at the age of 65 years and older women predominate - 0.69. The educational level of the population is high. Over the age of 15, 99% of the country's population can read and write. Ethnic composition: Germans (65%), French (18%), Italians (10%) and Romansh (1%). Spoken languages: German-Swiss (High German dialect) - 63.7%, Franco-Swiss (Provençal French dialect) - 19.2%, Italo-Swiss (Lombard dialect of Italian) - 7.6%, Romansh (Graubund dialect) Romanized Rhineland tribes) - 0.6%.
Among believers, Catholics have a slight advantage (46.1%) compared to Protestants (40%).
History of Switzerland
On the territory of modern Switzerland in the 2nd century. BC. lived the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii (after their name the country was called Helvetia in ancient times). Then these lands were conquered by the troops of Julius Caesar (58 BC) and were included in the Roman Empire. In the 3rd-5th centuries. AD The German tribe of the Alemanni began to constantly invade this territory, gradually occupying the entire eastern part. In the 2nd half. 5th century the western regions went to the Burgundians. In the 6th century. these territories became part of the Frankish state. After its collapse (843), the eastern part went to Germany (which later became the core of the Holy Roman Empire), and the western part to Burgundy (this division mainly corresponded to linguistic and ethnic differences).
In 1033 both parts were included in the Holy Roman Empire. Large feudal estates (counties and duchies) began to appear. In the east, the Habsburgs seized dominant positions, in the west - the Savoy counts. But some influential cities (Geneva, Zurich and Bern), as well as the “forest cantons” (Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden) managed to achieve special imperial rights, i.e. gain actual independence.
The Swiss Confederation arose in 1291 as a result of an alliance treaty between the three "forest cantons" to jointly fight for independence against Habsburg rule. Another attempt to subjugate them again ended in the defeat of the imperial troops at Margarten (in 1315), after which other cantons (Lucerne, Zurich, Zug, Glarus and Bern) began to join the alliance of the winners. Thus, a union of 8 cantons arose, which continued the struggle for independence. In 1388 the Habsburgs were forced to make peace on terms very favorable to the Swiss Union.
In long and almost continuous wars, Swiss military skill reached a high level. In the 14th-16th centuries. the confederation even became the main supplier of mercenary soldiers in the armies of many leading European countries. In con. 15th century Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I made another attempt to make the union of the Swiss cantons dependent again. However, this Swiss (or Swabian) war ended in the complete defeat of the imperial troops. In the concluded agreement (dated 1511), the Swiss Union completely dissolved its connection with the empire and was defined as an independent state (this act received international recognition at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648).
In subsequent years, the territorial expansion of the confederation continued (by 1798 it already included 13 cantons). The process of gradual organizational restructuring of the union began. Within the confederation, there was no permanent central governing body; it was replaced by periodically held Sejms, in which only “full-fledged cantons” had the right to vote. Along with them, there were “allied lands” (Geneva, St. Galen, etc.) and even “subordinate territories” (Aargau, Ticino, etc.). The latter were completely powerless. Contradictions between the participants in the “union of cantons” led to constant struggle and even armed clashes.
The first attempt to create a central government and proclaim the equality of all cantons was made within the framework of the Helvetic Republic (1798), created with the assistance of France. But after the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire, the Swiss Diet adopted (in 1814) a new version of the union treaty on the confederation of the cantons, which again significantly limited the competencies of the central government. The Congress of Vienna (1814 - 15) approved this treaty, the principle of “permanent neutrality” of Switzerland, as well as the accession of new cantons to the confederation (their total number increased to 22).
At the same time, the supreme power, which was again transferred to the Sejm, became less and less effective. In 1832, 7 of the most economically developed cantons (Zurich, Bern, etc.) created the so-called. “Siebenbund” (“Union of Seven”), which demanded a revision of the union treaty (dated 1814). In contrast, in 1845 the “Sonderbund” (“Special Union”) arose, which also included 7 cantons, but economically less developed ones with a feudal-clerical society (Schwyz, Uri, etc.). Contradictions grew between the opposing alliances and even a civil war began (November - December 1847), which ended in the victory of the bourgeois forces.
In 1848, a new Constitution of the country was adopted, on the basis of which the Swiss Confederation turned from a fragile union of cantons into a single union state. Instead of the Diet, a Federal Assembly was established, consisting of the National Council and the Council of State (Council of the Cantons). Executive power was transferred to the Federal Council (i.e. the government). In 1874, changes were made to the Constitution that significantly expanded the competence of the central government, incl. allowing the establishment of state supervision over the activities of the church.
The completed centralization contributed to faster economic development of the country. A single internal market emerged (customs and post offices were united, the monetary system was unified, etc.). Light industry, watch production began to grow at a rapid pace, and eventually. 19th century the emergence of mechanical engineering began. The main prerequisites for the industrialization of the country were the accumulation of capital as a result of intermediary operations in the international financial sphere, a significant influx of technical intelligentsia and skilled labor from neighboring leading European countries. A significant role was played by growing income from the resort and tourism sector, which gradually turned into one of the leading sectors of the national economy.
A large-scale change in the general appearance of the country (as a “quiet and cozy alpine paradise”) was facilitated by increased activity in the formation of new transport infrastructure. Railway construction became of great importance, with the opening of two major tunnels: St. Gotthard (1882) and Simplon (1906). The country gradually turned into the most important European transport crossroads (especially between the North and South of the continent). This factor turned out to be one of the most important in the formation of new “production niches” of the country, focused mainly on world markets. Particularly intensive development of specialized branches of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and chemistry (especially pharmaceuticals) began.
During the 1st and 2nd World Wars, Switzerland remained neutral, but its Armed Forces were very active in protecting national borders (for example, during the 2nd World War, over 200 aircraft were shot down (or interned) in the country's airspace warring countries). Of course, during these wars the country received huge income from fulfilling not only large production orders, but also large-scale intermediary financial transactions.
Modern Switzerland is one of the most highly developed countries in the world. Reliance on the basic principles of “eternal neutrality” allowed it to create an effective democratic society characterized by political stability and economic prosperity. Switzerland has made a particularly significant contribution to the formation of the religious and educational image of modern Europe and the whole world.
Government and political system of Switzerland
Switzerland is a federal republic, the country has a Constitution adopted on May 29, 1874. Switzerland includes 26 cantons (Aargau, Appenzell Ausser - Roden, Appenzell Inner - Roden, Basel - Landscape, Basel - Stadt, Bern, Friborg, Geneva, Glarus, Graubunden, Jura, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Torgau, Ticino, Uri, Wallis, Vaud, Zug, Zurich). The largest cities (thousand people): Bern, Zurich (337.9), Geneva (175), Basel (166), Lausanne (114.9).
The principles of public administration of the country differ in some features. The head of state and government (i.e. the Federal Council) is the president. Since January 2003, this position has been occupied by P. Couchepin, the vice-president is R. Metzler. They are elected by the Federal Assembly for 1 year from the members of the Federal Council (it consists of 7 people), which is also formed by it, but for 4 years. The Federal Council includes representatives of the four parties that received the largest number of votes in the elections to the Federal Assembly (two representatives each from the first three parties and one from the last fourth).
The bicameral Federal Assembly consists of the Council of State (i.e. the Council of the Cantons, 46 members elected for 4-year terms) and the National Council (200 deputies elected by direct popular vote based on proportional representation for 4-year terms). The last elections to the Council of State took place in 1999 (in different months in each canton), to the National Council on October 24, 1999.
The largest number of votes in the last elections to the National Council were given to: the Swiss People's Party (SVP) - 22.6%, the Social Democratic Party (SPS) - 22.5%, the Radical Free Democratic Party (FDP) - 19.9 % and the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) - 15.8%. They account for 80.8% of all votes (the Big Four won all the seats in the State Council).
The highest judicial power is exercised by the Federal Supreme Court. Its members are elected by the Federal Assembly (for 6 years).
The peculiarities of the functioning of the executive and legislative powers are manifested primarily in the annual automatic rotation of heads of state (and government). Switzerland is the only European country in which the principle of a “system of correspondence” of socio-political movements operates. This allows representatives of the “big four” political parties included in the Federal Council to lead the state for a very specific period and pursue their own policies. But in order to succeed in implementing their concept, socio-political parties temporarily at the head of the state must rely on the principles of constant compromise. They need to reach agreement with other members of the Federal Council, who will inevitably also temporarily lead the state.
The “system of correspondence”, which involves various parties in the process of forming national strategic goals, thus prevents unexpected changes in concepts in the social development of the country; it is able to absorb conflicts and tensions that must inevitably arise in a country with many national mentalities and different religions. This process usually develops complexly and slowly, but it is considered one of the main factors ensuring sustainable political stability and identity in the country.
The second feature can be considered the functioning of the principle of a unique Swiss political culture in the form of direct democracy. This system allows every citizen to be directly involved in solving public problems at the cantonal and federal levels. To hold a popular referendum, it is necessary to collect at least 50 thousand signatures to make a decision on the legal provision being developed and 100 thousand to make changes to existing legal norms. When holding national referendums, it is necessary to ensure a majority not only of the population, but also of the cantons.
Leading business associations also have a serious influence on the formation of the basic principles of the functioning of Swiss society. At the same time, the Swiss Union of Industrialists and Traders stands out (it arose in 1870), which constantly guides the main directions of the country’s strategic economic growth. The emphasis is on increasing the share of capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive products in national production. The Association of Swiss Bankers has an equally significant influence on the formation of society. It makes great efforts to maintain the prestigious level of this sector in the global economy. It is especially important to show the inconsistency of the international myth about the so-called. dwarfs of Zurich, who, deep in their dungeons, provide a “safe haven” for not entirely conscientious investors.
The main strategic goal of domestic policy is to ensure the sustainability of socio-economic development, the stability of the political system and the identity of the country's population. The importance of this problem is determined by the fact that within the Swiss Confederation there is no single common language and national culture. Switzerland unites three leading Eurocontinental ethnic groups, each of which is adjacent to neighboring large countries with a related mentality. Therefore, the main emphasis in solving internal problems is on observing the equal rights of minorities.
The most important mechanism for the consolidation of Swiss society is considered to be the active use of the postulates of the “compliance system” at all levels. The shock-absorbing ability of this principle of government was quite clearly demonstrated during the integration of the radical nationalist party of the famous Swiss multimillionaire K. Blocher into the government coalition (within the Federal Council). Using populist nationalist slogans (about 19% of the country's total population are foreigners - the highest European figure), this party received almost 1/5 of all votes in the last elections. However, the entry of representatives of national radicals to the highest level of government did not lead to the destruction of the unshakable stability of the country’s socio-political system.
In foreign policy, the most radical changes occurred in March 2002 - Switzerland became a member of the UN. For many years, the Alpine Republic, based on the principles of “permanent neutrality,” avoided membership not only in NATO, the EU, but even in the UN. True, she was a member of some specialized agencies of this organization, and often adhered to the economic sanctions it imposed. The country's attempt to join the UN in 1986 was blocked in a popular referendum; 75% of Swiss citizens were against it. But in March 2002, more than half voted positively, and Switzerland became the 190th member of the UN.
The main reason for such a decisive change in the principles of foreign policy is related to economic factors. The volume of products (and services) produced abroad by leading industrial and financial corporations already significantly exceeds national indicators. Under these conditions, the preservation of the “traditional Alpine isolation” began to threaten Swiss competitiveness in world markets.
The situation is more complicated with the country’s accession to the EU, which accounts for the overwhelming volume of foreign economic turnover. But, according to Swiss analysts, this is more a political issue than an economic one. Believe it's ok. 90% of all economic problems arising from non-entry into the EU have already been resolved as a result of a bilateral agreement (Switzerland - EU) within the European Economic Area. We are talking primarily about establishing the principle of freedom of movement of goods, capital, labor and patents (licenses).
Serious objections to the country's possible entry into the EU are associated with the need to adapt the existing Swiss socio-political system to European norms. The gradual elimination of the basic rather specific postulates of the country’s government (automatic annual rotation of heads of state, “direct democracy” through nationwide referendums, etc.) could damage the identity of the Swiss population and traditional socio-political stability. Recent polls (2002) showed that only 1/3 of the population is in favor of joining the EU, 1/3 is categorically against it, and finally, the rest believe that with their “head” they approve of this process, but their “heart” is strongly against accession to this organization.
The country's armed forces are considered the largest in Europe. The Swiss regular army numbers approx. 360 thousand people (and in conditions of mobilization it can be increased to 500 thousand people within 48 hours). It consists of the Ground Forces, the Air Force, border guards and fortification units (personnel of mountain bunkers). The annual conscription into the army is 42.6 thousand people. (2002). Military spending is $2.5 billion, which is 1% of GDP.
The reserve army is formed on the basis of a “militia system”, according to which a part of the male population (aged 20-24 years) is regularly called up as recruits for military service (18 weeks). The second group consists of reservists who can be called up in conditions of full mobilization. All those liable for military service receive uniforms, weapons, necessary ammunition and even a bicycle for safekeeping at home so that they can independently arrive at their destination in full combat readiness.
Such a large-scale militarization of public life in the Alpine Republic is based on well-defined historical traditions. The centuries-old struggle for independence, the long period of participation of Swiss “mercenary soldiers” as the most professionally trained personnel of many European armies, etc. - all this contributed to the introduction into the public consciousness of the importance of military service to ensure the security and well-being of the confederation. In addition, the army is a kind of symbol of the “Swiss identity” of the inhabitants of this country.
And yet in the end. 2002 began a large-scale military reform, according to which by the end. 2004 The regular army should be reduced threefold (to 120 thousand people). Accordingly, there will be a decrease in the number of recruits (up to 20 thousand people) and reservists (up to 80 thousand people). But it is assumed that military spending will not be reduced. They will be used in large quantities for the development and implementation of the latest military equipment.
Economy of Switzerland
Switzerland is a technologically highly developed country with a market economy. The enterprise is focused on the production of high-quality specialized products (within its own “production niche”), most of which are intended for sale on the world market (its own “marketing niche”). The country continues to be one of the world's largest financial centers focused on serving foreign investors.
The country's economic growth rates are traditionally more stable and moderate compared to the European average - 1.5-2% per year. They are less dependent on the state of the economic situation, since the country is dominated by the production of durable goods (and services). GDP volume is $231 billion (2002), which is 0.7-0.8% of world production. GDP per capita 31.7 thousand dollars. Employment 4 million people. (2001), unemployment - 1.9%, inflation - 0.5% (2002).
Sectoral structure of the economy by contribution to GDP: agriculture - 2%, industry - 34%, service sector - 64%; by number of employees: agriculture - 5%, industry - 26%, service sector - 69% (2002). The features of the economic structure are more clearly identified at the corporate level.
The international appearance of Switzerland's modern industrial structure is determined by a relatively small group of corporations. These are primarily pharmaceutical manufacturers, food giant Nestle and the banking and insurance sector. Pharmaceuticals are the undisputed leader of the Swiss industry. Its position is especially strong in the production of antipyretic drugs, vitamins, anti-cancer interferon, and drugs for the treatment of AIDS. Switzerland accounts for approx. 10% of world production of medicines and almost 30% of world exports. The enterprises employ 85 thousand people. (including 26.5 thousand people within the country). The share of pharmaceutical products in national exports is 20%.
The second basis of the Swiss international “production niche” is made up of specialized mechanical engineering companies (special industrial equipment, precision machines, medical equipment, watch production, etc.). The share of mechanical engineering in the value of national exports is approx. 44%. The number of people employed in the industry is approx. 1 million people (including within the country - 332.7 thousand people). Medium and small specialized firms predominate (approx. 4.2 thousand). In terms of the value of exported engineering products, Switzerland ranks 7th in the world and is among the top five in the world for exports of machine tool products.
There are 644 companies operating in the watch industry, employing approx. 39.5 thousand people Share of products in national exports approx. 7.7%. Switzerland remains the world's leading manufacturer of high-quality watch products. Switzerland's share in the volume of manufactured products (27.8 million units) is relatively small (7% of the world market), but in terms of the value of watch products (approx. $6.5 billion), the country remains an unattainable leader (52% of the world market).
The latest trends in modern global mechanical engineering (nanotechnology, software, medical equipment, etc.) have allowed Switzerland to quite clearly define its new “production niche.” Based on a number of traditional areas of national industrial specialization (pharmaceutical and precision watchmaking), the largest European cluster of “medical-tech producers” is being formed in the country. According to the OECD, Switzerland was recognized as the country with the best prospects for global success in knowledge-intensive industries (2001).
The country's banking and insurance sector is also a traditional specialization of the Swiss economy. Almost 1/3 of the annual global volume of financial transactions occurs in Switzerland (approx. $2.0-2.5 trillion).
There are 375 banks in the country (2000), incl. so-called grossbanks (large joint stock companies), cantonal and regional (public ownership), private banks (family ownership), etc. Their total closing balance is CHF 2.1 trillion. fr. (2000), the number of employees is 112 thousand people, the tax contribution provides 12% of all revenues to the state budget. Mainly gross banks (UBS, Credit Suisse), as well as leading private banks (Baloise - capitalization $5 billion, Iulius Baer - $3.5 billion, Vontobcl - $1.9 billion, etc.) are involved in cross-border asset management. ). Cantonal banks are focused mainly on servicing domestic financial transactions.
The main current problem for Swiss banks is related to the growing international claims regarding their use of the principle of “banking secrecy,” which allows some foreign depositors to evade paying national taxes and even “money laundering.” The Swiss banking sector is seeking to rid itself of this “unfavorable image”. Additional tightening is being implemented, obliging banks to more carefully check the origin of any money. But international complaints persist.
In general, the activities of Swiss elite companies within the “industrial and marketing niches” they have mastered are developing quite successfully. In the list of the 500 largest European corporations there is always a solid group from Switzerland (in September 2002 there were 26 of them, in Sweden - 25, in the Netherlands - 22, etc.). But the global economic recession has not spared the “Swiss economic paradise”. Such failures, as a rule, befell corporations that, for the sake of economic expansion, went beyond the boundaries of their traditional specialization.
The country's agriculture is focused mainly on livestock farming (75% of the total value of agricultural products). Highly productive cattle of local dairy breeds (Simmental, Schwyz, etc.) are bred. The vast majority of milk is used to produce high-quality cheese (half of the 725 thousand cows graze exclusively on alpine meadows).
The share of cultivated land accounts for 6.5% of rural land. Cereal crops are insignificant, but viticulture is actively developing. Small and medium-sized farms predominate, with the active development of various types of agricultural cooperation. Its own agricultural sector provides only approx. 60% of national food needs.
Transport and communications in Switzerland occupy an extremely important place in the entire system of European transport communications. Numerous highways of the continent pass through the country (North - South, East - West). In the conditions of the mountainous landscape, the construction of numerous and expensive structures was required: tunnels (Simplonsky - 19.7 km; St. Gotthard - 14.9 km, etc.), bridges, viaducts, etc. Two new transalpine tunnels are currently under construction; this infrastructure project is considered the largest in Europe.
The length of the railway network is 4406 km (almost completely electrified). The length of highways is 71.1 thousand km (including 1638 km of highways). River navigation is carried out along the Rhine (45 km from Basel to Schaffhausen), as well as on 12 lakes. The main river port is Basel. The merchant fleet includes 26 ships (including 7 foreign ones). These include: 15 dry cargo ships, 6 container ships, 4 chemical tankers. There are two pipelines in Switzerland: for pumping crude oil - 314 km, for transporting natural gas - 1506 km. 66 airports (including 41 with a paved runway).
Telephone communication is automated. Cable and microwave radio systems operate within the country. The external part is provided through near-Earth satellite stations (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean). The number of people connected to the phone is 4.82 million people. (1998), there are 3.85 million mobile phone owners. (2002).
The tourism industry plays a vital role in the economic development of the country. A century and a half ago, it was income from the hotel business that turned out to be one of the financial sources for the development of national industry. The modern tourism development strategy is based on the concept of using two favorable natural conditions. The most prestigious tourist centers in Switzerland are located either close to famous mineral water springs (for example, San Moritz), or near mountain ranges that are landscaped for skiing (for example, Zermatt). The country has 50 thousand km of pedestrian tourist roads.
The country's economic and social policy is aimed primarily at maximizing the use of the potential competitive advantages of the national economy (high quality and reliability of products, specialization in the production of special-purpose products, focus on foreign markets, etc.). Particular attention is paid to identifying and forming new “production niches” (for example, massive support for emerging clusters of biopharmaceuticals and medical technology).
In a broad sense, public finance is increasingly focused on stimulating the most effective solution to two main economic (social) problems. First of all, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of the entire education system through the integration of science and practice. The use of more qualified personnel in the economy should ensure constant innovative progress. The second problem is the need for significant modernization of transport infrastructure, which will decisively ensure the profitability of the newest types of production. This will happen as a result of a large-scale entry of products into world markets and a noticeable influx of foreign entrepreneurial capital (the construction of the two largest transalpine tunnels is being carried out with budgetary funds). The declared goal of Swiss economic policy is to establish the country as one of the world's leading centers of technology and research.
Success in solving social problems is usually closely linked to increased economic efficiency. Modern social conditions in the country are considered one of the best in the world. But recently, due to the rapid aging of the population, some imbalance has arisen in the state pension system. It is known that Switzerland has huge gold reserves. They amount per capita to approx. 10 ounces, which is 10 times higher than in the US and Europe. Some political groups (especially populist radical nationalists) propose using these gold resources to strengthen the financial basis of the state pension system.
In the 1990s. public finances were characterized by an increase in the budget deficit and public internal debt. In the 21st century Significant progress has been made in addressing these problems. The state budget has become balanced, i.e. the amounts of financial receipts and expenses became equal ($30 billion in 2001). The growth of domestic debt has stopped, and the country has no external debt.
The country's monetary policy is carried out by the Swiss National Bank. It is aimed primarily at solving three main problems: ensuring monetary stability, strengthening the position of the Swiss franc, and maintaining low lending rates (the country is traditionally considered such a zone).
The world market has long become the main factor in the business cycle in Switzerland. Therefore, the principle of diversification of foreign economic relations is actively used, which makes it possible to reduce the negative impact of economic downturns on the stability of the national economic situation. At the same time, the emphasis is on gaining powerful positions in those sectors and industries that are least exposed to cyclical fluctuations in production.
Switzerland is among the top ten world exporters of capital and the second ten exporters of goods. Switzerland has already shifted a significant part of its industrial production outside the country. In terms of the volume of accumulated foreign direct investment ($215.2 billion), Switzerland ranks 5th in Europe (2000). Switzerland is the undisputed world leader in terms of their cost per capita (27 thousand dollars) and when compared with GDP (89.2%). Swiss companies employ 1.73 million people abroad, i.e. 43.3% of the number of workers within the country. This figure is the highest in the world. In the field of foreign trade, Switzerland occupies a more modest position. Merchandise exports amounted to $100.3 billion (2002). Main export partners: EU - 61%, USA - 10%. Import of goods - $94.4 billion. Main import partners: EU - 79%, USA - 5.1%.
Switzerland is among the top ten major exporters of direct investment to the Russian Federation (in 2002 - $0.7 billion). Some elite companies have already created powerful production units (Nestle, ABB, Holcim, etc.). But the majority continue to trade in the Russian market, although some are already starting to implement production projects (Novartis, Roche, Swatch Group, etc.). Leading banking and insurance companies (UBS, Credit Suisse, Zurich) are also very active. Swiss capital is preparing for large-scale development of the promising Russian market.
Science and culture of Switzerland
There are many universities in the country, in almost every major canton, the oldest of which is located in Basel (since 1460). Switzerland has always had a reputation as a promising developer of innovative technologies, but in their development it is clearly inferior to other countries. To overcome this shortcoming, a special fund “Swiss Network of Innovation” (SNI - RSI) was created.
Two well-known Federal Higher Schools of Technology were chosen as the main locomotives: in Zurich (ETH) and Lausanne (EPFL). They prepare approx. 18-20 thousand students to work at Swiss high-tech firms, as well as at the Center for Electronics and Microelectronics (CSEM), an IBM research laboratory (near Zurich).
The activities of, for example, the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) are based on the principle that “a breakthrough in science and technology occurs, as a rule, at the intersection of traditional disciplines.” Therefore, 12 faculties were merged into 5 larger ones, and many interdisciplinary centers emerged. This higher school has approx. 5.5 thousand listeners, incl. 800 postgraduate candidates, 400 people. receive a second education. The teaching staff is 210 professors and 2.4 thousand specialists, entrepreneurs and administrators (3/4 of them receive their basic salary from external sources). Particular emphasis is placed on medical engineering, biotechnology, digital modeling, information and telecommunications systems. Switzerland has high hopes for the successful implementation of such a model. The country ranks first in the world in terms of the number of Nobel laureates per capita.
Among the outstanding personalities who lived and worked in Switzerland, one can highlight, first of all, prominent religious figures of the Protestant movement: W. Zwingli and J. Calvin. The leading philosopher of the Enlightenment era is considered to be the Genevan J.-J. Rousseau. The famous Swiss architect J.-E. Corbusier remains an iconic figure in modern urban planning.
Useful information for tourists about Switzerland, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Switzerland, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Switzerland.
Geography of Switzerland
The Swiss Confederation is a state in central Europe bordering Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.
Almost all of Switzerland lies in the Alps and Jura mountains. The highest peak is Peak Dufour (4634 m) in the south of the country.
State
State structure
A federal republic (confederation) consisting of 23 cantons, each of which has its own constitution, parliament and government. The head of state is the president. The legislative body is the bicameral Federal Assembly (National Council and Council of Cantons). Executive power is exercised by the Federal Council (government) of 7 federal councilors (ministers).
Language
Official language: German, French, Italian
In the northeast of the country they speak Retro-Roman. Most Swiss people speak English.
Religion
About 48% are Catholics, 46% are Protestants, 6% profess other religions.
Currency
International name: CHF
The Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins in 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.
Many stores accept convertible currencies, and all major credit cards and traveler's checks are accepted. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at exchange offices of large department stores, airports and at some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is overvalued.
History of Switzerland
The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snow, under the pressure of global warming, began to become free of ice. Gradually the white cover changed to green, and the “revived” earth found its first inhabitants from the human race.
In ancient times, Switzerland was inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Helvetii, hence its ancient name - Helvetia. Around the 1st century BC, after the campaigns of Julius Caesar, the country was conquered by the Romans and gained worldwide fame. In the 5th century AD, during the era of the Great Migration, it was captured by the Alemanni, Burgundians and Ostrogoths; in the 6th century - the Franks. In the 11th century, Switzerland became part of the “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.”
Initially, the Swiss were not a single nation; Switzerland itself was a union of communities (cantons) striving for self-government. At the beginning of August 1291, the peasants of the forest cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, living on the shores of Lake Firwaldstät, entered into an alliance with each other and swore an oath to help each other in the fight against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty; in a stubborn struggle they defended their independence. The Swiss celebrate this joyful event to this day: August 1 is the Swiss National Day - fireworks and fireworks illuminate the Swiss sky in memory of the events of more than seven centuries ago.
For two centuries, Swiss troops defeated the feudal armies of dukes, kings and kaisers. Provinces and cities began to join the original union. The united allies sought to expel the Habsburgs, gradually expanding their borders. In 1499, after the victory over Kaiser Maximilian I of Habsburg, Switzerland was freed from imperial rule. In 1513, there were already 13 cantons in the union. Each canton was absolutely sovereign - there was no common army, no common constitution, no capital, no central government.
In the 16th century, a severe crisis occurred in Switzerland. The reason for this was a schism in the Christian church. Geneva and Zurich became centers of activity for the Protestant reformers Calvin and Zwingli. In 1529, a religious war began in Switzerland. Only a serious danger coming from outside prevented the complete collapse of the state. In 1798, the French invaded Switzerland and transformed it into the unitary Helvetic Republic. For fifteen years the country was under their rule. The situation changed only in 1815, when the Swiss introduced their own constitution with equal rights for 22 sovereign cantons. In the same year, the Vienna Peace Congress recognized the “permanent neutrality” of Switzerland and defined its borders, which are still inviolable. However, the unity of the union of cantons was not reliably ensured by the organization of a sufficiently strong central government. Only under the constitution of 1948 did the fragile union turn into a single state - federal Switzerland.
The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snow, under the pressure of global warming, began to become free of ice. Gradually the white cover changed into green, and the “revived” earth found its first inhabitants from the human race....
Popular attractions
Tourism in Switzerland
Where to stay
Switzerland is a country with a high standard of living, which has not spared such an area as the tourism business. All hotels in this country have their own classification and are characterized by a high level of service.
The highest category - Swiss Deluxe - includes hotels located in old historical buildings, completely restored and adapted to the needs of the guests. The windows of such a room will offer a beautiful view, and the interior will delight the eye with sophistication. Hotels in this category have not only first-class restaurants, but also golf courses, spa centers and much more.
The SWISS Quality standard includes five classes of hotels (similar to stars), which are located in large or resort cities. Five stars, or SWISS Quality Excellence, is awarded to hotels with a high level of service, careful approach to interior design, high-quality restaurants, etc.
Four stars, or SWISS Quality Superior, are hotels in which, in addition to special comfort, guests will be offered the use of a restaurant, a modern conference room, a gym or spa services. Hotels awarded three stars also offer good service and are suitable for both tourist groups and businessmen.
Campsites in Switzerland, which are located in picturesque corners of the country, are also rated from 1 to 5 stars. Please note that unauthorized accommodation outside the campsite is fraught with a police visit and a fine.
In small towns you can rent a room in private hotels or live in a real peasant house. For those who prefer some extreme sports, there is the opportunity to spend the night in a real hayloft.
Mountain chalets are very popular in winter. However, keep in mind that they must be ordered in advance.
Office hours
Banks are open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. (some until 6 p.m.) on weekdays, with a break from 12 p.m. to 2 p.m. Once a week, banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., often around the clock.
Shops are open on weekdays from 8.30 to 18.30, some are open until 22. On Saturday, all shops are open from 8 to 12 and from 14 to 16. In large cities, some shops are open without a lunch break, but are closed on Monday in the first half of the day .
Purchases
Value added tax (VAT) in Switzerland is 7.5%. In hotels and restaurants, all taxes are included in the bill. For purchases over CHF 500 in one store, you can receive a VAT refund. To do this, you need to get a “Tax-free Shopping Check” from the store (a passport is required), according to which, when leaving the country, you must pay VAT at the bank at the airport or have it stamped. In this case, upon returning home, the stamped form must be sent by mail to receive a VAT refund check. In large stores, VAT is refunded on site upon presentation of your passport.
Safety
The crime rate in Switzerland is very low. However, you should beware of pickpockets and bag snatchers.
Emergency numbers
Police - 117
Fire services - 118
Ambulance - 14
Questions and feedback about Switzerland
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