History of the Department of PHYSICS at MATI-RGTU named after. K.E. Tsiolkovsky
The history of the Department of Physics begins with the formation of the Airship Construction Plant of the Civil Air Fleet, which was organized in 1933 as a result of the merger of the Aeronautical faculties of the Leningrad Institute of Engineers of the Civil Air Fleet and the Moscow Aviation Institute. Physics is a basic discipline and the training of any engineer begins with its study. That is why the Department of General Physics of the Moscow Aviation Institute organized lectures and laboratory workshops in the physics laboratory since September 1940. for students of the first three faculties of MATI.
In the same year, the first team of the Department of Physics was formed, which provided training for aviation process engineers under evacuation conditions in Novosibirsk. During this difficult time, the employees of the Department of Physics, together with the entire staff of the institute, were located in the premises of school No. 80 and in the classrooms, lobby, and corridors of the aviation technical school. Carrying out a huge amount of work in organizing the educational process, employees and students actively helped the city’s defense enterprises and agriculture; assistance to the front was the main criterion for people’s activities during those difficult years of the war.
After a turning point occurred during the war in 1943, the department of physics, together with the entire staff of MATI, returned to Moscow, was located for some time in the building of the former industrial academy on Borby Square, and then was established on the second floor of the main building on Ulyanovskaya, 13. There were stationary laboratories of mechanics, molecular physics, electricity and optics were organized and equipping them with laboratory equipment began.
Since 1940 to 1948 The department of physics was headed alternately by several professors and associate professors. Among them was the author of the popular textbook on general physics, Professor Sergei Grigorievich Kalashnikov, who made a significant contribution to the development of the department. In 1949 Associate Professor of the Department of Physics of the Moscow Aviation Institute, later a professor, Gevorkyan Ruben Georgievich, author of the famous one-volume book on the general course of physics, translated into eight languages, which is used by students from many countries, was invited to head the department.
With the advent of the permanent head of the physics department, R. G. Gevorkyan, its systematic improvement begins. This time is characterized by the strengthening of the teaching staff. Such people came to the department as Associate Professor Pavel Aleksandrovich Vsekhsvyatsky, Associate Professor Yuri Lvovich Klimontovich, who led the famous circle in atomic physics at the department, later Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of General Physics for Mechanics and Mathematics at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, Associate Professor Fedor Fedorovich Igoshin, thanks to whom many laboratory installations were created (currently one of the leading associate professors at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Vladimir Vladimirovich Shepel, Yuri Pavlovich Kurdinovsky (later a member of the Union of Writers of the USSR), Konstantin Artashesovich Tumanov, Alexey Vladimirovich Zhdanov, part-time Fedor Ivanovich Permyakov - head. Department of Engineering and Economics Institute. Associate Professor Lev Evgenievich Vvedensky, a well-known spectroscopist in the country, Anna Stepanovna Novikova, Elena Fedorovna Efimova, Vladimir Dmitrievich Vdovin, Lidia Veniaminovna Titova also came to the department. The head of the physics laboratory was Anna Alekseevna Tsvetkova, a holder of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and the medal “For Labor Valor”. Her deputy is Larisa Sergeevna Sdvizhkova.
It was at this time that the creation of a new laboratory workshop in all areas of physics dates back to this time. F. F. Igoshin, N. A. Bobkov and L. S. Sdvizhkova, with the participation of leading professors and associate professors of the department, improved the entire laboratory workshop, moving it to a qualitatively new level, using modern achievements of ultrasonic technology, spectroscopy, radio electronics, and optics. R. G. Gevorkyan and V. V. Shepel prepared and published one of the first textbooks - “Physics Course” for the country’s colleges. Associate Professor L.E. Vvedensky organized the first research spectral laboratory at the department, and the first economic agreement was concluded for the spectral analysis of non-ferrous metals and gold.
In the 50s, close cooperation between the department of physics and the departments of instrument engineering, aerodynamics and other departments of the institute was established. In the late 40s - early 50s, it acquired quite a high authority. She was entrusted with the training of two groups of Chinese employees sent by Peking University - former partisans and military personnel. A group of aviation industry executives also trained here.
In the 50s - 60s, the department served two branches - Stupino and Setun, and laboratory branches were created - in Stupino, at the Moscow Metallurgical Plant named after. M.V. Khrunichev and at the Salyut plant.
In 1960, with the arrival of prof. Boris Ivanovich Kotov (a famous methodologist, author of a 5-volume textbook on general physics for military academies) continues to improve the educational process, the development of scientific topics, the basis of which was the work of Assoc. L. E. Vvedensky. In the early sixties, teachers Vera Georgievna Akimova, Yuri Viktorovich Gruzdev, Alla Georgievna Demchenko, Lyudmila Ivanovna Zakharova, Maina Ivanovna Ivanova, Glafira Mikhailovna Ivashina, Yuri Leonidovich Kovalev, Valentina Ivanovna Lenkova, Valentina Alekseevna Obmenina, Maya Akimovna Tuaeva, Lev came to work at the department. Gaikovich Sinanyan (moved from the Stupino branch, where he worked since 1957), Faina Serafimovna Timofeeva, Inna Petrovna Kholina, Galina Ivanovna Yakimova.
After the tragic death of L. E. Vvedensky, the scientific direction of the department changes: developments in the field of heat transfer theory (Prof. Ya. V. Kravtsov), liquid semiconductor technology (Associate Professor A. S. Burkhanov), and modeling of artificial circulation (Prof. M A. Khanin). In 1963, Yakov Vasilievich Kravtsov became the head of the department. Scientific capacity is being intensively built up.
From 1963-1978 Viktor Sergeevich Akinshin, Raisa Petrovna Andreyanova, Alexander Georgievich Averyanov, Nil Nilovich Beklemishev, Larisa Ivanovna Belova, Evgeniy Yuryevich Bodrov, Anatoly Sergeevich Burkhanov, Evgeniy Nikolaevich Vedenyapin, Rudolf Apollonovich Vedernikov, Viktor Aleksandrovich Jashi, Shavkat Lutfullovich Gataullin, Konstantin began to work successfully at the department Grigorievich Golushko, Nina Vasilievna Gorbacheva, Vladimir Valentinovich Gribkov, Vladimir Mikhailovich Egorov, Stanislav Pavlovich Erkovich, Valentin Ivanovich Izvekov, Mikhail Grigorievich Kabanov, Vladimir Ivanovich Kolenko, Anatoly Grigorievich Kondratyuk, Isabella Fedorovna Kramer, Evelina Fedorovna Kostynenko, Alexander Andre Evich Lisov, Andrey Nikolaevich Naumovets , Arkady Nikiforovich Rylov, Vera Aleksandrovna Semkina, Anatoly Semenovich Stolbunov, Alexander Izosimovich Syutkin, Viktor Andreevich Tryastsin, Nikolai Ivanovich Chetverikov, Genrikh Aleksandrovich Shatalov, Galina Pavlovna Shevtsova, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Khanin, Marina Evgenievna Shilovskaya.
In 1984, Nil Nilovich Beklemishev, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Vice-Rector for Economics and Development, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, came to head the department. There is a sharp leap in equipping the department with modern equipment and computer technology. Two computer laboratories are being organized to provide the educational process with all electronic forms of learning and progress monitoring. By this time, the department has a large and highly qualified team of teachers and researchers. The department includes 5 branches and an industrial laboratory.
In connection with the restructuring of higher education, the department pays special attention to improving the quality of student learning. At department meetings and methodological seminars, issues of further improving the content and structure of training, teaching methods, and the introduction of electronic teaching methods and control in the educational process are regularly discussed. The problems of combining classroom and independent work of students, providing the educational process with new programs, organizing ongoing monitoring and improving methods of working with students are being solved. The department is developing two scientific and methodological state budget themes dedicated to improving the educational process. Teachers of the department prepare individual assignments for students in all sections of the physics course. Work is carried out on the entire course of general physics, which includes not only theoretical material, but also standard tasks and questions to test the mastery of theoretical material and prepare for laboratory practical work. Teachers make presentations at methodological conferences of the institute.
In order to increase the efficiency of students’ independent work, consultations are organized at the department, colloquiums are held, and regular certification of students is held.
After 1984, Alexander Georgievich Brown, Boris Nikolaevich Gorbachev, Lidia Ivanovna Kaminskaya, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Klyushnikova, Boris Alekseevich Korshak, Isabella Grigorievna Levitina, Mark Romanovich Liberzon, Andrey Leonidovich Lomakin, Evlampy Lavrentievich Makarov, Tamara Aleksandrovna Medina, Georgy Evgenievich began working at the department Nikulin, Anatoly Ksenofontovich Polyansky, Igor Nikolaevich Rey, Alexander Borisovich Selunsky, Alexander Alekseevich Sundukov, Viktor Vladislavovich Sukhovtsev, Ali Samyatievich Tablin, Galina Yuryevna Timofeeva, Vladimir Prokopyevich Fedosov, Vladimir Nikolaevich Shilak, Vadim Pavlovich Yurchenko.
Since 1988, the department has become a graduate department. Graduates of specialists are carried out in specialty 0104 (Physics. Specialization - modeling of technological processes and optoelectronic technologies). Scientific directions: processes of plastic deformation and destruction of materials, including in intense physical fields. Development of infrared measuring and information transmitting equipment. Development of measuring laser technology in the range of 10-12s.
From 1994 to 1998, the department was developing the concept of the educational process in new economic conditions. At the same time, by reducing the basic education of specialty 0104 and using its content, it was possible to create two new specializations: actuary of complex technical systems and actuary - financial policy. An analysis of the domestic and foreign educational services market shows a long-term, stable demand for specialists with the skills of modern actuarial and financial analysis in relation to the insurance of investments in equipment and technology, as well as the management of securities in stock markets.
New scientific directions have opened at the department. In particular, the following direction was added: “Mathematical theory of risks and its applications in technology and finance.” At the same time, the basic scientific enterprises are the institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and MIAM RF named after. Steklova.
Educational work today is carried out in four main cycles: “Mechanics, electricity and magnetism”, “Oscillations, waves, wave and quantum optics”, “Statistical physics and thermodynamics”, “Solid state physics”. Each cycle improves its curriculum and laboratory practice. The laboratory workshop makes extensive use of modern advances in the use of personal computers and takes into account advanced technologies in all areas of science and technology, especially advances in the field of aviation and astronautics.
Currently, the main scientific direction of the department is the interaction of a pulsed electromagnetic field with matter. Scientific supervisor - N.N. Beklemishev. The department is constantly developing and improving the connection between science not only with production, but also with the educational process, which has a beneficial effect on the quality of training of specialists and on the development of science itself. Teachers of the department have published a large number of monographs, books of articles, and received more than 120 copyright certificates. The publishing house "Prosveshcheniye" has already released the second edition of the textbook with the stamp of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Problems in physics for those entering universities", Authors N.N. Beklemishev and L.G. Sinanyan (2001). The manual is used by students in all regions of the Russian Federation.
The department pays special attention to the research work of students. It is used as an effective means of high-quality training and education of specialists who are able to creatively apply acquired knowledge in practice. Each lecturer works with a group of students, the results of whose scientific activities are presented at the institute’s student conferences and at the annual Gagarin readings.
During the same period, 3 monographs, 1 textbook, 2 textbooks were published in the Prosveshchenie publishing house, more than 75 textbooks were published in the MATI Publishing and Printing Center, providing educational process at the department, and about 400 scientific articles.
Successful work at the department is impossible without the participation of educational and support staff. Fedor Fedorovich Igoshin, Nikolai Alekseevich Bobkov, Larisa Sergeevna Sdvizhkova, Tamara Vasilievna Volkova, Lyubov Semenovna Alekseeva, Evgeniy Yurievich Bodrov, Pavel Stepanovich Gertsev, Sergei Alekseevich Titov, Vera Ivanovna Khalatova, Tamara Nikolaevna Lopyreva, Anna did a lot for the formation and development of the Department of Physics Yurievna Kazantseva, Yuri Robertovich Sharapov. Today, Natalia Egorovna Gorina, Lyubov Mikhailovna Demidova, Boris Vladimirovich Zverlov, Tatyana Evgenievna Kolova, Irina Pavlovna Lyalina, Daria Andreevna Manaenkova, Nadezhda Ivanovna Muravyova, Olga Anatolyevna Rybka continue to work successfully in this field.
Currently (2005/-2006 academic year) next to the veterans of the department V.S. Akinshin, R.P. Andreyanova, N. N. Beklemishev, A. G. Brown, E. N. Vedenyapin, B. N. Gorbachev, Yu. V. Gruzdev, A. S. Tablin, Yu. I. Karkovsky, V. A. Semkina, L. G. Sinanyan, G. A. Shatalov successfully work as teachers Alexey Leontyevich Borychev, Elena Ernestovna Vinke, Yuri Leontyevich Doronin, Natalya Leonidovna Istomina, Natalya Valerievna Kalenova, Valery Valentinovich Kuvshinov, Isabella Grigorievna Levitina, Tamara Aleksandrovna Medina, Georgy Evgenievich Nikulin, Anatoly Ksenofontovich Polyansky, Veronika Vladimirovna Rodchenkova, Maria Vladimirovna Rylskaya, Alexander Alexandrovich Fedotov.
The difficulty of teaching physics to physics and technology students was that it was necessary to teach physics to those who would develop physics. This has been the case for four and a half decades. Will it be like this?! Start over...
In those distant post-war times, when they were looking for forms and methods of educating the domestic galaxy of physicists, when plans were being made to create a higher educational institution of a new form, the department of physics was assigned to organize one of the “fathers” of the Physics and Technology Institute - academician Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. He did everything possible so that physicists could “comprehend the difficult world of physics.” Classes began in 1947. The first students of the Faculty of Physics and Technology took a course in experimental physics from Kapitsa himself, and theoretical physics from the then professor Lev Davydovich Landau.
Lectures by Academician P.L. Kapitsa were aimed at revealing and explaining the essence of a physical phenomenon, methods and means of its observation and research.
Lectures by Landau L.D. were a game of the mind of a theoretical physicist who brilliantly mastered the mathematical apparatus that gives “simple” explanations of physical phenomena and processes. Sometimes the “simplicity” of an explanation of a physical phenomenon was given by one or two formulas, the disclosure of which required hours of complex mathematical constructions.
The physics workshop under the guidance of Pyotr Leonidovich was staged Alexander Iosifovich Shalnikov- “right hand” in terms of experimental work. For his unique instruments and experiments, he was awarded the USSR State Prize three times. Academician A.I. Shalnikov, being the head of workshops and laboratories in physics, based them on modern equipment, in a number of cases abandoning “classical” equipment. An electrovacuum laboratory and various workshops for the production of original devices were created. Much attention was paid to the demonstration room. It is known that the foremother of Physics and Technology, Moscow University, was proud of its unique demonstration room, its unique, museum-like physical instruments and equipment. Kapitsa P.L. I decided to create my own demo office at a level higher than the university level. Alexander Iosifovich devoted a lot of effort to the development of new experiments and demonstrations accompanying the lecture course of Academician Kapitsa. However, Alexander Iosifovich could not devote much time to his favorite activity - constructing physical demonstrations, since there was a lot of work at the Institute of Physical Problems to equip with instruments and conduct experiments in the field of low temperatures.
Academician made a great contribution to the development of the optical laboratory Grigory Samuilovich Landsberg- famous Soviet scientist, founder of the scientific school of spectroscopy and spectral analysis, author of the famous course "Optics". His three-volume textbook on elementary physics opened the way for many physics students, and it is still popular today.
In 1948, he was invited to head the laboratories of the Department of General Physics Kirill Alexandrovich Rogozinsky. He was also entrusted with the demonstration office. Kirill Alexandrovich was a unique manager. He is always dressed strictly: in a dark blue uniform, blue riding breeches, and boots. He spent hours sharpening something, building something, adjusting something, teaching his assistants something. He was demanding of himself and his employees. Sometimes a kind smile from under a short, smoky mustache indicated success in the experiment. Thanks to the efforts of Kirill Aleksandrovich, classes in laboratories were moved from the walls of the physics department of Moscow State University to the laboratories of the Physics and Technology Institute. The head of the laboratory made a great contribution to the modernization of the department’s laboratories after its move to the new building Vladimir Efremovich Skorovarov.
Already in the first years, the idea of holding a final exam in physics as a defense of a mini-dissertation, as a celebration of physics at the Physics and Technology Institute, was laid down. The exam consisted of written and oral parts. The "highlight" of this exam was the "optional question". Each student was free to choose any question and prepare an essay, an experiment, his own theory on it... A commission of prominent Moscow physicists and Phystech teachers spent hours delving into the student’s solo performance. There would have been no end to the arguments and discussions if the next student had not been waiting in the wings. Academician P. L. Kapitsa, who came up with this form of exam, himself attended these exams with great pleasure, and also took an active part in the discussion of their results.
In 1953, the Department of General Physics was headed by Professor Gabriel Semenovich Gorelik. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1929, then studied as a graduate student with Academician L. I. Mandelstam. Gabriel Semenovich at the Department of Physics of the Fiztech began to form a new scientific and technical direction, combining issues of the theory of oscillations and statistical radiophysics. He began to form a scientific school at the Physics and Technology Institute. One of his students, graduate student Stanislav Mironovich Kozel, became a popular and beloved Physics and Technology professor, a world-famous organizer of school Olympiads. Until his tragic death in 1957, Gabriel Semenovich Gorelik, simultaneously with his work at the department, headed the radiophysics department. His right hand at the faculty was Natalia Ivanovna Peterimova. Since 1953, she has also been working at the Department of General Physics. With her participation, an educational and methodological laboratory was created in 1970.
In 1960, the department was headed by one of the “chicks of Kapitsa’s nest” - Nikolai Evgenievich Alekseevsky. He headed the laboratory of the Institute of Physical Problems and worked on problems of superconductivity, measurements in strong magnetic fields, and mass spectroscopy. He was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, became a laureate of the USSR State Prize (1967), and was elected an honorary doctor of the University of Jena.
Nikolai Evgenievich launched a vigorous activity at the department. He tried to “load” all the assistants and associate professors of the department with scientific work, organized jobs for them within the walls of the department, his laboratory at the Institute of Applied Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The department remembers how for a long time he sought to create his own, departmental, laser in order to use its radiation to deposit thin superconducting films under conditions of low ultra-low temperatures. He was the organizer of a workshop on solid state physics, magnetic resonance, atomic and nuclear physics, and other relevant areas of physics in the 60s. The Department of General Physics in these years consisted of more than 70 teachers, a quarter of whom were full-time employees. More than twenty doctors of science, more than seventy candidates of science, famous professors and academicians worked at the department.
In 1965, the new rector of Physics and Technology Oleg Mikhailovich Belotserkovsky invited to head the department of general physics Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa- son of Pyotr Leonidovich. Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa is a very versatile scientist. He has written works in the fields of general physics, radio electronics, and nuclear physics. Particularly interesting is the series of works related to microtrons proposed and developed by the team headed by S.P. Kapitsa. Sergei Petrovich initiated work on synchronous radiation, he made a discovery in the field of photofission of nuclei and investigated the structure of the actinide fission barrier.
For thirty years, Sergei Petrovich headed the department of general physics at the Physics and Technology Institute. He creatively developed the “Phystech system” in relation to the department, formulating a number of principles with his employees: attracting talented youth from all over the country; reliance on personnel from basic scientific and technical teams; a combination of broad university education with intensive training of students in their specialty; individual approach to the schoolchild, and then to the Physics and Technology student until his graduation and placement.
The methodology for teaching physics has been developed. General physics is studied over the first six semesters and the curriculum is 760 hours. The educational process uses such traditional forms of teaching as lectures, seminars and laboratory classes, but their capabilities are expanded for independent and creative work of students from the first years of study.
Lecture courses occupy 25-30 percent of the curriculum and cover all sections of physics. Students are divided into four streams, up to 150 people in each. Traditionally, lectures are accompanied by experiments and demonstrations. Over three years of study, students are shown 300-400 demonstrations. In addition to the main course, the department offers up to twenty elective courses in selected areas of physics. Experience in teaching physics allowed me to create my own “branded” textbooks. This is, first of all, the six-volume “General Course of Physics”, written by Professor D. V. Sivukhin; “Introduction to Quantum Physics” by Professor L. L. Goldin and G. N. Novikova; "branded problem books" Kozela S.M., Rashba E.I., Sivukhin D.V.
A system of tasks helps develop independent work skills. During the semester, a student solves up to forty problems that require his ingenuity and knowledge in choosing physical models. It should be noted that over the decades of the “Student and Scientific and Technological Progress” Olympiads, physics and technology students have invariably taken first place among teams from universities and other universities.
Particular attention is paid to laboratory classes, which help students to better understand the basic physical laws, acquire skills in experimental work, and competently process the results of the experiment. The physics workshop includes 460 laboratory setups covering approximately 125 laboratory activities. The department summarized a large amount of work on the physics workshop and published the manual “Laboratory Exercises in Physics” edited by Professor L.L. Goldin, as well as individual methodological developments.
The entire system of teaching physics promotes the creative development of the student and prepares him for the final exam in physics. The exam is carried out in two stages: a written test and an oral answer without exam papers on a selected question. The oral exam is taken by all teachers of the department, prominent physicists of basic departments. Only the teacher who taught classes in this group does not take part in the exam.
For almost fifty years now, the Department of General Physics at the Physics and Technology Institute has been working “under the sign of Kapitsa.” The legendary scientist, world-famous academician, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa laid the foundations for teaching and learning physics, which Sergei Petrovich creatively developed in new conditions.
“From Kapitsa to Kapitsa” outstanding scientists worked at the department: academicians Lev Davydovich Landau, Abram Isaakovich Alikhanov, Lev Andreevich Artsimovich, Grigory Samuilovich Landsberg, Roald Zinurovich Sagdeev, Georgy Timofeevich Zatsepin, Lev Petrovich Pitaevsky; Corresponding members Mikhail Dmitrievich Galanin, Leonid Nikolaevich Kurbatov, Sergei Mikhailovich Rytov, Nikolai Vasilievich Karlov, Immanuel Lazarevich Fabelinsky, professors Sergei Grigorievich Kalashnikov, Emmanuil Iosifovich Rashba, Nikolai Yakovlevich Buben, Yuri Vasilievich Sharvin, Dmitry Vasilievich Sivukhin, Lev Lazarevich Gold in, etc.
Currently the head of the Department of General Physics is Maksimychev Alexander Vitalievich .