TO Iryukhin Mikhail Alekseevich - commander of a machine gun platoon of the 835th Infantry Regiment of the 237th Piryatinskaya Infantry Division of the 40th Army of the Voronezh Front, lieutenant.
Born in 1925 in the village of Blagie, Novoderevensky district, Ryazan region, into a peasant family. Russian. Member of the Komsomol. Studied at school.
In the Red Army since 1942. In the active army since May 1942. Private Kiryukhin received his baptism of fire in a battle near the village of Gorshechnoye. In the summer of 1942, he took part in battles south of the city of Voronezh.
In August 1942, Kiryukhin was sent to the school for junior lieutenants, from which he graduated only in 1943. He ended up in the 237th Infantry Division of the 40th Army, where he was appointed commander of a machine gun platoon.
After the battles on the Kursk Bulge, Soviet troops went on the offensive. The 40th Army liberated the territory of Left Bank Ukraine. Kiryukhin's platoon in August-September 1943 took part in the liberation of the city of Trostyanets, Sumy region and the city of Piryatin, Poltava region.
On September 22, 1943, Kiryukhin and his orderly were already looking through binoculars at Hitler’s firing points on the western bank of the Dnieper, opposite the legendary Baturina Mountain, on the Bukrinsky bridgehead.
On the night of September 24, 1943, Lieutenant Kiryukhin and his platoon were the first to cross the Dnieper near the village of Grebeni, Kagarlyk district, Kyiv region. They captured the heights and dug in on it. At dawn, the Nazis attacked the platoon with a company of infantry and 4 tanks. The attack was repulsed with well-aimed machine-gun fire. Immediately, guns and multi-barrel mortars began to fire. Heinkels appeared in the sky, diving at the defenders of the bridgehead.
As soon as the enemy planes flew west, the Nazi attack was repeated. Several armored personnel carriers and vehicles with infantry were heading straight towards Kiryukhin’s machine gunners. Another battle began. Kiryukhin fell to the machine gun and killed up to 10 fascists with a long burst. The Nazis rolled back. All day long, enemy attacks followed one after another. During the day, Kiryukhin's platoon destroyed a vehicle with infantry, 2 heavy and 12 light machine guns, and up to 90 Nazis.
The intensity of the fighting on the Bukrinsky bridgehead increased every day. The Nazis sent tank, motorized and several infantry divisions here. By September 30, 1943, the struggle had become extremely fierce.
Lieutenant Kiryukhin's platoon fought to the death. On September 30, 14 tanks were at his position. Submachine gunners jogged behind them. The defenders of the bridgehead heroically repelled the frantic onslaught of the fascists. One tank was knocked out by Kiryukhin, the other was destroyed by his subordinates. 2 “tigers” were knocked out by armor-piercing officer Lakhtikov. And yet, several “tigers” rushed to the heights, ironing trenches and trenches with their caterpillars. In response, grenades flew. In this battle, Lieutenant Kiryukhin died a heroic death...
Then, in his award presentation, the commander of the 835th Infantry Regiment, Major Lebedev, wrote: “On September 30, 1943, while repelling twenty-three attacks by the Nazis, Lieutenant Kiryukhin’s platoon destroyed: 2 tanks, 9 light machine guns, 5 vehicles with infantry, and up to 120 fascists...”
U KAZAK of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 23, 1943 for the successful crossing of the Dnieper, the strong consolidation of a bridgehead on its western bank and the courage and heroism shown to Lieutenant Mikhail Alekseevich Kiryukhin was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Hero was buried in a mass grave in the village of Grebeni, Kagarlyk district, Kyiv region.
A street in the village of Aleksandro-Nevsky, Novoderevenkovsky district, Ryazan region is named after the Hero.
Awarded the Order of Lenin.
Counter integrations: complementarity or rivalry in the common neighborhood arena
Kiryukhin A.M. , corresponding member ATN of Ukraine, Coordinator for Central and Eastern Europe of the External Borders Task Force of the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR)
To understand the processes currently taking place in the common space of the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian borderland, one should consider three interrelated components, which, of course, have independent significance for understanding continental integration processes in general and what is happening in the east of Ukraine, and thereby try to find an explanation with given the varying scales of this crisis.
— first of all, we should briefly consider the 20-year history of cross-border cooperation, what it looked like in reality and what it gave for the development of adjacent territories of Russia and Ukraine;
- then evaluate the integration strategies of the Russian-Ukrainian border region that were formed in 2004 - 2013, their changes under the influence of external factors, and the problems of their implementation;
- and finally, to outline the prospects for a peaceful scenario for resolving the military conflict and the complementarity of the further development of counter integrations - European and Eurasian in the current program period until 2020.
The key starting event in the emergence of cross-border cooperation between Russia and Ukraine was the creation of the Council of Leaders of the Border Regions of the Russian Federation and Ukraine on the basis of a collegial decision and minutes of a meeting of the leaders of ten border regions of the Russian Federation and Ukraine on June 28, 1993 in Kharkov. The first Meeting of the Council of Leaders of Border Regions took place in Belgorod on January 28, 1994, where the charter and work plan of the Council were approved, and an Appeal of the participants to the Presidents of Russia and Ukraine was adopted. This appeal became the basis for the signing of an interstate agreement on cross-border cooperation in 1995. Subsequently, the Council expanded to 19 participants, also including three border regions of the Republic of Belarus, and it began to work, thus, in a trilateral format.
To date, 15 meetings of the Council of Leaders of Border Regions of the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have been held with the participation of representatives of the central executive authorities of the three countries. Based on the decision of the Council Meeting in 2000, which took place in Rostov-on-Don, over the next 10 years, work was carried out to create Euroregions in the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian border area as the highest form of cross-border cooperation. The Euroregions “Dnepr” (April 2003), “Slobozhanshchina” (November 2003), “Yaroslavna” (April 2007) and “Donbass” (October 2010) were subsequently created.
In parallel with the creation of the Euroregions, the Council of Leaders and its executive committee initiated the creation of the Border Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian University Consortium (April 2003) and the Business Council of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry of the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian Borderland (April 2008).
Over the course of several years, an Interregional Environmental Program for the protection and use of waters in the Seversky Donets River basin for five adjacent regions was developed and prepared for signing at the interstate level. Representative authorities were also involved in the process of cross-border cooperation - in the Euroregions “Slobozhanshchina” and “Yaroslavna” inter-deputy working groups were created between regional councils and regional dumas. At the district level, the executive committee of the Council of Leaders of Border Regions initiated independent instruments of cooperation - interdepartmental working groups on cross-border cooperation were created, which prepared district programs with adjacent sister regions in their Euroregions. This entire process was carried out with the advisory support of the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR), which the Euroregions “Slobozhanshchina”, “Yaroslavna” and “Donbass” successively joined as full members. “Dnepr” did not receive full status, limiting itself to observer status and focusing its work with another authoritative pan-European structure - the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. Moreover, the Ukrainian side has greatly strengthened the legal side of cross-border interactions by adopting the Law “On Cross-Border Cooperation” in June 2004. In the law, “Euroregions” received the official status of basic instruments of cross-border cooperation.
Thus, by 2013, the Russian-Ukrainian border region had formed a full-fledged institutional profile, similar to the pan-European one.
By this time, the formalization of cross-border cooperation as a multi-level integrated system had been completed through the joint work of the executive committee of the Council of Leaders of Border Regions at the macro-regional level and the initiatives of Euroregions at the interregional and local levels. It is with this or a similar set of institutions and instruments that integration borders in Europe position themselves today. It is worth emphasizing the exemplary financial discipline of the Russian-Ukrainian Euroregions, which, after receiving full membership, regularly transferred membership fees, participating in all the main activities of the AEPR and the work of its task forces. This inspired serious optimism in the prospects for further integration of the border region into pan-European processes, which was reflected in the adoption of the long-term strategy of the Euroregion “Donbass” and the beginning of the preparation of similar strategic documents by the Euroregions “Slobozhanshchina” and “Yaroslavna” based on recommendations prepared by the AEPR within the framework of the ULYSSES project. Two permanent platforms have emerged: the annual round tables “Border – Environment of Innovation” (since 2005) and the School of Cross-Border Cooperation and International Integration (since 2008) on the main cross-border axis Kharkov-Belgorod. The Euroregion “Slobozhanshchina” simultaneously adopted two mirror programs for the Kharkov and Belgorod regions for the period 2012-2016, which transferred the activities of the Euroregion to the design-program principle.
The holding of the General Assembly and the Annual Meeting of the AEPR in Kursk in 2011 confirmed a high degree of trust on the part of European partners in the European integration intentions of Ukrainian and Russian participants in cross-border cooperation, which were confirmed, first of all, by the daily painstaking work of experts and local authorities. We noted back in 2008 that the Russian-Ukrainian border was beginning to acquire key importance in the European border system, because reflects two different strategies on the part of Ukraine and Russia regarding European integration: an assimilation model for Ukraine and a strategic partnership model for Russia. It was this border that, by the end of 2013, became the meeting place of two integrations: European and Eurasian. This is where the interests of global players collided.
The situation in cross-border cooperation has changed dramatically due to the political crisis in Ukraine, which moved from the capital to the east, engulfed the border areas and entered the phase of military conflict. Over the course of several months in 2014, the volume of cross-border cooperation was extremely compressed (almost to zero), and the border acquired not only a barrier, but also a confrontational appearance of military confrontation.
The first step, after the Minsk Agreements-2, was the closure of 23 local checkpoints (border crossing points), including those between the Kharkov and Belgorod regions. Then the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine unilaterally canceled the agreement on small border traffic with Russia. 10 years of joint work were spent on its legal registration and arrangement of checkpoints. Today, most passenger trains between Ukraine and Russia have also been cancelled, and from March 1, a new regime for crossing the state Ukrainian-Russian border has been introduced for Russians; entry into Ukraine is carried out only with a foreign passport.
Three military-civil administrations are currently being created in the Donetsk region. Military-civil administrations are temporary government bodies that are designed to ensure compliance with the laws of Ukraine and prevent a humanitarian catastrophe in a certain territory. The President of Ukraine signed the law “On Military-Civil Administrations”, adopted by the Verkhovna Rada on February 3, 2015. According to this document, military-civil administrations are temporary state bodies operating as part of the Anti-Terrorism Center and created to ensure the operation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, ensure security and normalize life and law and order.
Thus, today there is no joint mechanism, which until the beginning of 2014 ensured coordinated actions of representatives of local and regional authorities on both sides of the border.
In the Declaration of the President of the Russian Federation. The President of Ukraine, the President of the French Republic and the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in support of the Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements, adopted on February 12, 2015, has a very important point: “The leaders share the conviction that strengthening cooperation between the European Union, Ukraine and Russia will contribute to the settlement of this crisis." In this regard, it is worth considering the possibility of creating a negotiating platform at the interregional level with the involvement of representatives of the OSCE and the AEPR in this process. It is clear that the central authorities of Ukraine and Russia have made a conscious choice and commitment towards two continental integrations – European and Eurasian. The peaceful resolution of the conflict should, in our opinion, be continued by simultaneously involving the potential of regional and pan-European links. This new configuration between participants in cross-border interactions can be built for the future within the framework of a special meeting of the Council of Leaders of Border Regions. The Expert Council on Cross-Border Cooperation, created at the end of 2014, consisting of experts from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and the AEPR Task Force on External Borders with the involvement of OSCE specialists, could formulate a “road map” for such a meeting. And the Institute of Cross-Border Cooperation and Integration (Belgorod, Russia) and the East European Institute of Cross-Border Studies (Kharkov, Ukraine) could jointly take on the organizational issues of holding a series of such meetings.
General information about the properties of fibers, threads, fabrics, knitted and nonwoven materials is provided. The features of their structure, methods of production, and methods for determining quality indicators are considered. Control and quality management of textile materials are covered. For students of higher educational institutions in the specialties “Textile Technology” and “Standardization and Certification”.
SUBJECT OF TEXTILE MATERIALS SCIENCE.
Textile materials science is the science of the structure, properties and quality assessment of textile materials. This definition was given in 1985. Taking into account the changes that have occurred since that time, as well as the peculiarities of the development of the training of materials scientists, the following definition may be more complete and profound: textile materials science is the science of the structure, properties, evaluation, quality control of textile materials and its management. The fundamental principles of this science are the study of textile materials used by man in various types of his activities.
Textile refers to both materials consisting of textile fibers and the textile fibers themselves. The study of various materials and their constituent substances has always been the subject of natural sciences and has been associated with technical means of obtaining and processing these materials and substances. Therefore, textile materials science belongs to the group of technical sciences of an applied nature. Most textile fibers consist of high-molecular substances, and therefore textile materials science is closely related to the use of theoretical foundations and practical methods of such fundamental disciplines as physics and chemistry, as well as the physical chemistry of polymers. Since textile materials science is a technical science, its study also requires general engineering knowledge obtained from the study of such disciplines as mechanics, strength of materials, electrical engineering, electronics, automation, etc. A special place is occupied by the physical and chemical mechanics (rheology) of fiber-forming polymers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1. General provisions (S. M. Kiryukhin)
1.1. Subject of textile materials science
1.2.Properties and quality indicators of textile materials
1.3.Testing textile materials
1.3.1. Sampling and testing. Preparing for the test
1.3.2. Testing
1.3.3.Recording and processing of test results
Chapter 2. Textile fibers (S. M. Kiryukhin)
2.1.Classification and main types of textile fibers
2.1.1. Natural fibers of plant origin
2.1.2. Natural fibers of animal origin
2.1.3. Chemical fibers
2.2.Substances of textile fibers
2.3. Preparation, structural features and properties of natural fibers
2.4.Production, structural features and properties of chemical fibers and threads
2.5. Fiber quality indicators and methods for their determination
2.5.1. Geometric properties of fibers
2.5.2.Mechanical properties of fibers
2.5.3.Physical properties of fibers
2.5.4.Fiber purity
Chapter 3. Textile threads (Yu. S. Shustov)
3.1.Classification of textile threads
3.2.Quality indicators of textile threads and methods for their determination
3.2.1. Geometric properties of threads
3.2.2.Mechanical properties of threads
3.2.3.Hygroscopic properties of threads
3.2.4. Cleanliness of threads
Chapter 4. Textile products (Yu. S. Shustov)
4.1.General information
4.2. Quality indicators of textile fabrics and products
4.3.Fabrics
4.4.Knitwear
4.5.Nonwoven materials
4.6.Mechanical properties of textiles
4.7. Bending of textiles
4.8.Friction and tenacity of textiles
4 9. Shedding and sliding of textile products
4.10.Pillability of textile products
4.11.Changing the linear dimensions of textile fabrics
4.12.Physical properties of textiles
4.12.1.Hygroscopicity
4.12.2.Permeability
4.12.3 Thermal properties
4.12.4.Electricity
4.12.5.Optical properties
4.13.Wear resistance of textiles
Chapter 5. Quality of textile materials (S. M. Kiryukhin)
5.1.Qualimetry of textile materials
5.2.Assessment of the quality of textile materials
5.2.1. Selection of the nomenclature of defining quality indicators
5.2.2. Determination of numerical values of product quality indicators
5.2.3. Selection and establishment of basic quality indicators
5.2.4. Comparison of actual quality indicators with baseline
5.3.Quality control of textile materials
5.3.1.Input TC
5.3.2.Acceptance technical specification
5.3.3.Production TC
5.4.Quality management of textile materials
5.4.1. Product quality management. Basic provisions
5.4.2.Quality management systems
5.4.3.International standards ISO 9000
Bibliography.
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