The use of jargon in works of fiction. Youth slang and its manifestations in literature and the media

"The question of the admissibility of argotisms in the language of literature,
which became so acute in the last (19th) century, appears every now and then in literary criticism and philological works, being a reason for mutually exclusive judgments. Meanwhile, the process of penetration of argotisms is happening before our eyes, and it is necessary to objectively understand its features. This will deepen our understanding of the style of fiction, of the evolution of artistic speech."
(E.M. Beregovskaya)

The language of fiction has long been influenced by argotic vocabulary. Writers and poets often faced the problem of whether or not to use argotisms in their works. If used, how? In which cases?

In Soviet literature, argotisms were most often used in the works of L. Leonov, P. Nilin, G. Medynsky, V. Shalamov, brothers A. and G. Vayner, N. Leonov.

Writers, poets, and playwrights use argotic vocabulary for various artistic purposes.

1. With the social characteristics of the hero. So, for example, in V. Kaverin’s story “The End of the Khaza,” the literary hero says the following: “He’s got money for his business, he’ll report later on what went wrong, and you’ll spoil the lie, you idiot!” From this passage of speech, knowing what babki (money), hevra (gang of thieves), zhigan (here: bandit, non-professional criminal), fay (major swindler) are, you can guess the character’s affiliation with the underworld .

2. To create color and atmosphere for the people of the “bottom”. See an excerpt from V. Gilyarovsky’s essay “Khitrovka”:

“And just recently, the square was bustling with crowds of ragamuffins around the clock. In the evening, drunks with their “maru”s” (mistresses - M.G.) rushed about and made a noise. Seeing nothing in front of them, cocaine addicts of both sexes and all ages staggered around, sniffing "marafe" (cocaine - M.G.). Among them were teenage girls born and raised here and half-naked "naked" (minor boys-criminals - M.G.) - their gentlemen. A step higher were the “train workers”, their job was to snatch sacks and suitcases from the top of the carriage on boulevard passages, in back alleys and in dark station squares... Behind them were “fortachi”, dexterous and flexible guys who knew how to climb through the window , and “shirmachi””, silently climbing into the pockets of a man in a buttoned coat, but “barking and hiding” him (pushing and robbing - M.G.) him in the crowd. And all over the square - beggars, beggars... And at night, “business guys” (professional criminals - M.G.) with crowbars and revolvers crawled out of the dungeons of the “Dry Ravine” (crime - M.G.) with crowbars and revolvers... They jostled and “damaged” the night lights (petty criminals - M.G.), who did not disdain to rip off the hat from a passerby or from their own Khitrovo beggar (a beggar living in the Khitry Market - M.G.)

3. Argotisms can be a sign of a certain era, a certain time, see, for example, the following lexemes: poli"t - "political prisoner" ("But since we are all kaers, and the socialists could not resist the poli"ts - since then, only the laughter of the prisoners and the bewilderment of the guards could you cause by protest, so that you, a political one, would not be confused with criminals" - [A. Solzhenitsyn. The Gulag Archipelago]), political - "political prisoner (" Mat, of course, continued and screams and obscene songs, but active aggression against politicians was suspended [E. Ginzburg. Steep route], the letterman is a “political prisoner” (“Kostochkin’s only son, who studied in Harbin and saw nothing but Harbin, in his twenty-five years was condemned as an “emergency”, as a “member of the family”, as a letterman for fifteen years." [V. Shalamov. Left Bank]). These words were used by declassed elements in the 30s and early 50s last century, when there were many repressed political prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty.

4. To save linguistic resources, especially in cases where there is no equivalent for argotism in the popular Russian language (see examples: gastro"l - "a trip to another area to commit a crime", bear"tnik - "a thief specializing in thefts from safes").

All works that describe the world of criminals, depending on the nature of what is depicted, are divided into five groups (this division is very arbitrary, since by the nature of what is depicted, the work is difficult to squeeze into the framework of one group or another, but when classifying we took into account what prevails in it) :

a) giving a general picture of the social “bottom” in its natural state
(this includes the works of L. Leonov “The Thief”, V. Kaverin “The End of Khazy”, etc.);

b) showing the world of declassed elements and the fight against it by law enforcement agencies (this is “The Era of Mercy” by A. and G. Vayner, “Unidentified Person” by S. Ustinov, “Agony” by N. Leonov, etc.);

c) describing the life of criminals in prison (most
Indicative of this category of works is L. Gabyshev’s story “Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom”);

d) telling about the life of political prisoners and professional criminals in places of deprivation of liberty (works by A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov, A. Zhigulin, etc.);

e) dedicated to the problem of crime among teenagers and ways of re-educating juvenile offenders (this group of works includes, for example, “Pedagogical Poem” by A. Makarenko, “Honor” by G. Medynsky).

A particularly large number of argotisms were used in literature in the 1920s. 30s XX century For example, a lot of thieves' words were used in V. Kaverin's story "The End of Kha" and in L. Leonov's novel "The Thief." (In the second edition, L. Leonov excluded many argotisms, rightly believing that the latter clog the language of a work of art and make it difficult to understand).

Works that describe the world of declassed elements are characterized by the use of argotisms both in the author’s speech and in the speech of the heroes of the works. The author's interpretation is not always given; the meaning is not always given; the lexical meaning of argotism can be understood from the context. All this makes it difficult to understand the work itself. Let us give a few sentences as an example: “There, you see, it’s pure bullshit” (L. Sheinin. Notes of an investigator); "Shmona" is on an equal footing, be calm! Grated feathers "rshchitsa!" (I. Polyak. Songs of the zadri "pan" DPR); "Help, brother! Well, it doesn't matter. Tala"n na maida"n, brat"shki, shayta"n na gayta"n! Woe! (V. Kaverin. The end of hazy).

When using argotisms in the language of works of art, most writers (until the 90s of the twentieth century) observed a sense of proportion (either the “inner writer’s instinct” suggested it, or good editorial editing and censorship, or maybe both - in any case case, it was good). Here are the facts: from 1920 to 1989. About one thousand criminal words were used in the works, while from 1990 to 1995 - more than five thousand. Of course, there were such works. which were literally full of argot words. For example, in 1989 an interesting, exciting story by L. Gabyshev “Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom” appeared. The problems raised in it are relevant and topical. But, unfortunately, it is oversaturated with argotisms. Moreover, the author (with a criminal past) does not even explain some of them, probably believing that they are understandable to the reader. However, it is not. The reader does not understand, for example, such words as maryokha (representative of the lowest category of prisoners), kurkova "tsya" (to hide, hide), "zachu" sew (to humiliate; to make sure that the prisoner ends up in a lower caste), kobli"ha (active lesbian) .

Writers introduce and use argotic vocabulary in their works in different ways. Let's trace the techniques and methods of some of them. So, for example, in P. Nilin’s story “The Last Theft,” thieves’ words are one of the means of describing the character of the hero, his belonging to the criminal world. The author (editors?) does not highlight argotisms graphically: with quotation marks, parentheses, italics, etc. They are used most often in the author's speech. Almost all thieves' words used by P. Nilin in the story denote categories of criminals, for example: shirma"ch - "a thief specializing in pickpocketing", gromshchik - "a criminal engaged in robbery and robbery", shni"ffer - "burglar" safes and fireproof cabinets." The writer explains some of the argotisms himself; the meaning of other words is clear from the context. In the work, with the help of argotisms, the author's ironic attitude towards his hero is expressed, his imaginary thieves' honor is debunked (see, for example, the phrase: "No one will rise from his place in order to voluntarily give it up to the godfather" - the master, the grandmaster of the thieves' craft, and there is not a single decent person who would perfectly know the craft of a pharmacist, a loudspeaker or a screen-maker).

If P. Nilin’s argotisms are used mainly in the author’s speech, then in L. Sheinin’s “Notes of an Investigator” they come from the “mouths” of the heroes, and for this reason their meaning is clarified only from the context, which poses a certain difficulty for reader. G. Medynsky's argotisms in the story "Honor" are included both in the author's speech and in the speech of the characters. The author puts some of them in quotation marks, most often those that he explains himself. A number of thieves' words are "explained" by his heroes. An interesting fact is that in the speech of offenders who have taken the path of correction, there are no argotisms. This is undoubtedly one of the means of depicting the spiritual growth of the hero. And vice versa, in the hero of the story “Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom” Eyes, as he descends spiritually and becomes involved in the criminal sphere of activity, the number of argotisms in his speech increases.

In works describing the world of declassed elements, argotic vocabulary is used, which refers to both the “everyday” vocabulary of argot and the “professional” one. Among the writers L. Leonov, L. Sheinin, N. Leonov, “professional” vocabulary prevails over “everyday” vocabulary, and a significant part of it is used in the author’s speech. The predominance of “professional” vocabulary over everyday vocabulary in the works of the mentioned authors can be explained by the fact that they show the life of declassed elements in the most acute situations - moments of committing crimes. The “everyday” vocabulary of argot is more fully represented in the works of G. Medynsky, L. Gabyshev, A. Zhigulin, V. Shalamov and some other writers. They depict the life of criminals in places of deprivation of liberty, where there is not that wide field of activity for offenses, where the everyday side is of great importance for prisoners.

To create familiarity in communication, law enforcement officers can use argotisms in their speech. Moreover, in the argotisms uttered by these characters, one can feel obvious mockery, irony, and sometimes even contempt. So, for example, Khan, the hero of N. Leonov’s story “Agony”, an employee of the criminal investigation department, utters the following phrase: “Have you yourself, Korney, not forgotten that in your monkey language metropolis is the name of the chairman of the court?” Investigator Zhur, the hero of the story “The Last Theft” ironically addresses the gang of criminals he caught: “Well, the general meeting of the Schniffers can be considered open...” (P. Nilin, The Last Theft).

The main character of A. Levi's memoir "Notes of the Gray Wolf" also has an ironic and mocking attitude towards argotic vocabulary. Here are some of his statements: “Rumyany and Tashkentsky began to intensively teach me “Russian”, and I immediately learned that “melody” is the police, “lopa”tnik” is a wallet, and “fra”er” is the personality of a man sex is underdeveloped." "After breakfast, we separated, she went to work (Sirye works at some institute, and I... also went to work (crime - M.G.)."

If we take the pre-revolutionary past, then in early works of art the attitude of writers towards argotisms is either neutral or ironic, see, for example, the works of F. M. Dostoevsky “Notes from the House of the Dead”, S.V. Maksimova "Unhappy", A.I. Kuprin "Thief", "Pit". L. Sheinin has the same attitude towards them in “Notes of an Investigator”. And only a few writers condemn the use of argotisms in their works. An example of this is the stories of V. Shalamov, combined into the collection “Left Bank”. An honest writer who knew the criminal world not superficially, but from the inside, who repeatedly encountered thieves, who openly declared that the criminal world must be destroyed, he wrote that argotisms are a poison that infected every person who has been in places of deprivation freedom.

The above criticisms do not indicate that argotic vocabulary should not be allowed in works of art. The involvement of argotisms by writers and poets in the language of fiction is a completely natural and inevitable process. Works telling about declassed elements would be poor without argotisms, literary characters would be unreliable and false. (Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that a repeat offender, a “thief in law” who spent half his life in prison, would speak only a standardized literary language, without using argotisms!) In addition, some criminal words have no equivalent in in Russian literary language, see, for example: batsi"lla - "a food product that contains a lot of fat", vzroslya"k - "a place of imprisonment where adult criminals serve their sentences", volnyaga - "a civilian worker in places of imprisonment" , gastro"l - "trip of a criminal for the purpose of committing a crime", za"dnik - "back pocket of trousers".

Virtually all works of Gulag literature contain argotisms - mostly prison ones. Many writers who were in the Gulag succumbed to the charm of prison speech and very often used criminal words for other purposes. “V. T. Shalamov,” N. I. Khalitova rightly notes, “is the only one of the writers of camp prose who took a firm aesthetic position in relation to camp speech. If units of “thieves” appear in the author’s speech, then in most cases this is followed by a remark with which V. Shalamov marks these units (“as the thieves say”, “so the thieves say”, “in the thieves’ way”, etc.). (N. Khalitova, 2001). According to N. Leiderman, “Shalamov treated the cynical camp jargon with outright disgust” (N. Leiderman, 1992).

It seems that when using argotisms in the language of fiction, it is important to take into account the nature of the chosen lexemes (so that they are not vulgar, so that they clearly reflect this or that phenomenon, etc.). It is also important that the literary work is not oversaturated with them.

Currently, argotisms - the vocabulary of declassed elements - are actively penetrating the style of fiction. In fact, a number of works of detective literature are “monuments of jargon” (words by V.V. Vinogradov). In some cases, their large number is determined by the authors’ sympathies for this or that character. (See, for example, the cycle of novels by E. Sukhov “I am a thief in law”).

Due to the oversaturation of argotisms, fiction loses not only aesthetically, but also in communicative terms, i.e. the reader sometimes does not understand the text of the work. As evidence, let us cite an excerpt from S. Zverev’s novel “Zhigan: Cruelty and Will” (M., 1998): “I’m not hooked on zo” (became a drug addict - M.G.). I even tried smoking and expand (drink and inject drugs - M.G.) at the same time. Once the engine almost died. Why are you sitting on a mole (mattress - M.G.) and sniffle all night?

If earlier writers showed the foreignness of argotisms in italics, quotation marks and other graphic means, now this is almost never used. Authors and editors mistakenly believe that the lexemes of the criminal world are already understandable to the mass reader; only some writers try to explain argotisms either with footnotes or contextually (see, for example, the collection of stories by I. Derevianko “Scumbags”).

Often the dictionaries of argotisms, which are attached at the end of the work, give an incorrect interpretation of lexemes. Let us give as an example the explanation of argotisms from E. Monk’s book “Brotherhood” (M., 1988): wandering - “your guy, with ideas” (correctly: “a professional criminal who strictly observes the laws of thieves”, include counter - “increasing interest on overdue debt” (correct: “to charge penalties for overdue debt”), goli “mine” - “certainly” (correct: “true”).

In modern detective literature there is a lot of “aggressive” and rough argotic vocabulary with the meanings of “kill”, “rob”, “torture”, as well as words denoting sexual perversions, and the frequency of this layer in a number of works is extremely high. Often such words humiliate a person or simplify and vulgarize his high feelings. If until the mid-80s, “everyday” argotic vocabulary was mainly used, now professional lexemes of criminals predominate. Moreover, if previously they were used mainly by professional criminals, now they are also used by law enforcement officers, law-abiding people (even victims of crime). Perhaps this is also connected with one general idea of ​​many modern detective works: only a professional criminal will restore order in the country. It is characteristic that now more argotisms are used to denote professional criminals (often such words have a positive connotation: chelovek - “a professional criminal who honestly follows thieves’ laws”, “right people”, thieves in the law - “professional criminals who strictly adhere to the traditions and laws of the criminal world"), on the one hand, and law enforcement officers (these words have a negative connotation, see examples: garbage - "law enforcement officer", po"pka, vertukha"lo - " warden at the ITU"), on the other hand. Perhaps this opposition is made deliberately by the authors of a number of works.

The annotation to the book “I am a thief in law” suggests sad reflections: On the zone: “According to a fabricated verdict, the overseer of Russia, the thief in law Varyag, is serving a sentence in the remote northern regions. Lawlessness and thirst that began in the wild revenge forces him to decide to take a desperate step and, overcoming severe trials, escape. Good people help Varyag survive in a critical situation, saving his life after severe wounds. Having recovered, Varyag returns to St. Petersburg, where he frees his wife and son, punishes the traitors and begins to establish a tough and fair order in Russia." The idea, dear reader, is clear: only a thief in law cannot restore order. But such thoughts fermented in the early 90s even within the walls of the Russian parliament... By the way, this book is oversaturated with argotisms.

Argotisms are now less often used to play out certain situations humorously. (“Translations” into thieves’ language of “Eugene Onegin”, “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” and so on are not included in the genre of detective literature). Argotisms began to be used much more often in the author’s speech, especially when it is narrated as if from the perspective of the hero.

The fascination with thieves' words has gone far in our society. So, for example, you learn from the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" that the journalist translated into prison language... the novel "Eugene Onegin" (see the title of the newspaper article, the article "My uncle, pa"dla, a thief in law"not..." ) . I recently learned about the translation into the jargon of criminals... "Tales of Igor's Campaign." What does all of this mean? Parody or destruction of our spiritual values? After all, there are some frameworks, boundaries that we should not cross, that we should not laugh at. Although... we have freedom, everything is permitted. (How can one not remember the phrase of S.A. Yesenin - “the freedom that has poisoned us”!) In a word, in the name of our future, “let’s burn Raphael, trample the flowers of art.” All that remains is to translate the Bible into thieves' language.

INTRODUCTION
. . . . . page 2

1. ON THE HISTORY OF SLANG. . . . . page 5

2. SLANG AS A PHENOMENON IN MODERN LINGUISTICS.

SLANG AND JARGON
. . . . .page 8

3. SLANG AND FOLKLORE
. . . . .page 15

4. YOUTH SLANG
. . . . .page 19

5. APPLICATION
. . . . .page 28

CONCLUSION
. . . . .page 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY
. . . . .page 38

INTRODUCTION

The fate of the Russian language is a topic that cannot leave anyone indifferent.
one wordsmith. It is obvious that language changes significantly right into
in the eyes of our generation. Should we be happy or sad about this? To fight with
changes or accept them?

Ten to twenty years is an insignificant period for the development of a language, but in history
There are periods when the rate of language change is significantly
increases. So, the state of the Russian language in the seventies and nineties
years can serve as excellent confirmation of this fact. Changes
touched upon the language itself, and, first of all, the conditions of its use.
Communication between a person from the seventies and a person from the nineties is quite
could end in a communication failure due to simple misunderstanding
language and possibly incompatible linguistic behavior. As
confirmation it is enough to indicate the most noticeable, although not the most
interesting change: the emergence of a huge number of new words (including
number of borrowings) and also the disappearance of some words and meanings, then
there is a change in the Russian vocabulary.

It is obvious that both the language changes themselves and their speed in this case
caused not by internal reasons, but by external ones, namely social
transformations and changes in the life of Russian-speaking society. Before
Before talking about modern language, we should remember its recent
history.

Nikolai Glazkov once wrote:

I look at the world from under the table:

The twentieth century is an extraordinary century.

Why is it more interesting for a historian?

That makes it even sadder for a contemporary.

The twentieth century turned out to be extremely interesting not only for historians,
but also for linguists. Essentially, the Russian language was
a sociolinguistic experiment stunning in scale and results.
Two major social upheavals - revolution and perestroika - did not affect
only the people, but also the language. Under the influence of what is happening, the Russian language
changed himself, and, in addition, he was purposefully influenced
power, because language was its powerful tool.

The language of the revolutionary era is brilliantly described, hot on the heels of the Russians and
Western Slavists: S.I. Kartsevsky, A.M. Selishchev, A. Mazon. And here
The Russian language of the following periods was much less fortunate. Only in
In the 60s, a serious study of the Russian language was carried out in
Soviet society. It was led by M.V. Panov. But in the late 80s and 90s
years, a stream of publications about the Russian language poured into the Soviet and
post-Soviet era. Most of them are extremely unprofessional, and
their essence boils down to the fact that in the Soviet period the situation with language was
very bad, but “now” it’s even worse.

The following reasons are put forward. During the Soviet era, the language was
bureaucratized and squeezed into the grip of censorship and self-censorship, and also
served as a tool for mind manipulation and brainwashing. Well, in
In the post-Soviet era, everyone suddenly became completely illiterate,
There are no rules or norms, so it’s time to talk about the collapse of language. TO
internal problems were added by the expansion of the English language and how
consequence - the enslavement of the once great and powerful by foreign
brother. As a recipe for salvation, it is recommended to return to
roots and origins, improving general culture, rhetoric courses for deputies
and prime ministers.

It’s hard to disagree with what’s been said, but I’d probably still agree
more difficult. And that's why. In Soviet times, a curious thing arose, but in no way
not a unique situation, which in linguistics is called diglossia
(Greek bilingualism), that is, the coexistence of two languages ​​or two forms
one language, distributed across different areas of use. Near
in everyday Russian language another one of his arose (or was created)
variety. It is called differently: Soviet language, wooden
language (tracing paper from French - langue de bois; compare with wooden
ruble). Diglossia has happened before both in Rus' itself and in other
societies. Thus, in Ancient Rus' colloquial Russian and
literary Church Slavonic. Later in the eighteenth century the Russian
the language had to divide its own people (more precisely, only the nobility) with
alien - French. Diglossia is generally characteristic of
some religious societies where the “high” religious language
serves only religious, ritual and similar communication. IN
In other situations, “low” colloquial language is used.

In fact, other forms were also used in Soviet society
language, for example, vernacular, slang, etc. All these forms are almost
interacted with each other because they belonged to different layers
society and to different communication situations. In speeches, newspapers and on
Newspeak reigned in party meetings, colloquial speech reigned in kitchens and courtyards,
literary or colloquial depending on the speech situation and its
participants. The Soviet man was distinguished by the fact that he knew how to
switching from one language to another - this gave rise to “bilingualism.”

Currently, slang is one of the most interesting language systems
modern linguistics.

In this paper, we propose to highlight a number of problems associated with
the existence of such a phenomenon as slang.

The objectives of the proposed work are reduced to determining the sphere of existence
slang, studying its functioning as a system, tracking its
origins, varieties.

Objectives of the work: we will take the liberty of defending the assumption that
slang is an independent phenomenon in language and should be considered in
in modern linguistics nothing more than a separate category.

The appendix provides a glossary of youth slang in Novosibirsk.

The material is intended for philologists, linguists, sociologists, as well as
those who are interested in the problems of the formation and development of the Russian language.

1. ON THE HISTORY OF SLANG

So, it is not true that the Russian language in the Soviet era was awkward,
bureaucratic and obscure. This was only one of its forms, namely
Newspeak, but Newspeak could not have been any other way. His structure was determined by his
purpose. Also A.M. Selishchev formulated the key rule
(referring, however, to the newspaper text): if he speaks incomprehensibly -
means Bolshevik. Here it must be said that Newspeak was not something dead
and unchangeable. Stalin's and Brezhnev's newspeaks differ significantly
between themselves. In many ways, linguistic differences are determined by the functions of language and
tasks of the “user”, that is, the authorities. Instead of direct deception and
brainwashing came with ritual and chattering. The eras have changed, they have changed
discourses. Diglossia remained, except that a certain
newspeak expansion. The scope of its use was constantly expanding. Already by
The authorities imposed strict requirements on any public speech. Transition
“reading from a piece of paper” became almost mandatory.

Gorbachev's perestroika did not change the Russian language itself, it changed
conditions for its use. The boundaries between different forms of language and
between spheres of their use. To replace the competent and oversaturated
With ready-made templates, Newspeak received an explosive mixture. The result is partly
paradoxical: there were significantly more errors, but in general they began to talk
more interesting and better. Of course, not all. Who knew only “newspeak”,
lost everything.

The linguistic element collapsed and overwhelmed the entire people. It turns out that
Almost everyone can speak publicly, and some are required to.
Today, politicians differ not only in appearance,
with looks, but also with language. “Language portraits” of politicians have become mandatory
part of their image, a tool in political campaigns and even an object
parody. Texts generated by V.V. Zhirinovsky and V.V. Putin,
there is no way to confuse them, even if the announcer reads them. Public speech in
in many ways has become a reflection of individuality, as, generally speaking, it should
be.

Thus, there are now fewer social differences in speech, and
more individual ones. Well, the thesis about universal illiteracy, to put it mildly
speaking, incorrect. Just the illiteracy that has always existed
became partly public.

If we turn to non-public speech, it has changed somewhat
less, although it also experienced various influences. True, this did not affect
the most educated part of the Russian people, and above all those who
most exposed to television and newspapers. Russian speech in general
has become more diverse, since it combines heterogeneous
elements from once incompatible forms of language. In today's speech
A young and quite intelligent person flashes various words:
youth slang, a little classic thieves, a lot of crap
Novorussian, professionalism, jargon - in short, for any
taste.

Here are a few rules of a modern cultured person, formulated
in modern language:

Don't run into me!

Don't load it!

Don't slow down!

It should be clear to everyone, although not a single word is used in its
literary meaning.

Has the Russian language become more “criminal”? Certainly. Like the rest of society
in general. Another question is why this is so noticeable. Used to use a hairdryer "botal"
the one who was supposed to “work.” Well, unless an intellectual could
let in something like that for the sake of saying something nice. But this word was
“red”, that is, it stood out sharply against the general background. Now these words
on everyone’s lips: professor, schoolchild, deputy, bandit...

Perhaps the only tangible loss on this path of speech development was
almost universal loss of linguistic taste. A language game based on
combining different layers of language (there are many examples in the Soviet period:
V. Vysotsky, A. Galich, Ven. Erofeev, etc.), or simply using brightly
pronounced social style (for example, M. Zoshchenko or A. Platonov)
are now hardly possible. These techniques have become the norm and are no longer
be perceived as a game. Of the new speech genres that still have
game beginning, slang should be mentioned. Its novelty, however, is conditional and
rather it is about socialization.

As for other claims to the modern language, not everything is
so simple. Indeed, the flow of borrowings from
in English. America's influence is obvious, and not only on the Russian language
and not just the language in general. These changes are also associated with the destruction
boundaries and partitions, but only external ones. Highest number of borrowings
falls on new areas where the system of Russians has not yet developed
terms or names. This happens, for example, in modern economics
or computer technology. In a situation where there is no word for something new
concepts, this word can be created from old means, or maybe simply
borrow. The Russian language as a whole has followed the second path. If
talk about specific words, then, say, the printer defeated the printing
device. In such areas, borrowing is quite appropriate and, in
in any case, they do not pose any threat to the language.

However, the expediency of borrowing alone cannot explain it. In many
in America-oriented areas, borrowing is clearly excessive,
since the corresponding words already exist in the Russian language (sometimes
old borrowings). However, new borrowings are more prestigious
and are pushing Russian words out of circulation. So, a businessman struggles with
entrepreneur, model - with fashion model, presentation - with
performance, image - with image, makeup artist - with hairdresser, etc.
The emergence of this kind of borrowing sometimes makes communication difficult. But
costs of this kind are temporary (only for the period of struggle and formation
new terminology) and also do not pose a particular threat to the language as a whole.
We hardly become less Russian by saying accountant (it sounds like,
if you think about it!), and not an accountant.

The number of borrowings in any language is enormous, which the native speakers themselves
the tongue is not always felt. Language is an unusually stable system and
able to “digest” fairly alien phenomena, that is,
adapt them and make them yours to one degree or another.

In conclusion, it should be said that often in the public consciousness this or that
another state of the language is assessed, and is usually noted as
times the “bad” state of the tongue. This criticism is usually due to
too rapid changes in language and the resulting
gap between the discourses of different generations. In such a situation we
where we are now.

2. SLANG AS A PHENOMENON IN MODERN LINGUISTICS. SLANG AND JARGON.

In linguistics there is no clear concept of slang.

All vocabulary of a language is divided into literary and
non-literary. Literary ones include:

Book words

Standard spoken words

Neutral words

All this vocabulary, used either in literature or in oral speech in
official setting. There is also non-literary vocabulary, we
we divide it into:

Professionalisms

Vulgarisms

Jargonisms

This part of the vocabulary is distinguished by its colloquial and informal
character.

Professionalisms are words used by small groups of people
united by a certain profession.

Vulgarisms are rude words not usually used by educated people.
people in society, a special vocabulary used by people of lower
social status: prisoners, drug dealers, homeless and
etc.

Jargons are words used by certain social or
groups united by common interests that carry secret,
a meaning that is incomprehensible to everyone.

Slang is words that are often seen as breaking norms
standard language. These are very expressive, ironic words that serve
to denote objects that are talked about in everyday life.

It should be noted that some scientists classify jargon as slang,
thus, without singling them out as a separate group, and slang
defined as a special vocabulary used to communicate with a group of people
common interests.

The term “slang” itself translated from English (Soviet Encyclopedia,
edited by CM. Kovaleva, - M.: “Soviet Encyclopedia”, p.1234)
means:

Speech of a socially or professionally isolated group in
the opposite of literary language;

Variant of colloquial speech (including expressively colored elements of this
speeches) that do not coincide with the norm of the literary language.

Slang consists of words and phraseological units that arose originally
used in certain social groups. It reflected the whole
the orientation of these groups. Having become commonly used, these words are mainly
retain an emotional-evaluative character, although sometimes there is a “sign” of evaluation
changes. For example, “hack work” (acting medium of use) –
means "running in".

On the problem of isolating or not isolating slang from a number of others and how
concepts and as a term among domestic linguists there are several
points of view:

I.R. Galperin in his article “On the term “slang””, referring to
the uncertainty of this category generally denies its existence.

His argument is based on the results of research by English scientists
lexicographers, mainly on their experience in compiling dictionaries
English language, which showed that the same word in different
dictionaries have different linguistic recognition; the same thing is given with
marked “slang”, “vernacular”, or without any marks, that
indicates compliance with the literary norm of the language.

I.R. Halperin does not allow the existence of slang as a separate
independent category, proposing the term “slang” to be used in
as a synonym, the English equivalent of jargon.

Opinion about the identity of two concepts (slang and jargon), but besides this -
sharp denial of the presence of such a phenomenon in Russian colloquial
language (E.G. Borisova-Lukashanets, A.N. Mazurova, L.A. Radzikhovsky).

It is interesting to use in this aspect the opinion of Academician A.A. Shakhmatova,
who suggested pointing out such a phenomenon with attention, rather than
get carried away with propaganda of the denial of slang and instructions on how to speak..

Beregovskaya E.M. identifies more than 10 ways to form functional
units of slang, thereby confirming the thesis about constant updating
vocabulary of slang.

Foreign language borrowings come first in terms of productivity
(dude - guy (from the gypsy language), mostly English-speaking.
This method is organically combined with affixation, so that the word is immediately
comes in Russified form. For example: thank you (thank you) –
Senka; parents (parents) - parents, prants; birthday
- a bum, a bum.

Appearing in such a grotesque guise, the borrowed slangism immediately
actively enters into the system of inflection: street (street) - on the street,
bow (look) – bow, etc. And the mechanism immediately turns on
derivations:

Drink (alcoholic drink) – drinkach, drinker, drink – team,
get drunk, get tired.

Some foreign words that have long been assimilated into the Russian language, such as
would be re-borrowed in a different meaning:

Rally (meeting), ring (telephone), speech (conversation), etc.

2. Affixation as a means is very productive. And following E.A. Zemsky we
Let's look at this type of word formation step by step.

Noun:

Ukh(a) is used to form words expressing rudeness,
disdain, irony: nickname - nickname, order - order,
showing - showing off, calm - calm.

At the same time, the basis of a complex, usually foreign language base word
is subject to truncation: presentation - presentation, pornography - porn,
scholarship - stipuh.

The suffix is ​​also used as a means of universalization, i.e. reduction
combinations of “adjective + noun” into one word -

Noun: wet case (murder) - wet case, domestic crime
– domestic sex, group orgies – gangbang.

But this suffix does not always contain the same combination. IN
stems are used as basic ones, conveying the semantics of a new word
adjectives: black - black, cheerful - cheerful.

Ag(a) produces modification nouns, i.e. words,
differing from the basic ones in expressive assessment. As a rule, this
the suffix conveys rude mockery: journalist, hostel, prison;

Ap(a) forms expressive modification nouns that have
rude - humorous character: nose - nose, cat - cat.

It is peculiar - it is used to produce from the stems of verbs
nouns denoting actions or states related to
drink and snack: drink - drink, snack - snack, throw -
quirk.

The production of names of persons is carried out by many suffixes.

L(a) produces rude derogatory words from verb stems
names of persons by action: drove (from driver), threw (from throw -
deceiver);

Schik, -nik, -ach are active in different areas of language: freeloader - freeloader,
hang out - partygoer, laugh - joker, knock - snitch;

Ak is more active in the production of nouns denoting which -
or an object or phenomenon, by action or sign: impudence - a sneaky sign,
depression - depresnyak, prohodnyak (a work that can be
published or a passing grade at the university).

It generates not only nouns, but also a specific class of words -
evaluative adverbial predicates: sure, dead (sure thing),
acting as an interjection with the meaning: for sure, exactly.

Among the less expressive suffixes operating in
word formation of nouns, let's name the following:

Lk(a), with the help of which they are formed from verbal stems
nouns of different semantics, for example, naming types of children's
folklore and children's games: horror stories, shooting games (like the well-known ones:
counting rhymes, teasers);

Ota is used to produce nouns with meaning
collectivities: narcotics (from drugs);

Hedgehog forms names of actions and states from verbal stems
type: baldezh (from baldet), gudezh (from buzz);

Derivatives that have local meaning are not enough for general jargon
characteristic. For example, noun. bomzhatnik (from homeless person), modeled after
names of premises for animals (calf barn, chicken coop), noun. rocking chair
(sports club) is modeled after the conversational reading room, smoking room.

Neutral words are also widely used to expand the slang vocabulary.
suffixes that are productive in literary language. For production
nouns denoting an action or the result of an action,
The following suffixes are used:

O: collision, rollback, gain;

K(a): cheating, washing, excuse, exposure, promotion, tension;

Neither (e): washing, welding, simmering.

Prefixation is not typical for word formation of slang nouns.

The word formation of the verb is less rich. It has no specific suffixes.

Derivatives with -nu, -anu, denoting instantaneity, are especially active.
one-time action: slow down, burst, break. But
the main role is played by prefixation, prefixes, productive and
literary colloquial speech:

C- with the meaning of removal: fade away, dump (leave, leave);

roll away, roll away, shovel away (lit. move away);

From- with the meaning of destroying the result of another action: wash
(dirty money), get rid of it, rewind it.

Adjective:

The word formation of adjectives is even less ramified than
word formation of verbs. It does not contain specific
prefixes and suffixes. The most active ones are the same as for literary
language: -ov, -n-, -sk-: crowbar - dray, plague - chumovoy, scoop - sovovy,
redneck - redneck.

In slang there is a specific type of words like: bantered,
nutty, correlative with verbs ending in -anutyy. Derivatives of annuty
the shape resembles passive participles (bend - bent), however
their semantics and nature of use (inability to manage dependent
nominal forms (bent by whom...)) shows that they should
considered as a special type of adjective.

3. The second place after suffixation is taken by such a method as truncation. WITH
with its help, names of various kinds are easily generated, as a rule,
from a polysyllabic word: shiza - schizophrenia; demobilization - demobilization; cash
cash;

4. The next powerful source of formation of the lexical composition of slang
is metaphorical.

Metaphors: aquarium, monkey bar – “police bench for detainees”,
golyak - complete absence of something, extinguish - beat, fly away,
feel great.

In metaphorics there is often a humorous interpretation of the signified:

Shaggy - bald, basketball player - short man, Mercedes
pedal - bicycle.

Metonymies: hairy - hippie, crusty - diploma.

Metonymies like: grass - drugs for smoking, puff - smoke
drugs, sniffing glue are euphemistic, obscure
the negative essence of the named denotations.

5. Development of polysemy: throw: 1) steal something from someone; 2)
take something from someone and not give it back; 3) cheat at
completing a transaction; 4) fail to keep a promise, deceive; good: 1) everything is in
ok; 2) it is not important, not significant; 3) not bad, tolerable; 4)
Please; hang around: 1) be under the influence of a drug; 2) receive
great pleasure, both physical and spiritual;

Borrowing thieves' argotisms: lawlessness - complete freedom,
revelry; cool - good; wet - beat, kill;

Synonymous or antonymic derivation (one of the components
phraseological unit is replaced by a word close or opposite in meaning
national language or slang): get on the needle - start regularly
use drugs - get addicted to drugs - get someone used to
drug use – get off the needle – stop using
drugs; fill a joint - fill a cigarette with a drug for smoking -
nail the jamb, nail the jamb;

Abbreviation full or partial: bullpen: 1) preliminary chamber
conclusions; 2) a room with a pleasant smell; 3) Kyiv brewery; Zosia
– alcoholic drink “Golden Autumn”;

Telescopy: cerebellum - go crazy (cerebellum + cerebellum);

Pun stand: Bucharest – youth party (from “bukh” –
alcohol), bezbabie - lack of money (from “granny” - money); asshole, constipation
- car brand “Zaporozhets”.

Slang reflects the lifestyle of the speech community. And basic
thematic groups of word formation are as follows:

In addition, Beregovskaya E.M. indicates dominance
representative function of language as a systemic subject over
communicative through a comparative analysis of word usage in Moscow
and Moscow region. However, her research notes that
moving slangisms takes on average 6 months, but due to
scientific and technological progress and the emergence of more modern means
communications, travel times are significantly reduced. Quite
her statement that the emergence of new slangisms is justified
happens precisely in the capitals, and only then there is a movement to
periphery. But when moving, the meaning of slang may change or
replenish. So, for example, crap in Moscow and the region means “something
not interesting”, but for us the meaning is replenished – “not true, nonsense”.

Some researchers believe that the term slang is used in our country
two meanings: as a synonym for jargon (but in relation to English-speaking
countries) and as a set of slang words, slang meanings
well-known words, slang phrases belonging to
origin to various jargons and which have become, if not generally used,
then understandable to a fairly wide range of Russian speakers.
The authors of various slang dictionaries understand slang this way.

Jargons who have delegated their representatives to the so-understood slang do not
part with them. At the same time, jargon that gets into slang can get
a different meaning than in the source jargon. Sometimes this happens with
intermediary jargon. For example, to darken in prison camp jargon
ambiguous: “pretend not to remember, feign unconsciousness”,
“to be cunning during interrogation”, and in youth jargon - “to speak unclearly,
evade the answer” (cf. dark - about a person who behaves like this),
and now in common parlance - “to confuse, to deceive” (and this meaning is the second,
the figurative meaning of darken is shown in the Explanatory Dictionary of Russian
language” by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova); parasha originally a latrine
in the cell; later: any household dirt; lies, misinformation.

Slang is a feast of metaphors and expression. The roof has gone crazy - expression,
born in one of the jargons and ended up in slang. None of ours
I didn’t show it in standard explanatory dictionaries. The first to do this was in 1992
year “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by Ozhegov and Shvedova and classified it as
colloquial style of literary language. Over time, the metaphorical nature of this
expressions fade. The slang refreshes her: the roof is now leaking, moving away,
flies away. The metaphorical impulses emanating from this expression
penetrate into his associative field, and now the psychiatrist is a roofer,
and psychiatric practice - roofing work.

Vrunok - radio broadcasting point; exhaust - smell of fumes, alcohol
from mouth; goalkeeper - bouncer in a restaurant, bar; knead haryu - sleep;
close to dry, be dry - stop drinking completely
due to severe alcohol intoxication; thinking in mirrors is true
understand something; drop on the sting - give a bribe; until your heart stops -
intense and long; sidelights - glasses; npugovop - restaurant bill;
the client is a simpleton; democratizer, humanizer - a police baton,
and much more is in this dictionary.

Slang dictionaries are of great interest in this study.
Interesting by showing facts that are not found in the vast majority of cases
reflections in standard explanatory dictionaries. Interesting as a document
time, a certain evidence of the linguistic taste of the era, and
socio-psychological processes generated by extralinguistic
circumstances. Speaking about these processes and circumstances, the authors
similar works note that prison camp jargon was not subject to
influence of official ideology. In addition, “a country that during
for many decades was practically one giant
a concentration camp where people were constantly, directly or indirectly, confronted
prison life, could not help but assimilate the morals and customs of this world in all
spheres of social or cultural life.” Joliot Curie once said:
“The truth travels without visas.” And there’s nothing to say about words. In the zone
you can't hold them back.

3. SLANG AND FOLKLORE

Slang is a cross-section of speech culture. He covered social
vertical and age horizontal all layers of the Soviet and post-Soviet
society. The attractive power and common use of slogans, songs
and proverbial contaminations, transformed nicknames of political
figures and singers, narrowly professional argot that has overcome the radius
practical action and purpose, criminal jargon, folklore
motives formed a first-class speech conglomerate...

An interesting question is about intellectual slang and folklore associated with
literature. It was in the word creation process that we found our optimal
the embodiment of the trend of modern literature, its disputes and pains, problems.
Unfortunately, the current situation is poorly visible in this layer of speech and
folklore: too little time has passed since the beginning of the so-called
perestroika. Slang and folklore better serve political and
social needs of life.

The people gave characteristics to their heroes: they marched in a friendly line
fiery Bolsheviks "Lyska" (aka "Burning", "Dead Vova"), "Father
Mustachioed Constitution", "Krupa", "Clara Tselkin", "Bomzh-Bruevich". Leaders
in recent years they got theirs: Brezhnev - “armourbearer in the dark” and “Neolithic
Ilyich with widescreen breasts"; Andropov contributed to the education
a new subject "andropology", renaming the Kremlin to "Andropol" and
Leningrad - to "Pitekandropovsk". The old presiding men are a thing of the past,
because of which the distance from the House of Unions to Red Square was named
"corpse pipeline". Gorbachev appeared on the horizon - “Gorbi”, “Mineral
secretary", "non-alcoholic chatter"; Foros island after the great
the seat was renamed "Michal-Sergeevsky Posad"; his very last name
became a decoding of the abbreviation: “Citizens! We rejoiced early. Brezhnev,
Andropova, Chernenko, remember!”; crowned by the Gorby folklore ditty:

According to coupons - bitter.

According to coupons - sweet.

What have you done?

Head with a patch?

Yeltsin gave rise to the emergence of the cities of “Yeltsinbulk” and “Nizhny Yelets”;
his supporters were called “Yeltsinoids”; Zyuganov turned into "Red"
Papu Zyu", as well as "Zugzag of luck" with the cry "Zug-heil!". Former
Vice President Rutskoi received the killer nickname “Boot with a mustache.”
One of the presidential contenders, “deputy” Bryntsalov, became “Little
Brynets." The Constitutional Court became "Zorka's apartment" (named after
its former chairman Mr. Zorkin). "Russia's Choice" with his
"Vyborossami" was renamed to "Emission". Abbreviation "Apple"
opponents renamed it to a multiple “Blya”, and with Boldyrev’s exit from the block
- in "Yalik". Zhirinovsky's part stands for "I Love to Fool"
Ordinary Guys" (Apparently, Arkady Arkanov, who warned:
“Look, they will rename the city of Vladimir to Vladimir Volfovich.”) Gabriel
Popov gave rise to the creation of the abbreviation "POPZDIK" - "Popov - Defender"
Democracy and Culture".

“600-second Shurik” (aka “six with
two zeros") Mr. Nevzorov, confusing "Wild Field" and "Field of Miracles"; just about
the city of "Pavlograchevsk" was supposed to appear, but instead a new one arose
Secretary of the Security Council General Lebed and the fairy tale came into use
"The Ugly Duckling, or the Childhood of General Lebed", and the phrase: "Fell - did push-ups"
Only the lazy didn't learn.

The recent presidential elections stimulated the creation of a new
folklore layer associated with the name of Gennady Zyuganov:

And dad Zyu said: “I’ll slow you all down!”

Sometimes Papa Zyu is called “Mymrik” or “Mymrinsky philosopher”, meaning
mind the fact that in 1995 the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University awarded him
Doctorate degree The party immediately responded to this event:
Rumor has it that the topic of GZ’s dissertation was: “How much weight does the body lose?
communist, immersed in his own dialectical idiocy?" By the way,
Papa Zyu was born in the village of Mymrino.

Russia is a country of internationalists. "Damn Clinton" appeared (aka -
"Clean Blinton"), "Agdam Suhain". "The United States" appeared on the map
Armenia" - USA and "Federal Republic of Georgia" - Germany.

As we see, slang and folklore provide political and
the social situation was optimal. In a cultural situation,
Literary and writing affairs are more modest. There is a period
accumulation due to appearing and appearing as nameless chips
both student jokes and samples created by such
professionals like Raikin, Zhvanetsky, Ivanov, Zadornov, Bogoslovsky,
Arkanov, authors of “Club of 12 Chairs”, “Literary Newspapers”, KVN members... Here
- jokes of literary origin by Yuz Aleshkovsky, Vladimir
Vysotsky, Venedikt Erofeev, Alexander Galich and others. Already on another
the day after their creation they scattered across endless expanses
USSR and Russia.

A notable fact of speech culture are samples of youth
contamination. For example, these:

Yes, even if I were a Chukchi of advanced years,

And then without despondency and laziness

I would have learned English just for this...

What did Lennon tell them?

This also includes hippie pasta transvestism. Latest
made a significant contribution to speech culture. Their tongue broke into speech
society. Hippies have become a holiday that is always with you, even if you
not on it. This is how freely and gracefully they dealt with the famous
Pushkin's fairy tale:

Two Yangitsa under Windows

We spun late in the evening.

If only I were a King, -

The feral little girl speaks, -

I would for phaser king

I put together a super session.

If only I were a King,

A new gerlitsa is speaking,

I would have killed Children for Phaser King!..

I just managed to get enough sleep,

Dor creaked quietly,

And into the bright room there is a phaser camera,

On the go, chewing Chuingam.

During the entire conversation

He stood behind ze dora.

The last speech on everything

Loved him tightly.

Well, cool Yangitsa, -

He says, “Be a king!”

Excerpts from school essays also took on an independent life
joke:

"Leo Tolstoy was born in the forest at Yasnaya Polyana..."; "Anna Karenina wanted
say something, but the door that opened closed her mouth..."; "When Maresyev
opened his eyes, in front of him, two steps away on three legs, stood a four-legged
bear"; "When Pavel entered the room, Zhukhrai was washing his neck to his waist...";
“Davydov was hit on the head several times, but the barn remained intact...”

Among the ingredients of the nutritious broth in which the literary
speech turns out to be a contamination of the “House of Circum-literati”; Peter's nickname
Weil and Alexander Genis - "Penis and Genitalis"; Andrey Bitov's nickname -
"Podprustik" or Nobel Prize winner - Solzhenitser; herself
The Nobel Prize, renamed "Ig Nobel" - without any reason
that reason; newspapers were renamed: "MK" - to "Masonic
sex addict"; "Izvestia" - to "Izvestka"; "Abroad" - "For a ruble -
hedgehog!", "Soviet Russia" - in "Sovraska"; famous contaminations
winged literary quotes:

“God once sent a piece of cheese to Voronezh...”;

"Better Posner than never!"

“We were born to make Kafka come true!”;

“The Ural is wonderful in calm weather. It’s rare that Chapaev will swim to the middle of the river.”

Slang does not age with time. It comes into conflict with regulations and
records precedents of diplomatic relations with speech layers, whose
status is sanctified by tradition, time, and the conservatism of our lips.

Slang has a past: a future! He has a law of development,
formulated by the ancients: "Do you think time is passing? Madmen! It is you
pass by!"

Russian slang and its folklore will exist as long as it exists
Russian man, his lonely tongue, two hungry ears and a soul that
sings!

Slang and folklore, going hand in hand, show a new speech - speech III
millennia - a moment before her birth.

4. YOUTH SLANG

but also social, temporal and spatial frameworks. It exists in
among urban student youth - and individual more or less

Russian youth slang is an interesting
linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only
certain age limits, as is clear from his nomination itself,
but also social, temporal” and spatial frameworks. It exists in
environment of urban student youth - in some more or less
closed reference groups.

Like all social dialects, it is only a lexicon
who feeds on the juices of the national language, lives on its
phonetic and grammatical grounds.

The first document where this sublanguage (we will use the term Y.S.
Skrebneva) is recorded, are “Essays on the Bursa” by N.G. Pomyalovsky,
which describe the morals and life of the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary in the middle
last century. Polivanov recalls that during the years of his studies, which
occurred at the beginning of our century among his gymnasium comrades were in
There are various specific words in use: “...we are in the second or third grade,
for example, it never occurred to me to use the word
"treat": it was regularly replaced through "fund", "zafund"
instead of "undertaking" or "conceived plan" it was always said "fiducation";
The word “comrade” was not used at all: it was necessary to say “kulei”;
“good Comrade” - “shtram kuley”, etc. etc."

The flow of this vocabulary never dries up completely, it only occasionally
shallows, and in other periods becomes full-flowing. It's connected,
of course, with the historical background against which the Russian language develops.
But this connection cannot be interpreted too straightforwardly, explaining the noticeable
revival and intensive word formation in slang only by historical
cataclysms. The beginning of the century was marked by three stormy waves in development
youth slang. The first dates back to the 20s, when the revolution and
The civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to
army of street children, and the speech of teenage students and youth who are not
was separated from the homeless by impenetrable partitions, painted
a lot of "thieves" words;

The second wave occurred in the 50s, when the streets and dance floors
"hipsters" came out of the cities. The emergence of the third wave is not related to the era
turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere
social life of the 70-80s gave rise to various informal youth
movements, and “hippie” young people created their own “systemic” slang as
a linguistic gesture of opposition to official ideology.

Russian youth slang of the 70s and 80s is being actively studied (Konylekko
1976; Borisova-Lukashanets 1980; Zhurakhovskaya 1981; Mazurova 1989,
Radzikhovsky 1989, Gurov 1989; Volkova 1990; Lapova 1990; Rozhansky
1992; Sternin 1992; Shchepanskaya 1992; Zaikovskaya 1993).

True, it is necessary to note one peculiar feature of domestic works,
dedicated to this topic; some linguists, as if ashamed that they took
for the study of such an "undignified", "low" subject, they begin or
end with calls to fight it and justify their research
the need to deeply study evil in order to know how best to deal with it
fight. This approach seems to us unscientific: a linguist cannot
should not struggle with the language, the task of the linguist is to explore it
diversity, including non-normative manifestations.

To study youth slang of the 70s and 80s, we have at our disposal
three types of materials:

Complementary vocabulary lists released recently
decade (both individual publications and lexicons that are included in
works about youth and their language);

Numerous materials from newspapers and magazines, in the language of which
More and more slangisms are appearing;

Linguistic questionnaires filled out by native Russian informants
languages ​​that represent the socio-age group we are interested in
group.

The formation of a dictionary of so-called “systemic” slang occurs over
account of the same sources and means that are characteristic of language in general and
Russian in particular. The only difference is in proportions and combinations.

Consolidated vocabulary already recorded in various publications of slangisms
has about 1000 units. Youth researchers
slang, include in the scope of study the age from 14-15 to 24-25 years.
The comparison shows that the vocabulary of different reference groups coincides
only partly. The main part of slang speakers are “hippies”
high school students and students. Newspaper "Evening Petersburg" (October 6, 1992)
describes, for example, two such young men - Alexander Turunov and Denis
Astakhova. In winter, they listen to lectures at the institute, take tests and exams,
and in the summer, having drawn up a route in advance, they set off with a flute and
guitar. They vote on the highway, but immediately warn that they are students
and they have no money. Services are paid for with songs. In cities they spend the night
train stations. And if you’re lucky, the local “hippies” will give you the “registration” address -
apartments where you can stay, Sometimes people can fit into such an apartment up to
10 people. By the beginning of the school year, Denis and Alexander return home.

And Zapesotsky and A. Fain in the book “This Incomprehensible Youth” (Zapesotsky,
Fain 1990:53) paint a different portrait: a girl philologist, graduated
Leningrad University in 1986 I studied in the evening, worked during the day
library. Contacting a lot of people, I met hippies.
She felt that their views were in tune with her, and quickly mastered their style
communication, became part of their environment. She wrote her thesis on
American slang. For my own pleasure, I compiled
"Dictionary of system slang", 3rd edition of which A. Zapesotsky and
A. Fain is cited in his book.

Another portrait, provincial: a Smolensk graduate student from the “outback”. WITH
First year student is seriously studying the history of literature. The speech is quite
corresponds to the norm. At a folklore festival it suddenly turns out that
The girl speaks the Smolensk territorial dialect perfectly. And on
interuniversity scientific conference, during a break between sessions,
a surprised professor accidentally overhears his ward speaker
chats smartly with colleagues from Moscow and other cities, enriching his speech
picturesque slangisms.

We must clearly understand that in all cases when we meet
with slangisms not in the dictionary, but in living speech, this speech is not slang, but
only jargonized - individual inclusions of slangisms in the background
neutral or familiar vocabulary. It is the most intense among Moscow and
St. Petersburg hippies. In the speech of young people in the periphery, concentration
There are much fewer slangs.

Slangisms seep into the language of the press very intensively. Almost all
materials that talk about the lives of young people, interests, their holidays and
idols that contain slangisms in greater or lesser concentrations. AND
not only in the youth press - “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “Moskovsky
Komsomolets", "Interlocutor", or the newspaper "I am young", but also in such
addressed to readers of all ages in popular newspapers such as "Evening
Novosibirsk", "Arguments and Facts". Newspapers are a valuable source because
they quickly reflect the current state of the language. Common
slang vocabulary gets into them very quickly, and we get the opportunity
objectively judge its frequency.

Proposed material on the study of youth slang in Novosibirsk
also allows us to obtain some evidence of the evolution of youth
slang. For example, this: “chicks”, “dudes”, “girls” are a thing of the past.
Now young people call girls “bees.” If the girl is weird
or drunk, then they can say about her that she has moved away. Young people girls
called "uncles". Young people can be "highly tough", but
There are also “twisted” ones, i.e. not very "cool". In the light
Given the above, it is worth quoting what is probably now a fashionable saying:
“Only eggs are cooler than you, only stars are higher than you.” If going
company, then it's called a "party". "Party" may turn out to be
"parashy", i.e. |unsuccessful or successful - “freaky”” (MK. 1992. No.
10).

Youth slang finds its way into urban folklore. This is also common
genre - parody of the classics ("If only I were a Kingitsa - Ferstaya speaks
Gerlitsa../"), both a song and an anecdote based on puns.

As an expressive element that forms a “stylistic breakdown” (term by Yu.M.
Lotman), slang is effectively used in microdoses both in prose and in
poetry. This use of youth slang for stylistic purposes
is, as Denise Françoise noted, a way to turn her from
the commons of a corporate group into the public domain.

Slang is universal. Many features make Russian youth slang similar to
all sorts of argot. This is, “firstly, his depressiveness: he is critical,
ironically refers to everything related to state pressure
cars. There is a sharply expressed ideological moment here -
"systemic" slang from its very origins opposes itself
not only to the older generation, but above all to the rotten through and through
official system.

The second feature that makes Russian youth slang similar to all sorts of argot is
is its inflamed metaphorical nature. B.D. Polivanov is very accurate
called argotic word formation word creation; "Here
Indeed, we are not encountering an individual invention of a single
organizing reception, but in the true sense of the word, a broad collective, and
sometimes linguistic creativity that is widely varied in its techniques"
(Polivanov 19316: 158-159)

The third feature is the dominance of the representative rather than the communicative
and especially not the crypto-legal function. It is the representative function
how organic and important in this case was emphasized by B.D. Polivanov,
considering the jargon of schoolchildren: “When a student says “nafik” or
"napsic" instead of "why" he thinks as a communicator
complex of ideas, not only the translational meaning of the word (i.e. the meaning
“why” or “why”), and something else. And if you try to convey this
“something”, then it will turn out to be approximately the following thought content
- a thought containing characteristics of both participants in the language
exchange (dialogue): “Both of you and I, they say, are “ours”” [Polivanov 193ta:
163].

Youth slang is the password of all members of the reference group.

The fourth feature characterizing Russian youth slang as
universality, a feature that connects it with other argot and
especially with student argot - French, German, Bulgarian and
others - this is his people-oriented orientation. Youth slang - no
just a way of creative self-expression, but also a tool for dual
defamiliarization [Radzikhovsky, Mazurova 198I: 136]. If the ludic function
is characteristic of a person in general, then it is characteristic of a young person
more.

Our research shows that youth slang, like any other argot,
and more broadly - like any sublanguage, some blurring of boundaries is characteristic.
You can isolate it as a closed subsystem, as an object of observation
only conditionally [Skrebnev 1985: 22-25]. Gradual spread
youth slang goes from the center to the periphery, and on the periphery it
takes root minimally.

First of all, with its expressiveness, mischievous and cheerful play with
word attracts youth slang, with which the adult part
began to become acquainted with the population by reading young prose writers during the thaw years
and poets, the youth press and listening to their children. Against the background of a sadly deceitful
official propaganda chewing gum slangs attracted fresh
metaphorical, relaxed, and sometimes brevity of designations
(for example, an iron is a “farmer walking along the sidewalk in front of
hotel, waiting for a client”). The composition of slang reflects a dangerous, alarming
fact of the spread of drug addiction: dozens of words and expressions.

From our point of view, the main role in the slang language is played by special
words or phrases-markers. These words were a kind of
universal messages that replaced a long sequence
sentences that were probably just too lazy to say. One of
professors of the Faculty of Philology at the introductory lecture said: “A philologist should not be afraid
language", which greatly entertained the audience.

In addition, they served as encodings that hid the meaning of the conversation from
uninitiated. Suppose one of his own reproaches in front of strangers for
unseemly act. You can start a debate and educate the public
affairs. Or you can simply strain it through your teeth with the correct intonation:
"Charles Darwin". The phrase is the result of a reduction of a well-known
quotes: "Who is telling me this? Count Tolstoy is telling me this or Charles
Darwin?” and means, roughly translated into local, “that’s how I am.”

Slang is characterized rather by semantic humor. What is most valued is successful
- sometimes darkly absurd - play on words: dialogue project "Faggot" -
compilations from "Symposium" and "Phaedrus", a new feeling of "sadness" or exclamation
“amazing” and the desire to write “frost”; or "The King's Wild Hunt"
Fucking"; philosopher Beliberdyaev; six-legged Lice; Hysterical homeland and
drinking at the court of King Arthur; Or something more complicated that requires
certain mental effort to appreciate a joke, for example, an essay
"White Pebble"... Mamon Leskov and Rostov at home, the goiter of the ancestors and the song about
plinth...

But what is the difference between youth slang and other types of slang?

Firstly, these words serve to communicate between people of the same age
categories. Moreover, they are used as synonyms for English
words, differing from them in emotional coloring.

Secondly, youth slang is characterized by its “obsession” with the realities of the world
young. The slang names in question refer only to this
the world, thus separating it from everything else, and often
incomprehensible to people of other age categories.

Thanks to knowledge of such a special language, young people feel
members of some closed community.

And, thirdly, among this vocabulary there are often quite vulgar
words.

Thus, these three observations do not allow us to classify youth
slang to any single group of non-literary words and force
consider it as a phenomenon that has the features of each of them. This
and allows you to define the term youth slang as words,
used only by people of a certain age category,
replacing everyday vocabulary and differing in colloquial, and sometimes
coarsely familiar coloring.

In addition, as already indicated above, most words related to
youth slang, are derived from professional terms,
almost all of which are borrowed from English. That's why
need to follow:

Behind the appearance of these terms and their transition into the Russian language;

2) behind the process of education from these terms of youth slang.

The first reason for such a rapid emergence of new words in youth slang
is, of course, the rapid, “jumping” development of life. If
look into numerous magazines covering new products on the market, then we
we will see that more or less appear almost every week
significant phenomena.

In the context of such a technological revolution, each new phenomenon must
get your verbal designation, your name. And since almost everything
they (with rare exceptions) appear in America, Europe, then,
Naturally we get it in the dominant English language. When about
After some time they will find out in Russia, then for their overwhelming
Most of course there is no equivalent in Russian. AND
therefore Russians have to use original terms. Happening
the so-called filling of cultural gaps with the help
English terms. Thus, English names are increasingly and
fill the Russian language more. The absence in the Russian language is sufficient
standardized translation, a significant number of branded and advertising
terms and entailed a tendency towards the emergence of such a number
youth slang.

Many of the existing terms are quite cumbersome and inconvenient to use.
daily use. There is a strong tendency towards reduction,
simplification of words.

Recently there has also been a craze among young people
computer games. This again served as a powerful source of new
words

Currently, the dictionary of youth slang contains relatively
a large number of words. Therefore, youth slang contains words with
identical or extremely close meanings - synonyms.
Naturally, the more common a word is, the more synonyms it has.
It has. The phenomenon of the appearance of synonyms is due to the fact that in
different regions of Russia (and there are quite a lot of them) for the same
different slang correspondences may appear for the term. They can be
formed in different ways. And communication between people using
in different words, not too developed yet. I haven't received Internet yet
ubiquitous distribution. So when they do meet,
sometimes they don’t even understand each other. For dictionary creators
youth slang, the first problem is to write down as many possible
synonyms of each term and find out some commonly known words.

Slang does not remain constant. With the replacement of one fashionable phenomenon by another,
old words are forgotten, others come to replace them. This process
goes by very quickly. If in any other slang the word can
exist for decades, then in youth slang only for
the past decade of rapid world progress has come and gone in
the story is an incredible amount of words.

But there are also things that have not undergone any special changes. But also them
Slang designations do not remain unchanged. Change process in progress
generations, and those words that seemed fashionable and funny for five to seven years
ago, now look outdated. Fashion and trends in society change,
some words just get boring.

We also cannot ignore such a problem as the transition of words from
slang into the category of literary norm. Most often they become normal
quite old slang words that have managed to get used to it. The word here
loses its eccentric coloring. Play an important role in this
newspapers and magazines. The slang word appears in them in most cases
due to the fact that normal words corresponding to them are inconvenient when used frequently
use or are absent altogether. Magazines generally use
slang words in abundance to create a more fun, youthful
atmosphere. Here is an excerpt from the magazine "Country of Games" for August 1996:
“Fans quickly dubbed the released demo version Wolf and began
kill fascist soldiers." But from such entertainment magazines slang
often moves to the pages of more serious periodicals,
and sometimes scientific literature. Let us at least remember the word “iron” in
meaning 'hardware', which for some time was exclusively
slang, but over time it turned into professional vocabulary. Now
it can be found in any computer magazine.

Having traced the path of the word from its very birth to its transition into slang, we
It turned out that slang in the Russian language is a kind of “outlet”.
Slang helps speed up this process as the language tries to keep up with
flow of information.

In this matter, the Russian language, without a doubt, is under
direct influence of the English language. And we can't stop
this process until we ourselves begin to create something
unique.

As we see, youth slang in most cases is
English borrowings or phonetic associations, cases of translation
are less common, and only thanks to the wild imagination of the young. TO
the inclusion of foreign words in the language should always be treated
carefully, and even more so when this process is so fast.

The development of this linguistic phenomenon and its spread among all
a large number of Russian language speakers is due to the introduction
“foreignness” into the life of modern society. And youth slang
not only young people, but also people who have no
nothing to do with them. One day a grandmother in a store said
another: “You see what HACKED apples they sell!” It seems that
youth slang should become the object of close attention
linguistic scientists, because, as examples of other slang systems show,
special vocabulary sometimes penetrates into the literary language and is consolidated
there for many years.

5. APPENDIX.

GLOSSARY OF YOUTH SLANG OF NOVOSIBIRSK

Alcofunk - booze

Alconaut - drunkard

Cormorant - young man

Tower - head

The tower is demolished - go crazy

Bullockshaker - disco

Bunker - basement

Boots - any shoes

Bottleball - see alcofalk

Thump - drink

Booze - booze

Get it - understand

Pass out - 1) stop understanding; 2) fall asleep from fatigue

Cackle - have fun for some reason

Gopnik - punk

Warmer – 1) a girl of easy virtue 2) a prostitute

Humanizer - police baton

Drapat - 1) to go; 2) run away

Dracha - about a vehicle that is in poor condition

Drol - 1) a person who does everything wrong; 2) not a very smart person

Give (catch, grab, grab) an oak - 1) die; 2) very much
freeze

Move ideas - give ideas

The engine is the stimulus, the reason

Move - see drive

Tree is a stupid person

To manage (derived from the word “to jerk”) - to toast, to lead
holiday

Drink - drink

Rowdy - see rowdy

Making legs - running away

Bastille Day is an extra holiday (an excuse to drink)

Cut Glass Day - see Bastille Day

Horn Day - see Bastille Day

Jerry Lee Lewis - 1) a person who plays keyboard instruments well;
2) a person who can type quickly

DJ console - kettle

Wild - terrible

Diskach - disco

Well-meaning person - attacker

Catch up - guess, understand

Get bored - get bored

To achieve - see to run into

Du hast - motivation to action - "Let's go!"

Du hast nicht - refusal to offer du hast

Nonsense - marijuana

Dubak - cold

Barrel - see barrel

Stuffy - boring

No brainer - very obvious

Green Christmas trees - an expression of dissatisfaction

To choke - see to choke

The yellow house is a madhouse

Jumping is a dance in which the back part of the body is most involved

To score - to throw something

Fail - come

To rattle - to find yourself in an uncomfortable position

Load - see fail

Drive - sell

Got tired - tired

Overwhelmed - sleepy, sleepy

Ass is a person who is always lucky

To hold back - to hide, to be greedy with something

Heal - see clamp

Sourdough - the beginning of drinking

Make friends - make friends with someone

To mow down - see to score

Snack - appetizer

Snack - see snack

Get pregnant - 1) see thunder, 2) get pregnant

Pledge - hand over

A hostage is a person who betrays all the time

To get carried away - to get carried away

Refuel - manage

Harness - see overwhelm

To steam - to bore

Launch - see sandal

Sandal – 1)throw something at someone; 2)drink alcohol quickly and
a lot of; 3) engage in sexual relations (about a man)

Show up - reveal, give yourself away

To detect - to catch someone at an inconvenient moment

To stock up - to purchase something prudently

Tortured - tortured

Check it out - rate it

to beat up stars (to hang) - to beat someone

Green - dollars

Green - see teapot

Zykansko - see cool

Izyumchik is a handsome teenager

An individual is a person out of the ordinary

Tester - a person who drinks first during a feast

Plugs - see pipe

Press (spin) the pedals - move

Frame - funny or strange person

Getting high - enjoying it

Kaliki - morgalik - any pharmacological drugs used
not for treatment, but according to need

Like two fingers... - very simple, easy

Like panties without elastic - a free, unencumbered state

Kamasutra - debauchery

To hang around - to wait, to waste time in vain

Cabbage - see money

Ride - laugh

Roll a barrel - show aggression towards someone

Get a cough - catch a cold

Kayuk - see pipe

To ferment - see to drink

Cyborg drunkard - an alcoholic with an impressive appearance, a drunken boxer or
bodybuilder

Kipesh - scandal, noise, vanity

Pussy is a very beautiful girl

To be sour - to be sad

Cool - great, excellent

Cool - good, excellent

Cool - see cool

Jim Morrison cocktail - a cocktail consisting of 50% vodka and 50% Coca -
Cola

Tie the horse, hug your best friend - go to the toilet

Korefan - friend

Sidekick - see corefan

Jamb - imperfection

Mow - pretend

Pick your brain - think

Sausage, sausage - a state in which a person has fun, gets
pleasure to the fullest

Wheels - car

To wander - see to walk

Kolotun - see dubak

Commander - see carrier

Comics - vacation

Composter - a person who has a boring, moral effect

Composting brains is a boring, moral influence

Kondybat - go far

Kondybat - go

Throw away your skates - die

Digging - 1) slowly gathering; 2) look for something

Throw away the hooves - see throw away the skates

To wander - to make excuses

Stoker - a person who watches the fire, the fire

Roofer - psychiatrist

Krants - a sad result

Kuriles - a place intended for smoking

Kumar - a large amount of smoke in the room

Heap - see party

Lover – lover, beloved

Crap - not true, nonsense

Screw up - see fly over

Left - bad, superfluous

Ice battle - big booze

Loch - a worthless person

To break away - to move from one's place

To go astray - see to fly

Raspberry - happiness

Matilda is an affectionate name for the girl you love

Makhach - fight

Loom - flash before your eyes

Event - drinking

Slow medical care - ambulance

Beaker - glass

Knead - to beat someone not alone

Throw - throw

Junior researcher - novice alcoholic

Moydodyr - washbasin

Mouzon - music

To drip on the brain - to irritate

Run into trouble - find yourself in a dangerous position

Heat - see prick

Load - see fail

Nadybat - find

Hitting - filing a claim, threat, use of violence, infringement
someone's rights

Get drunk - get drunk

Cover up - break down

Dig - see lay

Scroll - write

To pin - to deceive

Lather up and get ready; mean; go

Tension - difficult situation

To force - to force something to be done

bump into - bump into

Knock - see lay

Get drunk - see get drunk

Show off - do something with interest

Not on topic - not on time

No luck - no luck

Unmeasured - a lot

Not weak - good, interesting

Knockout - loss of consciousness, sudden fall into sleep while drinking

Knockdown - continuation of drinking after a knockout

Snoop - hide

Nychok - a secluded place

Stupid - fool

Get stoned - get high, drink too much

Bummer - I don’t want to, I’m lazy

To break off - see fly over

Slobber - slobber

Ogryzok is a young man of unattractive appearance, stupid and awkward

To christen - 1) to name; 2) hit

To die - to die

To knock over - see to knock over

To become swollen - to get tired, to become mentally tired

Promptly - quickly

Throw away your skates - die

To pass out - see to pass out

To have a blast - see to cut yourself off

Fuck off - leave me alone

Lean back - 1) relax; 2) die

To switch off - see to pass out

To pick off - see to pick up

Excuse yourself - see wander

Soak off - do something very original

Buy - hit

Have fun - have fun

Sucks - something horrible, something bad

Relax - have a good rest

Okhodnyak - a state of hangover

Unhook - fall behind

Dumpling – see cormorant

Condom - condom

Fun - 1) an object of curiosity; 2) something or someone
noteworthy

Outfit - clothes

To lurk - to adapt

To smear - to suck up

Adhere - see adhere

attach - attach something to something

To settle down - see to settle down

lean into - see lean into

Punched towards something - drawn to something (to laughter, etc.)

Banish the topic - make a joke

We've passed - please forget this or that phrase

Project - project

To miss - to miss the moment

To fly - to experience a strong feeling of dissatisfaction from unfulfilled
expectations to register - to spend a lot of time somewhere

To squander - to waste money

Enlighten - report something

Prosec - 1) find out; 2) understand

Gingerbread - 1) greeting; 2) appeal

Steam locomotive - railway vehicles

Graze - follow

Shepherd - noun from the mouth

To turn the arrows is to make excuses

To cross - to go very far

Pearls - see topic

Dumpling - see cormorant

Kicking the fool - doing nothing, doing nonsense

Peshkarus - on foot

Sawing - 1) go; 2) see to drip on the brains

Sawing - moral influence

People - people

Peeing with boiling water - to be extremely excited, to experience a strong feeling

Scribe - 1) end, sad outcome; 2) the highest degree of experience

Flame - lighter

Driven - nickname, nickname

Show off - demonstrate your superiority

To feel bad - about deteriorating health

Porn - anything obscene

Pig house, pigsty - littered room

Come down - come up

To tease - to make fun of someone

Make a fuss - see fail

To tease - see to tease

Take a steam bath and have sex

hit - see thunder

To hit - see to run into

In half, equally - all the same

Hang out in the vestibule - stand with friends on the staircase

Pus - cat or dog

Cannon - see barrel

PHL - any kind of sport with non-standard rules

Puff - see cigar R

Pyatak - nose

Spend money - demand money

Defeat - see soak

Rant - tell

Gouge - see soak

Smear on the wall - hit very hard

Soak - break, break

Spread - see soak

Shred - cut

To cut through - to drive carelessly

To dissect - see to play

Rasp - see slow-witted

Play cards - play cards

Turnip - see tower

He tears down a turnip - see, he demolishes a tower

Speech to push - to tell something

Cackle - see cackle

Family - see skulls

Fishing - fishing and drinking at the same time

Roar - scream, yell

Rylomoynik - see moydodyp

Rumble - twitch

Growl - swear

Relatives, ancestors - parents

To fall from an oak tree is to go crazy

Sansei - teacher

Get out - leave

Pig - litter

Dangle - 1) steal; 2) call

Holy sausages - exclamation expressing great surprise

Drive - run for something

Make a goat face - show face

Separator - about a device, a device of unknown origin

Cigar - smoke

Jump - jump from something high

Sidyuk - CD player

Siphon - syphilis

Draft in the attic - wind in the head

Compose - assemble, combine into a single whole

Fly - see drive away

To go crazy - to go completely wild

The cream of society - about a group of bad people

Savor - see the thrill of catching

Delicious - see cool

Look at the stars - go to the toilet

Snoop - hide

Sovok is a poorly understanding person

To send off - to see off

Lifebuoy - any vessel with water after drinking

Float - see drive

Calm - calm

Stepping down - not enough; even less than slugs

Dumb - see cool

To become old - to shake off the old days

Barrel - pistol

Chest - see slowpoke

Play the box - die

Troubles - horror

Waste money - spend money pointlessly

Chatter - gossip

chatter - talk

Tripper – hall – venereological dispensary

Pipe - 1) kinescope; 2) cell phone; 3) unfavorable ending

Pipes are burning - hangover

Difficult water - vodka, any other drink

Panties - cowards

Tryndet - talk

Ramming - standing and waiting to no avail

Scoreboard - face

Herd - crowd

Tambour - staircase

Topic - something interesting, funny

Brake - see slow-witted

Hanging around - having fun

push - see drive

Tolkuchka - clothing market

Push - toilet

Stomp - go

To drown - 1) to fail an exam; 2) go

Fuel - see booze

Exactly - exactly

Toshnilovka - an eatery where the food is tasteless

A slow-witted person is a slow-thinking person

Tusa - company

Cackle - see cackle

To leave is to get drunk

Get stung 1. drink 2. take drugs

Smart - good, useful

Jump - 1) leave; 2) hide

Far khar - For her (for her)

Fire - see flame

First - first

Fenya - something uninteresting

Feature - see topic

Format your brain - get yourself in order after drinking

Pushing bullshit - lying

Crap is a thing that you don’t know where to use

Eat - eat

Khavka - food

Freebie - something you get for free

Hayushki - greeting

Hwa - that's enough

Tail is a small animal

Palm reading - see Fenya

Crap - nonsense, stupidity, something unpleasant, boring

Home - house

A teapot is a person who is ignorant of something.

Chack - kiss

Attic - brains

Chernukha - anything connected with the dark sides of the universe

Skulls - parents

Pure water - obviously

Arthropod – naked man

To fumble - to understand something

Ballot - talk

Roll balls - play billiards

Shaman - 1) magician; 2) a person who reads minds; 3) astrologer

Shampoo - champagne

Shampoo - see shampoo

Schizoid - a person with mental disorders

Wardrobe - 1) elevator; 2) big guy

Shmara - prostitute

Shmal - see nonsense

Laces - see skulls

Laces in a glass - parents at home

The laces were dumped and the parents left

Shnyaga is nonsense

Plaster heavily made up girl

Now - now

When you get there - threat

Vigorous - strong

The pepper is clear - it's a no brainer

Box - TV

Notes

The problem of including/not including a word in youth slang was divided into
two under problems:

Determine that the word is used by speakers of this slang;

Identify the word as specific to the slang under study.

A word was considered used by slang speakers if at least a few
interviewed informants knew and used this word (at the same time
it was implied that the interviewed informants did not belong to the same
companies). Therefore, the materials do not contain words that were not
confirmed by a sufficient number of interviewed informants. Concerning
determining the specificity of a word, then a more complex
system of criteria. Here are the main ones, in descending order:
significance.

The reality denoted by the word is characteristic only of youth slang.

The word is recognized by slang speakers as “their own,” that is, specific to
youth.

The word is unknown to the “control” informants, who are representatives
different social strata, but do not consider themselves to be of the specified age
categories.

The word has a significantly higher frequency of use in this environment
compared to other social groups of people.

The word was used to form new derivative words,
the specificity of which is beyond doubt.

The word acquired a special semantic or
communicative tone.

To include a word in materials, it seemed sufficient that it
was specific at least in some period.

There are a number of words that are on the border of youth
slang and other lexical layers. Since the question of their inclusion in
slang seems controversial, it seems natural to cite some of
them (meanings are given approximately): to get the hang of it, to understand, to enter
"understand", pass out, "stop thinking", gopnik "punk",
’come off’ ‘have fun’, fall “get carried away”, mow “simulate”,
sucker "worthless person", lunar rover "police car", tension
"difficult situation", lean back "die", chernukha "anything related to
the darkest sides of the universe."

Sometimes there are words that have not received sufficient distribution in
slang or related to other lexical layers, as well as names
own, necessary to understand the examples (meanings are given
contextual): to cut (someone into something) "to explain (to someone
something)", just "as soon as", get (someone) "bored
(to someone)", fall down "come in, come"", laver "lover, beloved",
lazovy “bad”, basement “come up”, hom “house”, ferst “first”.

CONCLUSION

In this work we tried to reveal the essence of slang in modern
linguistics.

So, slang is multifunctional. First of all, it gives an ironic effect
- just by the method of word formation, it is intended specifically for slang.
Why do Englishisms in youth slang seem funny? Due to already
the redundancy effect we described, on the one hand, and due to
extremely high speed of development - on the other. Another word
is perceived as an alien, foreign combination of sounds, but already creates
word-forming nest, actively inflected and conjugated. Carrier
slang, using anglicisms in obviously “inappropriate” contexts,
is always aware that these are Anglicisms - he does not allow
the flight of foreign language will be erased from the newly formed word. Yes, we are unlikely
we feel the English origin of the word clips, but not for a minute
Let’s imagine Russian and “normal” words like shuzy, trauser, etc.
An additional humorous effect is created by overloaded speech.
Anglicisms.

Of course, Anglicisms do not exhaust the endless irony
youth slang. Many words become "frivolous" as a result
colloquial abbreviation (ears from headphones, etc.), metonymic
transfer, characteristic of spoken language in general (colloquial box -
TV, wheelbarrow - taxi or car), metaphors (packaging - police
car, monkey bar - bench for detainees at the police station).

The main purpose of slang is banter, and he is well aware of this
carriers, which makes them similar to hippies.

No humorous story would be complete without slang. And that's where
we are talking about tragedy and romance, for the purity of the impression slang sometimes
avoid. In general, the absence of slang words is an undoubted indicator
the speaker's serious attitude to what he is telling.
It is noteworthy that stylistically these stories continue without slang
remain youthful, since the framework of their worldview remains the same.

As for the romantic perception of the world, the creativity of the young is here
most often built according to the generally accepted laws of lyrical works and not
replete with slang. And if in such texts we do not find a separate
slang word, it is most likely used with purely informational
purpose. As an example of “systemic” lyrics, let us cite what was written
free verse poem by Solmi, an artist, musician and poet: “I and
Now sometimes I see your face in my dreams. And when I wake up, I understand that
a place where the two of us felt so good. Phone number No
exists." This poem is different from one that could
write not Solmi’s peer, but someone of a different age
categories.

So, assessing youth slang as a whole, we can say the following. Like
when using any language or however small a sublanguage, here
a semblance of “linguistic relativity” also arises. This
"relativity" has a purely emotional character, slang is constructed like this
(and in order) to create a “double exclusion” effect - not only
the reality described in slang seems detached, but the speakers themselves
slang remove themselves from the world around them. First suspension
strives to be ironic. As for the "second detachment", then,
Apparently, this is already a property and function of not only this slang. Here on
In our opinion, the problem is becoming a general cultural one.

Having not read Orwell, we did not know that we were speaking Newspeak. Imagined
that we speak Russian. But at the same time, not knowing that we have long been
we express ourselves in administratively enthusiastic language, as Dostoevsky would say,
slang instead of normal human language, we still felt
abnormality of one's speech.

It was not the individual who felt it, it was society itself that felt it. If ever
If the history of colloquial speech in Russia is written, it will certainly turn out that
that such a number of slangs as appeared under Soviet rule,
Russian history has never known before.

It seems to us that the history of slangs is always instructive for us
This history is especially important not of the outskirts of culture, but of culture, so
turned upside down, that all of it, without a trace, became a “peripheral culture.”
That is why we can say: our young people were sharply different from their elders
relatives, at least by using slang.

In the future it would be interesting to see how it will be and whether it will happen at all.
develop the principle of constructing slang-oriented texts, to the extent
the techniques of language games (slang) will become widespread and how they
may interact with other types of play behavior.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alekseev D.I. Abbreviations as a new type of words // Development
word formation of the modern Russian language. M., 1966, p.13-38

2. Arutyunova N.D. Anomalies and language // Questions of linguistics. 1987, no. 3, p.
3-19

3.Babaytseva V.V. Phenomena of transitivity in grammatical structure
modern Russian language and methods of their study // Phenomena
transitivity in the grammatical structure of the modern Russian language. M.,
1988, p. 3-13

4.Bauder A.Ya. Towards a linguistic interpretation of the phenomena of transition in
grammatical structure of the Russian language // Philological Sciences, 1980, No. 5,
With. 79-81

5. Beregovskaya E.M. Youth slang: formation and functioning //
Questions of linguistics, 1996, No. 3, p. 32-41

6. Berlyand I.E. Game as a phenomenon of consciousness. Kemerovo, 1992

7. Bogdanova N.V. An attempt to classify types of intralingual
interference // Speech of the city. Omsk, 1995. Part I. P. 4-8

8. Borisova - Lukashanets E.G. Lexical borrowings and their
normative assessment (based on youth slang of the 60-70s): M.,
1992.

9. Borisova - Lukashanets E.G. Modern youth jargon // IT. 1980.
№ 5.

10. Gaisina R.M. Intercategory transition and vocabulary enrichment. Ufa,
1985, p. 395

11. Grachev M.A., Gurov A.I. Dictionary of youth slang. Gorky, 1989.

12. Gasparov B.M. Linguistics of linguistic existence. Language. Memory.
Image. M., 1996.

13. Glovinskaya M.Ya. Active processes in grammar (based on material
innovations and massive language errors) // Russian language of the late twentieth century
(1985-1995). M., 1996, p. 237-305.

Grammar 80: Russian grammar. In 2 vols. M., 1980

Grachev M.A. Argo and the mentality of Russian declassed elements //
Vocabulary, grammar, text in the light of anthropological linguistics.
Ekaterinburg, 1995. pp. 40-41.

Grigoriev V.P. Word creation and related problems of the poet’s language. M., 1986

Gridina T.A. Language game: stereotype and creativity. Ekaterinburg, 1996

18. Dal VL. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language (vols. 1-4). -
M., 1978.

19. Dubrovina K.I. Student jargon // FN. 1980. No. 1.

Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I. The words we are all with
met. Explanatory dictionary of general jargon. M., 1999.

Zhuravlev A.F. Foreign language borrowing in Russian vernacular (phonetics,
morphology, lexical semantics) // Urban vernacular. M., 1984,
With. 102-120;

22. Zhurakhovskaya V.D. The functioning of slang vocabulary about modern
Russian language //Materials of the XIX All-Union. stud. conf. "Student and
technical progress": Philology. Novosibirsk, 1981.

23. Zaikovskaya T. Can I clink? Sabo herself! // RR 1993. No. 6.

24. Zapesotsky A.S., Fain A.P. This incomprehensible youth. M., 1990.

25. Zemskaya E.A. Modern Russian language. Word formation. M., 1972;

Zemskaya E. A., Kitaygorodskaya M. V., Rozanova N. N. Russian conversational
speech. Phonetics, Morphology. Lexicology. Gesture. M., 1983

Zemskaya E.A. Active processes of modern word production // Russian
language of the late twentieth century (1985 – 1995). M., 1996, p. 90-141

28.Komlev N.G. Components of the content structure of a word. M., 1969

29.Kopylenko M.M. On the semantic nature of youth slang //
Sociolinguistic research. M., 1976.

Krasilnikova E.V. Vocabulary of the city (to state the problem) // Methods
nominations in modern Russian language. M., 1982;

Krysin L.P. A foreign word in the context of modern social life
// Russian language of the late twentieth century (1985 – 1995). M., 1996, p. 142-161;

Larin B.A. On the linguistic study of the city // History of the Russian language and
general linguistics. M., Education, 1977. pp. 189-199, 196, 190.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1990, p. 519

Literary norm and vernacular. M., 1977; Urban vernacular:
problems of study. M., 1984.

Likhachev D.S., Panchenko A.M. "The Laughing World" of Ancient Rus'. L., 1976.

Lukin M.F. Criteria for the transition of parts of speech in modern Russian //
Philological Sciences, 1986, No. 3, p. 49-56

38. Lykov A.G. Modern Russian lexicology (Russian occasional
word). M., 1976

39. Mazurova A.I. Dictionary of slang common among informal
youth associations // Psychological problems of studying informal
youth associations. - M., 1988.

MAS: Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols., M., 1981-198

Muller V.K. English-Russian dictionary. - M., 19

Nikolina N.A. “Rooting” in modern speech // Language as creativity M.,
1996, p. 313

43. Radzikhovsky L.A. , Mazurova A. I. "Slang as a tool
detachment // Language and cognitive activity. M., 1989.

44. Rozhansky F.I. 1992 -Hippie slang. St. Petersburg-Paris, 1992.

45. Dictionary of slang words and expressions // Milyanenkov L. On the other side
law. Encyclopedia of the criminal world. St. Petersburg, 1992.

46. ​​Sternin I.A. 1992 - Dictionary of fashion slang. Voronezh, 1992.

47. Sirotinina O.B. Speech of the modern city // Speech of the city. Omsk, 1995.
Part I;

48. Russian colloquial speech as a phenomenon of urban culture.
Ekaterinburg, 1996;

49. Speech culture // Russian language. Encyclopedia. M., 1997, etc.

50. Skrebnev Yu.S. Research of Russian colloquial speech // Questions
linguistics. 1987. No. 4.

51.Modern dictionary of foreign words. M., 1993

Seshan Sharmila Nouns starting with ing (ing) - a symbol of American
language expansion? // Russian speech, 1996, No. 3, p. 46-49

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. M., 1992

Explanatory dictionary of word-formation units of the Russian language / Ed.
T.F.Efremova, M., 1996

Explanatory dictionary of criminal jargons. Under general editorship Yu.P.Dubyagina, A.G.
Bronnikova. M., 1991.

54. Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language (tg. 1-4). - M.,
1987.

55. Khanpira Er. About the occasional word and occasional
word formation // Development of word formation in modern Russian
language. M., 1966 p. 153-167

56. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of modern Russian
language. In 2 vols. M., 1994

57. I. Yuganov, F. Yuganova. Dictionary of Russian slang: slang words of the 60s
- 90s. - M., 1997.30. Yanko-Trinitskaya N.A. Interword overlap
// Development of the modern Russian language. 1972. M., 1975, p. 254-255.

58. Yanko-Trinitskaya N.A. Productive methods and examples of the regional
word formation // Current problems of Russian word formation.
Tashkent, 1975, p. 413-418;

Jargon is, in simple terms, a type of dialect, which is characterized by special vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of phrases and specific word-formation means. It is characteristic only of certain social groups - people who are united by their interests, occupations, occupation, social status, profession, etc.

And no language can exist without such sociolects. However, in Russian there are many more of them, and they are of particular interest. So now it’s worth taking a closer look at this topic and paying attention to examples of jargon.

Professional area

Surely everyone has come across specific expressions that came from one or another specialized area. There are plenty of examples of professional jargon. But their highlight is that only people who are related to a particular specialty understand them. Here are some examples common among computer scientists:

• "Upgrade". In fact, this is the English word upgrade. To “upgrade” something means to improve it, to improve it.
• “Send to email” - send something to an email address.
• "Klava" - keyboard.
• "User" is a derogatory name for a user.

There are interesting examples in the medical field. Here are some of them:

• "Helicopter" - gynecological chair.
• “Start the patient” - restore the rhythm after cardiac arrest.
• “Client” is an emergency room patient.
• “Lezhak” - a bedridden patient.
• “Parachutists” are people who were injured during a fall.
• "TV" - fluoroscopy.

And there are hundreds of such words in any field. As a rule, they have a comic or associative origin.

School slang

It can be described as sustainable. Lexemes related to the educational process remain virtually unchanged. Only words related to the spheres of everyday life and leisure are “transformed”. But this is normal, since it cannot be done without the influence of fashion and other extralinguistic factors.

Lexemes are formed, as a rule, by affixal methods. There are also metonymic and metaphorical transfers, as well as fusions.

What about character? Due to the specific nature of its distribution, school slang is characterized by a playful, funny coloring. Negative lexemes are fought against in educational institutions, where they are formed en masse. By the way, many people call this type of jargon the school of word creation.

Dictionary of school jargon

Now we can give some examples of words and their meaning in jargon. Words from the school sphere are simple and understandable even without explanation. Here are some of them:

• "Algebroid" - algebra teacher.
• "Dirik" - director.
• “Zamrila” is an excellent student, a diligent student.
• "Hysterical" - history teacher. There is a letter change here. Similar to the colloquial “historian”.
• “Ancestors”, “ancestors” or “persens” (from English parents ) - parents.
• "Rep" - tutor.
• “Physicist-schizo” - a physics teacher, formed on the basis of rhyme.
• "Shamovochnaya" - dining room.

There are many other examples of school jargon. Many lexemes are commonly used, and some exist only in certain circles. Surely in all schools there are teachers whom, within the framework of the institution, students call one or another slang word - most often derived from their surname.

Student jargon: features

He usually wears a familiar coloring. It is generally accepted that student jargon, examples of which will be given below, began its journey with abbreviations for the names of subjects.

A little later, disciplines began to be replaced by the names of teachers conducting lectures on them. For example: “Are you going to see Ivanov?”

Conventionally, student slang is divided into traditional, which is passed on from one generation to another, and new. It includes words that constantly replenish the vocabulary of students. Although, by the way, student slang is widespread not only among them. It is also actively used by teachers.

Examples

Here are some jargons from the student sphere that can be considered traditional:

• “Abitura” - graduates and applicants entering the university.
• "Academ" - academic leave.
• “Alaska”, “gallery”, “Kamchatka” - the back rows in the audience.
• "Spur" - cheat sheet.
• "Botan" is an excellent student.
• “Record book” is a record book.
• "Kursach" - course work.
• "Stipuh" - scholarship.

The above examples of jargon have been in circulation for so long that they are no longer even considered slang. But those that are new, perhaps not even familiar to everyone:

• "Bachok" - bachelor.
• "Mag" - master.
• "Zaruba" - foreign literature.
• "Matan" - mathematical analysis.
• “Pervak” is a freshman.

The student sociolect is perhaps one of the most frequently updated. Therefore, this jargon has a “living” character. And it will exist until the social group itself disappears.

Youth slang

It is also very common. Examples of youth slang are numerous. Surely many have come across the following lexemes:

• “Theme” is a good, interesting idea or idea. It’s also not uncommon to hear an exclamation of approval, “Oh, that’s a topic!” addressed to something/someone.
• "Bro" is a friend. Comes from the English brother ("brother").
• “For scrap” - too lazy to do something.
• “Bummer” is a characteristic of a situation where reality does not coincide with expectations.
• “In kind”, “here”, “there is life” - conviction.
• “Lave”, “loot”, “coin”, “cash” - money.

As a rule, most lexemes have a crudely familiar connotation. If we talk about the most developed semantic fields, then these will be leisure, housing, clothing, appearance and people. Youth jargon, examples of which are ubiquitous, is very variable. Generations change, and with them slang.

Literature

Slang words and expressions are also found in the works of great figures. It’s not surprising, because they are able to convey exactly the meaning that the author puts into the lines and give the text a certain expression. Here are just some examples of jargon in fiction:

• S. A. Yesenin - “Letter to Mother.” The following words are found there: “sadanul” (jargon), “very good” and “drunkard” (colloquial). In the poems of the “Moscow Tavern” cycle there are many other examples, and in swearing poems there are even things that censorship does not allow through.
• M. A. Sholokhov - “Quiet Don”. In this work, the speech of the main characters and descriptions of nature are interspersed with words characteristic of the Don villages. Such as “platyugans”, “bursaks”, etc.
• N.V. Gogol - “Dead Souls”. In this poem, many characters speak in simple language.
• V. S. Vysotsky and A. I. Solzhenitsyn. These literary figures are known for their love of jargon and “strong” words, so you can find them in almost every one of their works.

But they are also found in the literary works of other writers and poets. There are many examples of jargon in the literature. It’s just that sometimes we don’t even perceive them as such. Previously, there were different times, customs, language norms, and modern people simply consider most words a literary feature of the era. Here are some examples: shameless (shameless), buoy (impolite), sail (sail), gaer (jester), ephor (bishop), zabobony (superstition), capon (castrated rooster), mask (mask), oratay (plowman).

Prison slang

It cannot be ignored when looking at examples of jargon. It developed among the declassed elements of society, which are criminals both at large and in correctional institutions.

Criminal jargon is a system of expressions and terms that identify members of the criminal community as a separate, isolated part of society. This feature is its main specificity. If the same school jargon, examples of words from which were given above, can be understood by everyone, then the meaning of “thieves” expressions is difficult to perceive.

Because you need to be enlightened in this matter. For criminal jargon reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world. “Respectful” words are assigned to authoritative, powerful, and influential individuals. Offensive and offensive are reserved for the “inferior”.

Some "thieves" words

They are worth listing at the end of the topic. A dictionary of criminal slang, if published in book format, would be as thick as a weighty brochure. It’s impossible to list all the words and phrases, so here are the most striking examples of criminal jargon:

• “Baklan” is a hooligan, convicted under Art. 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The word carries a connotation of contempt.
• “Huckster” is a speculator, buyer of stolen goods. Either a person convicted of profiteering, or someone who sells cigarettes, tea and other goods in prison.
• “Blatnoy” is a professional, respected criminal from the highest status group. He follows the “concepts”, recognizes prison law, and has a “pure” past.
• “Grev” is food and money illegally sent to criminals in prison by someone from freedom.
• “Dushnyak” - especially unbearable conditions.
• "Gimp" - harm to one prisoner by others.
• “Goats” are a whole group of prisoners who openly cooperate with the administration of the correctional facility. One of the most serious insults in the zone.
• “Assault” is an aggressive provocation.
• “Soldering” - government products.
• "Godfather" is the most authoritative prisoner.
• “Cutting” - reduction of time.
• "Torpedo" - bodyguard.
• “Bullshit” is a lie.
• “Khimik” is a criminal released on parole.
• “Master” is the head of the colony/prison.
• "Shmon" - search.

Considering that there are hundreds more such words, one can imagine how incomprehensible the communication of prisoners will seem to an ordinary person. In fact, there are many more examples of jargon in the Russian language, but prison is the most specific and interesting from the point of view of word formation. It is not without reason that many scientific works are devoted to its study.

Studying Russian and world literature, every student encounters figures of speech that are not characteristic of the literary language. The question arises about what is the classical definition of these expressions, what is the history of their origin and the role in the communication of our contemporaries.

What is jargon?

(both a single word and a phrase), which is not characteristic of the canons of the literary language. turns are common in Jargon - this is a conventional colloquial word and expression used in certain social groups. Moreover, the emergence, development, transformation and withdrawal of such speech patterns occurs in a clearly isolated part of society.

Jargon is the duplication of literary language in a form that is understandable only to speakers in a particular group. These are non-normative, not recognized synonyms for classical definitions of objects, actions and definitions. The slang words of each social unit of society form a communication language inaccessible to the uninitiated, the so-called slang.

Origin and differences

The word "jargon" comes, according to V. Dahl ("Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language"), from the French jargon. Its differences from the standards of the literary language:

• Specific vocabulary and phraseology.
• Brightly colored, expressive phrases.
• Maximum use of word forms.
• Lack of own phonetic systems.
• Disobeying the rules of grammar.

Today, jargon is not only oral communication, but also an effective means of artistic expression. In modern literature, these words are deliberately used along with metaphors, synonyms, and epithets to enhance and give a special color to the content.

Initially, dialectic jargons were the intellectual property of certain layers of society, in some cases no longer existing. Nowadays, this is a national vocabulary, which has its own vocabulary, and the vocabulary of a literary language, in which several figurative meanings of the same word are used, established in a specific group of society. Now the conventionally called “common fund” has been formed and is expanding, that is, words transformed from their original meaning in one type of jargon into a publicly accessible definition. So, for example, in the language of thieves, the meaning of the word “dark” is “to hide the loot” or “to evade answers during interrogation.” Modern youth jargon interprets this as “not telling, expressing in riddles.”

How is slang vocabulary formed?

Words and combinations are based on the dialectal differences and morphemes of the language existing in the environment in which they appear. Methods of their formation: giving a different meaning, metaphorization, rethinking, redesign, sound truncation, active acquisition of vocabulary of foreign languages.

In Russian, arising in the above manner:

• young man - “dude” (comes from gypsy);
• close friend - “girlfriend” (from English);
• authoritative - “cool”;
• apartment - “hut” (from Ukrainian).

The associative series is also actively used in their appearance. For example: “dollars” - “brilliant green” (according to the color of American banknotes).

History and modernity

Social jargons are common words and expressions first noticed in the 18th century in the circle of the nobility, the so-called “salon” language. Lovers and admirers of everything French often used distorted words of this language. For example: “pleasure” was called “plaisir”.

The original purpose of the jargon was to keep the transmitted information secret, a kind of encoding and recognition of “friends” and “strangers”. This function of the “secret language” is preserved in the gangster environment as the speech of asocial elements and is called “thieves’ argot”. So, for example: a knife is a “pen”, a prison is a “theater”, a call is “dial numbers”.

Other types of jargon - school, student, sports, professional - have practically lost this property. However, in youth speech it still has the function of identifying “outsiders” in the community. Often, for teenagers, slang is a way of self-affirmation, indicating their belonging to the “adults” and a condition for acceptance into a certain company.

The use of special slang is limited by the topic of the conversation: the subject of the conversation, as a rule, expresses the specific interests of a narrow circle of people. A distinctive feature of jargon from dialect is that the bulk of its use occurs in informal communication.

Varieties of jargons

There is currently no single, clear division of jargon. Only three directions can be accurately classified: professional, youth and criminal slang. However, it is possible to identify patterns and conditionally isolate from jargon the vocabulary inherent in certain groups of society. The following types of jargons are the most common and have an extensive vocabulary:

• Professional (by type of specialty).
• Military.
• Journalistic.
• Computer (including gaming, network jargon).
• Fidonet jargon.
• Youth (including areas - school, student slang).
• LGBT.
• Amateur radio.
• Drug addict slang.
• Slang of football fans.
• Criminal (Fenya).

Special variety

Professional jargons are words simplified by abbreviation or associations of vocabulary used to denote special terms and concepts in a specific environment of specialists. These sayings arose due to the fact that most technical definitions are quite long and difficult to pronounce, or their meanings are completely absent in the modern official language. Jargon words are present in almost all professional associations. Their word formation does not follow any special rules for slang. However, jargon has a distinct function, being a convenient means for communication and communication.

Jargon: examples used by programmers and Internet users

For the uninitiated, computer slang is quite peculiar and difficult to understand. Here are some examples:

• "Winda" - Windows operating system;
• “firewood” - drivers;
• “job” - work;
• “glitched” - stopped working;
• "servak" - server;
• "clave" - ​​keyboard;
• “progs” - computer programs;
• “hacker” - program cracker;
• "user" - user.

Thieves slang - argot

Criminal jargon is very common and unique. Examples:

• “malyava” - letter;
• “pipe” - mobile phone;
• “xiva” - passport or identity card;
• “rooster” - a prisoner “lowered” by prisoners;
• “parasha” - toilet;
• “urka” - a prisoner who escaped;
• “frayer” - a person who is at large;
• “crosses” - prison;
• “kum” is the head of the security unit in the colony;
• “goat” - a prisoner collaborating with the colony administration;
• “zariki” - cubes for playing backgammon;
• “correspondence student” - a girl whom I met in a colony;
• “lean back” - free yourself after imprisonment;
• “filter the market” - think about what you say;
• “mistress” - the head of the correctional colony;
• “no bazaar” - no questions;
• “no air” - money has run out.

School slang

Jargons are unique and widespread in the school environment:

• “uchilka” - teacher;
• “historian” - history teacher;
• “klassukha” - class teacher;
• “controha” - test work;
• “homework” - homework;
• “fizra” - physical education;
• “nerd” - excellent student;
• “spur” - cheat sheet;
• "pair" - two.

Youth slang: examples

Slang words used among teenagers:

• "Gavrik" - a boring person;
• "chick" - girl;
• "dude" - guy;
• “to pick up a chick” - to seduce a girl;
• “klubeshnik” - club;
• “diskach” - disco;
• “to show off” - to show off one’s virtues;
• “base” - apartment;
• “ancestors” - parents;
• “crackle” - talk;
• “umatovo” - excellent;
• “wonderful” - wonderful;
• “clothes” - clothes;
• “pretty” - I really like it.

Features of foreign language vocabulary

English lexicology has three synonymous terms: cant, slang, jargon. To date, a clear division between them has not been established, but areas of their use have been outlined. Thus, cant denotes the conventional vocabulary of individual social groups, such as thieves' argot or school slang.

The mark jargon in dictionaries is present when designating specific technical terms, that is, it corresponds to the Russian subtype of professional jargon.

Also jargon, cant and slang denote colloquial expressions and vulgarisms. They are characterized not only by a unique environment of use, but also by violations of the grammar and phonetics of all existing literary norms.

In English, jargons are cant and jargon, which include individual words, phrases and figures of speech. They arise both under the influence of entire social groups and due to individuals.

English jargon is often present in works of artistic style when conveying character characteristics. Usually the author provides an explanation of the slang words used.

Many words, which were originally exclusively means of colloquial speech, have now won the right to be used in classical literature.

In modern English, jargon plays a big role when communicating between representatives of different professions. You meet them especially often in the student sphere, the field of sports, and among the military.

It is worth emphasizing that the presence of jargon and their unreasonable use in everyday communication clog the language.

Translation of jargons

Dialects and slang expressions are familiar concepts to many linguists and translators. Although there is a lot of general information about them and scientific works, today there is a special shortage of information on how to correctly and adequately convey the translation of these lexical units.

An important point in the selection of Russian-language analogues: do not forget that jargon is inherent in specific social strata and has a certain subtext. Therefore, it is important to find a way to interpret them in order to convey the feelings or concepts inherent in the original source.

In modern language, jargon has become widespread in all levels of society, the media, films and even literature. Banning their use is pointless and ineffective, but forming the right attitude towards your speech is important and necessary.

 Dialectisms. Words, word forms, syntactic phrases, phonetic, accentological variants characteristic of any territorial dialects, included in literary speech and perceived as deviations from the literary norm. Words that are not used in the Literary language, but are characteristic only of residents of certain regions. Application in lit is very limited. Used in the speech of characters.

Jargon"- social dialect; differs from the general spoken language in specific vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of turns and special use of word-formation means, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many (including already disappeared) social groups.

Moving from one jargon to another, the words of their “common fund” can change form and meaning: “to darken” in the slang - “to hide the loot”, then - “to be cunning (during interrogation)”, in modern youth jargon - “to speak unclearly, to evade from the answer."

Main function Jargon consists of expressing membership in a relatively autonomous social group through the use of specific words, forms and phrases. Sometimes the term jargon is used to denote distorted, incorrect speech. It develops among more or less closed groups: schoolchildren, students, military personnel, various
professional groups. These jargons should not be confused with professional languages, which are characterized by a highly developed and fairly accurate terminology of a particular craft, branch of technology, as well as “thieves’ jargons,” the language of the declassed, criminal elements of society. Jargons are lexically and stylistically heterogeneous, characterized by instability and rapid change of the most popular vocabulary.

Jargons are creeping into fiction for the speech characteristics of the characters. In addition to jargons that arise on the basis of the common language, there are those that appear as a result of communication between multilingual populations in border areas or in places where a multinational population gathers, for example, in seaports.

The jargon vocabulary is built on the basis of the literary language through rethinking, metaphorization, redesign, sound truncation, etc., as well as the active assimilation of foreign words and morphemes.
For example: cool - “fashionable”, “business”, hut - “apartment”, bucks - “dollars”, car - “car”, “computer”, jerk - “go”, basketball - “basketball”, dude - “guy” "from the gypsy language.

Professionalisms- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of representatives of a particular profession or field of activity, penetrating into general literary use (mainly in oral speech) and usually acting as colloquial, emotionally charged equivalents of terms.

24. Archaisms, historicisms, neologisms, their role in literature. work.

 Archaism (“ancient”) is a lexeme or grammatical form that was replaced by others in the process of language development, but continues to be used as stylistically marked, for example, in poetic speech to create a high style.

Words and expressions that are outdated, out of use, or not so widely used in everyday conversation. Although the scope of application of archaisms in poetic speech is not wide, nevertheless, under certain circumstances, they also fulfill the role assigned to them by writers in depicting life. They are used mainly in works depicting the distant past, and in this case contribute to the creation of an appropriate historical flavor. Genuine artists carefully resort to archaisms: their abuse can clog the language of the work and make it difficult to understand what is depicted. Usually writers limit their number and choose those archaisms that are most understandable to the modern reader. Sometimes archaisms are used to impart special solemnity and exclusivity to poetic speech. In some cases they serve as a means of irony
characteristics of individual actors.

Types of archaisms: Lexical archaisms- words that are outdated in all their meanings: lzya (possible), barber (hairdresser), zelo (very).

Lexico-word-formative archaisms- words in which individual word-forming elements are outdated: vskolki (since), handmade (craft).

Lexico-phonetic archaisms- words whose phonetic design is outdated, which has undergone some changes in the process of historical development of the language: Sveisky (Swedish), Aglitsky (English).

Lexico-semantic archaisms- words that have lost their individual meanings: guest - merchant, shame - spectacle, vulgar - popular.

Historicism- a word that has fallen out of living use, since it denotes an object or phenomenon that has disappeared from modern reality (for example, “narkomat”, “smerd”, “tiun”, “yaryga”).

Neologisms(from the Greek neo - “new”, logos - “word”) - these are words that are completely new lexical units for a given historical period. Such words have not yet entered the active vocabulary, so they may be unfamiliar to a certain part of the population, for example: referendum, mobile phone, image maker, marker, breaker, diving.

The reason for the appearance of neologisms is social and scientific-technical progress: the emergence of new socio-economic realities, discoveries in the field of science and technology, achievements in the field of culture.

The main feature of a neologism is the absolute novelty of the word for the majority of native speakers. The word is in a state of neologism for a very short time. As soon as
the word begins to be actively used, it loses the sign of novelty, that is, it gradually enters the lexical system of the language as a commonly used word.

One should distinguish from general linguistic neologisms the so-called author's, or individual-stylistic, neologisms, which are the result of the individual word creation of writers and poets and do not go beyond the limits of their personal vocabulary

The writer, not finding in the language the exact name for this or that phenomenon he depicts, himself creates the new word he needs, in his opinion. In this case, neologism appears among special
figurative and expressive means of poetic speech (and even then only until it becomes commonly used and loses its special novelty)

The number of neologisms in poetic language is very small, because in rare cases it is impossible to find the words the writer needs in the folk language. The formation of new words or a new modification of old ones, not justified by actual needs, is only harmful: it clogs the language with unnecessary words that are not retained in the national language.
and are not thereby fixed in the literary. Great artists resort to
creating neologisms only if there is a real need for them.