Jeanne d'Arc, whose biography still amazes people, could well serve as an example for many modern women. There has never been another such national heroine of France, or any other country, and there never will be. So let's get started!
Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in the village of Domremy. Today, the hometown of Jeanne Darc and the preserved house are a favorite place of pilgrimage for tourists. Until the age of 13, Zhanna indulged in active games and grew up as a fighting girl, and upon reaching the mentioned date she began to hear the voices of saints. Sometimes Jeanne saw real visions in which she was predicted to become the savior of France. After some time, Jeanne went to the city of Vacouleurs to the local military commander, who, of course, ridiculed her. After some time, Jeanne went to him again and revealed to him a series of prophecies, in which the military leader found a lot of facts that made him believe the young maiden. He gave her warriors and sent her to the Dauphin of France, Charles VII.
Many people tend to sneer at the biography of Jeanne d'Arc. However, a number of facts eloquently indicate that there was undoubtedly a mystical, inexplicable component in this story. The Dauphin was warned in advance about Jeanne's visit and knew that, according to the prophecy, she should have recognized him. Therefore, he placed a subordinate similar to himself on the throne, and he himself stood with his retinue in the crowd. Entering the castle, Jeanne d'Arc unmistakably approached the real Dauphin, which surprised those around her. And yet, the Dauphin did not believe in the miracle, but gave Jeanne a series of checks, during which all his doubts were dispelled.
Great victories and captivity
The king gave Joan of Arc an army and even presented the sword of Charlemagne. France at that time was in a dire situation and lost many territories during the advances of the British. Jeanne d'Arc, whose biography is famous for her miraculous victories, began to quickly liberate the cities one after another. After the first victory - the bastion of Saint Louis taken in Orleans, Jeanne was dubbed the “Maid of Orleans” and even the greatest skeptics believed that she was from God. She completed the task in a few days, which the military leaders considered impossible.
After Orleans, Joan of Arc effortlessly conquered the Loire, Jargeau, Meun-sur-Loire and completely defeated the British at the Battle of Pat. Among the captured Englishmen was the invincible English Baron Talbot, who had 47 victories and not a single defeat.
Jeanne persuaded Charles to launch an attack on Paris, however, he doubted for a long time, as a result of which the offensive did not take place. In 1430, Jeanne rushed to the aid of the besieged city of Compiegne, where her brilliant career was cut short due to the betrayal of one of her subordinates. Jeanne was captured and taken to Rouen. The victorious biography of Jeanne d'Arc was over; terrible trials and an execution that horrified the world lay ahead.
Trial and execution
Why was Joan of Arc burned at the stake? It is noteworthy that she was tried not as a war criminal, but as a heretic. She was accused of wearing men's clothing and hearing voices - according to English Catholic priests, these voices were from evil spirits. Bishop Pierre Cauchon, whose name was cursed by his own descendants some time later, almost completely fabricated the trial of Joan of Arc. In particular, he tricked her into signing a “renunciation of heresy,” by which she admitted her guilt.
On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in Rouen, on the Old Market Square. Today people still bring flowers to this place. During the burning, the people, despite the fact that Jeanne was an opponent in the war, cried a lot. In the last minutes, Zhanna shouted to the bishop that she was dying because of him and he would be summoned to God's judgment. As the fire began to burn her body, she shouted “Jesus!” several times. and the crowd did not hear another groan.
Her ashes were scattered over the river, and noble people and ordinary people admired her courage and strength for a long time.
Joan of Arc's biography, which may seem inconclusive to some, nevertheless won a victory over England. France dealt a crushing blow to the British, who were weakened by Joan's victories, and won.
“We know more about Joan of Arc than about any other of her contemporaries, and at the same time it is difficult to find another person among the people of the 15th century whose image would seem so mysterious to posterity.” (*2) page 5
“...She was born in the village of Domremy in Lorraine in 1412. It is known that she was born from honest and fair parents. On the night of Christmas, when peoples are accustomed to honor the works of Christ in great bliss, she entered the mortal world. And the roosters, as if the heralds of new joy, crowed then with an extraordinary, hitherto unheard cry. We saw them flapping their wings for more than two hours, predicting what was destined for this little one.” (*1) p.146
This fact is reported by Perceval de Boulainvilliers, the king's adviser and chamberlain, in a letter to the Duke of Milan, which can be called her first biography. But most likely this description is a legend, since not a single chronicle mentions this and the birth of Jeanne did not leave the slightest trace in the memory of fellow villagers - residents of Domremi, who acted as witnesses in the rehabilitation process.
She lived in Domremy with her father, mother and two brothers, Jean and Pierre. Jacques d'Arc and Isabella were, by local standards, “not very rich.” (For a more detailed description of the family, see (*2) pp. 41-43)
“Not far from the village where Jeanne grew up, there grew a very beautiful tree, “as beautiful as a lily,” as one witness noted; On Sundays, village boys and girls gathered near the tree, they danced around it and washed themselves with water from a nearby source. The tree was called the tree of fairies; they said that in ancient times wonderful creatures, fairies, danced around it. Zhanna also often went there, but she never saw a single fairy.” (*5) p.417, see (*2) p.43-45
“When she was 12 years old, her first revelation came to her. Suddenly, a shining cloud appeared before her eyes, from which a voice was heard: “Jeanne, it behooves you to go another way and perform wonderful deeds, for you are the one whom the Heavenly King chose to protect King Charles...” (*1) p.146
“At first I was very scared. I heard the voice during the day, it was in the summer in my father’s garden. The day before, I fasted. The voice came to me from the right side, from where the church was, and from the same side came great holiness. This voice has always guided me. “Later, the voice began to appear to Jeanne every day and insisted that she needed to “go and lift the siege from the city of Orleans.” The voices called her “Jeanne de Pucelle, daughter of God” - in addition to the first voice, which, as Jeanne thinks, belonged to the Archangel Michael, the voices of Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine were soon added. To all those who tried to block her path, Jeanne reminded them of an ancient prophecy that said that “a woman will destroy France, and a virgin will save it.” (The first part of the prophecy came true when Isabella of Bavaria forced her husband, the French king Charles VI, to declare their son Charles VII illegitimate, with the result that by the time of Joanna, Charles VII was not a king, but only a dauphin). (*5) p.417
“I came here to the royal chamber in order to speak with Robert de Baudricourt, so that he would take me to the king or order his people to take me; but he paid no attention either to me or to my words; nevertheless, it is necessary for me to appear before the king in the first half of Lent, even if for this I have to wear off my legs to the knees; know that no one - neither the king, nor the duke, nor the daughter of the Scottish king, nor anyone else - can restore the French kingdom; salvation can only come from me, and although I would prefer to stay with my poor mother and spin, this is not my destiny: I must go, and I will do it, for my Master wants me to act in this way.” (*3) page 27
Three times she had to turn to Robert de Baudricourt. After the first time, she was sent home, and her parents decided to marry her off. But Zhanna herself ended the engagement through the court.
“Time passed slowly for her, “like a woman expecting a child,” she said, so slowly that she could not stand it and one fine morning, accompanied by her uncle, the devoted Durand Laxart, a resident of Vaucouleurs named Jacques Alain, set off on her journey ; her companions bought a horse for her, which cost them twelve francs. But they did not go far: having arrived in Saint-Nicolas-de-Saint-Fonds, which was on the road to Sauvroy, Jeanne declared: “This is not the right way for us to leave,” and the travelers returned to Vaucouleurs. (*3) page 25
One fine day a messenger arrived from Nancy from the Duke of Lorraine.
“Duke Charles II of Lorraine gave Joan a gracious welcome. He invited her to his place in Nancy. Charles of Lorraine was not at all an ally of Charles Valois; on the contrary, he took a position of hostile neutrality towards France, gravitating towards England.
She told the Duke (Charles of Lorraine) to give her his son and people who would take her to France, and she would pray to God for his health.” Jeanne called his son-in-law, Rene of Anjou, the Duke's son. “Good King René” (who later became famous as a poet and patron of the arts), was married to the Duke’s eldest daughter and his heir Isabella... This meeting strengthened Jeanne’s position in public opinion... Baudricourt (commandant of Vaucouleurs) changed his attitude towards Jeanne and agreed to send her to the Dauphin.” (*2) p.79
There is a version that Rene d'Anjou was the master of the secret order of the Priory of Zion and helped Jeanne fulfill her mission. (See chapter "René d'Anjou")
Already in Vaucouleurs, she puts on a man's suit and goes across the country to the Dauphin Charles. Tests are ongoing. In Chinon, under the name of the Dauphin, another is introduced to her, but Jeanne unmistakably finds Charles out of 300 knights and greets him. During this meeting, Jeanne tells the Dauphin something or shows some kind of sign, after which Karl begins to believe her.
“The story of Jeanne herself to Jean Pasquerel, her confessor: “When the king saw her, he asked Jeanne her name, and she answered: “Dear Dauphin, I am called Jeanne the Virgin, and through my lips the King of Heaven addresses you and says that you will accept anointing and you will be crowned in Reims and become the viceroy of the King of Heaven, the true king of France.” After other questions asked by the king, Jeanne again told him: “I tell you in the name of the Almighty that you are the true heir of France and the son of the king, and He sent me to you to lead you to Reims so that you would be crowned and anointed there.” , if you want." Hearing this, the king informed those present that Jeanne had initiated him into a certain secret that no one except God knew and could not know; that's why he trusts her completely. “I heard all this,” concludes Brother Pasquerel, “from the lips of Jeanne, since I myself was not present.” (*3) page 33
But, nevertheless, an investigation begins, detailed information is collected about Jeanne, who at this time is in Poitiers, where the college of learned theologians of the Bishopric of Poitiers must make its decision.
“Believing that precautions are never unnecessary, the king decided to increase the number of those who were entrusted with interrogating the girl, and to choose the most worthy among them; and they were supposed to gather in Poitiers. Jeanne was lodged in the house of Maître Jean Rabateau, a lawyer for the Parisian Parliament who had joined the king two years earlier. Several women were assigned to secretly monitor her behavior.
François Garivel, the king’s adviser, clarifies that Jeanne was interrogated several times and the investigation took about three weeks.” (*3) page 43
“A certain lawyer of parliament, Jean Barbon: “From learned theologians who studied her with passion and asked her many questions, I heard that she answered very carefully, as if she were a good scientist, so that they were amazed at her answers. They believed that there was something divine in her very life and her behavior; in the end, after all the interrogations and inquiries carried out by the scientists, they came to the conclusion that there was nothing bad in it, nothing contrary to the Catholic faith and that, taking into account the plight of the king and the kingdom - after all, the king and the inhabitants of the kingdom loyal to him were in At this time they were in despair and did not know what kind of help they could still hope for, if only not for the help of God - the king can accept her help.” (*3) page 46
During this period, she acquires a sword and a banner. (see chapter “Sword. Banner.”)
“In all likelihood, by giving Jeanne the right to have a personal banner, the Dauphin equated her with the so-called “banner knights” who commanded detachments of their people.
Jeanne had under her command a small detachment, which consisted of a retinue, several soldiers and servants. The retinue included a squire, a confessor, two pages, two heralds, as well as Jean of Metz and Bertrand de Poulangy and Jeanne's brothers, Jacques and Pierre, who joined her in Tours. Even in Poitiers, the Dauphin entrusted the protection of the Virgin to the experienced warrior Jean d'Olon, who became her squire. In this brave and noble man, Jeanne found a mentor and friend. He taught her military affairs, she spent all her campaigns with him, he was next to her in all battles, assaults and forays. Together they were captured by the Burgundians, but she was sold to the British, and he ransomed his freedom and a quarter of a century later, already a knight, a royal adviser and, occupying a prominent position as seneschal of one of the southern French provinces, wrote very interesting memoirs at the request of the rehabilitation commission , in which he spoke about many important episodes in the history of Joan of Arc. We have also reached the testimony of one of Jeanne’s pages, Louis de Coutes; about the second - Raymond - we know nothing. Jeanne's confessor was the Augustinian monk Jean Pasquerel; He has very detailed testimony, but obviously not everything in it is reliable. (*2) p.130
“In Tours, a military retinue was assembled for Jeanne, as befits a military leader; they appointed intendant Jean d'Olonne, who testifies: “For her protection and escort, I was placed at her disposal by the king, our lord”; she also has two pages - Louis de Coutes and Raymond. Two heralds, Ambleville and Guienne, were also under her command; Heralds are messengers dressed in livery that allows them to be identified. Heralds were inviolable.
Since Jeanne was given two messengers, it means that the king began to treat her like any other high-ranking warrior, vested with authority and bearing personal responsibility for his actions.
The royal troops were supposed to gather in Blois... It was in Blois, while the army was there, that Jeanne ordered the banner... Jeanne's confessor was touched by the almost religious appearance of the marching army: “When Jeanne set out from Blois to go to Orleans, she asked to gather everyone priests around this banner, and the priests walked ahead of the army... and sang antiphons... the same thing happened the next day. And on the third day they approached Orleans." (*3) page 58
Karl hesitates. Zhanna hurries him. The liberation of France begins with the lifting of the siege of Orleans. This is the first military victory of the army loyal to Charles under the leadership of Jeanne, which is also a sign of her divine mission. "Cm. R. Pernu, M.-V. Clain, Joan of Arc /pp. 63-69/
It took Jeanne 9 days to liberate Orleans.
“The sun was already setting to the west, and the French were still fighting unsuccessfully for the ditch of the forward fortification. Zhanna jumped on her horse and went to the fields. Away from view... Jeanne plunged into prayer among the vines. The unheard-of endurance and will of a seventeen-year-old girl allowed her, at this decisive moment, to escape from her own tension, from the despondency and exhaustion that gripped everyone, now she found external and internal silence - when only inspiration can arise...”
“...But then the unprecedented happened: the arrows fell out of their hands, the confused people looked at the sky. Saint Michael, surrounded by a whole host of angels, appeared shining in the shimmering Orleans sky. The Archangel fought on the side of the French." (*1) page 86
“...the English, seven months after the beginning of the siege and nine days after the Virgin occupied the city, retreated without a fight, every last one, and this happened on May 8 (1429), the day when St. Michael appeared in distant Italy on Monte Gargano and on the island of Ischia...
The magistrate wrote in the city register that the liberation of Orleans was the greatest miracle of the Christian era. Since then, throughout the centuries, the valiant city has solemnly dedicated this day to the Virgin, the day of May 8, designated in the calendar as the feast of the Apparition of the Archangel Michael.
Many modern critics argue that the victory at Orleans can only be attributed to accidents or to the inexplicable refusal of the British to fight. And yet Napoleon, who thoroughly studied Joan’s campaigns, declared that she was a genius in military affairs, and no one would dare to say that he did not understand strategy.
The English biographer of Joan of Arc, W. Sanquill West, writes today that the entire mode of action of her fellow countrymen who participated in those events seems to her so strange and slow that it can only be explained by supernatural reasons: “Reasons about which are we in the light of our twentieth century science—or perhaps in the darkness of our twentieth century science? “We don’t know anything.” (*1) pp.92-94
“To meet the king after the siege was lifted, Jeanne and the Bastard of Orleans went to Loches: “She rode out to meet the king, holding her banner in her hand, and they met,” says a German chronicle of that time, which brought us a lot of information. When the girl bowed her head in front of the king as low as she could, the king immediately ordered her to rise, and they thought that he almost kissed her from the joy that gripped him.” It was May 11, 1429.
Word of Jeanne's feat spread throughout Europe, which showed extraordinary interest in what had happened. The author of the chronicle we quoted is a certain Eberhard Windeken, treasurer of Emperor Sigismund; Obviously, the emperor showed great interest in the deeds of Jeanne and ordered to find out about her. (*3) p.82
We can judge the reaction outside France from a very interesting source. This is the Chronicle of Antonio Morosini... partly a collection of letters and reports. Letter from Pancrazzo Giustiniani to his father, from Bruges to Venice, dated May 10, 1429: “A certain Englishman named Lawrence Trent, a respectable man and not a talker, writes, seeing that this is said in the reports of so many worthy and trustworthy people: “ It drives me crazy". He reports that many barons treat her with respect, as do the commoners, and those who laughed at her died a bad death. Nothing, however, is so clear as her undisputed victory in a debate with the masters of theology, so that it seems as if she was the second Saint Catherine who came to earth, and many knights who heard what amazing speeches she made every day, believe this is a great miracle... They further report that this girl must perform two great deeds and then die. May God help her... “How does she appear before a Venetian of the Quartocento era, before a merchant, diplomat and intelligence officer, that is, before a person of a completely different culture, a different psychological make-up than herself and her entourage?... Giustiniani is confused. » (*2) p.146
Portrait of Joan of Arc
“...The girl has an attractive appearance and masculine posture, she speaks little and shows a wonderful mind; She delivers her speeches in a pleasant, high-pitched voice, as befits a woman. She is moderate in food, and even more moderate in her wine drinking. She finds pleasure in beautiful horses and weapons. Virgo finds many meetings and conversations unpleasant. Her eyes often fill with tears, and she also loves fun. He endures unheard-of hard labor, and when he carries weapons, he shows such tenacity that he can continuously remain fully armed day and night for six days. She says that the English have no right to rule France, and for this, she says, God sent her so that she would drive them out and defeat them...”
“Guy de Laval, a young nobleman who joined the royal army, describes her with admiration: “I saw her, in armor and in full battle gear, with a small ax in her hand, mounting her huge black war horse at the exit of the house , who was in great impatience and did not allow himself to be saddled; Then she said: “Take him to the cross,” which was located in front of the church on the road. Then she jumped into the saddle, but he did not move, as if he was tied. And then she turned to the church gates, which were very close to her: “And you, priests, arrange a procession and pray to God.” And then she set off, saying: “Hurry forward, hurry forward.” A pretty page carried her unfurled banner, and she held an ax in her hand.” (*3) p.89
Gilles de Rais: “She is a child. She never harmed an enemy, no one saw her ever hit anyone with a sword. After each battle she mourns the fallen, before each battle she partakes of the Body of the Lord - most of the soldiers do this with her - and yet she says nothing. Not a single thoughtless word comes out of her mouth - in this she is as mature as many men. No one ever swears around her, and people like it, even though all their wives are at home. Needless to say, she never takes off her armor if she sleeps next to us, and then, despite all her cuteness, not a single man experiences carnal desire for her.” (*1) p.109
“Jean Alençon, who was the commander-in-chief in those days, recalled many years later: “She understood everything that had to do with war: she could stick a pike and review the troops, line up the army in battle formation and place guns. Everyone was surprised that she was so careful in her affairs, like a combat commander with twenty or thirty years of experience.” (*1) p.118
“Jeanne was a beautiful and charming girl, and all the men who met her felt it. But this feeling was the most genuine, that is, the highest, transformed, virgin, returned to that state of “God’s love” that Nuyonpon noted in himself.” (*4) p.306
" - This is very strange, and we can all testify to this: when she rides with us, birds from the forest flock and sit on her shoulders. In battle, it happens that pigeons begin to flutter near her." (*1) p.108
“I remember that in the protocol drawn up by my colleagues about her life, it was written that in her homeland in Domremi, birds of prey flocked to her when she was grazing cows in the meadow, and, sitting on her lap, pecked at the crumbs that she took a bite from the bread. Her herd was never attacked by a wolf, and on the night she was born - on Epiphany - various unusual things were noticed with animals... And why not? Animals are also God's creatures... (*1) page 108
“It seems that in the presence of Jeanne the air became transparent for those people for whom the cruel night had not yet darkened their minds, and in those years there were more such people than is commonly believed now.” (*1) p.66
Her ecstasies proceeded as if outside of time, in ordinary activities, but without disconnection from the latter. She heard her Voices amidst the fighting, but continued to command the troops; heard during interrogations, but continued to answer theologians. This can also be evidenced by her cruelty when, near Turelli, she pulled out an arrow from her wound, ceasing to feel physical pain during ecstasy. And I must add that she was excellent at determining her Voices in time: at such and such an hour when the bells were ringing.” (*4) p.307
“Rupertus Geyer, that same “anonymous” cleric,” understood Joan’s personality correctly: if some kind of historical analogy can be found for her, then it is best to compare Joan with the Sibyls, these prophetesses of the pagan era, through whose mouths the gods spoke. But there was a huge difference between them and Zhanna. The Sibyls were influenced by the forces of nature: sulfur fumes, intoxicating odors, babbling streams. In a state of ecstasy, they expressed things that they immediately forgot about as soon as they came to their senses. In everyday life they did not have any high insights, they were blank slates on which to write forces that could not be controlled. “For the prophetic gift inherent in them is like a board on which nothing is written, it is unreasonable and uncertain,” wrote Plutarch.
Through the lips of Joan they also spoke spheres whose boundaries no one knew; she could fall into ecstasy at prayer, at the ringing of bells, in a quiet field or in a forest, but it was such an ecstasy, such a transcendence of ordinary feelings, which she controlled and from which she could emerge with a sober mind and awareness of her own self, in order to then translate what he saw and heard into the language of earthly words and earthly actions. What was available to the pagan priestesses in an eclipse of feelings detached from the world, Jeanne perceived in a clear consciousness and reasonable moderation. She rode and fought with men, she slept with women and children, and, like all of them, Jeanne could laugh. She spoke simply and clearly, without omissions or secrets, about what was about to happen: “Wait, three more days, then we will take the city”; “Be patient, in an hour you will become winners.” Virgo deliberately removed the veil of mystery from her life and actions; Only she herself remained a mystery. Since the impending disaster was predicted for her, she closed her lips, and no one knew about the gloomy news. Always, even before her death at the stake, Zhanna was aware of what she could say and what she could not say.
Since the days of the Apostle Paul, women who “speak in tongues” in Christian communities were to remain silent, for “for speaking in tongues the spirit who gives inspiration is responsible, but for the intelligent prophetic word the speaking person is responsible.” Spiritual language must be translated into the language of people, so that a person accompanies the speech of the spirit with his mind; and only what a person can understand and assimilate with his own reason should he express in words.
Joan of Arc, in those weeks, was able to prove more clearly than ever that she was responsible for her intelligent words of prophecy and that she spoke them - or remained silent - while in her right mind." (*1) p. 192
After the siege of Orleans was lifted, disputes began in the Royal Council about the direction of the campaign. At the same time, Jeanne was of the opinion that it was necessary to go to Reims to crown the king. “She argued that as soon as the king is crowned and anointed, the power of the enemies will decrease all the time and in the end they will no longer be able to harm either the king or the kingdom” p. 167.
Under these conditions, the coronation of the Dauphin in Reims became an act of proclamation of the state independence of France. This was the main political goal of the campaign.
But the courtiers did not advise Charles to undertake a campaign against Reims, saying that on the way from Gien to Reims there were many fortified cities, castles and fortresses with garrisons of English and Burgundians. Jeanne's enormous authority in the army played a decisive role, and on June 27, the Virgin led the vanguard of the army to Reimstr. A new stage of the liberation struggle began. Moreover, the liberation of Troyes decided the outcome of the entire campaign. The success of the campaign exceeded the wildest expectations: in less than three weeks the army covered almost three hundred kilometers and reached its final destination without firing a single shot, without leaving a single burned village or plundered city along the way. The enterprise, which at first seemed so difficult and dangerous, turned into a triumphal march.
On Sunday 17 July, Charles was crowned at Reims Cathedral. Jeanne stood in the cathedral, holding a banner in her hand. Then at the trial they will ask her: “Why was your banner brought into the cathedral during the coronation in preference to the banners of other captains?” And she will answer: “It was in labor and by right should have been honored.”
But then events unfold less triumphantly. Instead of a decisive offensive, Charles concludes a strange truce with the Burgundians. On January 21, the army returned to the banks of the Laura and the bvla was immediately disbanded. But Zhanna continues to fight, but at the same time suffers one defeat after another. Having learned that the Burgundians have besieged Compiegne, she rushes to the rescue. Virgo enters the city on May 23, and in the evening, during a sortie, she is captured.....
“For the last time in her life, on the evening of May 23, 1430, Jeanne stormed the enemy camp, for the last time she took off her armor, and the standard with the image of Christ and the face of an angel was taken away from her. The struggle on the battlefield is over. What now began at 18 years old was a fight with a different weapon and with a different opponent, but, as before, it was a struggle for life and death. At that moment, human history was being accomplished through Joan of Arc. Saint Margaret's behest was fulfilled; The hour for the fulfillment of St. Catherine's behest has struck. Earthly knowledge was preparing to fight with wisdom, in the morning rays of which the Virgin Jeanne lived, fought and suffered. In the tide of change the centuries were already approaching when the forces of God-denying scholarship began a bloodless but inexorable offensive against man's dawning memory of his divine origin, when human minds and hearts became the arena in which fallen angels fought with the archangel named Michael, the herald of the will of Christ . Everything that Jeanne did served France, England, and new Europe; it was a challenge, a shining riddle for all the peoples of subsequent eras.” (*1) page 201
Jeanne spent six months in captivity in Burgundy. She waited for help but in vain. The French government did nothing to help her out of trouble. At the end of 1430, the Burgundians sold Jeanne to the British, who immediately brought her before the Inquisition.
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| Monument in the Cathedral Archangel Michael in Dijon (Burgundy) | Fragment from the film Robert Bresson "The Trial of Joan of Arc" | Gilded monument Joan of Arc in Paris at Pyramid Square |
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A year has passed since the day when Jeanne was captured... A year and one day...
Behind us was Burgundy captivity. There were two escape attempts behind us. The second almost ended tragically: Zhanna jumped out of a window on the top floor. This gave the judges a reason to accuse her of the mortal sin of attempted suicide. Her explanations were simple: “I did it not out of hopelessness, but in the hope of saving my body and going to the aid of many nice people who need it.”
Behind her was the iron cage in which she was kept for the first time in Rouen, in the basement of the royal castle of Bouverey. Then the interrogations began, she was transferred to a cell. Five English soldiers guarded her around the clock, and at night they chained her to the wall with an iron chain.
Behind were grueling interrogations. Each time she was bombarded with dozens of questions. Traps awaited her at every step. One hundred and thirty-two members of the tribunal: cardinals, bishops, theologian professors, learned abbots, monks and priests... And a young girl who, in her own words, “knows neither a nor b.”
Behind were those two days at the end of March when she was familiarized with the indictment. In seventy articles, the prosecutor listed the criminal acts, speeches and thoughts of the defendant. But Zhanna deflected one accusation after another. The two-day reading of the indictment ended in the defeat of the prosecutor. The judges were convinced that the document they had drawn up was no good, and replaced it with another.
The second version of the indictment contained only 12 articles. The unimportant things were eliminated, the most important things remained: “voices and knowledge”, a man’s suit, a “fairy tree”, the seduction of the king and the refusal to submit to the militant church.
They decided to abandon torture “so as not to give a reason for slandering the exemplary trial.”
All this is behind us, and now Zhanna was brought to the cemetery, surrounded by guards, raised above the crowd, shown the executioner and began to read the verdict. This entire procedure, thought out to the smallest detail, was calculated to cause mental shock and fear of death in her. At some point, Zhanna cannot stand it and agrees to submit to the will of the church. “Then,” the protocol says, “in front of a great many clergy and laity, she pronounced the formula of renunciation, following the text of the letter drawn up in French, which letter she signed with her own hand.” Most likely, the formula of the official protocol is a forgery, the purpose of which is to retroactively extend Jeanne’s renunciation to all her previous activities. Perhaps at the Saint-Ouen cemetery, Jeanne did not renounce her past. She only agreed to submit henceforth to the orders of the church court.
However, the political goal of the process was achieved. The English government could notify the entire Christian world that the heretic had publicly repented of her crimes.
But, having snatched words of repentance from the girl, the organizers of the trial did not at all consider the matter over. It was only half done, because Jeanne’s abdication was to be followed by her execution.
The Inquisition had simple means for this. It was only necessary to prove that after her renunciation she committed a “relapse into heresy”: a person who relapsed into heresy was subject to immediate execution. Before her abdication, Jeanne was promised that if she repented, she would be transferred to the women's section of the archbishop's prison and the shackles would be removed. But instead, on Cauchon's orders, she was taken back to her old cell. There she changed into a woman's dress and had her head shaved. The shackles were not removed and the English guards were not removed.
Two days have passed. On Sunday, May 27, rumors spread throughout the city that the convict had once again put on a men's suit. She was asked who forced her to do this. “Nobody,” Zhanna answered. I did this of my own free will and without any coercion." In the evening of that day, the protocol of Zhanna's last interrogation appeared - a tragic document in which Zhanna herself talks about everything that she experienced after her renunciation: about the despair that gripped her when she realized that she had been deceived, about the contempt for herself because that she was afraid of death, about how she cursed herself for betrayal, she herself said this word, - and about the victory that she won - about the most difficult of all her victories, because it is a victory over the fear of death .
There is a version according to which Jeanne was forced to wear a man’s suit (See p. 188 Raitses V.I. Joan of Arc. Facts, legends, hypotheses. “
Jeanne learned that she would be executed at dawn on Wednesday, May 30, 1431. She was taken out of prison, put on a cart and taken to the place of execution. She was wearing a long dress and a hat....
Only a few hours later the fire was allowed to go out.
And when it was all over, according to Ladvenu, “at about four o’clock in the afternoon,” the executioner came to the Dominican monastery, “to me,” says Izambar, “and to brother Ladvenu, in extreme and terrible repentance, as if despairing of receiving forgiveness from God for what he did to such a holy woman, as he said.” And he also told both of them that, having climbed the scaffold to remove everything, he found her heart and other entrails unburnt; he was required to burn everything, but, although he several times placed burning brushwood and coals around Jeanne’s heart, he could not turn it into ashes” (the same story of the executioner is relayed by Massey from the words of the deputy of the Rouen bailiff). Finally, struck , “like an obvious miracle,” he stopped tormenting this Heart, put the Burning Bush in a bag along with everything that was left of the Virgin’s flesh, and threw the bag, as expected, into the hay. The imperishable heart was gone forever from human eyes and hands." (*1)
Twenty-five years passed and finally - after a trial in which one hundred and fifteen witnesses were heard (her mother was also present) - in the presence of the papal legate, Jeanne was rehabilitated and recognized as the beloved daughter of the Church and France. (*1) page 336
Throughout her short life, Joan of Arc, “an earthly angel and a heavenly girl,” again and with unprecedented power declared the reality of the Living God and the Heavenly Church.
In 1920 after the Nativity of Christ, in the four hundred and ninetieth year after the Bonfire, the Roman Church canonized her as a saint and recognized her mission as true, in fulfilling which she saved France. (*1)
Five and a half centuries have passed since the day when Joan of Arc was burned in the Old Market Square in Rouen. She was then nineteen years old.
Almost all her life - seventeen years - she was an unknown Jeannette from Domremy. Her neighbors will later say: “she’s like everyone else.” "like others."
For one year—just one year—she was the glorified Virgin Joan, the savior of France. Her comrades will later say: “as if she were a captain who spent twenty or thirty years in the war.”
And for another year - a whole year - she was a prisoner of war and a defendant in the Inquisition Tribunal. Her judges will later say: “a great scientist - even he would have difficulty answering the questions that were asked of her.”
Of course, she was not like everyone else. Of course, she was not the captain. And she certainly wasn't a scientist. And at the same time, she had it all.
Centuries pass. But every generation again and again turns to such a simple and infinitely complex story of the girl from Domremy. Appeals to understand. Applies to become familiar with enduring moral values. For if history is the teacher of life, then the epic of Joan of Arc is one of her great lessons. (*2) p.194
Literature:
- *1 Maria Josepha, Crook von Potucin Joan of Arc. Moscow "Enigma" 1994.
- *2 Raitses V.I. Joan of Arc. Facts, legends, hypotheses. Leningrad "Science" 1982.
- *3 R. Pernu, M. V. Klen. Joan of Arc. M., 1992.
- *4 Ascetics. Selected biographies and works. Samara, AGNI, 1994.
- *5 Bauer W., Dumotz I., Golovin PAGE. Encyclopedia of Symbols, M., KRON-PRESS, 1995
See section:
Every second Sunday in May, France celebrates the Day of Remembrance of Joan of Arc, the famous Maid of Orleans, who led the French army during the Hundred Years' War, won several decisive military victories, crowned the Dauphin Charles VII, but was captured by traitors from Burgundy and burned at the stake. by the British. The execution of Joan of Arc took place in Rouen on May 30, 1431. 25 years after her execution, she was rehabilitated and recognized as a national heroine, and in the 20th century, the Catholic Church declared her a saint. This is the official version. But many myths and legends are associated with Joan of Arc. According to some sources, the Maid of Orleans was a village shepherdess, according to others, a noble lady.
Shepherdess
According to the most common version, Joan of Arc was born into the family of a village headman in the village of Domremy on the border of Alsace in 1412. One day she heard the voices of Saints Catherine and Margaret, who told her that she was destined to save France from the invasion of the English.
Having learned about her destiny, Jeanne left her home, achieved a meeting with the Dauphin Charles VII and led the French army. She managed to liberate several cities, including Orleans, after which she began to be called the Maid of Orleans. Soon Charles VII was crowned in Reims, and Joan won several more important victories.
On May 23, 1430, near the city of Compiegne, Joan of Arc’s detachment was captured by the Burgundians. They handed over the Maid of Orleans to the Duke of Luxembourg, and he, in turn, handed over to the British. There were rumors that those close to Charles VII had betrayed Joan.
The trial of Joan of Arc began in January 1431 in Rouen. The Inquisition brought forward 12 charges. Meanwhile, in Paris, Henry VI was proclaimed king of France and England. The main purpose of Joan's trial was to prove that Charles VII was elevated to the throne by a witch and heretic.
Bishop Pierre Cauchon conducted the trial. Even before the trial began, he subjected the girl to a medical examination to establish that she was not innocent and that she had entered into a relationship with the devil. However, an examination showed that Zhanna was a virgin, so the court was forced to abandon this charge.
The trial of Joan of Arc lasted several months. It was full of tricky questions and cunning traps, into which, according to the inquisitors, the girl was supposed to fall. As a result, on May 29, 1431, a final decision was made to transfer the defendant into the hands of secular authorities. Jeanne was sentenced to be burned at the stake. On May 30, 1431, the sentence was carried out.
Mentally ill
The legend of the great young warrior was dealt a significant blow by the famous French historian and philosopher Robert Caratini. In his monograph "Joan of Arc: from Domremy to Orleans" he stated that the story of the Maid of Orleans as we know it has little to do with the truth. The expert claims that in fact Joan was a mentally ill girl, which politicians and senior military officials quite skillfully used for their own purposes to awaken hatred of England in the souls of the French.
Caratini writes that all the battles that were supposedly won by the French under the leadership of Joan of Arc were minor skirmishes like a Russian fist fight at a fair. The French historian also adds that the maiden herself did not participate in any of them, and that she did not I've never picked up a sword in my life.
Robert Caratini argued that Joan of Arc herself did not influence the course of events in any way, but served only as a symbol, a kind of iconic figure with the help of which French politicians whipped up anti-English sentiments.
The French historian also questions the fact that Joan of Arc saved the besieged Orleans. This city, writes Caratini, was simply not besieged by anyone. An English army of five thousand people wandered around the area adjacent to Orleans. There was not a single one in the city itself at that time French soldier Finally, the French army under the command of Charles VII arrived at the walls of Orleans with great delay, but this was not followed by any military action.
According to Caratini, in 1429, Joan of Arc was actually in military service, but remained in the army as a kind of living talisman. The historian believed that she was an unbalanced girl, with obvious signs of mental disorder. The reason for her condition could have been horrors war, but not the Hundred Years' War, but another - the ongoing battle between France and Burgundy... And since Jeanne's native village was located on the border, even as a child the impressionable girl had to see quite a lot of terrible pictures.
The British responded to Robert Caratini's book with applause. For more than five centuries, the entire enlightened world condemned the British for the merciless reprisal of the Maid of Orleans, however, this part of the story, the French scientist believes, is also fiction.
Joan of Arc was captured in Burgundy. Then the Sorbonne of Paris sent a letter to the Duke of Burgundy with a request to hand over the girl to the university. However, the Duke refused the Sorbonne. After holding Joan for eight months, he sold her to Henry VI of England for 10 thousand pounds. Henry handed over Joan to the French church. The Maid of Orleans was tried in Normandy by 126 Sorbonne judges, then she was executed. The British did not take any part in all this at all, Caratini believes.
The historian also claims that the legend of Joan of Arc was created only at the end of the 19th century, because the French rulers of that time needed new heroes, and the young maiden, who fell victim to dynastic squabbles, was ideal for this role.
Married lady and mother
Rumors that Joan of Arc did not actually die, but was saved, began to spread among the people immediately after her execution. According to one version, which, in particular, is presented in Efim Chernyak’s book “The Judicial Loop,” Joan of Arc not only escaped death at the stake, but also got married and gave birth to two sons. Her husband was a man named Robert d'Armoise, whose descendants still consider themselves relatives of the Maid of Orleans and claim that their respected ancestor would not have married a woman for all the treasures of the world who would not have presented him with genuine documents certifying her true identity. origin.
For the first time, the new Jeanne, or, as she was already called, Madame d’Armoise, appeared about five years after her tragic death. In 1436, Jeanne's brother Jean du Lye often sent letters to his sister and went to see her in the city of Arlon. Records of relevant expenses are preserved in the account book of Orleans.
It is known that this mysterious lady lived in Arlon, where she led a busy social life. In 1439, the miraculously resurrected Jeanne appeared in Orleans, which she had once liberated. Judging by the entries in the same account book, the residents of Orleans greeted Jeanne d'Armoise more than warmly. Not only were they recognized, but noble townspeople held a gala dinner in her honor; in addition, Jeanne was presented with a gift of 210 livres “for the good service she rendered to the specified city during the siege.” There is indirect evidence that the mother of the real Joan of Arc, Isabella Romeu, could have been in Orleans at this time.
The resurrected Jeanne was also warmly welcomed in Tours, the village of Grande-aux-Ormes and several other settlements. In 1440, on the way to Paris, Madame d'Armoise was arrested, declared an impostor and pilloried. She repented of taking the name of the Maid of Orleans and was released.
They say that after the death of her husband Robert d'Armoise, this Jeanne married again. And at the end of the 50s, the lady was granted an official pardon for daring to impersonate Joan of Arc.
King's daughter
Another sensational statement was made by Ukrainian anthropologist Sergei Gorbenko: Joan of Arc did not die at the stake, but lived to be 57 years old. He also claims that Jeanne was not a simple village girl, as popular legend says, but came from the royal Valois dynasty.
The scientist believes that the historical name of the famous Maid of Orleans is Marguerite de Champdiver. Sergei Gorbenko examined the remains in the sarcophagus of the Notre-Dame de Clery Saint-André church near Orleans and discovered that the female skull, which was kept along with the king’s skull, did not belong to Queen Charlotte, who died at the age of 38, but to another woman who was not less than 57 years old. The specialist came to the conclusion that in front of him were the remains of the same Joan of Arc, who in fact was the illegitimate princess of the house of Valois. Her father was King Charles VI, and her mother was the king's last mistress, Odette de Champdivers.
The girl was raised under the supervision of her father, the king, as a warrior, so she could wear knightly armor. This also explains how Jeanne could write letters (something an illiterate peasant girl would not have been able to do).
According to this version, the death of Joan of Arc was simulated by Charles VII: instead of her, a completely different woman was sent to the stake.
King's sister
According to another legend, Joan of Arc was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Isabella, half-sister of King Charles VII. This version explains, in particular, how a simple village girl managed to force the king to accept her, listen to her, and even believe that she would be the one who would save France.
In addition, it always seemed strange to many researchers that a girl from a village family was too well versed in the political situation in the country, from childhood she owned a battle spear, which was the privilege of only nobles, spoke pure French without a provincial accent and allowed herself to communicate with any respect. with crowned heads.
There is a version according to which Joan of Arc was called the Maid of Orleans not only because of her liberation of Orleans, but also because of her involvement in the royal House of Orleans. It is possible that this version has some basis. In 1407, Queen Isabella did give birth to an illegitimate child, whose father was apparently the Duke of Louis d'Orléans. The baby is believed to have died soon after, but the grave and remains of this child, whose gender was not specified in historical documents of the time, could not be located. Later, in a detailed work on the history of France, which was published in the 18th century, this baby was first called Philip, and in subsequent reprints already Jeanne.
The question of how old Joan of Arc really was when she went to the stake is still controversial. During one of the interrogations, she once indicated her age - “about 19 years old.” Another time she found it difficult to answer this question. However, when Jeanne first met the Dauphin Charles VII, she said that she was “three times seven years old.” Thus, it turns out that she was a little older than her canonized age and could well have turned out to be the illegitimate child of Queen Isabella.
In "The Judicial Loop" it is mentioned that Jeanne was medically examined twice. And both times the inspection was carried out by very high-ranking persons: first by Queens Maria of Anjou and Iolanta of Aragon, then by the Duchess of Bedford, who was the aunt of Charles VII. “You only need to imagine the class differences in medieval society,” the author writes, “to understand: the honor that Jeanne was awarded could not be given to a simple shepherdess.”
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
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Biography, life story of Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc was born in 1412 AD on January 6 in the village of Domremy in Lorraine. Her parents were not very rich. She lived in a family with her mother, father and two brothers - Pierre and Jean. Her parents' names were Jean and Isabel.There is more than one mystical belief around the person of Joan of Arc. Firstly, the rooster crowed for a very long time at her birth. Secondly, Jeanne grew up near the place where a wonderful tree grew, around which fairies gathered in ancient times.
At the age of 12, Zhanna discovered something. It was the voice that told her of her destiny to be the protector of King Charles. The voice told her that she would save France according to prophecy. She had to go and save Orleans, lift the siege from it. These were the voices of Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret and Saint Catherine. The voice haunted her every day. In this regard, she had to turn to Robert de Baudricourt three times in order to fulfill her destiny. The third time she came to Vaucouleurs, where her uncle lived. The residents bought her a horse, and she rode again in the hope of being accepted. Soon a messenger from the Duke of Lorraine arrived in Vaucouleurs. He invited her to come to Nancy. She put on a man's suit and went to see the Dauphin Charles in Chinon. There she was first introduced to the wrong person, but she learned that it was not the Dauphin Charles. She showed a sign to the Dauphin standing in the crowd, and he immediately believed in the righteousness of her path.
She told him words on behalf of the Almighty. Jeanne said that she was destined to make him king of France, to crown him in Reims. The king turned to the people and said that he trusted her. The parliamentary lawyer asked her many questions and received answers like from a scientist. The future king equated her with the “banner knights” and gave her a personal banner. Jeanne was also given two messengers, two pages and two harolds.
D'Ark went at the head of the troops with a personal banner and Charles won. The siege of Orleans was lifted in just 9 days. This was a sign of her divine mission. Since then, the day of May 8 has been a miracle of the Christian era. In Orleans it is the feast of the Appearance of the Archangel Michael. The English retreated without a fight, after Orleans had been under siege for 7 months. Rumors about her spread throughout Europe. Joan went to Loches to meet the king. The actions of her troops were slow and strange. Their victories can only be explained by a miracle. As some scientists explain of our time, this is the result of chance or something that science still cannot answer.
CONTINUED BELOW
Further, disputes began in the royal council about the purpose of the campaign. The courtiers did not advise the Dauphin Charles to go to Reims, since there were many fortified cities along the road. But Jeanne, with her authority, forced the troops to go on a campaign. In three weeks, the army covered 300 kilometers and did not fire a single shot. Charles was crowned king at Reims Cathedral. Joan of Arc stood nearby in the cathedral with a banner.
After this, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians. Charles concluded a strange truce with them. The king's army was disbanded. Six months later, the Burgundians gave d'Arc to the British, and they brought her before the Inquisition. She waited for help from France, but in vain. There were two attempts to escape. She was guarded by five soldiers, and chained at night. There were grueling interrogations one after another, she was waylaid traps at every step. So a year passed from the day of captivity. She was interrogated by one hundred and thirty-two inquisitors of the tribunal. Criminal acts were outlined in 70 articles. When they began to judge her according to the articles, the court could not convict her. It was decided to abandon torture so that the trial would not was declared invalid because it was an “exemplary process.” Therefore, a second charge was formulated, it contained 12 articles.
Zhanna did not admit anything. Then they came up with a procedure that was supposed to induce fear of death in her. They brought her to the cemetery and began to read the verdict. Jeanne could not stand it and agreed to submit to the will of the church. The protocol was probably falsified, since it turned out that this formula applied to all of Jeanne’s previous activities, which she could not renounce. She only agreed to submit to the will of the church in further actions. She realized that she had been blatantly deceived. She was promised that after her renunciation the shackles would be removed from her, but this did not happen. The inquisitors needed her to fall back into heresy. Then she would have been executed. It was done very simply. In the cell, her head was shaved and she was dressed in a man's dress. This was enough to prove "heresy".
Joan of Arc was burned in 1431 AD on May 30 in the Old Market Square in Rouen. When Joan was executed, the executioner repented. He was convinced of her holiness. The heart and liver did not burn, no matter how hard he tried. Thus , the imperishable heart remained unburnt.
It took 25 years before Jeanne's reputation was rehabilitated. There was a trial again, 115 witnesses and Zhanna’s mother were present. She was recognized as the beloved daughter of the Church and France. The Roman Church canonized Joan as a saint.
Joan of Arc (1412 - 1431) was a national heroine of France who successfully commanded French troops in the Hundred Years' War. She was burned at the stake by the British as a heretic. Subsequently, the church canonized her, having previously rehabilitated her. In this article you will get acquainted with her biography and learn about interesting facts from her life.
The date of birth of Joan is considered to be 1412, however, in the decree of Pope Pius X on the canonization of the Virgin, the date is January 6, 1409, which is most likely more plausible. Joan of Arc was born in the village of Domremy in the family of wealthy peasants Jacques d'Arc and Isabella Romeu. She never called herself Joan of Arc, but only “Joan the Virgin.” As a child, everyone called her Jeanette
House of Joan of Arc in Domremy. Nowadays there is a museum of the same name
Painting "The Vision of Joan of Arc" (artist Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1879)
When the heroine turned 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs, Baudricourt, and told about her great mission. Naturally, he ridiculed her and Zhanna had to return to the village, but a year later she repeated her attempt. For the second time, the captain was struck by the young girl’s persistence. Jeanne predicted the defeat of the French at Orleans and he agreed to provide her with soldiers, as well as male military equipment. Subsequently, D'arc always dressed this way, citing the fact that it is much easier to fight in men's clothing. Such clothing, in addition, does not cause unhealthy attention among soldiers. Together with Jeanne, two of her faithful companions went to fight - the knights Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulangy
In March 1429, Jeanne arrived to the Dauphin, announcing that she had been sent by higher powers to liberate the country and asked for troops to lift the siege of Orleans. She surprised everyone with her knowledge of military affairs and horse riding. The secretary of Kings Charles VI and Charles VII said about her: “It seemed that this girl was brought up not in the fields, but in schools, in close communication with the sciences.”
Karl still hesitated, but after all the checks (the matrons checked her for virginity, messengers found out about her in her area, theologians conducted interrogations) he still entrusted her with the army and the operation to liberate Orleans. In addition, Jeanne, in the name of God, confirmed to Charles his legitimacy and rights to the throne, which many doubted
For Joan of Arc, special armor is made (since she received permission from theologians to wear men's clothing), a banner and a banner. She was given the sword of Charlemagne himself, kept in the church of Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois
Charlemagne
Her next destination was Blois, where the army was already waiting, at the head of which Jeanne launched an attack on Orleans. The news that the army was led by a messenger of God inspired the soldiers and motivated them to heroic deeds. As a result, in 4 days D'Ark completely liberated Orleans, since the British were forced to lift the siege. Many military leaders considered this task completely impossible...
Military operations resumed in the spring of 1430, but proceeded rather slowly. The royal courtiers constantly tried to build all sorts of intrigues, as a result setting up a betrayal, because of which Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians. King Charles decided not to take any action to free Joan, and the Burgundians sold her to the British and transported her to Rouen
The photo shows the tower in Rouen in which Jeanne was imprisoned
The trial began at the end of February 1431. Formally, Jeanne was tried by the church, charged with heresy, but in prison she was kept under the guard of the British as a prisoner of war. Moreover, the trial was headed by Bishop Cauchon, a supporter of the interests of England, and the government of this country itself did not hide its interests in this matter. The British even paid all the legal costs and expenses associated with the case, which were quite significant.
Interrogation of Joan of Arc
Trying to break the will of the prisoner, she was kept in terrible conditions, constantly insulted and threatened with torture - but all this was to no avail, Zhanna did not plead guilty. The death penalty without admission of guilt would have created an even greater aura of martyrdom around D'Ark, so the judges resorted to deception by slipping in a paper renouncing heresies, which the illiterate girl had to sign, supposedly in exchange for pardon. In fact, because of illiteracy she signed a complete renunciation of all her errors
"Joan of Arc". Triptych
A few days later she was accused of having put on men's clothes again, when in fact they had taken away her women's clothes. As a result, the tribunal had no choice but to sentence the girl to death. On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen with “heretic, apostate, idolater.” “Bishop, I am dying because of you. I challenge you to God’s judgment!” - Jeanne exclaimed and asked to give her a cross, and when the fire engulfed her, she shouted: “Jesus!” The ashes were scattered over the Seine, and her remains are allegedly kept in the Chinon Museum. But according to research, these relics do not belong to Joan of Arc
After the end of the war in Normandy in 1452, Charles VII initiated a process in order to acquit Joan. All documents were studied, all witnesses were interviewed, as a result of which everyone came to the conclusion that the execution was illegal. In July 1456, the judges read a verdict that completely exonerated the executed girl, restoring her good name
