Meaning of LABIAL CONSONANTS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
LABIAL CONSONANTS
Consonants formed by closing both lips. Stops (p), (p’), (b), (b’). Occlusive nasal (m), (m’).
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what LABIAL CONSONANTS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- CONSONANTS
speech sounds that are combined in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the apex of the syllable. Acoustically, S. have a relatively smaller... - CONSONANTS in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- a class of speech sounds that are opposite in their properties to vowels. Articulatory properties C: obligatory presence of an obstruction in the vocal tract; with acoustic ... - LABIAL
(Labiales) are the sounds of human speech formed with the help of the lips. There are G. vowels and consonants. The first ones include: narrow y, middle... - CONSONANTS
- CONSONANTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
sounds (lat. consonantes) - A current definition, inherited from ancient grammatical theory and expressed in a Latin term, received in translation ... - CONSONANTS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- CONSONANTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
speech sounds, opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise ([m], [r]) or only noise ([b], [g]), which is formed in ... - CONSONANTS
CONSONANTS, speech sounds, opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise or only noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where ... - LABIAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS, local government bodies in Russia since the 30-40s. 16th century by 1702 on the scale of the bay. Ingredients: lip... - CONSONANTS in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
consonants, consonants, consonants, consonants, consonants, ... - CONSONANTS
speech sounds, opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise or only noise that is formed in the oral cavity, where the stream ... - CONSONANT SOUNDS
Speech sounds, consisting either of noise alone, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where the exhaled breath from ... - LIP INSTITUTIONS
- local government bodies in Russia since the 30-40s. XVI century to 1702 on the scale of the bay. composition: labial elders, ... - LIPATILES in the One-Volume Large Legal Dictionary:
- acts on the basis of which the Moscow government, starting in the 40s. XVI century, created provincial institutions and provided local communities with ... - LIP INSTITUTIONS
- local government bodies in Russia since the 30-40s. XVI century to 1702 on the scale of the bay. Ingredients: labial elders, ... - LIPATILES in the Big Legal Dictionary:
- acts on the basis of which the Moscow government, starting in the 40s. XVI century, created provincial institutions and provided local communities with... - RUSSIA, SECTION A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF SOUND AND FORMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
During the centuries-old existence of the Russian language, its sounds and forms, its syntactic structure and lexical composition have undergone significant changes. Follow... - LABIOBHAMEALAL LIGAMENTS in Medical terms:
(l. labiohumeralia) see List of anat. ... - LABIAL-MARGINAL GROOVE in Medical terms:
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one of the Finno-Ugric languages. Belongs to the Finnish group of these languages. (along with the Baltic-Finnish, Lapp, Mordovian, Udmurt and Komi languages). Distributed... - KOMI LANGUAGE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
belongs to the group of Finno-Ugric languages. (see), the Udmurt language also belongs to this group. Talks K. language. are divided into Komi-Zyryan, common in ... - LIP INSTITUTIONS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- EXPLOSIVE CONSONANTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
consonants [from ex... and lat. plaudo (plodo) - I hit, I clap], a type of stop consonants in which all three phases are realized... - NASAL CONSONANTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
consonants, nasal consonants, consonants pronounced with the soft palate lowered, i.e., with the nasal resonator turned on; see Nasalization of sounds, Consonants... - IMPLOSIVE CONSONANTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
consonants [from lat. in (im) - in, inside and plaudo (plodo) - hit, clap], closed consonants, relaxed consonants, in articulation ... - LIP INSTITUTIONS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
institutions, local government bodies that arose in Russia in the 16th century. (liquidated in 1702). G.u. were introduced on the basis of labial letters... - LIPATILES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
charters, grand ducal (later royal) charters in the Russian state of the 16th-17th centuries, which determined the organization and competence of provincial self-government bodies (see Gubnaya ... - PHONETICS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(from Greek ????????? = sound, voice) - a department of linguistics that studies the sound side of language. This term is not precise and defined enough. ... - CONSONANTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Latin plosivae, German Verschlusslaute) - consonants formed by complete closure, or closure (Latin plosio, German Verschluss), of the speech organs, making the outflow ... - SLAVIC LANGUAGES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
S. languages constitute one of the families of the Ario-European (Indo-European, Indo-Germanic) branch of languages (see Indo-European languages). Names Slavic, Slavic languages not only... - RUSSIA. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND RUSSIAN LITERATURE: RUSSIAN LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
A. Russian language is a term used in two meanings. It means: I) a set of dialects of Great Russian, Belarusian and Little Russian; II) modern... - INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANTISM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
The I. proto-language in the era before its division into separate I. languages had the following consonant sounds. A. Explosive, or explosive. Labial: ... - PHONETICS
(from Greek ????????? = sound, voice) ? a department of linguistics that studies the sound side of language. This term is not precise and defined enough. ... - CONSONANTS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(lat. plosivae, germ. verschlusslaute) ? consonants formed by complete closure, or shutter (Latin plosio, German Verschluss), of the speech organs, causing the outflow ... - INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANTISM in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? The I. proto-language in the era before its division into separate I. languages had the following consonant sounds. A. Explosive, or explosive. ... - UNPAIRED CONSONANTS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
1) Consonants without deafness-voicing correlation. Unpaired voiced consonants: (l, l’), (m, m’), (n, n’), (p, p’), (j); unpaired deaf... - LIP INSTITUTIONS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
local government bodies in Russia since the 30-40s. 16th century 1702 to lip scale. Ingredients: lip guards, lip kissers, ... - LABIOLABIAL in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
labiolabial 1. m. Consonant sound formed by closing and opening the lips (1*1); bilabial (in linguistics). 2. adj. Formed by closing and opening... - RUSSIA, SECTION LAW (UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Princely period, or veche. The sources of law have a double meaning: they are either those creative forces that generate law, create it, or... - MOLDAVIAN LANGUAGE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
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glands, glands of animals and humans, opening into ducts into the oral cavity; discharge of R. (secrets) moisten and... - RAJASTHANI in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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? - the thirty-fourth letter of the Russian alphabet, which has the same sound meaning as the letter f, i.e., denoting such ...
Consonants, identical in deafness/voice, hardness/softness and method of formation, may differ from each other in the place of formation of the barrier, which the air flow overcomes when pronouncing the sound. For example, both [p] and [k] are dull, hard,
a stop-plosive consonant, but the difference between them is easily noticeable, because when forming [p], the air explodes a barrier in the form of closed lips, and when forming [k], it explodes in the form of a stop between the back of the tongue and the back of the palate.
During the formation of sounds, an obstacle can be created either by shifted lips, or by a lip and teeth, or by the tongue when interacting with the teeth or palate.
The organ that moves to form an obstruction is active. This is either the lower lip or any part of the tongue (back, middle, front).
And the organ that remains motionless while producing sound is passive. This is either the upper lip, or the upper teeth, or some part of the palate (back, middle, front).
Therefore, when determining the location of the formation of an obstacle, we give the sound not one, but two characteristics: according to the active organ and the passive one, for example, [p] - labial (active organ - lower lip) labial (passive organ - upper lip) sound.
So, according to which active organ is involved in the formation of sound, consonants are divided into labial [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m'] [f], [f' ], [v], [v'] and lingual [t], [t'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [ts], [h'], [l ], [l"], [n], [n'] [w], [w':], [w], [w':], [p], [p'] [h'] [j] [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x']. Linguistic sounds are divided into three more groups depending on which part of the tongue (a massive and mobile organ) is most active participates in the production of sound: lingual, front lingual - [t], [t'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [ts], [l], [l"], [ n], [n'] [t], [t'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [ts], lingual, middle lingual - [j] and loud,
back-lingual - [k], [k’], [g], [g’], [x], [x’].
Then, to the characteristic of sound for an active organ, a characteristic for a passive organ is added, which, as already mentioned, can be either the upper lip, or the teeth, or the palate.
Thus, the following groups of sounds can be distinguished:
- labial sounds [p], [p’], [b], [b’], [m], [m’];
- labial-dental sounds [f], [f’], [v], [v’];
- lingual, anterior lingual, dental sounds [t], [t'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [ts], [l], [l"], [n], [n'];
- lingual, anterior lingual, palatal sounds [w], [sh’:], [zh], [zh’:], [r], [r’] [h’];
- lingual, midlingual, midpalatal sound [j];
- lingual, posterior lingual, posterior palatal sounds [k], [k’], [g], [g’], [x], [x’].
The difference in place of formation can play a decisive semantic-differentiating role when all other characteristics coincide. For example, the sounds [s] and [x] are hard, voiceless, fricative, but the first is lingual, anterior lingual, dental, and the second is lingual, posterior lingual, posterior palatal. Due to the fact that during their formation the air overcomes obstacles formed by various
organs, we easily hear the difference in their sound and cannot perceive words such as, for example, han and san, as the same.
But at the same time, there are sounds that, under certain conditions, can change the place of formation, becoming similar in this respect
to a different sound. Thus, the sounds [s] and [sh] (hard, voiceless, fricative), as well as [z] and [zh] (hard, voiced, fricative) are very close to each other in
place of formation: [s] and [z] - lingual, anterior lingual, dental, and [w] and [z] - lingual, anterior lingual, palatal. Therefore, when they are in proximity, the phenomenon of assimilation arises, i.e. likening one sound to another. Finding itself in front of [w], the sound [s] is similar to it in place of formation and, naturally, coincides with it in sound: sew [sashju] - sewed [sh:yla]. The same thing happens with the sounds [z] and [zh] (shrill [v’izgl’ivj] - squeals [v’izhzh:yt]). As a result of such coincidences, similar-sounding words may arise: sewed [sh:yla] - sewed [shyla] dress - no sewed [shyla]. In other positions, only the difference in the place of formation between [w] (middle palatal) and [s] (anteropalatal), [zh] (middle palatal) and [z] (anteropalatal) has a semantic distinctive function, which becomes decisive if all other sounds in words coincide (fat [fat] - cheese [cheese]).
All consonants of the Russian literary language are classified according to four signs:
2) at the place of noise generation, that is, at the place of formation of an obstacle that the exhaled air encounters;
3) according to the method of noise generation. that is, according to the method of overcoming the obstacle;
4) by the presence or absence of softening (palatalization, cf. Latin palatum “soft palate”)
Each consonant can be characterized by these four features, and each consonant is distinguished from every other consonant by a combination of these four features.
Sonorous are those consonants in the formation of which the voice and slight noise are involved. When these consonants are formed, the glottis is narrowed, the vocal cords are tense and vibrate under the influence of exhaled air. Sonorants in the Russian literary language include
[R ], [l ], [m ], [n ] And [ p` ], [l` ], [m` ], [n` ], [j ].
Noisy are consonants in the formation of which noise prevails over voice. From this point of view they are divided into sonorous noisy, the formation of which is characterized by noise accompanied by a voice, and deaf noisy, which are formed only by noise (the pronunciation of voiceless noisy sounds is determined by the fact that the glottis is open and the vocal cords are not tense and do not vibrate).
Voiced noisy Russian literary language is
[b ], [b` ], [V ], [in` ], [d ], [d` ], [h ], [z` ], [and ], [w` ], [G ], [g` ].
before [zh`]á (rain)
Vό[zh`]i (reins)
é [zh`]u (ride)
Deaf noisy
[P ], [p` ], [f ], [f` ], [T ], [t` ],
[With ], [s` ], [w ], [sh` ], [ts ], [h` ], [To ], [k` ], [X ], [x` ].
2) By place of noise generation all consonants are divided into labial And lingual, since two active organs of speech - lips and tongue - are involved in their formation: in education labial consonants, the lower lip plays an active role, and in the formation lingual consonants - language. The organs of speech actively act (articulate) in relation to the passive ones - the upper lip, alveoli, teeth, hard palate.
Labial and lingual consonants are divided into a number of smaller groups depending on which passive organs the active ones act on.
Labial consonants are divided into labiolabial And labiodental. The first ones are formed by the closure of the lower lip with the upper one - these include:
[P ], [p` ], [b ], [b` ], [m ], [m` ];
the latter are formed by the convergence of the lower lip with the upper teeth - these include:
[f ], [f` ], [V ], [in` ].
lingual consonants are divided into front-, middle- and back-lingual, depending on which part of the tongue - front, middle or back - plays an active role in the formation of sound.
Front-lingual consonants are divided into 2 groups: dental And palatodental. During education dental consonants, the front part of the tongue closes or approaches the upper teeth. These include:
[T ], [t` ], [d ], [d` ], [With ], [s` ], [h ], [z` ], [ts ], [n ], [n` ], [l ], [l` ].
During education palatodental consonants, the front part of the tongue rises to the front part of the palate and there a barrier is created in the area of the alveoli. These include:
[w ], [and ], [sh` ], [w` ], [h` ], [R ], [p` ].
Middle-language, and according to the passive organ mid palate in Russian the consonant [ j ]. When it is formed, the middle part of the tongue rises to the middle palate.
Rear lingual, and according to the passive organ postopalatine, sounds
[To ], [G ], [X ], [k` ], [g` ], [x` ]
are formed by closing ([ k, g ]) or approach ([ X ]) the back of the tongue with a fixed back palate.
3) By method of noise generation, or according to the method of overcoming an obstacle, consonants are divided into stops(explosive), fricatives(slotted), affricates, occlusive passages, trembling.
Occlusive (explosive) consonants are formed by the complete closure of the organs of pronunciation, and therefore the air, encountering this barrier, tears it apart with force, as a result of which the noise characteristic of these consonants arises. Stops in Russian include:
[P ], [p` ], [b ], [b` ], [T ], [t` ], [d ], [d` ], [To ], [k` ], [G ], [g` ].
Fricatives (slotted) consonants are formed by incomplete convergence of the active and passive organs of speech, as a result of which a narrow gap remains between them through which air passes; the noise is generated by the friction of air against the walls of the crack. Fricative consonants are:
[f ], [f` ], [V ], [in` ], [With ], [s` ], [h ], [z` ], [w ], [and ], [sh` ], [w` ], [j ], [X ], [x` ].
Africates- these are sounds that are complex in the functioning of the speech organs: at the initial stage of articulation they are formed as stops, that is, by completely closing the speech organs, but at the end of articulation the stop does not immediately open. and its transition into a gap is like that of fricatives. There are two affricates in the Russian literary language:
[ts ] (t + s ) And [ h` ] (t` + w` ).
Connectively-passing consonants are those whose formation is characterized by complete closure of the speech organs with the simultaneous passage of air through the oral cavity or nasal cavity. Depending on which cavity the air passes through, the musculoskeletal ducts are divided into nasal And lateral.
TO nasal occipital passages include:
[n ], [n` ], [m ], [m` ],
To lateral – [l ], [l` ] (the side of the tongue is adjacent to the upper jaw).
Finally, trembling(or vibrants) are consonants, during the formation of which the tip of the tongue either closes or opens with the alveoli during the passage of an air stream (vibrates). Trembling in Russian include: [ R ], [p` ].
4) By presence or absence of mitigation(palatalization) all consonants are divided into hard And soft. During education soft consonants, additional articulation occurs - the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. This additional articulation is otherwise called “iota” articulation, that is, the main articulation of the consonant is complicated by additional medial palatal articulation characteristic of the consonant [ j ]. Hard consonants do not have such additional articulation. Consonants are soft in the Russian literary language.
(Labiales) - sounds of human speech formed with the help of lips. There are G. vowels and consonants. The first include: narrow y, middle o and mixed, found in German, French and some other languages, but alien to Russian, ü and ö. The degree and method of participation of the lips in the formation of these sounds (and sounds in general) vary in different languages, which is explained by the great mobility of the organ itself - the lips. When y there is the narrowest opening between the lips, connected with a certain protrusion (larger or smaller) of the lips forward; at o the hole has a more oblong, oval shape. With ö and ü, the holes are still slightly narrower than with the corresponding vowels y and o. In addition, here the articulation of the lips is also combined with the articulation of the middle part of the tongue, approaching the palate. So. arr., the last two G. vowels have a simultaneous mixture of two articulations - labial and lingual-palatal (palatal); with the vowel ü, the articulation of the lips for u and the tongue for i are connected, with the vowel ö the articulation of the lips for o and the tongue for e. G. consonants fall into two sections: 1) labial-labiales (bilabiales), or pure, G., formed by with the help of just your lips. The most active organ here, as in general for G. sounds, is the lower lip, forming with the upper or a) a complete shutter, which breaks through with instant noise from the lungs with an air current (G. plosives - oral: voiced b and voiceless p and nasal m), or b) a constriction, against the walls of which it rubs, producing a slight noise, an air current escaping from the lungs, which produces G. spirants - the English voiced w and the unvoiced φ (German v in the mannered pronunciation of some). 2) Labial-dental (Denti-labiales or labio-dentales). The role of the upper lip here is played by the upper teeth, to which the lower lip is pressed. So. arr. labial-dental spirants are formed - voiced v (Russian, German w, French v, English v as opposed to w, etc.) and voiceless f (English, French, German, Italian f). If the teeth are very dense, or if the lower lip closes the gaps between them, it is quite possible to produce plosive labiodental b and n, which, however, do not occur in existing languages, although they are almost no different in terms of acoustic effect from ordinary labiolabials. b and n. In conclusion, mention should be made of the voiced labial tremulous (Zitterlaut of German phonetics) consonant found in the well-known coachman interjection tpr. The sound conveyed here (inaccurately) by the combination mnp is in essence G. r, formed in exactly the same way by the vibration of the lips as the lingual p is formed by the vibration of the tongue. In addition to the indicated interjection (found not only among Russians, but also among some other European peoples), G. p is also found in the name of one of the Polynesian islands.
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Dictionary of linguistic terms
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In place of the letters of labial consonants (p, b, m, v, f) before the letter e along with the usual pronunciation of labials (cf. [p'el], [b'ol'i], [m'est'], [v'yor] , [f'yo]trovy, which can be considered soft on the basis of the [i]-shaped beginning of the articulation of the vowel) in some words of book origin, denoting concepts of culture, art, science, technology, labials can be pronounced without such a beginning, and therefore they can be classified as solid.
At the same time, the vowel [e], losing its [i]-shaped beginning, before a hard consonant and at the end of the word becomes homogeneous in its beginning and further length, so that the final phase of the pronunciation of the vowel [e] differs only very slightly from the pronunciation of the same vowel after soft consonants. Let us denote this vowel, as well as [e], moved back somewhat, by the letter e. Wed. the words beg and bek (feudal landowner among the Turkic peoples): [b’ek] (pronounced [b’iek]) and [bek] (pronounced without a [i]-shaped beginning). Wed. also spelled the same words meter - teacher, master and meter - a measure of length: the first is pronounced [metr], and the second [m’etr] (more precisely, [m’ietr], with a [i]-shaped attack). Thus, information about the hardness and softness of the labial before [e] is almost entirely contained in the quality of this vowel: the presence or absence of a [i]-shaped attack.
Let us give examples in which hard labials are pronounced under stress before the stressed [e]. Let us denote this vowel, as well as [e], moved back somewhat, by the letter e:
be (pronounced [be]): bebe, bere, take-bere, beta; Albert, Bella, Bertha, Isabella, Flaubert, Bern;
pe (pronounced [peh]): ampere, canape, capella, coupe, peri, prosperity; Hugo Capet, Père-Lachaise, Chopin, Spencer-,
her (pronounced [ve]): Bundeswehr, veto, caravel, corvette, Reichswehr, trouver, Weber, Ravel, Avesto;
fe (pronounced [fe]): auto-da-fe, breeches, cafe, perfect, podshofe; Phoebus, Phaedra;
me (pronounced [me]): burime, dolmen, dormez, consommé, melos, resume; reputation, superman; Homer, Andromeda, Hermes, Carmen, Merime, Smetana, Medtner, Romain Rolland.
Having presented this material, it should at the same time be noted that there is fluctuation in the pronunciation of some words: the possibility of, along with the hard labial, also soft ones.
In two cases, the letter e is written before the vowel (e) to indicate the hardness of the labial consonant: mayor, peer. Wed. in pronunciation [mayor] and [m’er] (born falling plural of measure), [per] and the first syllable in the word first is [p’ervy].
In some cases, in a literary language, double pronunciation is acceptable - with a hard and soft labial. Wed. but[ve]lla and no- [v’yo]lla, business [m§n] and business [m’yon], ta[ve]rna and ta[v’yo]rna. In a huge number of cases, in words of foreign origin before [e], labials are pronounced softly, as in native Russian words. Wed. [v’yo]ksel, [v’yo]nzel, [v’yo]rsiya, [m’yo]dik, ko[m’yo]ta, compli [m’yo] nt.
Note that the distinction between hard and soft labials is quite clear only before the stressed [e] (see examples above). As for the position before the corresponding unstressed vowel, here the hard and soft labials are practically not differentiated. This is explained by the fact that before an unstressed vowel in place of e, labials are softened very weakly even in native Russian words, and therefore the difference in the pronunciation of labials in words of foreign origin related to the sphere of culture, science, technology, in native Russian words of everyday meaning is practically come to naught. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of unstressed syllables in the place of be in the words bekar and bega, trouble; in place of me in the words metal and throw; in its place in the words velor and velyu, venous and wreath, where the labials before the vowel in place e are practically the same. In both cases, the labials are indicated here with the sign of softness. And if there is sometimes a difference in the pronunciation of such words, then it concerns not so much the degree of softness of the labial, but the quality of the pre-stressed vowel in place of e: a vowel close to [i] in native Russian words, while in words of foreign origin it can also be pronounced sound approaching [e]. Wed. [b'ekar] or [b'eikar] and [b'ega]; [v'e]nosny or [v'e]nosy and [v'e]nosny,
[v'eV"ur] and [v'el'u].
More on the topic LABIAL CONSONANTS:
- § 11. The concept of orthoepy. Consonant combinations. Unpronounceable consonants. Double consonants. Pronunciation of consonants in some grammatical forms.
- § 3. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS (verifiable and unverifiable, voiced, voiceless and unpronounceable consonants; double consonants; combinations of consonants)