The Great Greek Colonization was the large-scale settlement of the ancient Greeks along the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas over three centuries from the mid-8th century BC. e. MediterraneanBlack SeaVIII century BC. e. Dorians The Dorians and Ionians spread along the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, then they end up in the Black Sea. As Socrates wrote, “The Greeks settled along the shores of the sea like a wide border on a barbarian cloak.” Ionians Socrates
However, the Greeks did not discover new lands, but followed the already beaten paths of the Phoenicians, displacing their predecessors. In addition, they did not explore new lands in depth, limiting their presence to the coasts. Phoenicians The political unity of Greece that existed in the Cretan-Mycenaean period was not restored. The many poleis that controlled their territories had a wide variety of methods of government: tyranny, oligarchy, democracy and democracy.Creto-Mycenaean periodpolis sedu
WHY WERE COLONIES BROKEN? Colonies were established primarily due to the lack of land in the policies of continental Greece. In turn, this was due both to the growing population of the policy and to the existence of laws prohibiting the fragmentation of land ownership between several heirs
The organization of the removal of the colony was carried out by the selected oikist person. When the colony was founded, fire from the sacred hearth and images of local gods were transported from the metropolis. Residents of the colonies have always maintained close ties with the mother country, even to the point of providing assistance when necessary. Despite this, the colonies were initially developed as independent policies, therefore, when the interests of the metropolis and the colony clashed, both policies could move from peaceful friendly and fraternal relations to open conflicts with each other, as for example happened between Corinth and Kerkyrametropolis Corinth Kerkyra The majority of the colonists were, as a rule, , impoverished and land-poor citizens, younger sons of families defeated in the political arena, as well as residents of other policies. Colonists who participated in the establishment of a new colony should have automatically received land for cultivation and citizenship in the new policy
The creation of numerous colonies contributed to the development of trade, to the point that some colonies were specifically withdrawn to ensure the strategic dominance of the metropolis in a given area. The colonies exported grain (primarily from Magna Graecia and the Black Sea region) and copper (Cyprus), and to a lesser extent wine, to the continental policies, that is, they were mainly raw materials. In turn, iron and iron products, as well as woolen fabrics, ceramics and other handicrafts were exported to the colonies. At first, Aegina was the leader in trade within the Greek colonies, whose inhabitants were skilled sailors, but it was soon supplanted by Corinth and Chalkis, which, unlike Aegina, had a large number of colonies. Only after them did Athens take the lead in maritime trade. Aegina Corinth Chalkida Athens
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600 BC, the ancient Greeks, representatives of one of the unique Civilizations of the world, landed on the territory of the ancient Scythians. Less wealthy Greeks, who did not have land, decided to develop the territories of the Black Sea region. Growing bread, viticulture, mining gold, copper and iron - all this was their main goal. In addition, they looked for markets for their goods. All this suited the newcomers and for almost 600 years, in friendship with the Scythian kings, they built, traded, and created.
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The main reason for colonization Rapid population growth The amount of land per capita was decreasing Problems with food
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The resettlement was organized. The authorities of the policy organized reconnaissance expeditions and appointed persons responsible for organizing the departure and founding of the colony. Thus, they controlled the entire colonization process. Colonization - the development and settlement of new territories inside or outside one’s country
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Before a long journey, future colonists visited the Delphic Temple. If the predictions of the gods were unfavorable, then the departure was postponed. If life in the new place was going well, a delegation of colonists visited their former hometown with rich gifts.
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They moved in groups of 100–200 people. These were people who knew each other well. As a rule, from the same city. They brought with them cattle, weapons, seeds, a handful of soil from their homeland and fire. On the way to their new homeland, many dangers awaited them - storms, disease, hunger and cold, pirates. The average speed of the Greek ship was 9 - 10 km per hour.
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But now all the hardships of the journey are behind us. The settlers chose a convenient place near the harbor or at the mouth of the river, on a hill. They poured earth brought from their homeland under their feet. They laid a fire on it and set it on fire, which they carefully guarded during their hectic journey. After this, they made a sacrifice to the gods as a sign of gratitude and with hope for the future. Then they divided the land into flat areas for arable land and for grazing livestock. They built temples and dwellings. The city was surrounded by walls. Having settled in, they transported women, children and the elderly. Thus began a new life in a new place.
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Ancient cities. built in the southern and eastern parts of modern Ukraine and southern Russia: Nikonium, Arpis, Kremnisk, Fisca, Epolion, Aegissus, Bosporus, Tiritak, Korokondama, Hermonassa, Patreus, Kazeka, Heraclius, Tiramba, Achillius, Ilurat, Nymphaeum, Myrmekiy, Kepy , Porthmius, Parthenius, Zenon-Chersonese, Temryuk, Kitey, Acre, Epolion, Istres, Phanagoria, Tyra, Tanais The largest Scythian-Greek cities built 2600 -2500 years ago: Olbia - Ochakov; Chersonesos - Sevastopol; Nikopol - Nikopol Feodosia - Feodosia; Kerkinitida - Evpatoria; Scythian Naples - Simferopol; Panticopeia – Kerch: Istr – Belgorod-Dnestrovsky; Karkinit – Skadovsk district; Mariupol - Mariupol Melitopol - Melitopol Kremny - Preslav; Heracles – Shchelkino
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The Greek colonists did not break ties with the hometown from which they sailed. They called it the metropolis - the mother city. If a colonist returned to his homeland, he was given all the rights of a citizen. At the same time, the new cities were completely independent of the metropolises. The largest metropolis was the city of Miletus in Asia Minor. He founded several dozen colonies. Sparta founded only one colony. And not a single one - Athens.
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4. Consequences of colonization. Colonization had a huge impact on the entire ancient Greek world. It contributed to the development of the economy, trade and shipbuilding. Grain, slaves, livestock, salt, and raw materials (wood and metals) were exported from the colonies to the metropolis. Goods and things that the colonists could not initially produce themselves were brought to the colonies from Greece: handicrafts, olive oil, wine. Greece Imported Exported
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Colonization expanded the boundaries of the ancient Greek world. The Hellenes densely populated the coast of Southern Italy and Sicily, as well as Southern France and Spain. They founded large colonies on the northern shores of the Black Sea - the territory of modern Russia and Ukraine. This contributed to the expansion of the Greeks' knowledge of the world around them. The Hellenes met peoples who differed from them in language, customs, religion and culture. They called everyone who spoke an incomprehensible language barbarians (from the onomatopoeic “bar-var”). And the Persians, and the Egyptians, and the inhabitants of Babylonia, not to mention the backward tribes. The word barbarian meant “stranger”, “not Hellenic”. Over time, the Greeks began to consider themselves better than others and that they were superior in everything to the barbarians born for slavery. Thus, colonization played an important role in the development of Ancient Greece. It contributed to the rise of economic life, trade and shipbuilding, and the formation among the Greeks of a sense of belonging to a single people.
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Questions and tasks: 1. Why were many Greeks forced to leave their native lands? 2. Describe in words the path to the new homeland and show on the map the places where the Hellenes settled. 3. Who and how did the formation of colonies benefit? 4. During sea voyages, the Greeks painted the ship’s hull, sail and rigging blue. Think about what purpose they did this?
THE COLONY. REASONS FOR COLONIZATION Colony - (Latin colonia) - in ancient times - a settlement founded by citizens of the metropolis on free or conquered lands. Reasons for colonization: 1. rapid demographic growth 2. lack of land 3. acute political struggle between the nobility and the demos, defeat in which forced the losers to move to a new place 4. urban merchants and artisans hoped to establish trade with the country where the new colony was being created.
THESE DIRECTIONS ARE COMBINED INTO 3 GROUPS OF DIRECTIONS: 1. WESTERN (MOST ACTIVE IN THE NUMBER OF COLONIES RECOVERED), 2. NORTHEAST (SECOND IN ACTIVITY), 3. SOUTH. SOMETIMES IT HAPPENED THAT THE COLONISTS FAILED TO ESTABLISH A COLONY IN THE DESIRED PLACE, AND THEY HAD TO CHANGE NOT ONLY THE PLACE, BUT ALSO THE REGION OF THE COLONY (FOR EXAMPLE, THE COLONISTS FROM ERETRIAN WHO FAILED TO ESTABLISH A COLONY ON KERKYROS, OS WE NEWED A COLONY IN THrace). IN THE CASE OF ENEMITY OF METROPOLITAN POLIS, A LESS STRONG POLIS COULD BE FORCED TO STOP COLONIZATION EVEN IF IT EXISTED (FOR EXAMPLE, THE MEGARS WERE FORCED TO LIMIT THEM TO ONLY ONE COLONY FOR A LONG TIME BECAUSE OF THE OPPOSION OF THEIR THEIR OPPONENTS - CHALKIDS AND CORINTH. THEY PARTICIPATED IN THE COLONIZATION OF THE 8-6 CENTURIES POLICIES THAT WERE COLONIES NOT SO LONG LONG ago (FOR EXAMPLE, MILETS, WHO ESTABLISHED UP TO 90 COLONIES ON THE SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA). IN ADDITION, POLICIES ESTABLISHED DIRECTLY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT GREEK COLONIZATION PARTICIPATED (FOR EXAMPLE, AKRAGANT, FOUNDED GELOI AND THE COLONIES OF SYRACUSE).Directions of Colonization
THE CREATION OF NUMEROUS COLONIES PROMOTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE. THE COLONIES EXPORTED GRAIN (PRIMARY FROM Magna GREECE AND THE BLACK SEA REGION) AND COPPER (CYPRUS) TO THE CONTINENTAL POLES. THANKS TO THE GREEK COLONIES, THE GREEK POLES MANAGED TO ELIMINATE THE OVERPOPULATION OF CONTINENTAL GREECE, AND ALSO EXPAND THE SPHERE OF GREEK CULTURE. IT IS BELIEVED THAT DURING COLONIZATION, SEVERAL HUNDRED COLONIES WERE SETTLED WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 1.5-2 MILLION PEOPLE. BUT WHEREVER THE GREEKS LIVED, THEY SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE, USED THE SAME LETTERS, WORSHIPED THE OLYMPIC GODS. The importance of colonies
Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas The work was carried out by 5th grade students Maria Shcherbakova and Vlada Evseeva
Plan: 1) Why the Greeks left their homeland. 2) In what places did the Greeks establish colonies? 3) Greeks and Scythians on the northern shores of the Black Sea.
Formation of Greek colonies in the 8th-6th centuries. BC e.
Why did the Greeks leave their homeland? The population of Greece grew, but the country was poor. In addition, the best lands belonged to the nobility. Farmers who did not have good plots were in need and fell into debt. The threat of hunger and the desire to free themselves from debt forced the Greeks to leave their homeland in search of happiness in a foreign land. There was another reason for traveling overseas. In Greece, civil wars often occurred between the demos and the nobility; the losers left in fear. Most often, preparations were made for departure in advance.
In what places did the Greeks establish colonies? Colonies were located near convenient bays or at the mouth of rivers, not far from the sea. As a rule, these territories were already inhabited by the local population, so the colonists had to appease them by exchanging land plots for the necessary products. Residents of the colonies sought to establish peaceful relations with the local population, which was not always possible. It is not surprising that when planning to build a city, they first surrounded the chosen place with a wall, and then built houses and a temple. The people farmed and hunted and exchanged goods with Greek merchants.
Greeks and Scythians on the northern shores of the Black Sea. The Greeks encountered the greatest difficulties in the Northern Black Sea region. Tribes of warlike Scythians lived here. The Scythians were nomads who were engaged in cattle breeding. Every man from birth learned to sit in the saddle and mastered the art of war. Scythian women were not inferior to men in martial arts, participating together with them in battles. Modern scientists suggest that legends about female warriors - the Amazons - appeared among the Greeks after a meeting with the Scythians. Unlike other tribes, whose leaders were happy to join Greek culture, the Scythians were reluctant to adopt Greek customs. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus brought to us the story of the Scythian king Skilos. Skyla's mother was Greek, and she taught her son Greek literacy. The king was displeased with the Scythian way of life; he wanted to live like a Greek. He often went to the city of Olbia, where he dressed in Greek clothes, walked around the city, and performed sacrifices. Then he changed into Scythian clothes and left the city. The king performed this procedure several times. But over time, the Scythians learned about this hobby of Skil. They rebelled and killed the king.
Conclusion Wherever the Greeks lived - in Athens, Sparta, or in the colonies, they spoke the same language, used the same letters, and worshiped the Olympian gods. The Greeks called themselves, their people, Hellenes, and Greece, Hellas.
Questions 1 2 3 4 5
Question No. 5 Who was Skyla's mother? scoreboard
Question No. 4 Tell the legend about Skil. scoreboard
Question No. 3 What was the name of the Scythian king? scoreboard
Question No. 2 Why did the Greeks leave their homeland? scoreboard
Question No. 1 Explain the meaning of the word Hellas, Hellenes. scoreboard