Town Planning Code General Plan. Theory of everything

1. The master plan of a settlement, the master plan of a city district, including amendments to such plans, are approved accordingly by the representative body of local self-government of the settlement, the representative body of local self-government of the city district.

3. Preparation of the draft master plan is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Article 9 of this Code and taking into account regional and local standards for urban planning, conclusions on the results of public discussions or public hearings on the draft master plan, as well as taking into account proposals from interested parties.

(as amended by Federal Laws dated March 20, 2011 N 41-FZ, dated May 5, 2014 N 131-FZ, dated December 29, 2017 N 455-FZ)

4 - 6. Lost force. - Federal Law of 05.05.2014 N 131-FZ.

7. If there are cultural heritage sites on the territory of a settlement or urban district, in the process of preparing master plans, restrictions on the use of land plots and capital construction projects located within the boundaries of cultural heritage protection zones must be taken into account in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of cultural heritage sites heritage and Article 27 of this Code.

8. Before its approval, the draft master plan is subject, in accordance with Article 25 of this Code, to mandatory approval in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

(as amended by Federal Law No. 160-FZ of July 23, 2008)

9. Lost power. - Federal Law of March 20, 2011 N 41-FZ.

10. Interested parties have the right to submit their proposals on the draft master plan.

11. When preparing a master plan, public discussions or public hearings are mandatory in accordance with Articles 5.1 and 28 of this Code.

(Part 11 as amended by Federal Law dated December 29, 2017 N 455-FZ)

12. The minutes of public discussions or public hearings, the conclusion on the results of public discussions or public hearings are a mandatory appendix to the draft master plan sent by the head of the local administration of the settlement, the head of the local administration of the urban district, respectively, to the representative body of local self-government of the settlement, the representative body of local self-government of the urban district .

13. The representative body of local self-government of a settlement, the representative body of local self-government of a city district, taking into account the protocol of public discussions or public hearings, conclusions on the results of public discussions or public hearings, make a decision to approve the master plan or to reject the draft master plan and to send it, respectively, to the head of the local administration of the settlement, the head of the local administration of the city district for revision in accordance with the specified protocol and conclusion.

(as amended by Federal Law dated December 29, 2017 N 455-FZ)

14. Lost power. - Federal Law of March 20, 2011 N 41-FZ.

15. Rights holders of land plots and capital construction projects, if their rights and legitimate interests are violated or may be violated as a result of the approval of the master plan, have the right to challenge the master plan in court.

16. State authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, interested individuals and legal entities have the right to contact the head of the local administration of the settlement, the head of the local administration of the city district with proposals to make changes to the master plan.

17. Amendments to the master plan are carried out in accordance with this article and articles 9 and 25 of this Code.

(as amended by Federal Law dated March 20, 2011 N 41-FZ)

18. Amendments to the master plan that provide for changes in the boundaries of settlements for the purposes of housing construction or the definition of recreational zones are carried out without public discussions or public hearings.

(Part 18 introduced by Federal Law dated December 18, 2006 N 232-FZ; as amended by Federal Law dated December 29, 2017 N 455-FZ)

ConsultantPlus: note.

On the specifics of applying the provisions of this document, as amended by Federal Law No. 280-FZ dated July 29, 2017, see Parts 1 - 3 of Art. 10 of the said Law.

19. When preparing a map of the boundaries of settlements as part of a draft master plan for a settlement or urban district, a land plot from the forest fund lands must be included in the boundaries of the settlement if all its boundaries are adjacent to land plots located within the boundaries of the settlement (taking into account maintaining restrictions in relation to such a land plot in accordance with Part 6.1 of Article 36 of this Code).

(Part 19 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

20. In order to determine, when preparing a draft master plan for a settlement or urban district, the boundaries of settlements formed from forest settlements or military camps, as well as to determine the location of the boundaries of land plots on which real estate objects are located, to which the rights of citizens and legal entities have arisen, in order to transfer them from forest fund lands to lands of settlements, by decision of the local government body of a settlement or urban district, a commission is created consisting of:

1) a representative of the local government body of a settlement or urban district;

2) a representative of the government body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation within whose borders the settlement or urban district is located;

3) a representative of the federal executive body exercising functions of control and supervision in the field of forest relations, as well as in the provision of public services and management of state property in the field of forest relations;

4) a representative of the federal executive body (its territorial body) authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation to carry out state cadastral registration, state registration of rights, maintain the Unified State Register of Real Estate and provide information contained in the Unified State Register of Real Estate (hereinafter referred to as the rights registration authority);

(as amended by Federal Law dated August 3, 2018 N 342-FZ)

5) a representative of the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing and implementing state policy, legal regulation in the field of defense, if it is intended to establish the boundaries of military camps;

6) a representative of the public chamber of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

7) a representative of the person preparing the draft master plan for a settlement or urban district.

(Part 20 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

Advertisement local government of a settlement, urban district.

(Part 21 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

22. The powers of the commission created in accordance with part 20 of this article include:

1) preparation of proposals regarding the location of the boundaries of settlements formed from forest settlements, military camps, taking into account the area and number of land plots located within the boundaries of such forest settlements, military camps, not used for forestry purposes, as well as taking into account the need for placement within the boundaries such populated areas of objects of regional or local significance in order to comply with the requirements stipulated by urban planning standards;

2) preparation of proposals taking into account the requirements stipulated by forest legislation for the use, protection, protection and reproduction of forests regarding the types of functional zones established within the boundaries of forest villages, military camps, and the location of their boundaries;

3) preparation of proposals for the preservation or liquidation of a forest village, military camp with the resettlement of citizens, taking into account the opinion of the population of the specified forest village, military camp. Taking into account the opinion of the population of a forest village, military town when preparing proposals for the preservation or liquidation of a forest village, military town and the resettlement of citizens is carried out according to the rules provided for by Federal Law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ "On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation " for a meeting of citizens;

4) preparation of proposals regarding the location of the boundaries of land plots on which real estate objects are located, to which the rights of citizens and legal entities have arisen, for the purpose of their transfer from forest fund lands to lands of populated areas.

(Part 22 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

23. The procedure for the activities of commissions created in accordance with Part 20 of this article is established by the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

(Part 23 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

24. The proposals specified in part 22 of this article are approved by the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and sent to the head of the settlement, urban district for consideration when preparing a map of the boundaries of settlements and a map of functional zones as part of the master plan of the settlement, urban district.

(Part 24 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

25. A map of the boundaries of settlements and a map of functional zones in relation to settlements formed from forest settlements and military camps are prepared taking into account the proposals specified in part 22 of this article.

(Part 25 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

26. When determining the boundaries of a land plot in order to establish the boundaries of a settlement formed from a forest village or military camp, the commission takes into account:

1) the inadmissibility of irregular boundaries of a populated area;

2) ensuring the inclusion within the boundaries of a populated area of social and public utility facilities serving the population of that populated area;

3) ensuring the density of development of the territory of the settlement is not lower than 30 percent. Deviation from the specified requirement in the direction of reducing the building density due to the location of buildings and structures in the territories of forest villages, military camps at a considerable distance from each other and (or) the need to locate social, transport, public utility facilities in accordance with urban planning standards permitted by decision of the federal executive body exercising the functions of control and supervision in the field of forest relations, as well as in the provision of public services and management of state property in the field of forest relations, on the proposal of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

(Part 26 introduced by Federal Law dated July 29, 2017 N 280-FZ)

Town Planning Code (GrK) of the Russian Federation specializes in regulating urban planning activities aimed at developing urban areas, various settlements and individual (related to these works, services) relations. Helps ensure sustainable development of territories based on territorial planning and urban zoning. Controls the balance of taking into account economic, environmental, social, etc. factors when carrying out urban planning work. Proclaims the provision of persons with disabilities with appropriate conditions for their unhindered access to objects for various purposes. Raises issues such as the participation of people and their associations in the implementation of urban planning, ensuring the freedom of such participation, the responsibility of government bodies of our country, government agencies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments for ensuring decent living conditions for people, etc.

ST 23 GrK RF.

1. The preparation of a master plan for a settlement, a master plan for an urban district (hereinafter also referred to as the master plan) is carried out in relation to the entire territory of such a settlement or such an urban district.

2. The preparation of a master plan can be carried out in relation to individual settlements that are part of a settlement, urban district, with subsequent amendments to the master plan relating to other parts of the territories of the settlement, urban district. Preparation of a master plan and amendments to the master plan in terms of establishing or changing the boundaries of a settlement can also be carried out in relation to individual settlements that are part of a settlement or urban district.

3. The master plan contains:

1) regulations on territorial planning;

2) a map of the planned location of local facilities of a settlement or urban district;

3) a map of the boundaries of settlements (including the boundaries of newly formed settlements) that are part of the settlement or urban district;

4) a map of the functional zones of a settlement or urban district.

4. The provisions on territorial planning contained in the master plan include:

1) information about the types, purpose and names of objects of local significance planned for the location of a settlement, urban district, their main characteristics, their location (for objects of local significance that are not linear objects, functional zones are indicated), as well as characteristics of zones with special conditions of use territories if the establishment of such zones is required in connection with the placement of these objects;

2) parameters of functional zones, as well as information about objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, objects of local significance, planned for placement in them, with the exception of linear objects.

5. On the maps specified in paragraphs 2 - 4 of part 3 of this article, the following are respectively displayed:

1) objects of local significance of a settlement, urban district, planned for placement, related to the following areas:

a) electricity, heat, gas and water supply to the population, sanitation;

b) local roads;

c) physical culture and mass sports, education, healthcare, processing, recycling, neutralization, disposal of solid municipal waste in the case of preparing a master plan for an urban district;

d) other areas in connection with resolving issues of local significance of a settlement or urban district;

2) the boundaries of settlements (including the boundaries of newly formed settlements) that are part of a settlement or urban district;

3) boundaries and description of functional zones indicating the objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, objects of local significance (except for linear objects) planned for placement therein and the location of linear objects of federal significance, linear objects of regional significance, linear objects of local significance.

5.1. A mandatory annex to the master plan is information about the boundaries of settlements (including the boundaries of newly formed settlements) that are part of a settlement or urban district, which must contain a graphic description of the location of the boundaries of settlements, a list of coordinates of characteristic points of these boundaries in the coordinate system used for maintaining the Unified State Register of Real Estate. Local government bodies of a settlement or urban district also have the right to prepare a text description of the location of the boundaries of settlements. The forms of graphic and text description of the location of the boundaries of settlements, the requirements for the accuracy of determining the coordinates of characteristic points of the boundaries of settlements, the format of the electronic document containing the specified information, are established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the sphere of jurisdiction of the Unified state register of real estate, implementation of state cadastral registration of real estate, state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it, provision of information contained in the Unified State Register of Real Estate.

6. The master plan is accompanied by materials on its justification in text form and in the form of maps.

7. Materials for substantiating the master plan in text form contain:

1) information about plans and programs for the comprehensive socio-economic development of the municipality (if any), for the implementation of which the creation of local facilities of the settlement, urban district is carried out;

2) justification for the chosen option for locating local facilities of a settlement, urban district based on an analysis of the use of the territories of the settlement, urban district, possible directions for the development of these territories and projected restrictions on their use, determined, inter alia, on the basis of information contained in information systems for supporting urban planning activities, federal state information system for territorial planning, including materials and results of engineering surveys contained in these information systems, as well as in the state fund of materials and engineering survey data;

3) assessment of the possible impact of settlements and urban districts planned for the location of local facilities on the integrated development of these territories;

4) information approved by the territorial planning documents of the Russian Federation, territorial planning documents of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial planning documents of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation about the types, purposes and names of objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, planned for placement in the territories of a settlement, urban district, their main characteristics, location, characteristics of zones with special conditions for the use of territories in the event that the establishment of such zones is required in connection with the placement of these objects, details of the specified territorial planning documents, as well as justification for the chosen option for the placement of these objects based on an analysis of the use of these territories and possible directions their development and projected limitations on their use;

5) information approved by the territorial planning document of the municipal district on the types, purpose and names of objects of local significance of the municipal district planned for placement on the territory of the settlement included in the municipal district, their main characteristics, location, characteristics of zones with special conditions for the use of territories in the case of if the establishment of such zones is required in connection with the placement of these objects, the details of the specified territorial planning document, as well as the justification for the chosen option for the placement of these objects based on an analysis of the use of these territories, possible directions for their development and projected restrictions on their use;

6) list and characteristics of the main risk factors for emergencies of a natural and man-made nature;

7) a list of land plots that are included within the boundaries of settlements that are part of a settlement, urban district, or excluded from their boundaries, indicating the categories of land to which these land plots are planned to be classified and the purposes of their planned use;

8) information about approved objects of protection and the boundaries of the territories of historical settlements of federal significance and historical settlements of regional significance.

8. Materials for substantiating the master plan in the form of maps display:

1) boundaries of a settlement, urban district;

2) the boundaries of existing settlements that are part of the settlement, urban district;

3) location of existing and under construction local facilities of the settlement, urban district;

4) special economic zones;

5) specially protected natural territories of federal, regional, local significance;

6) territories of cultural heritage sites;

6.1) territories of historical settlements of federal significance, territories of historical settlements of regional significance, the boundaries of which are approved in the manner prescribed by Article 59 of the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation";

7) zones with special conditions for the use of territories;

8) territories exposed to the risk of natural and man-made emergencies;

8.1) boundaries of forest areas, forest parks;

9) other objects, other territories and (or) zones that influenced the establishment of functional zones and (or) the planned location of objects of local significance of a settlement, urban district or objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, objects of local significance of a municipal district.

Commentary to Art. 23 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation

1. The master plan materials include maps (diagrams) of the planned location of capital construction facilities of local importance, primarily maps of the location of electricity, heat, gas and water supply facilities (clause 1, part 3 of the commented article). Electricity, heat, gas and water supply facilities within the boundaries of a settlement or urban district form one of the components of the housing and communal services complex (HCS). Housing and communal services are a complex technical complex of buildings, structures, utility networks and equipment, as well as industrial, repair and construction production and operational equipment. Housing and communal services facilities (their location, operation, management) are the prerogative of municipal administration. The functioning of the life support system and effective urban development of the territory depend on how competently the housing and communal services sector and its individual objects are organized.

When designing a system of housing and communal services facilities, it is necessary to be guided by general requirements, such as: the presence of justification for the placement of new, reconstruction, and modernization of existing engineering structures and systems; implementation of innovative, resource-saving policies in all areas of consumption; introduction of modern technological methods and practices for creating the operation of housing and communal services; use of alternative energy sources; decentralization of existing engineering systems for buildings, structures and complexes; rational placement of new construction projects and use of territories occupied by engineering structures and highways, taking into account the relevant technical regulations; planning new construction projects according to the criteria for reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere through the introduction of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies; improvement of existing engineering systems and facilities from the point of view of optimal use of the existing planning organization of the territory of a settlement or urban district.

When determining the planned location of housing and communal services facilities within the boundaries of a settlement or urban district, the features of each of the engineering subsystems that form the communal system are taken into account: electricity, heat, gas and water supply. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the general nature of the planning structure of the territory, the placement of large urban planning objects, and landscape specifics.

Each of the existing types of engineering systems has special requirements that must be taken into account when developing a master plan for a settlement (urban district). These requirements must comply with the general principles of planned urban development transformations adopted for a settlement or urban district. As a rule, regardless of the structural design of the master plan, the main planning techniques in relation to engineering objects are compactness and complexity.

The development of a system of water supply facilities is determined by the following indicators: the volume of water consumption of drinking water (m3/day) and specific water consumption for household and drinking needs (l/day), including in residential communications per inhabitant; level of reliability of water supply systems; the capacity of the city's tank farm, the volume of new water supply networks and measures to connect enterprises of various industries to the industrial water supply system, water supply and irrigation water supply; using local groundwater (based on the study of its reserves), improving water quality by improving the environment and water use conditions in areas of surface water supply sources, as well as by reconstructing existing water supply stations with the transition to modern technologies. These indicators are displayed on a summary diagram of the planned location of electricity, heat, gas and water supply facilities.

The development of the system of water disposal (sewage) facilities is determined by: a gradual decrease in the growth of water disposal volumes due to a reduction in water consumption and a decrease in wastewater intake as aeration stations are built; increasing the reliability of the system through the development of existing and construction of new treatment stations; partial decentralization of the sewerage system through the construction of local low-capacity treatment facilities, the construction of modern types of sewerage structures - emergency control tanks on pressure pipelines from pumping stations; construction of a system of canals and deep pumping stations; improving the technology and quality of wastewater treatment and creating a technologically complete sludge treatment cycle. These activities are reflected in the corresponding symbols in the diagram.

Developed systems of heat, gas and electricity supply facilities require the use of an urban planning approach, which involves the exclusion from practice of irrational methods of using the territory, the development of new large territorial areas for laying new communications, and “interstitial” methods of placing utility facilities.

Expansion of the range of communication services, including telephone conversations, provision of communication channels for rent, information transfer, multimedia and ATM services, moving images, cable television, means the need to build special communal communication facilities to provide these functions, the placement of which in the structure of the territory is related as follows: with its planning organization, and with the specifics of consumption of this type of service. A gradual change in the technology for providing communication services with the transition to new (digital) technologies will entail the need to reconstruct existing facilities (ATS) and the need for a scheme for their placement in the structure of an urban district or settlement.

Graphic execution of schemes for the planned location of utility facilities can be carried out in two versions: several separate diagrams for each type of object or two diagrams, each of which combines different types of objects. As a rule, these are schemes for the development of the engineering complex and the water complex.

The development diagram of engineering systems of the energy complex using special symbols shows the main networks and objects in two states: existing and designed (with the allocation of objects of the first stage of construction and for the estimated period). Different symbols are adopted for the following groups of objects: heat supply, gas supply, electricity supply and communications. The scheme for the development of engineering systems of the water complex combines three states of objects: existing, first stage, estimated period. Water supply facilities, water supply networks, drainage systems, water supply stations, control units, aeration stations (under construction and reconstruction), sewage pumping stations, liquidated emergency control tanks, sediment treatment units, sewer networks, as well as surface runoff treatment facilities are identified.

Electricity, gas and water supply facilities and other housing and communal services facilities are recorded in the plans for the planned placement of capital construction facilities in accordance with the principal directions of development of this area in the designated territory and as a result of coordinating their placement with the existing state and forecasts of the functional and economic development of a settlement or urban district .

2. As part of the maps (schemes) of the planned location of capital construction projects, transport infrastructure schemes are highlighted (clause 2, part 3 of the commented article). They are developed taking into account the existing state of transport infrastructure facilities, identifying problems in their functioning and justifying the prospects for their development. The characteristics of the territory, the specifics of the historical formation of the road network, the nature of external transport connections with other populated areas are also taken into account; natural landscape conditions, the total length of the territory of the settlement (urban district). As a rule, modern principles of reorganization of transport infrastructure are based on the consideration of bringing it to certain optimal parameters through the implementation of reconstructive measures.

The reconstructive focus of transforming transport infrastructure can largely reduce the problematic situation in the urban planning organization of the territory. It is from this position that reconstructive measures are planned, the consequences of which are: unloading of traffic on highways and junctions, especially in the central parts of urban districts; clearing congestion; reducing noise impacts and air pollution in settlements and urban districts and residential areas adjacent to the highway; freeing up space for parking; solving the problem of allocating valuable territories of settlements and urban districts for the construction of garages and gas stations; optimization of existing transport service schemes for the territory.

All measures aimed at achieving these results together can significantly increase the capacity of the road network with an increase in traffic speed. Project proposals for the development of transport infrastructure are carried out in three schemes: development of the road network, high-speed off-street transport, and ground public transport. The off-street transport network includes metro lines with current technical parameters, express metro lines with increased speeds, light metro, railways and other modes of transport. The project transport network includes the current system and the main directions of its expansion and modernization. The main road network is designed based on an analysis of the existing system of streets, roads and driveways and, if possible, its preservation. The road network diagram highlights transport highways and transport structures, including tunnels, pedestrian bridges, garages, parking lots, each of which is shown for the estimated period and for the first stage of construction.

The ground public transport scheme is developed based on the following data: length of the network, number of facilities (transport parks), number of rolling stock, distribution of territories by type of vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram). Bus, trolleybus and tram depots are assessed from the standpoint of their inclusion in the designed transport system, reconstruction and modernization. The prospects for preserving tram lines are assessed from the standpoint of improving the planning organization of territories, and on this basis the lines proposed for removal or relocation are justified. The diagram records the placement of transport parks, taking into account the general directions of reorganization of the territories of settlements and urban districts based on optimization principles (relatively equal placement of objects and their proximity to transport networks).

3. A diagram of the boundaries of functional zones (clause 5, part 6 of the commented article) indicating the parameters of such zones as part of the master plans is carried out in order to indicate promising directions for the development of the territory, taking into account its functional affiliation (specialization). The prerequisites for functional zoning are the differentiation of urban (territorial) objects according to the purpose and nature of the spatial organization, and, accordingly, according to the requirements for their allocation.

When performing functional zoning, a functional feature is taken as a basis - the priority purpose of the territory. This approach is due to the fact that various types of activities are traditionally carried out in populated areas. These processes are located in space. Over time, spatial movement of functions may occur.

The structural transformation of functional areas is a consequence of socio-economic changes in society. Thus, a local zone of pronounced production specialization is being replaced by a mixed type of functional zoning - multifunctional zones are being formed. The ongoing dynamics are a characteristic feature of territorial processes that require a revision of the existing zoning. To streamline and regulate the movement of objects (territories) with various functions, functional zoning is an effective means.

Implementation of functional zoning should not be considered as a typical, formal task. It provides, along with functional characteristics, the presence of others: differences in the nature of land use depending on functional processes (density of urban development); the presence of natural or newly formed areas (urban planning nodes) of attraction; differentiation of territories according to the cost of its urban development and market value; historical and cultural values of buildings and elements of urban (rural) and natural landscapes.

A populated area, as the most characteristic form of population settlement, is characterized by the presence of relatively stable functions, the list of which is limited. The territory of a settlement according to its functional purpose is divided into the following types of zones: residential, industrial, municipal and warehouse, transport, recreational, etc. The placement of functional zones on the territory is not limited: functional processes are not evenly distributed in the structure of a settlement or urban district. Some parts of the settlement (urban district) experience an excess of functional loads: in these areas it becomes difficult to identify the predominant function. In other parts of the settlement, characteristic functional processes are localized.

This practice of urban planning indicates that functional zoning is a specific tool for differentiating the territory. It pursues the goals of an enlarged division of the territory into several planning parts. In each of these parts, both dominant and mixed forms of functional use of territories are possible. Therefore, when speaking about the presence of a particular functional zone, it should be understood that several functional processes can coexist within the boundaries of a certain fragment of an urban district or settlement. Moreover, their number may vary. The only mechanism that allows us to somehow structure the functional content of zones is to determine the parameters for the development of these territories.

When determining the parameters, it is necessary to be guided by the general urban planning requirements of development planning in relation to the nature of the processes occurring within the zone: rational forms of population settlement; optimal combination options within the zones of urban planning objects of various functional purposes; structuring a public service network based on the principle of attractiveness for different groups of the population of differentiated types of offers depending on preferences; ensuring equal accessibility of the territory of the public center of an urban district or settlement in relation to all functional zones and planning parts of the settlement, localization of the center taking into account the historical nature of the use of the territory; structural division and isolation of functional zones through the allocation of territories intended to provide transport and pedestrian services, taking into account the formation of a rational communication system and the possible implementation of alternative options for spatial connections; maximum use of the features of the natural landscape in the process of structural allocation of functional zones in order to maximize the use of its advantages.

Depending on which type of functional zoning predominates in the territory, the procedure for identifying zones varies significantly. As part of the zoning procedure, relative planning indicators are also taken into account, such as: distances between zones; absolute size and configuration of zones, their relative influence; accepted planning type (compact or dispersed); types and level of engineering equipment, network parameters; the need to allocate territory for various functional purposes. Following the instructions and regulations allows you to achieve the goal of providing a favorable living environment, protecting territories from the impact of emergency situations; preventing changes in population and production concentrations and environmental pollution; protection of natural landscapes, territories of historical and cultural sites, as well as agricultural lands and forests.

4. The planned boundaries of the territories of cultural heritage objects (clause 6 of part 6 of the commented article) are determined on the basis of maps (diagrams) of the existing state of the boundaries of the territories of cultural heritage objects (clause 2 of part 10). The methodological basis for identifying these territories is the Law on Cultural Heritage. These works should be carried out as part of pre-design developments, which consist of two thematically different parts: stating (historical and architectural basic plan) and regulating (protection zones of cultural heritage objects).

The basic plan is developed for the entire territory of a settlement or urban district covered by planning activities, including elements of the natural landscape, fragments of planning, dominant features, etc. Drawing up a historical and architectural reference plan is aimed at establishing an objectively existing situation (its fixation) with identifying elements of urban morphology (layout, development) that have historical and cultural significance and structural and spatial patterns in the construction of the territory of a settlement that determine its aesthetic properties. To determine the latter, it is necessary to consider: architectural and spatial zoning of the territory; road network layout; composition of ordinary buildings and the historical part of the city; generalization of the characteristics of the urban landscape.

The list of documents that make up the historical and architectural basic plan includes the following materials: extracts from historical acts, census books containing evidence of the planning and development of the territory, analytical reconstruction schemes revealing the process of formation of the planning and development (for each chronological section); recording and analytical materials revealing the urban planning and architectural features of the current state of valuable heritage (for the current situation): topographic materials with information about the historical and cultural values of a settlement or urban district, accompanying analytical diagrams, photo recording materials, accompanying text material.

When developing a reference plan, it is necessary to determine the typology of the existing development, because it is one of the reasons for its preservation and maintenance of its specific features. The results of the typological analysis are recorded on the reference plan. Based on typological characteristics, building elements are usually divided into groups: architectural monuments; valuable historical buildings; neutral ordinary buildings, including modern ones; buildings that violate the specifics of the existing development and composition; modern architectural structures and complexes that, together with historical objects, form an ensemble development.

Along with monuments (individual buildings and structures), the supporting plan includes ensembles - entire estates, complexes, distinguished by formal compositional or substantive, historical and cultural value. According to the above-mentioned law, ensembles are recognized as various groups of isolated or united monuments, fragments of historical planning and development, works of landscape architecture and landscape art, necropolises (Article 3).

The historical and architectural reference plan makes it possible to record the actually preserved volume of valuable heritage - the layout of land ownership, the safety of buildings, and individual building elements. As part of the supporting plan documents, along with planning materials, it is required to develop an explanatory note, which should present an annotated list of preserved and newly identified monuments. It indicates the actual address of the monument, the time of its construction and the implementation of major alterations, the author of the construction, the type of original and existing use; approved and proposed subject of protection (volume-spatial construction of buildings, landscaping of the territory).

The development of a historical and architectural reference plan is the basis for determining a list of regime restrictions that must be observed during the architectural and urban development of the territory. The identification of zones of cultural heritage sites is a practical tool that allows the implementation of urban planning activities taking into account the principles of continuity. But the fixation of zones makes it possible to establish the legal nature of the use of the territory, which has legal force.

The allocation of zones for the protection of historical and cultural heritage objects represents a differentiation of the territory.

The territory of the monument is an integral part of the monument itself and includes valuable elements of protected planning and development. Preservation of the territory is assumed not only in the physical sense, but also in the sense of preserving the historical layout, buildings and landscape. Lost elements of buildings and the historical urban environment can be restored on the territory of the monument. The territory of a historical and cultural monument usually includes a plot of land directly occupied by the monument and connected with it historically and functionally. The boundaries of the monument are established on the basis of the materials of the reference plan. Within the territory of the monument, only such economic activities are permitted that ensure its full functioning without the threat of damage, destruction or destruction.

The territory of the monument is a special object of protection, for which a special regime is established for the maintenance and use of the monument and its organic inclusion in the context of the existing environment.

The diagram establishes protection zones (a set of territories with various restrictions during use), which ensures the normal functioning of cultural heritage objects. The development of the scheme is inseparable from the procedure for identifying protected zones, development regulation zones and protected natural landscape zones within the protection zones.

The boundaries of monument protection zones are approved as an independent document as part of maps (diagrams) as part of the master plan materials. On the territory of protection zones, a maintenance and use regime is established with certain restrictions on new construction and functional use of buildings and structures. The establishment of a regime is necessary to create conditions aimed at preserving monuments as city-forming elements in the process of spatial organization of the territory of settlements and urban districts. When identifying each of the three types of zones, existing requirements must be taken into account. The establishment of protective zones must be consistent with such requirements as: preservation of historical layout, historical buildings and landscape; prohibition of new construction, except for cases that involve the reconstruction of monuments or ensembles; landscaping; replacement of dilapidated low-value buildings and structures and elimination of discordant structures. When establishing the boundaries of protective zones, they are, if possible, combined with existing planning boundaries, and also take into account the parameters and nature of the protected object, and the historical land tenure pattern.

Development regulation zones are provided to ensure the unity of newly created developments with the historical urban environment and to preserve the role of monuments in the architectural and spatial organization of the territory adjacent to the protected zones. In development regulation zones, the preservation of valuable elements of planning and landscape is ensured, a set of conditions for the visual perception of monuments in the historical environment is achieved, and new construction is allowed, which has regulations on the functional purpose, height and length of buildings, on the composition of the building, and the nature of landscaping.

The allocation of zones is carried out on the principle of establishing various regulatory regimes based on the results of the study at the stage of drawing up a historical and architectural reference plan. Particular attention is paid to the establishment of strictly regulated zones, which are subject to the requirements for the elimination (transformation) of structures that introduce dissonance into the landscape, and the regulation of new construction by functional purpose, height, length and construction methods. In strictly regulated zones, as a rule, the traditional character of development is preserved and the placement of structures that create hazardous zones that attract large cargo flows is not allowed.

Protected natural landscape zones are designed to ensure the preservation of natural relief, water bodies, vegetation and restore lost connections between the historical landscape of a settlement or urban district and the environment. They are installed in those areas where the regulations of security zones and development control zones do not apply. In relation to protected landscape zones, restrictions are applied that do not allow: the construction of new and expansion of existing economic and residential facilities; laying new transport routes; changes in the landscape organization of the territory, vegetation composition, hydrogeological regime; movement and parking of vehicles outside specially designated areas.

Maps (schemes) of territorial planning of a settlement or urban district containing the boundaries of territories of cultural heritage sites must show existing and proposed urban planning restrictions from historical and cultural monuments: the boundaries of the territory of a historical and urban reserve; boundaries of protected areas; zones for the protection of historical and cultural monuments; preserved and regulated territories of valuable historical natural landscapes; development regulation zones of citywide significance; preservation of the main areas of panoramic perception of urban and natural landscapes. Each of the identified protected areas is shown on the general diagram as follows: its location is recorded, the name and exact boundaries of the zone are indicated, individual historical and cultural objects are depicted within the boundaries and their parameters are specified. Along with the zones, the scheme records real estate and historical and cultural monuments of the urban district (settlement) within modern boundaries: monuments and archaeological sites; street planning structure; necropolises; monuments of landscape art, architecture and history; and newly identified and proposed monuments.

The main directions of development of religious objects can be limited either in a general scheme or developed in the form of a separate scheme. The diagram shows the location of existing churches (Orthodox, Old Believer, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim, Catholic); non-functioning churches proposed for restoration; territories proposed for the construction of churches of various faiths. The basis of these proposals is a forecast of the religious composition of the believing part of the population of the settlement, divided into groups historically gravitating towards different religions, an analysis of the location, the number and affiliation of surviving religious buildings, as well as the planning and administrative-territorial division of the settlement or urban district and historical trends in the placement of religious buildings .

5. One of the most important and largest sections of materials on the justification of draft master plans, carried out in text and graphic forms, is an analysis of the state of the relevant territory, problems and directions for its comprehensive development (clause 1, part 8 of the commented article).

In modern conditions, one of the leading methodological principles of organizing and conducting a comprehensive analysis of the territory for planning purposes is the need to preserve territorial resources. This approach corresponds to the provisions of progressive international documents that reveal the prospects for sustainable development of human settlements. One of the components of sustainable development is the ability to ensure reproductive processes, self-development and self-regulation of all subsystems of an urban district (settlement) as a whole. Individual subsystems function both independently and interconnectedly within a certain territory. Identification and assessment of a territorial resource in this sense makes it possible to plan the long-term development of a settlement or urban district, consistent with the stability of the system as a whole. The use of territorial resources should be done using a compensatory method: taking into account the consumption of all other types of resources (labor, financial and natural).

The study of the resource potential of a settlement or urban district thus becomes a priority practical task of developing materials for its well-founded draft master plan. The resources include four subsystems: nature, population, economy, and spatial organization.

In accordance with each of these types of resource subsystems, analytical schemes are developed. In two of the indicated subsystems (nature and organization of territory), the key resource component is territory. Accordingly, determining the volume of territorial resources to establish the prospects for the development of a settlement or urban district and develop a master plan is a priority activity. To identify territorial resources, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the territory, as a result of which three main types of resources can be identified: external (in relation to the boundaries of a settlement or urban district); internal, undeveloped areas; internal, attracted for development through reconstruction (densification) of existing buildings. The availability of information about available resources dictates a set of restrictions in the selection of territories for urban planning purposes. The resource potential obtained on the basis of a comprehensive assessment provides the basis for making decisions on the intensity of development of the territory. The content of the analysis is to compile the nature and value of territorial resources with the direction of their functional and urban use. The analysis pursues the goals of establishing the degree of suitability of the territory for various types of its use and identifying the requirements and planning organization of the territory.

In urban planning practice, the methodology for developing assessment (analysis) schemes has been widely used, which includes two large blocks, for each of which separate schemes are drawn up: assessment of the natural resources of the territory and assessment of the anthropogenic resources of the territory.

When drawing up a scheme for assessing the natural resources of a territory, an analysis of the components of the natural landscape is carried out, the characteristics of which have a significant impact on urban planning processes: they predetermine the directions of development of a settlement or urban district and the placement of capital construction projects, the identification of functional zones, including those with special conditions for the use of the territory (those at risk). occurrence of natural and man-made emergencies). The following landscape components are identified as part of the natural resource assessment scheme:

a) rocks (the system of mineral resources of the territory, geomorphology) - determine the adoption of urban planning decisions from the standpoint of achieving the maximum effect of organizing the territory, vital functions with minimal costs for its development;

b) surface and underground waters (hydrology and hydrography) - determine the territorial structure of water resources from the point of view. providing them with the territory of settlements or urban districts (domestic drinking and industrial water supply) or rationalizing the planning techniques used when identifying functional zones (the diagram indicates hydrographic characteristics - density of the river network, slopes of riverbeds, their length and width, river flow speed, etc. ., as well as measures to protect water resources);

c) climatic conditions of the area (temperature and humidity, wind conditions, indicators of the quantity and quality of precipitation, solar radiation, etc.) - influence the assessment of the territory in terms of suitability for permanent residence, the nature of urban development, and zoning;

d) biogenic components (soils, vegetation and fauna).

As part of the scheme for assessing the anthropogenic resources of the territory (introduced by previous human activities), the following factors are considered: the degree of transport service of the territory (primarily by public transport passengers); level of engineering support for the territory (determining the distance of individual sections of the territory from existing engineering structures that have a certain procedure for connecting new consumers; differentiation of areas according to the nature of provision with various types of utility networks); assessment of the fund's condition; sanitary and hygienic characteristics (degree of degradation of vegetation, noise levels, degree of pollution of water bodies, soil cover) for various types of functional use can be a limiting and stimulating factor; sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises, sanitary breaks in areas of probable smoke, security zones, noise zones, etc.

6. In the materials for substantiating draft master plans, a special place is occupied by information about existing and future risk factors for emergency situations (clause 5, part 8 of the commented article). There are two groups of risk factors: natural and man-made. Identification of risk factors makes it possible to prevent unjustified urban planning decisions. It is necessary to determine the factors that do not allow planning certain types of activities aimed at spatial transformation of the territory. Having thus determined the factors and the consequences of their influence on the territory, it is possible at the earliest stages of planning to exclude a number of urban planning decisions, the implementation of which may be impossible.

In the process of urban planning activities, it is necessary to regulate the ratio of the degree of intervention in the existing organization of the territory, based on the socio-economic, architectural, planning and spatial-compositional tasks of shaping the environment. The natural qualities of the developed environment are often underestimated. As a result, the development of planning decisions related to the organization of development, transport services, and engineering support occurs without due consideration of these qualities. Modern urban planning approaches require mandatory consideration of the problems of interaction of urban structures with the natural complex.

Of particular importance is the assessment of the impact of objects (buildings, structures, transport highways, utility networks) on the geological environment, soil, surface and groundwater, manifested in the formation of surface sediments, karst sinkholes, landslides, and rising groundwater levels. And at the same time, it is necessary to study the opposite effect - the influence of natural conditions changed by technogenesis on the objects of settlements and urban districts.

According to the principles of technogenic zoning, city territories can be differentiated into three groups: high technogenic loads, medium and low technogenic loads. Each of these types of zones corresponds to a specific urban planning situation. A high concentration of man-made loads on the environment is typical for areas of dense, intensive multi-tiered development, combining various functional uses, with a high density of transport and utility networks, limited courtyard and open spaces.

Low technogenic loads are characteristic of areas adjacent to large industrial zones and structures, such as water and sewerage stations. In such areas, further intensification of industrial and production use of the territory can lead to the development of unfavorable engineering and geological processes. Therefore, urban development in the form of the development of natural areas and low-urban low-rise buildings can be proposed as recommended measures. Activities that imply a high degree of urbanization, on the contrary, should be recommended for areas where the likelihood of man-made threats will be minimal. Such areas include areas of morainic loams and fluvioglacial deposits (not complicated by flooding or caste-suffusion processes); riverine areas (areas of sandy deposits) with technogenic soils of low thickness, and located far from large engineering reservoirs; territory with measures taken for engineering preparation of the territory, including the elimination of soil sediments, removal of soil masses into underground workings, flooding, chemical and thermal contamination of soils and groundwater.

The diagram also identifies zones intended for carrying out protective measures aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the ecological environment: consolidating soils, filling karst voids, laying drainage adits in landslide slopes, constructing retaining walls, and constructing barrier structures.

The main principle underlying zoning is to identify a territorial reserve, evaluate it and propose a set of measures aimed at rehabilitating territories in conditions of urban planning use. The identification of zones proposed for the implementation of protective measures on the diagrams is advisory in nature. This is explained by the need to conduct an additional technical and economic assessment of protective measures. In the event that the cost of the technical means used is significantly higher than the cost of the structure or if their effect is insufficient for the operation of the facility, a conclusion is drawn about the advisability of isolating planning restrictions for certain types of functional use. For example, recreational or landscaping functions can be recommended for such areas.

Based on diagrams that describe the existing state of the territory from the perspective of risks, schemes are developed that contain urban planning proposals on the future state of the environment.

Among the main positions of the schemes, territories, objects and activities related to overcoming man-made phenomena are highlighted: high environmental risk, the negative impact of transport on the environment, recycling of household and industrial waste, protection of buildings and structures from negative engineering and geological processes, residential and public areas from adverse impacts, territories of the natural complex from adverse impacts, preservation of environmental protection (environment-forming), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions of territories, as well as forecasting the long-term state of the environment.

The scheme for forecasting the long-term state of the environment in its most general form is a set of measures aimed at increasing the sustainability of the territory’s development, based on objective data and expert assessments using appropriate techniques.

The diagram highlights areas that are fundamentally dangerous due to possible manifestations of karst-suffusion processes; preventing the occurrence of flooding at facilities being designed and reconstructed; remediation zones for territories with dangerous soil contamination; zones of persistent excess air pollution; zones of anti-landslide and bank protection measures; zones of excess noise impact, including from airfields (with proposals for their elimination), allocation of an area for carrying out noise protection measures.

2. The decision to prepare a draft master plan, as well as decisions to prepare proposals to amend the master plan, are taken respectively by the head of the local administration of the settlement, the head of the local administration of the city district.
3. Preparation of the draft master plan is carried out on the basis of the results of engineering surveys in accordance with the requirements of technical regulations, taking into account comprehensive development programs of municipalities, provisions on territorial planning contained in the territorial planning schemes of the Russian Federation, territorial planning schemes of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial planning schemes municipal districts (when preparing a master plan for a settlement), regional and (or) local standards for urban planning, the results of public hearings on the draft master plan, as well as taking into account proposals from interested parties.
4. Regional and local standards for urban planning contain minimum calculated indicators for ensuring favorable conditions for human life (including social and municipal facilities, accessibility of such facilities for the population (including people with disabilities), engineering infrastructure facilities, landscaping).
5. The approval of regional standards for urban planning is carried out taking into account the characteristics of settlements and urban districts within the boundaries of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The composition, procedure for preparation and approval of regional standards for urban planning are established by the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
6. The approval of local standards for urban planning is carried out taking into account the characteristics of settlements within the boundaries of municipalities and intersettlement territories. The composition, procedure for preparation and approval of local standards for urban planning are established by regulatory legal acts of local government bodies. It is not allowed to approve local standards for urban planning that contain minimum calculated indicators for ensuring favorable conditions for human life that are lower than the calculated indicators for ensuring favorable conditions for human life contained in regional standards for urban planning.
7. If there are cultural heritage sites on the territory of a settlement or urban district, in the process of preparing master plans, restrictions on the use of land plots and capital construction projects located within the boundaries of cultural heritage protection zones must be taken into account in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of cultural heritage sites heritage and Article 27 of this Code.
8. The draft master plan, before its approval, is subject to Article 25 of this Code to mandatory approval in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
(as amended by Federal Law No. 160-FZ of July 23, 2008)
9. The draft master plan is subject to publication in the manner established for the official publication of municipal legal acts, other official information, no less than three months before its approval and is posted on the official website of the settlement (if there is an official website of the settlement), the official website of the city district ( if there is an official website of the city district) on the Internet. The draft regulations on territorial planning provided for in Part 5 are subject to publication and placement. Article 23 of this Code, and draft maps (diagrams) or several maps (diagrams) that display the information provided for in Part 6 Article 23 of this Code.

10. Interested parties have the right to submit their proposals on the draft master plan.
11. The draft master plan is subject to mandatory consideration at public hearings held in accordance with Article 28 of this Code.
12. Minutes of public hearings on the draft master plan, the conclusion on the results of such public hearings are a mandatory appendix to the draft master plan, sent by the head of the local administration of the settlement, the head of the local administration of the urban district, respectively, to the representative body of local government of the settlement, the representative body of local government of the urban district.
13. The representative body of local self-government of the settlement, the representative body of local self-government of the urban district, taking into account the protocols of public hearings on the draft master plan and the conclusion on the results of such public hearings, make a decision to approve the master plan or to reject the draft master plan and send it, respectively, to the head of the local administration settlement, the head of the local administration of the city district for revision in accordance with the specified protocols and conclusion.
14. The master plan is subject to publication in the manner established for the official publication of municipal legal acts, other official information, and is posted on the official website of the settlement (if there is an official website of the settlement), the official website of the city district (if there is an official website of the city district) on the network " Internet". The provisions provided for in Part 5 are subject to publication and placement. Article 23 of this Code, and a map (diagram) or several maps (diagrams) that display the information provided for in Part 6 Article 23 of this Code. The master plan, within three days from the date of its approval, is sent to the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation within the boundaries of which the settlement or urban district is located, and to the head of the municipal district within the boundaries of which the settlement is located (if the master plan of the settlement is approved).
(as amended by Federal Law dated December 31, 2005 N 210-FZ)
15. Rights holders of land plots and capital construction projects, if their rights and legitimate interests are violated or may be violated as a result of the approval of the master plan, have the right to challenge the master plan in court.
16. State authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, interested individuals and legal entities have the right to contact the head of the local administration of the settlement, the head of the local administration of the city district with proposals to make changes to the master plan.
17. Amendments to the master plan are carried out in accordance with parts 2 - 14 of this article.
18. Amendments to the master plan that provide for changing the boundaries of settlements for the purposes of housing construction or defining recreational zones are carried out without holding public hearings.
(Part eighteen introduced by Federal Law dated December 18, 2006 N 232-FZ)

Do you think you are Russian? Were you born in the USSR and think that you are Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian? No. This is wrong.

Are you actually Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian? But do you think that you are a Jew?

Game? Wrong word. The correct word is “imprinting”.

The newborn associates himself with those facial features that he observes immediately after birth. This natural mechanism is characteristic of most living creatures with vision.

Newborns in the USSR saw their mother for a minimum of feeding time during the first few days, and most of the time they saw the faces of the maternity hospital staff. By a strange coincidence, they were (and still are) mostly Jewish. The technique is wild in its essence and effectiveness.

Throughout your childhood, you wondered why you lived surrounded by strangers. The rare Jews on your way could do whatever they wanted with you, because you were drawn to them, and pushed others away. Yes, even now they can.

You cannot fix this - imprinting is one-time and for life. It’s difficult to understand; the instinct took shape when you were still very far from being able to formulate it. From that moment, no words or details were preserved. Only facial features remained in the depths of memory. Those traits that you consider to be your own.

1 comment

System and observer

Let's define a system as an object whose existence is beyond doubt.

An observer of a system is an object that is not part of the system it observes, that is, it determines its existence through factors independent of the system.

The observer, from the point of view of the system, is a source of chaos - both control actions and the consequences of observational measurements that do not have a cause-and-effect relationship with the system.

An internal observer is an object potentially accessible to the system in relation to which inversion of observation and control channels is possible.

An external observer is an object, even potentially unattainable for the system, located beyond the system’s event horizon (spatial and temporal).

Hypothesis No. 1. All-seeing eye

Let's assume that our universe is a system and it has an external observer. Then observational measurements can occur, for example, with the help of “gravitational radiation” penetrating the universe from all sides from the outside. The cross section of the capture of “gravitational radiation” is proportional to the mass of the object, and the projection of the “shadow” from this capture onto another object is perceived as an attractive force. It will be proportional to the product of the masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the distance between them, which determines the density of the “shadow”.

The capture of “gravitational radiation” by an object increases its chaos and is perceived by us as the passage of time. An object opaque to “gravitational radiation”, the capture cross section of which is larger than its geometric size, looks like a black hole inside the universe.

Hypothesis No. 2. Inner Observer

It is possible that our universe is observing itself. For example, using pairs of quantum entangled particles separated in space as standards. Then the space between them is saturated with the probability of the existence of the process that generated these particles, reaching its maximum density at the intersection of the trajectories of these particles. The existence of these particles also means that there is no capture cross section on the trajectories of objects that is large enough to absorb these particles. The remaining assumptions remain the same as for the first hypothesis, except:

Time flow

An outside observation of an object approaching the event horizon of a black hole, if the determining factor of time in the universe is an “external observer,” will slow down exactly twice—the shadow of the black hole will block exactly half of the possible trajectories of “gravitational radiation.” If the determining factor is the “internal observer,” then the shadow will block the entire trajectory of interaction and the flow of time for an object falling into a black hole will completely stop for a view from the outside.

It is also possible that these hypotheses can be combined in one proportion or another.