Kamyanov Ivan, 2nd grade, Mitina Maria, 2nd grade
An important condition for the development of children's curiosity and the need for independent knowledge of nature is the creation of a developmental environment in which students would have a need for research, observation, and experimentation. Research activities within the framework of a subject group in physics in elementary school contribute to the formation of independence in children in solving practical problems.
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MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL
SCHOOL No. 12 ZATO SHIKHANY, SARATOV REGION"
Research
on this topic:
"Can Water Flow Up"
The work was completed by:
1. Kamyanov Ivan, 2nd grade
2. Mitina Maria, 2nd grade
Leaders:
1. Belyaevskaya T.Ya., primary school teacher, school No. 12
2. Dubas S.P., physics teacher, school No. 12
2011
INTRODUCTION 3
MAIN PART 5
What did the ancients not know? 5
What didn't we know? 6
How the water rises 7
Amazing places 8
CONCLUSION 11
LITERATURE 12
APPENDIX 1 13
APPENDIX 2 14
APPENDIX 3 15
APPENDIX 4 16
APPENDIX 5 17
Introduction.
What is water?
This question is not nearly as unreasonable as it may seem. In fact, is water just that colorless liquid that is poured into a glass? The ocean that covers almost our entire planet, our entire wonderful Earth, in which life originated millions of years ago, is water. Clouds, clouds, fogs that carry moisture to all living things on the earth's surface are also water. The endless ice deserts of the polar regions, snow covers covering almost half of the planet - and this is water. Beautiful, irreproducible is the endless variety of colors of the sunset, its golden and crimson tints; the colors of the sky at sunrise are solemn and tender. This great artist of nature is water. Besides, have all the secrets of water been discovered by scientists? Only time can answer this question. Why are we interested in water?
We want to know if water can flow upward?
Hypothesis: water can flow upward.
Purpose of the study:investigate whether water can flow upward.
Objectives: 1. Having studied the literature and carried out physical experiments, answer the question whether water can rise up;
2.When and under what conditions does water rise upward with the help of humans;
3.When and under what conditions can water rise up without human help;
4.Formulate conclusions.
In preparing the work, various literature was studied, materials from Internet sites were studied, knowledge gained in the lessons of the surrounding world and at the “Kaleidoscope of Sciences” circle was applied, and a number of experiments were carried out.
Many scientists have addressed the topic of water: its physical and chemical properties. So,Ancient Arabic manuscripts brought to us the story of the amazing creations of the ancient inventor Heron of Alexandria. One of them is a beautiful miracle bowl in the temple, from which a fountain flowed.
James Dyson had the brilliant idea to make a fountain where water flows, defying the laws of gravity. But how to do that? It took one year to implement the idea, and the unusual effect was achieved through an optical illusion.
Main part
If you let go of the book, it will inevitably fall to the floor. The “blame” for this is the force of gravity, which attracts all objects without exception to the center of the Earth. And when you pick up a fallen book, you will notice that its appearance has not changed at all. It is solid, and solid objects retain their original shape. Unless, of course, you apply any special force to them.
Now imagine that it was not a book that fell, but a glass of water. The water will splash out and spread out in disarray. In fact, liquid has no form of its own. It only occupies the volume, the shape into which it is poured. The same gravity forces it to strive for the lowest point. In a word, where there is water, there is the lowest place. Why do rivers flow into the sea? It's just that the water level in the seas is lower. Any river seems to be inclined towards the sea into which it flows. A clear proof that water is attracted to the Earth and tends to occupy the lowest level are waterfalls.
Of course, in its normal state, water will not be able to rise up the slope, however, the engineers managed to make it cross mountain passes. To do this, it turned out to be enough... to place water in the pipes. Exactly! Water running down a slope in a pipe puts pressure on the masses of water in the pipe going uphill. And they, these thousands of tons of water, flow upward! True, you can’t jump higher than your head: the water will not rise above its original level - the height of the first mountain from which it flows. But a person will always find the opportunity to make the point from which the water flows the highest, and then no passes are afraid of him!
WHAT DID THE ANCIENTS NOT KNOW?
Residents of modern Rome still use the remnants of the water supply system, built by the ancients: Roman slaves built the waterworks in a solid manner.
The same cannot be said about the knowledge of the Roman engineers who supervised these works; they were clearly not familiar enough with the basics of physics. Take a look at the accompanying drawing, reproduced from a painting at the German Museum in Munich. You see that the Roman water supply system was not laid in the ground, but above it, on high stone pillars. Why was this done? Wouldn't it be easier to lay pipes in the ground, as is done now? Of course, it’s simpler, but the Roman engineers of that time had a poor understanding of the laws of communicating vessels. They were afraid that in reservoirs connected by a very long pipe, the water would not be established at the same level. If pipes are laid in the ground, following the slopes of the soil, then in some areas the water should flow upward - and so the Romans were afraid that the water would not flow upward. Therefore, they usually gave the water pipes a uniform downward slope along their entire path (and this often required either water to be bypassed or high arched supports to be erected). One of the Roman pipes, Aqua Marcia, is 100 km long, while the direct distance between its ends is half that. Fifty kilometers of masonry had to be laid due to ignorance of the elementary law of physics!
WHAT DID WE NOT KNOW?
While exploring the water problem, we encountered a problem. In front of us were two coffee pots of the same width: one high, the other low. Which one is more spacious? Which of these coffee pots can hold more liquid?
Without thinking, we decided that a tall coffee pot was more spacious than a low one. However, when he began to pour liquid into a tall coffee pot, they only poured it up to the level of the opening of its spout - then the water began to pour out. And since the spout holes of both coffee pots are at the same height, the low coffee pot turned out to be just as capacious as the tall one with a short spout.
This is understandable: in the coffee pot and in the spout tube, as in any communicating vessels, the liquid should be at the same level, despite the fact that the liquid in the spout weighs much less than in the rest of the coffee pot. If the spout is not high enough, you will never fill the coffee pot to the top: the water will spill out. Usually the spout is placed even higher than the edges of the coffee pot so that the vessel can be tilted slightly without spilling the contents.
HOW DOES WATER RISE UP?
Under certain circumstances, water is capable of rising spontaneously. If you place a thin enough tube (such as a straw) into a container of water, the water level in the tube rises above the water level in the container. The difference between the water levels in the vessel and in the tube will be greater, the smaller the inner diameter of the tube. The ability of water to rise in a tube with sufficientnarrowchannel is one example of the so-called capillary phenomena, thanks to which plants are able to deliver water from the soil to the branches and leaves. These same phenomena help blood circulate in the human body, especially in capillaries - the smallest blood and lymphatic vessels. Besides, uhthis happens always and everywhere. The water itself rises up in the soil, wetting the entire thickness of the earth from the groundwater level. The water itself rises up through the capillary vessels of the tree and helps the plant deliver dissolved nutrients to great heights - from the roots deeply hidden in the ground to the leaves and fruits. The water itself moves upward in the pores of the blotting paper when we have to dry a blot, or in the fabric of a towel when we wipe our face.
To find out how towater can flow upward, we conducted a series of experiments (see Appendices).
We entered our observations into the table:
Experience name | Actions of water | Explanation |
Fountain experience (Annex 1) | rises up | The higher the tank, the higher the fountain |
Experience with a flower (Appendix 2) | rises up | It rises upward due to atmospheric pressure. In this case, capillary phenomena are observed |
Test tube experiment (Appendix 3) | rises up | |
Syringe experience (Appendix 4) | rises up | Rise upward due to atmospheric pressure |
Experience with communicating vessels (Appendix 5) | rises up | The expanded air presses on the liquid. In this tube the liquid descends, and in the other it rises |
Experience with a thermometer (Appendix 6) | rises up | When heated, a liquid expands and when cooled it contracts. |
AMAZING PLACES
There are places on earth where water rises without human intervention.A strange hill was discovered in 2003 by two tourists in a mountain range located 10 km from the village of Banjiegou in Jitai County in China. The events that happened to them next defy explanation. So, having stopped the car in which they were traveling at the bottom of a V-shaped depression located at the top of a hill and, having removed it from the brakes, the tourists were surprised to find that the car itself began to move up the western slope with increasing speed, which by the time it reached the top the slope reached 30 km/h.
The tourists were even more amazed by the fact that the water spilled on the western slope flowed not down, but up, towards the top.
Some experts are trying to explain these anomalous phenomena by the geological features of the area. However, these facts are confirmed by a test carried out by Lanzhou University professor Fan Xiaoming at the end of the last century. So, on a local area 60 m long, all round objects and cars with their engines turned off spontaneously move upward, in addition, water flows up the slope with a slope of 15 degrees.
To travel this section by car, bicycle or even on roller skates, you need to forget about all logic. When climbing, the driver has to press the brake rather than the gas as the car begins to pick up speed.
Professor Fan Xiaoming believes the cause of this anomalous phenomenon is geomagnetism or changes in atmospheric pressure.
In addition, the actual repetition of anomalous phenomena in China is observed in Israel. An eyewitness claims that water is also rising up the slope near Beit Shemesh. The tourist, having heard enough stories about a similar phenomenon, decided to conduct an experiment - he stopped the car on this mountain, put it in neutral and released the brake. Contrary to expectations, the car rolled upward.
However, according to the tourist, this is not due to magnetic properties, since the plastic balls rolled downhill just fine. The tourist clearly saw and even photographed how the poured water flows not down, but up - to the edge of the pass, which is quite clearly visible. This anomaly is observed along the entire length of the highway, approximately 600 meters, right up to the intersection of this road with the main highway.
THIS IS INTERESTING. TASK.
In the old days - in the 17-18 centuries - nobles amused themselves with the following instructive toy: they made a jug, in the upper part of which there were large patterned cutouts. Such a jug filled with wine was offered to an ordinary guest, at whom one could laugh with impunity. How to drink from it? You can’t tilt it: the wine will pour out of many holes, but not a drop will reach your mouth. It will happen like in a fairy tale:
Honey, drank beer,
Yes, he just wet his mustache.
How to drink the contents?
You need to plug hole B, take the spout into your mouth and draw in the liquid without tilting the vessel. The wine will rise through hole E along the channel inside the handle, then along its continuation C inside the upper edge of the jug and reach the spout.
Conclusion
Are all the properties of water clear to scientists?
Of course not! Water is a mysterious substance.
Recently, a new unusual phenomenon was discovered. It turned out that water on Earth changes its nature depending on what happens on the Sun and in space. It was noted that cosmic causes influence the nature of certain chemical processes in water, for example, the rate of precipitation. Why is unknown.
Many observations and facts indicate that melt water has special properties - it is more favorable for the development of living organisms. Why is also unknown.
But for ourselves we realized that:
- water can move upward with the help of a person;
- water can rise without human help, for example, in communicating vessels or capillaries;
- water can flow upward on its own. This is explained by geomagnetism or changes in atmospheric pressure.
There is no doubt that all mysteries will be successfully solved by science. Many more new, more amazing mysterious properties of water - the most extraordinary substance in the world - will be discovered.
Literature
1. Everything about everything. Popular encyclopedia for children. – M.: Slovo, 1994.
2. Perelman Ya.I. Entertaining physics. Book 2. – M.: Nauka, 1979.
Internet resources
There are many amazing places on Earth, the secrets of which have never been unraveled by man. The anomalous processes occurring there defy the laws of logic and physics. People know about the existence of several points on the planet where the force of gravity does not act - the fundamental interaction between all material bodies. Several anomalous places have been found on Earth where gravity “does not work.”
Lake Salantina
In Argentina there is a small lake Salantina, on a section of the coast of which (about 50 m long) the laws of gravity cease to apply at varying intervals. When the force of gravity is “turned off,” people are thrown several meters into the air - regardless of where they were at that time - in the water or on the shore. The duration of this anomalous phenomenon ranges from a few seconds to half an hour. Sometimes, to wait for the “gravity shutdown,” people wait on the shore for several weeks. Sometimes the force of gravity stops working several times a day.
Official research on the lake has not yet been carried out, and scientists cannot give an exact answer to the question of the loss of gravity. One of the few researchers, physicist Carlos Penas, constantly monitors the gravitational anomaly zone and claims that the devices always work without failure. There is no sign of “switching off” physical strength.
Some daredevils conduct experiments on the lake on their own. Those who managed to get rid of gravity claim that it is very scary and similar to swimming underwater. At the same time, gravity also “turns on” very smoothly, so the landings are successful. One “naturalist” Tobas Debako, a waiter from the nearby town of Charat, went on anti-gravity flight as many as five times.
Preiser's Zone in the USA
Another zone where the force of gravity behaves in an inexplicable way is in America, near the Californian city of Santa Cruz. This is a popular tourist spot. The zone was discovered back in 1940 by a man named George Preiser, who, while walking through deserted places, suddenly discovered an unusual object on the side of a hill. A concrete beam, located in the zone of action of mysterious forces, turned identical objects standing at both ends into different sizes. If people of equal height stand on the two ends of the beam, the person in the zone will appear taller than the one standing opposite him.
The optical illusion is confirmed by the fact that compasses behave strangely in the Preiser zone: the needle runs and changes position. Breaking the law of gravity, round objects roll in the opposite direction - up. And people in the Preizer zone are literally driven to the ground.
In the center of the clearing stands a hut that Preiser himself built. It is very skewed, and there is a belief that conditions of weightlessness periodically arise in the center of the hut. However, all these facts have not been scientifically confirmed. The constant interest of tourists in all kinds of anomalous phenomena encourages profit hunters to “feed” onlookers with new tricks.
Places where water flows upward
There are places in the world where objects “do not obey” the force of gravity and move in a different direction. Water flows downhill, cars with their engines turned off, glass bottles.
Okrokhanskaya road in Georgia
On the holy mountain Mtatsminda in Georgia, not far from Tbilisi, there is such an anomalous zone. Researcher Talez Shonia studied this anomaly, but could not explain the phenomenon. Local residents are sure that the gravitational anomaly is connected with the holiness of the place - the Church of St. David stands nearby.
Highway near Beit Shemesh, Israel
In a section about half a kilometer long, objects roll up the mountain. According to legend, it was here that the Jews lost a chest with stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed.
Hill on Jeju Island, South Korea.
Water, bottles, and cars also move upward here.
To study the planet on which we are like the back of our hands, humanity will have to unravel many secrets. One of them is why the force of gravity does not act at certain points on the planet. In the meantime, the mysteries of some anomalous zones are being solved, eyewitnesses report the emergence of new ones.
Recently, in the mountains in the south of Uzbekistan, in the Baysun Nature Reserve, another “gravitational anomaly” was discovered - a place where water, rubber balls and a car at neutral speed are rolling not down, but up. As always, the media say that scientists cannot explain this phenomenon. In fact, they are simply reluctant to explain what is already obvious.
To a person who already barely remembers the school physics course, it may seem that the number of anomalous zones on Earth is increasing every year. Take, for example, areas where, according to eyewitnesses, the force of gravity ceases to act. In such places, a car set at neutral speed, a rubber ball or a trickle of water begins to move up the slope - miracles, and that’s all!
The most interesting thing is that there are quite a lot of such places, and some of them have been known for a very long time. For example, about an anomaly in the Beit Shemesh area (Israel), Devil's Gulch(Jordan) or the pass in Ladhak (India) have been known since time immemorial: this phenomenon was even mentioned by some ancient and ancient Chinese naturalists. Other places - for example, the vicinity of the village of Galashki, Nevyansky district (Middle Urals), where there is even a stream flowing up the mountain, as well as a strange hill in the area of a mountain range located ten kilometers from the village of Banjiegou in Jitai County (PRC) or a section of a mountain road on the island Jeju (South Korea) - were discovered just a few years ago.
And just the other day, a message was received from Uzbekistan that an anomalous zone in the mountains of the Baysun Nature Reserve is now open to tourists. Like, continuous miracles happen there: contrary to all the laws of physics and logic, an unknown force forces a car with the engine turned off to move upward. Moreover, moving against the force of gravity over an area of only 50 meters, the car also manages to gain speed!
Nevertheless, no matter how many years this anomaly dates back, immediately after its miraculous discovery it attracts the attention of the media and the Internet, and then tourists. Moreover, reports about such areas are always of the same type - they say that “a place has been found where the laws of physics do not apply” and that scientists “are unable to explain this mystery.” True, if you start to understand the last statement, it immediately becomes clear that no one has actually conducted research in this area, therefore, strictly speaking, there is no one to explain. Which, you see, is suspicious in itself.
However, it is precisely the fact that scientists remain silent that gives rise to the most absurd assumptions. All kinds of versions are put forward - about gravitational anomalies, and about the curvature of space, and about an unusual magnetic field. However, frankly speaking, the first two are not even worth refuting, since they belong more to the realm of fantasy than science.
How, pray tell, can a gravitational anomaly occur in such a small area (after all, literally two meters before and after this zone everything is absolutely normal)? And if we are talking about the curvature of space, then why do all the other objects in the anomalous zone look the way they should (the sky is above, the earth is below, etc.)? As for the electromagnetic version, a strong magnet can of course make the car go up. But why does water flow in the same direction and rubber balls roll?
In general, it must be admitted that none of the “anomalous” versions are convincing. Which is generally understandable, because in fact we are dealing with a very common phenomenon. By the way, I am convinced that many of you read about it in childhood in various educational books - for example, in “Entertaining Physics” by Yakov Isidorovich Perelman, but then simply forgot about it. Well, let's try to figure out these “miracles” together.
First of all, you should pay attention to the fact that all these anomalous places have many common features. They are all located in the mountains, most of them in the subtropical zone (here, perhaps, only the village of Galashki with its crazy stream breaks the rule). And each “anti-gravity” zone is small in size: from 50 to 600 meters in length, and in width - like a standard two-three-lane highway on each side.
Well, I see many have already guessed? For those who have not yet understood what the trick is, I will quote the words of one of my friends who was in such a zone in Jordan. Talking about this wonderful place, he noted: “When I walked up the slope, it was easy for me, as if I was running down. But the way back was much more difficult - it seems like you are going down, but it feels like you are climbing a mountain.” In these words lies the answer to the mystery - after all, it is impossible to deceive the muscles, the circulatory system of the body and the vestibular apparatus. But the eyes...
In a word, now you understand everything: in this case there is a fairly ordinary optical illusion. Moreover, apparently, it is combined. All physicists have long known such a phenomenon as the “lower” mirage that occurs on highways. And it arises in the same way as the usual “upper” one - in those places where there is a rapid change in masses of heated and cold air above the surface of the earth.
It is known that the heated layer of air has a lower density than its overlying layers. An oblique ray of light from a very distant object, having reached this air layer, bends its path in it so that in further travel it again moves away from the ground and enters the eye of the observer, as if reflected from a mirror at a very large angle of incidence. Therefore, a person sees in front of him, figuratively speaking, not what is in front, but what is behind.
Regarding the situation under consideration, we can say that the anomalous areas are located precisely in those places where there is a constant change of heated air near the earth's surface. Heated by it, the air mass is continuously forced upward and is immediately replaced by a new layer of heated air. As a result, above the anomalous zone, which represents a real descent, there is an “air mirror” that reflects the ascent located behind the traveler’s back or to the side of him.
The inferior mirage can often be observed in summer on asphalt and tarmac roads, which, due to their dark color, become very hot in the sun. This phenomenon also occurs in plains and temperate latitudes, and not only in subtropical mountains. However, due to the fact that the terrain is flat and the road is the same, we usually do not pay attention to such mirages. It is much easier to notice when there is a descent, and the observer sees an ascent - and this, you know, happens in the mountains.
In addition, in such places, one mirage is often superimposed on another - a lateral one. It occurs when a heated vertical wall plays the role of a mirror. It is interesting that in all the above-described anomalous zones they are present, and in quite large numbers. The combination of two mirages, “showing” the rise to an inexperienced viewer, creates a very believable illusion. Moreover, depending on the inclination of the reflecting wall to the ground surface, the illusory rise can be steep or gentle.
So, the casket opens very simply - there are no anomalies, there is only an optical illusion as old as time. That is why scientists do not give any comments - explaining what is already obvious is pointless from the point of view of scientists. In addition, many of them are sure that everyone read Perelman’s “Entertaining Physics” in childhood. Or, at least, in school physics lessons, at least sometimes they listened to what the teacher was saying.
Those who find the evidence presented in this article unconvincing can check the validity of these conclusions themselves if they go to such an “anomalous” place. To do this, they only need to take with them a device like a GPS, which shows the altitude above sea level and the angle of inclination.
With this device, the experimenter can go through the entire given area and see how the height will change. I am sure that a device that is not affected by any optical illusion will show what it really is - a decrease instead of an elevation...
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The water tower of the collective farm “Zavety Ilyich” in the Spassky district of the Gorky region is unremarkable in appearance. It has been supplying the villagers with spring water for many years. However, when you get closer, you will not hear the usual noise of the water pump - it is not there! And although the source is located significantly below the level of the upper tank, the water constantly, with only short breaks, rises upward! Isn't it a miracle? No, just a Gorky craftsman, assembly mechanic L. Cherepnov, managed to invent and test in practice an original hydraulic installation in which... the energy of the source itself is used to lift water. We invite our readers to get acquainted with the principle of its operation and design.
It is a simple matter to install a water supply system in rural areas: an electric pump supplies water to a pressure tank, from where it is supplied to consumers. But electricity to raise water is often generated by local hydroelectric power stations by converting the pressure of a moving stream. So, in this case, is it not possible to do without the help of electricity at all, forcing only the source of water to work - a stream, a spring? This can be done using a simple hydraulic installation that operates on the principle of a kind of “swing”: draining a certain amount of water ensures that part of it rises to a certain height above the source.
The structure of a motorless automatic water lift is shown in Figure 1. Its main parts are: a water tank, a source well, pressure and air sealed tanks with valve mechanisms and connecting pipes.
Water from the spring fills the well. As soon as its level reaches the inlet of the connecting pipe 9, it begins to flow into the pressure tank. When it is filled, the level in the well will rise to the edge of pipe 8 and water will begin to flow into the air tank. The pressure of the air compressed there is transmitted through pipe 2 to the pressure tank, and since the height H] is greater than H3 by the amount of pressure loss and resistance in the pipes, water from there will rise into the water tank. The reverse flow of water from the pressure tank into the well will be prevented by the closed check valve A.
1 - air tank, 2 - air pipe, 3 - pressure tank, 4 - well, 5 - spring, 6 - water tank, 7 - discharge pipe, 8 - pressure pipe, 9 - connecting pipe; A, B - valves of the pressure tank.
The supply of water to the water tank will continue until the air tank is filled with water. At the same time, its valve mechanism will operate and the water will flow into the drain hole. Then the work cycle is repeated.
The valve mechanism of the air tank (Fig. 2) works as follows. The water entering through pipe 3, displacing air into the pressure tank, fills the air tank. Having risen in it to the upper level of the cylinder, the water will raise the float 10, which will close the valve 13, blocking access to the float glass 2. It can only get into it through the top cut off the glass - when all the air is displaced into the pressure tank. When the glass is filled, the float with its levers will open the air and drain valves, communicating the pressure tank with the atmosphere, and the air with the drain pipe 14. The valves will remain open until the tank is empty. And only when the water flows out of the cylinder 11 through a small hole 12, the float 10 will open the drain valve 13 of the glass with its lever. Float 2 will drop and close valves 8 and 15 - the tank is ready for use again.
1 - glass, 2 - float, 3 - pressure pipe, 4 - air pipe, 5, 6, 7 - float levers, 8 - air valve, 9 - lever, 10 - float, 11 - cylinder, 12 - bypass hole, 13 - valve, 14 - drain pipe, 15 - drain valve.
The performance of such a water lift depends on the flow rate of the source, the height of the water rise, and the diameter of the pipes. The existing installation with a water drop H1 = 8.2 m and a pressure H2 = 7 m has a capacity of 21,312 liters of water per day. One cycle of charging the tanks takes 15 minutes and supplies 222 liters to the water tower, draining 507 liters from the air tower.
The installation is simple in design and can be made from readily available materials in small machine shops. Reliability, trouble-free operation and autonomy allow such a water lift to be operated far from power lines and used to create artificial reservoirs, irrigation systems, and other household needs. Thanks to the automatic mode, the system can operate for a long time without human supervision.
The diagram shows only one version of such an installation, operating on the principle of a hydraulic compressor. To obtain greater pressure, the system can be made two-stage: with a sequential rise of water in two pressure tanks. The absence of a hydraulic connection between the air and pressure tank allows the installation to operate on two sources of water, when, for example, a clean spring has a low productivity, and a fast-moving mountain stream flowing nearby is unsuitable for drinking. Then the key water can only flow into the pressure tank, and from the stream into the air tank, creating the necessary pressure in the system.
If the readers of the magazine are interested in my message, I will be happy to share my experience and new ideas with them.
L. CHEREPKOV, Gorky
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