Expanding factory production required qualified specialists. This problem was successfully solved by a team of teachers and industrial training masters of the factory apprenticeship school (FZU), created in 1924 and later transformed into a vocational school.
Masters and instructors of industrial training were S.I. Vetrova, V.M. Vetrova, N.M. Lavrentieva, M.K. Belozertseva, L.P. Anisimova, M.L. Mozhaeva, A.G. Vechernina, for a long time The school was headed by D.T. Shatali.
Over the years of its existence, many assistant craftsmen, weavers, winders, spinners, pickers, cane makers and other specialists have graduated from the walls of the school. Having received initial professional education, many graduates later became top-class specialists.
Historical reference:
Factory apprenticeship school, FZU school(often mistakenly - factory school) - the main type of vocational school in the USSR from 1920 to 1940.
FZU schools operated at large enterprises to train skilled workers. Duration of training is 3–4 years. The school accepted young people aged 14-18 with primary education. Along with vocational training, the school provided general education training.
In 1930-1939, training took place mainly on the basis of a 7-year school and, due to a reduction in hours for general education subjects, the duration of training was reduced to 1.5–2 years. In 1940, most FZU schools were reformed into FZO schools, remaining mainly in the light and food industries.
In 1959-1963, along with all vocational educational institutions of the USSR State Labor Reserves system, FZU schools were transformed into vocational schools with different periods of study.
During the existence of FZU schools, about 2.5 million skilled workers were trained.
From the memoirs of G.G. Osipova:
In 1924, the factory worked only 1 shift, and only 2/3 of the equipment was used. In order to start up idle equipment, skilled labor was required in all professions.
In November 1924, the FZU School was organized. Children of factory workers and from surrounding villages were accepted into it.
At first, theoretical classes were held in a children's school. In recent years, they studied in a narrow building of the factory. The duration of training was 2.5 years. Special subjects were taught by chief engineer S.V. Mazurin, head weaving production A.G. Smirnov and other shop managers.
General education subjects were taught by teachers from the children's school. Practical classes were conducted at workplaces in workshops. Areas and sets were allocated, and the best weaving instructors A. Andreeva, M. Dvoretskova, T.M. were assigned. Legkova, worked with pommasters I.P. Kalinin.
Before graduating from school, pommasters underwent an internship on a working kit under the supervision of a pommaster.
At first, the girls worked on machines and machines under the supervision of instructors.
From 1924 to 1941, the FZU school on average annually graduated 100-120 students in various specialties - ribbon weavers, bankers, spinners, winders, weavers and pommasters. According to incomplete data, from 1927 to 1941, about 1,500 people were released.
Since 1927, girls and boys from orphanages entered the FZU school every year. In the first years, due to the lack of dormitories and apartments on the factory territory, the girls lived in the village of Lepeshki, and the boys in the village of Putilovo in private houses. As living space was being built at the factory, FZU students from orphanages and recruited girls from Ryazan, Kursk, Voronezh and other regions were housed in dormitories in the barracks and in houses on the street. Chkalova.
Students of the FZU school. 1926.
In the center - instructor Kalinin Ivan Pavlovich
FZU group. Warping department of the factory. 1925
Graduates of the Voznesensk factory school. First edition. 1927In the photo: in the foreground on the left - Smirnov A.G., head. weaving production (taught weaving), Sergey Vasilievich Mazurin, chief engineer of the factory (far right).
Also pictured: Boris Platonov, head of the FZU school.
Students, from left to right: Mikhailov I., Makarov S., Yagodkina D., Tabakova M., Tikhonova (Lebedeva) Zinaida Kononovna, Ivanov N., Kolokolnikov F., Osipov Georgy Georgievich, Bulkina, E., Blinnikov G., Ivanova V., Stikharev V., Plotnikova E., Vetrova S., Kolokolnikova M., Pleshakov Fedor Andreevich, Mayorov Stepan Vasilievich, Belov N., Kartashov A., Shapkina A., Sosnova, Malysheva P., Novikova, unknown. , unknown, unknown, Nikiforov B.
FZU school
A group of FZU students at the southern resort. 1929
Sitting: Yushkin, Malyshev, Alexey Bolyasnikov, Gennady Fedorovich Orlov
Standing: Prokhorov, Korshunov V., Sidorov V., Khromov A., Vasiliev N.
Students of the FZU school. 1931-1933
In the first row, from left to right, are: Besfamilnov, Glazov, Bakhurin, Lebedev N.;
2nd row: Pyotr Ivanovich Trusov, Valentin Matveevich Nikolaev (2nd from left), A. Polygushin, Shishkin;
3rd row: Lodkin L., Tyulyukin N., Kulakov T., I Gnatyev
FZU students. 1930Standing from left to right: Serisev, Ilyin. S, Fomichev, Fedorov,
sitting - Markin, Kudryavtsev, instructor Ivan Pavlovich Kalinin, Yakshin, V, Korshunov, unknown, Ilinykh, Fomichev, unknown, Fedorov
A group of factory supervisors in the training workshop. April 15, 1937Sitting from left to right: Meshchaninov, unknown, Baskakov, Kozychkin, Pavlov, unknown, Pleshakov F.A. (teacher), Mayorov S.V. (instructor), unknown, Voronin, Zavyalov A., unknown, Andreev F.
FZU students. 1938
Standing from left to right: Mayorov S.V. - instructor, Kulagin, Elizarov, Proshin, Golubkov, Myagkov, Bokhvalov, Timofeev, Zavyalov A.
Teachers of the Factory Apprenticeship School (FZU)
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Vetrova Sofia Ivanovna Weaver |
Ivanova Valentina Dmitrievna Political educator FZU |
Yudin Ivan Sergevich Head of the spinning shop, teacher of the technical training school |
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Monakhov Semyon Ilyich In 1928 he graduated from the FZU school. |
Mayorov Stepan Vasilievich He was a member of the Blue Blouse propaganda brigade in the late 1920s and early 1930s. |
Novikov Petr Vasilievich Graduated from FZU in 1933. |
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Petrova Zinaida Nikolaevna Orphanage teacher. |
Pleshakov Fedor Andreevich Head of the II weaving workshop, |
Trusov Petr Ivanovich Graduated from FZU in 1933. |
The best graduates of the FZU School
Krylov Petr DmitrievichHe graduated from the factory at the factory in 1928.
From 1929 to 1934 he graduated from the Moscow Textile College.
After graduating from technical school, from 1934 to 1937, he worked as a foreman in the preparation and spinning workshop of the factory named after. CRAF.
Since 1938, head of spinning production at the Orekhovsky plant. During this period he graduated from the Textile Institute in absentia.
In 1941 he was sent to Leninakan to the position of head. spinning mill.
Since 1946 - chief engineer at the plant in Noginsk.
Since 1968 chief engineer of the textile mill in Yegoryevsk.
From 1970 to 1972 director of the Krasnaya Polyana factory.
Since 1972 - pensioner due to illness
Orlov Gennady FedorovichHe studied at the FZU from 1927 to 1929.
Upon graduation, he worked as a weaving factory's assistant master on machines of the "Platt" and "Ivanova" systems.
Since 1939 - head of the 1st weaving shop.
Since 1939 in the army, participant in the Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars. He came back from the war with the rank of captain.
Since 1948 he worked in the RMO of the weaving workshop. In 1947-1949 chairman of the factory committee.
From 1949 to 1952, secretary of the factory's party organization.
From 1952 to 1955 deputy. director of the factory, from 1955 to 1964 - head of the supply department.
From 1964 to 1967 - master of industrial training at a technical training institution.
From 1967-1972 - mechanic of the fuel and transport department of the factory.
Since 1972 - retired
M.K. Yangel
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Smirnov |
Tolotov |
Morels Graduated from FZU in 1933. |
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Polisonova |
Fetisova |
Lobova Cane maker |
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Osipov Worked as a weaver's weaver in 1930. |
Potapov |
Bartz Graduated from FZU in 1937 |
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Chistyakov Engineer, worked at a spinning factory, was a shop manager, and chief engineer. |
Pankratova Weaver engineer. |
Pankratov Weaver engineer, teacher on the subject of "Weaving" |
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Bushuev In 1930 he graduated from the Federal Educational Institution |
Konoplev From 1950 he worked as a carrier and tanker, at the same time he studied at a correspondence textile college. |
Ukolov From 1924 to 1929 - factory weaver |
The evening department of the Moscow Textile College was opened in 1951. Its leader, Varvara Pavlovna Skuratova, made a great contribution to its departments. Shop managers, foremen and other managers who did not have special education sat down at the training desks
Malinkin Vladimir Alekseevich
technician, taught the subject "Spinning" at the technical school
Girls prepare for lessons at an evening school for working youth
There was a vocational school and a girls' dormitory here.
The building of a former school in Zarechny deadlock (Bleaching barracks)
Class in the School of Working Youth at the factory named after. CRAF
In a dorm room in Zarechny deadlock
During a lesson at the Federal Educational Institution on the subject of "weaving".
Spinners at a class at the FZU
In a dorm room. St. Chkalova, 12
Khromov N. Amazing contrasts
Raid "KP"
We have four comfortable, well-equipped dormitories in which the girls working at our factory live. The dormitories have everything: living rooms with modern, comfortable furniture, rooms for study and relaxation, and wonderful cabins.
On November 11, the Komsomol Searchlight headquarters conducted a raid on the dormitories. And what did we see?.. At first glance, everything seemed to be fine - renovated buildings, bright, clean corridors. The red corners are cozy, there are posters, stands, and wall newspapers on the walls. The living rooms are orderly and clean. We ask the representatives of the hostel administration a question: who cleans and puts things in order in these premises? It turned out that the girls create a schedule and clean all the rooms themselves.
The impression was created that we had come here in vain. But, alas, to our surprise and regret, the “order” in some living rooms struck us on the spot, but not all of them. The most persistent and self-possessed went forward.
Making our way through a curtain of cigar smoke, we entered room No. 2 of the hostel on Sverdlov Street. The guys opened the windows of this “smoking car”. The smoke cleared a little, but the walls and furniture were saturated with the smell of nicotine. And what do we see... Time is 16 o'clock. There are no owners. The room is a mess, the beds are not made, linen, clothes, shoes and garbage are strewn everywhere. There is a mountain of dirty dishes on the table. And this “ensemble” is completed by an inconspicuous, ordinary plate, overflowing with cigarette butts and ashes.
Recent graduates of the factory vocational school A. Drobina, V. Lyakhova, N. Zudenko, G. Sultanov live in this room. In room No. 14 there is a similar picture, and recent graduates of the PU factory Gross, Baturina, and Ryzhenko also live in it.
You can also give examples of such spectacular “smoking rooms”.
But Zosya Markovich from room No. 7 surprised us with her behavior. She rudely and unceremoniously pushed the members of the Komsomolsky Searchlight headquarters out of the room and closed it. By the way, Zosya Markovich is the chairman of the hostel council.
In the hostel on Chkalova Street, a different picture appeared before the eyes of the “projectors”. The hostel has 22 rooms, and all of them are clean and tidy. The cleanliness of the room, its comfort - this is the face of the people living in it. The girls took us through all the rooms, showed us the cabins, the red corner of the dorm, and albums.
We completed the “KP” raid in a hostel on Zarechnaya Street. This dormitory took first place in the review-competition of the factory's dormitories. But here, too, some flaws were discovered. For example, room No. 88 can be imagined as a standard of disorder and chaos. The room is clean, but things, from combs and curlers to clothes, are hung, scattered, and arranged in terrible disarray. Well, room No. 73, in which the girls V. Pogorelova, T. Tonkoshkurova, V. Malinkina, V. Molchanov live, clearly belongs to the series of already known “smoking rooms”. It’s unpleasant to even enter such a room. Entering room No. 90, the “projectors” were finally broken by Lida Kot’s obscene welcoming monologue and decided to end the raid on the factory dormitories.
Following the raid, a meeting of the KP headquarters was held and a photographic indictment was issued.
Teachers of dormitories and PUs should improve the aesthetic education of PU students and girls living in dormitories.
Khromov N., Chief of Staff "KP"
Today I will start a new, and, if there is reader interest, a long series of articles about the everyday life of people in the Stalinist USSR. And not for the entire period, but only for the pre-war period. More precisely, this is 1939, 1940 and the beginning of 1941. I'll explain my choice. In the process of working on the book “The Daily Life of the First Urals During the Great Patriotic War,” I accumulated a large amount of material about the country as a whole. And one day I had a thought: what would the Stalinist USSR be like if the Second World War had not happened?
I think it is impossible to answer this question in full. But the main features can be seen in what the Soviet Union was like in 1939-1940 and early 1941.
Why this period?
Because the beginning of 1939 was essentially the last period when the USSR had not yet carried out large-scale mobilization measures in preparation for war. In the summer of 1939, mobilization measures were widely felt by the population. Further, mobilization activities continued to increase.
Even many professional Soviet historians begin counting mobilization activities in the USSR with the creation of the State Defense Committee in the summer of 1941.
It is not right.
The people felt the mobilization tension in the summer of 1939. Shortly before Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, although the most sensitive pre-war mobilization events for the population occurred in 1940.
This fully applies to factory apprenticeship schools (FZU).
In 1939, FZUs were very popular among young people.
Studying at the FZU was entirely voluntary, students lived an interesting social and cultural life.
FZU students were provided with food, a stipend and a hostel.
They didn’t take anyone who got into the FZU.
The right to study at a college had to be earned!
To make it clear to the reader what temptations lured teenagers to the FZU, I will cite several advertisements from the Pervouralsk newspapers of 1939:
“FZU Novotrubny Plant announces a set of students: turners - 30, mechanics - 60, wire drawers - 30, electricians - 60. Those accepted are provided with a hostel, a scholarship from 55 to 143 rubles. Persons from 15 to 18 years old with a 7th grade education are accepted. Those who apply must pass tests in the Russian language, mathematics, physics and chemistry.”
And here’s how they were admitted to the FZO Dinasovy Zavod school:
“Training of mechanics, pressers, crushers. Persons over 16 years of age with at least 6th grade education are accepted. And also (the school) trains accountants. Education – at least 7th grade. Persons over 17 years old are accepted. Duration of training is 6 months. Scholarships for accountants – 125 rubles.”
Note that it was more difficult to get into the Novotrubny Plant Federal Educational Institution then than into a modern university!!! There are already four exams!
In addition to the fact that FZU students were provided with a good scholarship, housing, special clothing and food, enterprises also organized their leisure time.
Here are a few more excerpts from Pervouralsk newspapers:
“The guys from the FZU PNTZ visited the Kungur Cave on an excursion with the money of the factory committee.”
And further:
“In the summer of 1939, 60 guys from the Dinas plant went on vacation to various holiday homes. Several of them visited the famous all-Union pioneer camp “Artek”, and several more people visited the sanatorium named after. October Revolution in Odessa".
Unfortunately, the international situation continued to deteriorate and on October 2, 1940, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree according to which the People's Commissariats and enterprises were able to mobilize young people into railway schools, general education institutions, and vocational schools through conscription.
Prinudilovka immediately changed the population’s attitude towards the FZU.
Cases of unauthorized departures from FZUs have become more frequent. The state responded with punitive measures. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated December 28, 1940, students of vocational, railway and FZO schools were ordered to be subject to a court verdict for unauthorized departure from school, as well as for systematic and gross violation of school discipline, resulting in expulsion from school. imprisonment in labor colonies for up to one year.
This is why factory apprenticeship schools still have such a controversial reputation in historical literature - until the fall of 1940 - it was a voluntary, prestigious matter, and then it was forced and undesirable.
The modern reader is presented with these negative circumstances out of context. And the propaganda technique works - the vast majority do not know the realities of the pre-war USSR.
By the way, that’s why I called this series of posts "Forgotten USSR".
It must be said that contemporaries perceived these steps of the state in an extremely ambiguous manner. The foreign policy of the USSR at that moment was ambivalent. On the one hand, fascism was recognized as the main enemy of all Soviet people, on the other, the USSR tried in every possible way to appease Germany in order to avoid war.
Many at that time did not understand international realities and were extremely critical of the steps of the Stalinist government. Writer Yuri Slepukhin in his autobiographical novel “Crossroads” cites the following episode, allegedly recorded by a high school student, a Komsomol member, in her personal diary:
« Yesterday, Order No. 1 of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves was issued: on the distribution of conscript contingents by region. In our region there are 15 thousand people - 7000 people in vocational schools, 700 in railway schools and 7300 in factory training schools. Everyone is wondering who will be among those “fifteen thousanders.” However, it seems that Ch. arr. sixth and seventh graders. Girls too!
In the evening, Sergei, Volodya, and I visited the Nikolaevs. Tanya began to say that it was cruel to call such children by force, regardless of their plans for the future, etc. Finally Alex. Sem. He yelled at her - I have never seen him so indignant. He said that you need to understand at least a little what caused this. We now live like on a volcano, the defense industry needs millions of specialists, and in general this cannot be compared with what young people in Western Europe are experiencing now. His words made me feel terrible. “I really still just didn’t think that this measure was caused by preparations for war, and in general I didn’t think at all that war could take over us too.”
If it weren’t for the war, then the students of the FZU in 1940 and 1941 and in all subsequent years would have gone to the beaches of the Black Sea, received hefty scholarships, and the guys would have rushed to the FZU, as they do now to the most prestigious faculties...
I think that even from these few examples one can understand what Stalin’s USSR would have been like if the Europeans, with the active assistance of the Americans and Japanese, had not ignited the Second World War.
To be continued…
One of the questions when studying family history is the question of how this or that person, living in one locality, suddenly finds himself in another. Many, of course, know this from family legends, from their closest relatives, and so on. But what about those who once lost sight of this, and then suddenly wanted to find out the circumstances that led his ancestor to a completely new place of residence?
There are, of course, a lot of reasons, both in Soviet times and now.
Reasons for moving people around the country
Previously, this was the resettlement of peasants from Little Russia and the central provinces of the country in search of free land, the Stolypin agrarian reform, then the notorious distribution, dispossession, repression, the outflow of residents of small settlements to cities in search of work, grandiose construction projects in the country, the raising of virgin lands, the forced resettlement of people from the German nationalities from the western regions of our country, the introduction of special settlements, etc.
Enrollment in FZO schools
But few people know that in the forties, a process was carried out to recruit young men to FZO schools as part of compulsory labor mobilization. This is what we will talk about today. I will tell you where and from where teenagers were mobilized.
On May 6, 1941, the executive committee of the Chkalovsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies decided the following: in accordance with the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Executive Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) dated April 22, 1941, number 1108 “On the preparation of state labor reserves in FZO schools, vocational and railway schools in 1941 » to oblige the city and district executive committees of the Councils of Working People's Deputies to call (mobilize) from June 5 to June 20, urban, collective farm and other rural male youth aged 17 years to the schools of the Federal Educational Institution Nos. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 ,9,11,12,13,15,18 and at the age of 16-17 years old in schools No. 5,10,14.
A plan was approved for the distribution of conscripted urban, collective farm and other rural youth among the cities and districts of the Chkalov region.
According to this plan, the areas from which youth were recruited and the schools that needed these youth were determined. So, read carefully, perhaps your relative ended up in Orsk, Orenburg, Dombarovka and other settlements this way.
Orsk FZO
Boys from Aleksandrovsky, Ekaterinovsky, etc. were recruited to school No. 10 of the oil industry in Orsk. The school needed 170 people.
It was planned to recruit 155 students from the city itself and the Kurmanaevsky district to the school No. 14 of metal workers in Orsk.
With a plan of 325 people, school No. 18 of the FZO construction business of Orsk recruited young men from the Asekeevsky, Tashlinsky, and Mordovo-Boklinsky districts.
Residents of the Matveevsky district were also subject to mobilization at the FZO school No. 9 of the mining industry of the city of Orsk.
And school No. 1 of construction in Orsk required as many as 760 students, so the geography of the mobilized areas is vast - Buguruslan rural district, as well as Burtinsky, Gavrilovsky, Grachevsky, Derzhavinsky, Krasnopartizansky, Oktyabrsky, Mustaevsky, Novo-Orsky, Ponomarevsky districts.
Young people were also recruited into the FZO schools of the city of Chkalov (Orenburg)
Residents of the Chkalov districts - Kirovsky, Dzerdzhinsky, Kaganovichsky - went to work in the 11th railway transport department, and in the 3rd construction department - residents of the Chkalovsky rural district, as well as Novo-Sergievsky, Perevolotsky, Pokrovsky districts.
Sol-Iletsk school of factory training
Sol-Iletsk also had its own school No. 6 of the coal industry. Boys from Sol-Iletsk, Buranny, Ak-Bulak, Ilek and Krasnokholmsky districts were recruited into it.
FZO art. Koltubanka Buzuluk district
FZO school No. 15 of construction at the Koltubanka station opened its doors to the young men of the city of Buzuluk.
Mednogorsk
The city of Mednogorsk and its school FZO No. 4 of the mining industry has become a new home for boys from Mednogorsk, Buguruslan, Saraktashsky, Kuvandyksky, Totsky districts.
Kvarkeno and FZO
The youth of Kvarkensky and the districts joined the ranks of the FZO school No. 12 of the Kvarkeno mining industry.
Khalilovo
And the FZO school No. 7 of the Khalilovo mining industry found its students in the , Sakmarsky, and Sekretarsky districts.
Adamovka
School No. 8 of the Adamovka mining industry was replenished from residents of the Buzuluk rural district.
Dombarovka
Schools of the federal educational institution of the mining industry in the working village of Dombarovka recruited students: the 13th from the Dombarovsky and Sok-Karmalinsky districts, the 2nd from the Sorochinsky, Troitsky, Sharlyksky districts.
Considering the processes of resettlement of residents of other settlements in the Orenburg region to our city, I was initially perplexed, since these were mainly residents of the western regions of our region, the question arose, why did they not settle in Orenburg, for example? But the Soviet Union made its own adjustments to the plans of citizens, controlling their fate as if it were its own. Many of those mobilized then in June 1941 never returned to their native villages, villages, or even to Orsk, Chkalov, Dombarovka, Adamovka, Khalilovo and other settlements, where they were called up as part of labor mobilization - they died on the battlefields. But there were also those who, having gone through all the horrors of the war, still returned. And there certainly were such people in Orsk. They came back from the war, stood at the machine, having worked at the enterprise that had become their home, until their well-deserved retirement.
My husband’s great-grandfather comes from the Ivanovsky district of the Chkalov region (now Krasnogvardeysky district) according to obd-memorial: obd-memorial.ru/html/info.htm?id=6521185 .
Whether his son and her husband’s grandfather were among those mobilized in 1941 remains to be seen, but at least it is clear how a resident of the Ivanovo district could end up with us in Orsk.
Note: not all areas now exist within the boundaries to which we are accustomed. Some MOs do not currently exist in the region at all. I made links to many such areas in the article. But unfortunately, I haven’t written about some, for example, Ekaterinovsky, Sok-Karmalinsky, Sekretarsky. I plan to do this in the future.
Factory training schools (FZO), prof.-tech. uch. establishments. Created Oct. 1940 instead of factory apprenticeship schools (FZU) simultaneously with vocational schools. They trained low-skilled mass-professional workers: carpenters, masons, plasterers, mortarmen, etc. The training period was 6 months. FZO schools accepted mainly villages. young people aged 16-17 years old with basic education. Enrollments of students took place in the order of mobilization. calls. Basic number of students time was allocated for industrial training, general education. there was no preparation. Students were introduced to general polytechnic. principles of production, general technology. information, basic concepts of technology processes, reading drawings, etc. In October-November 1940, 800 FZO schools were created (over 258.6 thousand students).
During the years of Vel. Otech. During the war, FZO schools trained workers for the defense industry. Shortening the lesson theoretical time training and maintaining the full program of production, practice, FZO schools carried out accelerated graduation of students in 2-3 months. In 1940-41 they released St. 645.2 thousand workers, during the war years - St. 1792.8 thousand people. (almost 3 times more than craft schools). FZO schools provided students with full government funding. content, which was especially important in war conditions. time. In the process of production and practice, boys and girls made ammunition, cutting and measuring instruments for the front, repaired military equipment, and participated in the restoration of destroyed farms.
In the beginning. 50s Mainly graduates of 7-year schools began to enroll in FZO schools; As a result, schools underwent major changes. According to their type, schools for mining, construction, and mechanization were opened in 1953. x-va with a 6-month training period. In 1949-54, education in FZO and FZO-type schools was extended to 10 months. Upon admission to them, knowledge in the amount of 7 classes became mandatory. In con. 50s - early 60s they were converted into professional-technical ones. uch. establishments.
Omsk vocational schools, FZO and FZU schools in the first post-war years (1945 -1953)
In the first post-war years, the Soviet leadership made significant efforts to restore public education in a short time. Without this restoration, many areas of scientific, technical and social development experienced serious difficulties.
During the Great Patriotic War, the buildings of educational and cultural institutions were often occupied by hospitals and evacuated enterprises. It was necessary to return educational institutions to these buildings as soon as possible. This primarily concerned schools, since worker training schools were actively involved in producing products for the front. However, here too the task was to modernize schools, improve the quality of teaching, increase the productivity of students at subordinate enterprises, and improve living conditions in dormitories.
The training of young workers became especially important in connection with the desire of evacuated workers to return to their hometowns. This also applied to Omsk, where escapes from enterprises were even recorded (although this was subject to criminal liability at that time).
Omsk city authorities paid great attention to the training of young workers. Their main training took place through vocational schools, factory training schools (FZO) and, to a lesser extent, factory apprenticeship school (FZU). It is worth recalling the specifics of these educational institutions.
Vocational school (RU) - vocational educational institutions in the USSR in the 1940-1950s. for the training of skilled workers for industry, transport, communications, agriculture, etc. They were organized in 1940 from factory apprenticeship schools in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On State Labor Reserves” dated October 2, 1940 for training skilled workers. They educated young people aged 14-17, usually with a 7-year education. The training lasted mainly 2-3 years. The students were on state support. In 1959, the Republic of Uzbekistan was transformed into vocational schools.
Factory training school (FZO school) is the lowest type of vocational school. FZO schools were created on the basis of FZU schools. Existed in 1940;1963. The students were fully supported by the state. FZO schools operated on the basis of industrial enterprises and construction sites in the system of State Labor Reserves of the USSR. They trained workers in mass professions for construction, coal, mining, metallurgy, oil and other industries. The duration of training was 6 months.
These schools accepted young people aged 16-18 with any general education background. (Since 1955 - with primary education and above). For training in professions related to underground work, in hot shops, and in construction, only young men over 18 years of age were accepted.
In 1949, FZO schools for the coal and mining industries were reorganized into mining schools with 6 and 10-month training periods. In 1955, FZO schools for construction were reorganized into 10-month construction schools, and since 1957 - into 2-year construction schools. In 1959-1963. Along with all vocational and technical educational institutions of the USSR State Labor Reserves system, all FZO schools, mining and construction schools were transformed into vocational schools with different periods of study.
Factory apprenticeship schools (FZU) operated at large enterprises to train skilled workers. The duration of training was 3-4 years. The school accepted young people aged 14-18 with primary education. Along with vocational training, the school provided general education training. In 1930-1939 training took place mainly on the basis of a 7-year school and, due to a reduction in hours for general education subjects, the duration of training was reduced to 1.5; 2 years. In 1940, most FZU schools were reformed into factory training schools and vocational schools, remaining mainly in the light and food industries.
In accordance with the five-year plan (1946-1950), the Main Labor Reserves for the Omsk Region planned to train young workers in mass professions through FZO schools for 5 years at the level of 20 thousand people. By bringing training to 7 thousand per year in the next five-year period. The training of skilled workers through vocational schools in 5 years was supposed to amount to 16 thousand people (up to 5.5 thousand workers per year). It was planned to increase the total number of trained workers by 3.5 times, and in schools - by 4 times. This means that it was necessary to significantly expand the network of schools, build new ones, and provide them with dormitories and equipment. This could only be achieved with the support of the largest Omsk enterprises.
Omsk plants and factories were interested in the development of vocational education, because vocational schools produced not only personnel for them, but also a variety of products: lathes and chucks (RU No. 1), pneumatic hammers, machine yews, files (RU No. 2), braiding machines, electric motors (RU No. 3), drilling machines (ZhDU No. 1), as well as a variety of tools, spare parts for tractors and agricultural machines.
Attention was also paid to improving living conditions and, especially, nutrition for students. One of the ways to achieve this was to conduct one’s own agricultural production. By this time, FZO schools had up to 200 heads of livestock, had their own tractors and seeds, but this was not enough and was used irrationally. The task was set to allocate land near the city or transfer one of the suburban state farms to schools.
Omsk periodicals and archival documents allow us to get an idea of vocational schools and FZO schools of that time. Students were accepted with at least a 4th or 5th grade education. The duration of training depended on the profession (from 4 months to 1.5 years). As a rule, students were provided with free food, special clothing and a dormitory, but there were schools that did not have dormitories.
For example, a vocational school for metalworkers trained mechanics for household repairs. The training lasted 1.5 years. The flour milling school of the FZU at the Kirov flour mill "Glavmuka" accepted persons at least 16 years old with an education of at least 5 classes. She trained upholsterers, rollers and sievers. Duration of training - 4 months. The scholarship was 116 rubles. per month. The FZU school at shoe factory No. 1 (18 Podgornaya St.) accepted students no younger than 14 years old with at least a 4th grade education. The FZO school at the cord factory trained reed makers, twisters, bankers and water makers. Girls aged 16–18 with at least 4th grade education were accepted. According to the admission conditions, each applicant must have a passport, a certificate of education and health status. Dormitories were not provided, but food and clothing were provided.
Trade schools associated with complex technology were considered the most prestigious. Here the students worked actively and had their own work plan. Vocational school No. 1 mastered the serial production of screw-cutting lathes of the T-4 brand, lathe chucks, yews, and cutting tools. Vocational school No. 2 produced pneumatic hammers PM-50 weighing up to 2.5 tons, machine yews, files, hacksaw blades, and many tools. No less valuable products were produced by vocational school No. 3: braiding machines, low-power electric motors. Colleges and FZO schools had their own plan, which was systematically exceeded. In 1946, it was exceeded in the production of electric motors - by 50%, in drilling machines - by 40%, and in machine-made yews - by 20%.
Social conditions in vocational schools in the first period after the war were difficult, but gradually improved. This was especially true for those colleges and FZO schools that directly collaborated with large factories. In 1949, the newspaper published a letter from a village resident I. Cheremnov, who visited his son, a student at the FZO school No. 4 at the machine-building plant. The father was very pleased with the conditions of study and living of his son, and thanked the school management for this. Despite the censorship, a lot of critical information of an everyday nature was published in the press, so this letter still inspires confidence. Moreover, many villagers lived financially worse than city dwellers.
Students of vocational schools and FZO schools were actively involved in sports and amateur art groups. As the material base strengthened, the capabilities of the schools grew. Many schools had their own choirs, brass bands, and drama clubs. The regional directorate of labor reserves (it was in charge of all such schools) held amateur art shows and the best students were awarded prizes.
Vocational schools and FZO schools at that time were the most widespread forms of vocational education. And they played a huge role in restoring the country’s national economy. In addition, these schools gave a start in life to many war children. Today the question is about the revival of vocational education, which in post-Soviet times (like many other areas of society) suffered huge losses.
Bibliography
1.See more details: Sizov S.G. Omsk during the years of “post-war Stalinism” (1946 – March 1953): monograph. - Omsk: SibADI, 2012.- 252 p., ill.
2. Talankin V. Train young workers // Omskaya Pravda. – 1946. – No. 76. – April 13. – P. 3.
3. Announcements // Omskaya Pravda. – 1946. – No. 51. – March 10. – P. 4.
4. Announcements // Omskaya Pravda. – 1946. – No. 25 – February 3. – P. 4.
5. Announcements // Omskaya Pravda. – 1946. – No. 58. – March 20. – P. 4.
6. Announcements // Omskaya Pravda. – 1949. – No. 89. – May 8. – P. 4.
7.Products of vocational schools and FZO schools // Omskaya Pravda. – 1946. – No. 70. – April 6. – P. 4.
8. Cheremnov I. Visiting my son // Omskaya Pravda. – 1949. – No. 63 – April 1. – P. 3.
9. Korablev A. Amateur performance of pupils of the Labor reserves // Omskaya Pravda. – 1950. – No. 71. – April 9. – P. 3.