Basic research. Methodology “Level of social frustration

Social frustration is a type (form) of mental stress caused by dissatisfaction with the achievements and position of the individual in socially defined hierarchies.

Social frustration conveys a person’s emotional attitude towards the positions that he has managed to occupy in society at this point in his life. At the same time, intelligence reflects, on the one hand, what can, in principle, be achieved in a particular area and what a person himself was specifically able to achieve, on the other hand.

Assessing his achievements according to various socially defined hierarchies, a person experiences one or another degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. At the same time, he experiences frustration not so much from what has been achieved, for example from the conditions in which he lives, or material income, but from the thought that today he can achieve more. Something similar happens in the sphere of relationships: they suit us or don’t suit us not on their own, but depending on expectations and assessments. Another person is quite satisfied that he has no friends, that he does not enter into informal relationships with colleagues. Close, trusting contacts do not arise - and there is no need.

Social frustration depends to a greater extent on the awareness of what has not been achieved than on the real situation of the individual.

Dissatisfaction in certain areas of socially defined hierarchies accumulates and forms a constant background of emotional stress of the individual. When emotional stress reaches a critical level, the individual resorts to certain measures of psychological defense. It either lowers the level of aspirations, or ignores levels of the hierarchy that are inaccessible to it, or discredits those who occupy them. Often psychological stress is relieved by “renouncing” competing values. For example, in modern conditions, some people give preference to the hierarchy of education, while sacrificing material achievements.

Methodology form “Level of social frustration”

№	Are you satisfied	Completely satisfied	Rather dissatisfied	I find it difficult to answer	Rather dissatisfied	Completely dissatisfied
	With your education
	Relationships with work colleagues
	Relationships with management at work
	Relationships with the subjects of their professional activities (patients, clients, students, etc.)
	The content of your work as a whole
	Conditions of professional activity (study)
	Your position in society
	Financial situation
	Housing conditions
	Relationships with your spouse
	Relationships with child(ren)
	Relationships with parents
	The situation in society (state)
	Relationships with friends, closest acquaintances
	Service and consumer services sector
	Healthcare sector
	Leisure activities
	Possibility to spend holidays
	Possibility to choose a place of work
	Your way of life in general

Test yourself. Below is a questionnaire that records the degree of dissatisfaction with social achievements in the main aspects of life. The questionnaire represents a modification of L. I. Wasserman’s methodology (V. M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 1995, No. 2). Read each question and indicate the most appropriate answer.

Data processing. This item determines the level of frustration. It can vary from 0 to 4 points. Each answer option is assigned points: completely satisfied - 0, somewhat satisfied - 1, difficult to answer - 2, rather dissatisfied - 3, not completely satisfied - 4.

If the technique is used to identify an indicator for a group of respondents, then it is necessary: 1) to obtain separately the product of the number of respondents who chose a particular answer by the score assigned to the answer, 2) to calculate the sum of these products, 3) to divide it by the total number of respondents to this answer. paragraph. It is possible to determine the final average index of the level of social frustration. To do this, you need to add up the frustration indicators for all points and divide the sum by the number of points (20).

In mass surveys, the percentage of people who chose one or another answer option for a specific item is very indicative.

Interpretation of results. Conclusions about the level of social frustration are made taking into account the score (average score) for each item. The higher the score, the higher the level of social frustration:

– 3.5-4 points – very high level of frustration;

– 3.0-3.4 – increased level of frustration;

– 2.5-2.9 – moderate level of frustration;

– 2.0-2.4 – uncertain level of frustration;

– 1.5-1.9 – reduced level of frustration;

– 0.5-1.4 – very low level;

– 0-0.5 – absence (almost absence) of frustration.

Methodology for diagnosing the level of subjective feeling of loneliness by D. Russell and M. Ferguson

Instructions. “You are presented with a series of statements. Consider each one sequentially and evaluate in terms of the frequency of their manifestations in relation to your life using four answer options: “often”, “sometimes”, “rarely”, “never”. Mark the selected option with a “+” sign.”

Processing of results and interpretation. The number of each answer option is counted. The sum of the answers “often” is multiplied by three, “sometimes” by two, “rarely” by one and “never” by 0. The results obtained are added together. The maximum possible loneliness score is 60 points.

A high degree of loneliness is indicated by 40 to 60 points, from 20 to 40 points – an average level of loneliness, from 0 to 20 points – a low level of loneliness.

Methodology "T and D"

Diagnoses anxiety and depression. Instructions. “We ask you to answer a series of questions that will help us find out how you are feeling. If the conditions specified in the question are

– you have never had one, give 5 points;

The questionnaire is an original research tool designed to assess social well-being, incl. social component of quality of life. Developed in 2004 at NIPNI named after. Bekhtereva L.I. Wasserman, B.V. Iovlev and M.A. Berebin.

Theoretical basis

Social frustration is considered as a consequence of the inability of a person (healthy or, especially, sick) to fulfill his current social needs. The significance of these needs for each individual is individual and depends on self-awareness (self-esteem), the system of life goals and values, individual abilities and experience in solving problem and crisis situations. Therefore, social frustration, being a consequence of a real social situation, is personal in nature, determining the stressogenicity of social frustrators, such as, for example, dissatisfaction with relationships in the family and at work, education, socio-economic status, position in society, physical and mental health, performance and etc. The assessment of specific parameters allows us to fill the concept of quality of life with specific internal content from the standpoint of the social functioning of the individual and his adaptive capabilities. In other words, social frustration can be considered as a specific complex of experiences and relationships of an individual that arises in response to the action of frustrating factors.

It is very likely that the long-term destabilizing effect of socially frustrating factors forms the tension of adaptive mechanisms and partial disadaptation (pre-illness), and with ineffective psychological protection and lack of social support - total mental disadaptation (illness), and as a result, a decrease in the quality of life. This scheme for the development of mental maladaptation is applicable to any form of pathology, since we are talking about the role of psychosocial factors in the formation of the internal picture of the disease and the assessment of its prognosis. This raises the urgent task of diagnosing the social component in the multidimensional system of the pathogenesis of mental adaptation disorders, especially in screening studies for the purposes of primary psychoprophylaxis.

History of creation

The methodology was developed on the basis of preliminary expert identification and ranking of those areas of the system of social relations that seem most significant for any individual in the context of his interaction with the micro- and macrosocial environment. At the same time, the experience of creating other well-known scales for medical and psychosocial research, such as, for example, the WHOQOL-100 scale, the Lancashire QOL scale, etc., was undoubtedly taken into account. This psychological diagnostic tool is adequate for use in combination with other formalized information, in particular , in a battery of psychodiagnostic techniques (mainly tests) and the creation of a computer data bank not only about risk groups, but also about patients.

Social frustration, as a psychological variable with a complex structure, in this methodology is determined by the level of “satisfaction - dissatisfaction” in 20 areas of personal relationships, identified by experts as the most hypothetically significant for any adult, mainly able-bodied person, whose life activity takes place in society and a given culture. Of course, for certain individuals, some areas of relationships may not be relevant, for example, relationships with parents (no parents), children (no children), etc. Therefore, the assessment of the level of “satisfaction - dissatisfaction” in these areas is not recorded by the subject.

Validity

The validity of the USF scale is non-substantive, criterion-subjective, synthetic (substantive, current, etc.). The basis for this conclusion is the identification by experts of various spheres of personal relationships that can be considered as social frustrating factors. Therefore, the criterion of validity is an expert assessment of the representativeness of the content of the “tasks” of the methodology or those properties and personality parameters that need to be shaded and measured based on theoretical concepts. The validity of the USF methodology can also be considered from a criterion-ecological perspective, which allows us to interpret the results of using the measuring instrument in the context of certain life situations of the subjects and evaluate changes in self-esteem (for example, satisfaction-dissatisfaction) depending on changes in the situation itself, in our case - social.

The reliability of the technique is test-retest. It was determined based on the results of repeated (within 3-4 weeks) testing of the same group of subjects (89 people) - a professionally homogeneous sample. The reliability coefficient of the USF technique is 81-87%, i.e. within 81%-87% of observations, the levels of social frustration are almost identical. This suggests that social frustration itself can be considered as a socially determined personal variable, relatively stable in those periods of time when the social functioning of the subjects does not undergo noticeable (from their point of view) changes. Thus, the design of the methodology and the technology of its application allow us to assert that this is an adequate tool for assessing and qualifying the psychosocial phenomenon under study, designated as social frustration.

Internal structure

The technique includes:

A sociological questionnaire form consisting of 20 items reflecting the formal demographic characteristics of the subjects, the specifics and conditions of their employment; the questionnaire is suitable for coding and archiving in a bank of psychodiagnostic information; it can be supplemented in accordance with the needs of a specific study in accordance with the rules outlined by the developers
Registration form for the main version of the methodology - the USF scale itself (USF-1) with a scoring system in points;
A list of 20 topics relating to “dissatisfaction” with various areas of personal-environmental relationships (USF-2). This list is offered to the subject either on one form in order from No. 1 to No. 20, or on separate cards in random order for ranked assessment in descending order of the subjective significance of these areas of relationships in a real (current) life situation

Interpretation

General principles

These techniques can be analyzed in two ways or using two methodological approaches. In the first option, the conditionally “absolute” degree of expression of “satisfaction - dissatisfaction” in the sphere of a separately considered relationship outside the general context of the questionnaire is assessed. In this case, the measure of satisfaction is subjectively scaled according to a 5-point system: 1 – completely satisfied, 2 – rather satisfied, 3 – difficult to answer, 4 – rather dissatisfied and, finally, 5 – completely dissatisfied.

There are 5 main directions or scale blocks of 4 positions each:

satisfaction with relationships with family and friends (wife, husband, parents, children);
satisfaction with the immediate social environment (friends, colleagues, superiors, the opposite sex);
satisfaction with one’s social status (education, level of professional training, field of professional activity, work in general);
socio-economic situation (financial situation, living conditions, free time and recreation, one’s position in society);
your health and performance (physical health, psycho-emotional state, performance, your lifestyle in general).

A higher score thus corresponds to greater dissatisfaction, both for individual gradations of characteristics and for the scale as a whole.

Thus, each subject who filled out the USF-1 scale can be characterized by a conditional profile of assessments of 20 designated areas of relationships, which makes it possible to determine the zones of the greatest and least social frustration and, thereby, conflict relationships.

Calculation of values

At the first stage, the number of points to which answers were given (positions to which the respondent expressed his attitude) is calculated using the methodology as a whole: n and for each of the five directions: n_1, n_2, n_3, n_4 and n_5
The sum of points is calculated for all positions of the methodology by summing the points in the same way: S, S_1, S_2, S_3, S_4 and S_5
The final coefficient of social frustration is calculated using the formula: Q = \frac(S)(n) , including Q_1, Q_2, Q_3, Q_4 and Q_5

Based on the values of the indicators, the level of social frustration is determined:

Q \lt 1.5 - a certain complete absence of social frustration;
1.5 \leqslant Q \lt 2.5- social frustration is not clearly declared;
2.5 \leqslant Q \lt 3.5- zone of uncertain assessment;
3.5 \leqslant Q \lt 4.5- moderate level of social frustration (dissatisfaction), which respondents consider necessary to note;
4.5 \leqslant Q- definite and quite distinct high social frustration

Analysis of the structure of social frustration

The second analysis plan of the USF methodology (USF-2) is aimed at obtaining a holistic structure of social frustration in 20 areas of the questionnaire by ranking each of them by the subject in descending order of “dissatisfaction” from first to twentieth place (last in importance). In this case, the subject is not required to assess the “absolute” degree of dissatisfaction with a particular area of the relationship. Ranking allows you to indicate only the place (rank) of each position indicated in the methodology among others and, thereby, note its subjective significance. Options are possible when the degree of dissatisfaction with a certain area of relationships (for example, relationships with work colleagues, etc.) may be significant, but not occupy the highest place in the ranking series, since other indicators will be even higher.

Ranking can be technologically carried out in two ways. In the first case, on a form with a list of areas of dissatisfaction, numbers from 1 to 20 are entered against each of the 20 points, indicating the place of a particular area of dissatisfaction in the ranking series, then the corresponding frequencies are calculated. This method is convenient from the point of view of archiving “protocols”. The second method is more rational for examination. Ranking is carried out by laying out 20 cards with designations of areas of dissatisfaction (on the back of each there is written a number corresponding to the order that is given on the form in descending order of their relevance for the subject. Thus, each of the areas of dissatisfaction is assigned a corresponding rank number. The result of the ranking can be an individual profile , clearly reflecting the level of social frustration.

Practical significance

The main indications for the use of the technique are mass screening and planned psychoprophylactic studies of various groups of subjects, including organized population groups (teachers, doctors, shift workers, military personnel, etc.). In these cases, the use of the technique in a battery with other research methods is necessary to clarify the risk factors for mental maladaptation disorders in connection with complex, sometimes stressful and pathogenic conditions of the external environment or professional activity (ecologically unfavorable or harsh climate-geographic regions, tense or dangerous for health work, etc.).

The technique can be successfully used in clinical and psychological practice at different stages: outpatient, inpatient, rehabilitation. The main objective of the methodology is to clarify the levels and content of social factors (social frustrators) that complicate the adaptation of patients of various profiles not only to the disease (its consequences), but also to the social prognosis and assessment of prospects. The technique can also be useful for assessing the effectiveness of treatment and the quality of life of patients, depending on the levels of aspirations and subjective assessment of the value of health by patients, the presence (or absence) of social support.

L.I. Wasserman, B.V. Iovlev, M.A. Berebin Medotics for psychological diagnostics of the level of social frustration and its practical application. Guidelines. NIPNI im. Bekhtereva, 2004.

Description of the research results

Having analyzed the results of the study using the Holmes and Rage method of determining stress resistance and social adaptation, we received:

44% of the sample are people with a high degree of stress resistance. They are characterized by a low degree of stress load. Energy and resources are not wasted on combating negative psychological states that arise during stress. Therefore, any activity, regardless of its focus and nature, becomes more effective. This makes it possible to talk about management activity as one that is stressful in nature. Increasing the level of stress resistance of an individual directly and directly leads to prolongation of life.

28% of the sample are individuals with average (threshold) stress resistance. They are characterized by an average degree of stress load. Stress tolerance decreases with increasing stressful situations in your life. This leads to the fact that the individual is forced to spend the lion’s share of his energy and resources on combating negative psychological states that arise during the process of stress. This makes it possible to talk about managerial activity as one that is to a small extent stressful in nature. A religious person, as a rule, is more resistant to stress, thanks to his internal ability for spiritual self-restraint and humility.

28% of the sample are respondents with low stress resistance (vulnerability). They are characterized by a high degree of stress load. This leads to the fact that the individual is forced to spend the lion’s share of his energy and resources on combating negative psychological states that arise during the process of stress. This makes it possible to talk about management activities as those in which the stressful nature is reduced to a minimum. A large number of points (more than 300) is an alarm warning you of danger. Therefore, you need to do something urgently to eliminate stress. If the score is over 300, then you are at risk of a psychosomatic illness, since you are close to the phase of nervous exhaustion. A religious person, as a rule, is more resistant to stress, thanks to his internal ability for spiritual self-restraint and humility. See Figure 1.

Rice. 1 Results using the Holmes and Rahe method

Having analyzed the results using the methodology for diagnosing social frustration by L.I. Wasserman we received:

56% are people with a very low level of frustration. Such people are characterized by a gradual decrease in activity and efficiency.

33% are people with a reduced level of frustration. Such people are characterized by indifference to what is happening, lethargy, and embitterment.

11% are people with a low level of frustration. Such people give socially desirable answers. They are content with what they have and do not show any desire to change anything at the moment. They do their best to hide their dissatisfaction with something. See Figure 2.

Rice. 2 Results according to the method of L.I. Wasserman

By comparing the results from Method 1 and Method 2, we obtained the following data.

We can say that people with a high degree of stress resistance and social adaptation are more likely to have a very low level of frustration (50%). Such people are characterized by a low degree of stress load, and there is also a decrease in activity and efficiency. An indefinite level of frustration (12.5%) is equally manifested - this suggests that these people are characterized by the manifestation of aggression, which has a different direction, and a low level of frustration (12.5%) - this suggests that for It is common for such people to hide their dissatisfaction, to hide it behind something. A reduced level of frustration is manifested in 25% of the sample. This means that these people are indifferent to what is happening around them and react sluggishly to anything.

People with an average degree of stress resistance and social adaptation show a very low level of frustration to a greater extent (60%). These people prefer a medium level of stress. At the same time, the intensity of activity decreases. Equally manifested are low (20%) - characterized by indifference, reluctance, embitterment, and low (20%) levels of frustration - such people are content with what they have here and now, they are satisfied with everything. An indefinite level of frustration does not appear (0%). There are no people with an average degree of stress resistance who show aggression.

People with a low degree of stress resistance and social adaptation show a lower level of frustration to a greater extent (60%). It is common for these people to spend all their energy fighting negative emotions and conditions. Such people have anger towards others, lack of activity, and indifference to everything that happens. An indefinite level of frustration (20%) is equally manifested - a manifestation of various aspects of aggression, and a very low level of frustration (20%) - a decrease in productivity. A low level of frustration does not appear. People with a low degree of stress tolerance have no reluctance to change anything in their lives or hide their dissatisfaction with anything. (see table).

Table 1

The level of manifestation of frustration in subgroups with different levels of stress resistance.

Reduced level of frustration	Uncertain level of frustration	Low level frustrated	Very low level frustration
Low level of stress tolerance
Average level of stress resistance
High level of stress resistance

Thus, we found that people with a low degree of stress resistance are characterized by a high degree of stress load. A person is forced to spend the lion's share of his energy and resources on combating negative psychological states that arise during the process of stress. Also, in people with a low degree of stress resistance, a reduced level of frustration prevails.

Consequently, our hypothesis that people with a low degree of stress resistance and social adaptation exhibit a reduced level of frustration is confirmed. The problems have been solved, the purpose of the research has been achieved.

Conclusion to Chapter 2

Thus, the purpose of our study was to study the characteristics of the manifestation of social frustration in people with varying degrees of stress resistance and social adaptation.

We compiled an empirical program on the research problem, which included 18 respondents. They were tested using such methods as determining stress resistance and social adaptation by Holmes and Rahe, as well as express diagnostics of the level of social frustration of L.I. Wasserman.

We identified different types of stress resistance of individuals (high, average, low).

Most of the subjects have a high degree of stress resistance. In general terms, high stress resistance allows you to not react so sharply to various kinds of insults, provocations of aggression, etc. Thanks to this quality, you can not only achieve your goals, but also maintain your health. Energy and resources are not wasted on combating negative psychological states that arise during stress. Therefore, any activity, regardless of its focus and nature, becomes more effective. Increasing the level of stress resistance of an individual directly and directly leads to prolongation of life.

The subjects studied had medium and low levels of stress resistance in equal proportions.

During the diagnostics, we identified different levels of personality frustration (very low, reduced, low, uncertain).

Most of the subjects have a very low level of frustration. They are characterized by a gradual decrease in activity and efficiency.

Also, during the diagnostics to determine the level of personality frustration, the predominant type of stress resistance of the individual was determined to have a reduced level of frustration.

Thus, our hypothesis that people with a low degree of stress resistance and social adaptation exhibit a reduced level of frustration has been confirmed.

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Level of social frustration of migrants

Introduction

1.Social frustration in psychology

1.1 Manifestations of frustration

1.2 Frustration and aggression

1.3.Stress and frustration

2. Research program

2.1 Basic concepts, purpose, objectives, subject, object and research hypothesis

2.2 Questionnaire of social frustration by L.I. Wasserman

3. Research results

3.1 Results of the study of the characteristics of social frustration of migrants using the questionnaire of L.I. Wasserman

Conclusion

List of used literature

Application

Introduction

The changes that have occurred in recent years in the domestic and foreign policy of Russia, associated with the collapse of the huge state - the USSR, have determined the high relevance of the problem of migration. The number of people changing their place of residence for various reasons is constantly increasing, and a significant part of it are forced migrants - refugees and internally displaced persons who left their homeland as a result of ethnic, religious and military conflicts.

Forced migrants, in the process of painful relocation and adaptation to a new place, experience many intractable economic, social and psychological problems.

The problem of frustration is posed in terms of theoretical discussion and, to an even greater extent, is the subject of experimental studies conducted on animals and people (usually children).

There are also difficulties in understanding the very term “frustration”. If we turn to the philology of this term, then frustration means frustration (of plans), destruction (of plans), i.e., it indicates some kind of traumatic situation in a certain sense of the word in which failure is suffered. As we will see below, the philology of the term is close to the widespread, although not universally accepted, understanding of frustration. Frustration must be seen in the context of the broader problem of endurance in relation to the difficulties of life and reactions to these difficulties.

The phenomena of frustration have been most studied in relation to barriers to activity, and therefore in the future we will talk specifically about such situations when activity is blocked due to an insurmountable obstacle, although the scope of frustration cannot be limited to such situations. There are ambiguities as to what the term frustration refers to: to an external cause (situation) or to the reaction it causes (mental state or individual reactions). In the literature you can find other uses of this term. It would be advisable, just as stress - a mental state is distinguished from a stressor - its causative agent, similarly to distinguish between a frustrator and frustration - an external cause and its effect on the body and personality. Although the term “frustrator” is rarely used in the literature, in further presentation we will use it, using the term “frustration” primarily to refer to the state provoked by the frustrator.

This use of words prevents confusion in concepts.

In modern foreign psychology, there are various theories of frustration: the theory of frustration fixation (N.K. Mayer), the theory of frustration repression (K. Bagner, T. Dembo, K. Yewin), the theory of frustration aggression (J. Dollard et al.), heuristic frustration theory (J. Rosenzweig).

The activity approach considers frustration as “a discrepancy between the motive and the result of an activity, generating an emotional reaction of a negative sign.” In the methodological approach, frustration is understood as one of the types of critical life situations.

Ermolaeva defines frustration as a complex phenomenon that has a personal and transpersonal nature, as well as “a psychological phenomenon that arises in the real life of social subjects.”

Ermolaeva identified three groups of determinants of social frustration, occurring in the meta-, intra- and interspace of the social subject, as well as three stages of development of frustration: pre-frustration, the beginning of frustration and “expanded” frustration.

To summarize, Ermolaeva defines social frustration as “an object-subject phenomenon that reflects the external world in individual, group, and public consciousness through the formation of a socio-psychological attitude.”

The purpose of this course work is a study of the level of social frustration of migrants.

Research objectives:

Subject of study- level of social frustration of migrants.

Object of study- 22 migrants: 13 men and 9 women aged 18 to 55 years from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Hypothesis: the level of social frustration of migrants can be quite high.

Practical significance:

Successful sociocultural adaptation of migrants;

Career guidance and selection;

1. WITHsocial frustration inpsychology

The study of frustration as a separate psychological phenomenon (both in Western and Russian psychology) was not widespread. The concept of frustration was touched upon only in the light of other psychological phenomena, for example, such as aggression (researchers Dollard, Bandura and others) and stress (Selye, Lazarus). The term “frustration” was used in numerous theories, concepts, hypotheses related to problems of motivation, emotions, behavior and activity of the individual. But a holistic theory exploring this phenomenon has not yet been created.

Frustration (from Latin frustratio - deception, failure, frustration, frustration of plans) is a psychological state expressed in characteristic experiences and behavior, and caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively perceived as insurmountable) difficulties on the way to achieving a goal. Frustration can manifest itself in oppressive tension, anxiety, and a feeling of hopelessness. The reaction to frustration may be withdrawal into a fantasy world, aggressive behavior and other reactions. A very important result of frustration, according to some researchers, is a “narrowing” of consciousness - almost all attention is focused on the unsatisfied need, the perception of reality is sharply distorted.

The following general signs characteristic of frustration can be identified:

Availability of a need, motive, goal, initial plan of action;

The presence of resistance (obstacle - frustrator), while resistance can be external and internal, passive and active.

T. Shibutani considered frustration in connection with compensatory reactions of the individual. When a state of frustration sets in, a person uses “typical techniques,” which Shibutani described as “various substitutes for satisfaction; when the initial impulse cannot be satisfied directly."

F.E. Vasilyuk in his work “Psychology of Experience” also paid attention to frustration. He considered frustration as one of the types of critical situations, calling them “situations of impossibility.” In such situations, a person “is faced with the impossibility of realizing the internal needs of his life (motives, aspirations, values, etc.).” “Impossibility,” according to Vasilyuk, is determined by what vital necessity is paralyzed as a result of the inability of the subject’s existing types of activity to cope with the existing external and internal conditions of life. Thus, “internal and external conditions, type of activity and specific vital necessity” are, according to Vasilyuk, the main characteristics of critical states, including states of frustration.

Vasilyuk considers the necessary signs of a frustrating situation to be “the presence of strong motivation to achieve a goal” and “obstacles” that prevent this achievement.

Frustrating situations are classified according to the nature of both frustrated motives and “barriers”. As an example of a classification of the first kind, Vasilyuk refers to A. Maslow’s distinction between basic, “innate” psychological needs (safety, respect and love), the frustration of which is pathogenic, and “acquired” needs, the frustration of which does not cause mental disorders.

Barriers in a frustrating situation can be physical (for example, the walls of a building), biological (illness), psychological (fear) and sociocultural (rules and prohibitions). Vasilyuk also mentions the division of barriers into external and internal, used by T. Dembo to describe his experiments. Dembo called internal barriers that prevent the achievement of a goal, and external barriers that do not provide an opportunity to get out of the situation.

In a situation of frustration, a person experiences a variety of feelings, such as guilt, anxiety, restlessness, tension, indifference, etc. In his work, Vasilyuk refers to the works of Western psychologists who study the phenomenon of frustration. Thus, Mayer in his monograph “Frustration: Behavior without a Goal” wrote that “the behavior of a frustrated person has no goal, that is, it loses its goal orientation.” According to A. E. Fromm, “frustrated behavior represents an attempt, although often futile, to achieve a frustrating goal.” Vasilyuk agrees with Mayer’s point of view and concludes that “a necessary sign of frustration behavior is the loss of orientation towards the original, frustrated goal.”

Thus, Vasilyuk defined frustration through the loss, firstly, of control by the will, and secondly, of the “motivational consistency” of behavior (“loss of patience and hope”).

Another domestic researcher B.I. Hasan described frustration as “an attributive companion and at the same time a generator of conflict.” The mechanism of frustration, according to this author, can be considered “the very fact of discovering another action as an obstacle, the incompatibility of actions with their simultaneous and equivalent desirability.”

Studying conflicts, Hassan concluded that the contradiction that arises and the feeling of frustration experienced “can best be studied “within” the individual, as well as its consequences and the mental processes aimed at overcoming it.” Also, according to Hasan, frustration is not associated with conflicts, or is one of the substantive grounds for conflict.

Often the term “frustration” is used in relation to a person’s encounter with extreme difficulties. A person always has some needs, unsolved problems, plans for the future, but not all needs can be satisfied and plans fulfilled. The satisfaction of a need may be hindered by an obstacle, a barrier that is understood by the subject as insurmountable. When a person encounters such obstacles, a condition called frustration may arise.

Other authors, for example V.S. Merlin, believed that in situations of frustration there is nothing socially typical and that reactions to frustration are inherent not only in humans, but also in animals. By frustration he understood “the state of a person or animal with such dissatisfaction of any motives that exceeds the threshold of his tolerance.”

Reactions to frustration are determined by preparedness for a “meeting” with frustration. Research by K. Obukhovsky and A. Bombard showed that “the expectation of the consequences of frustration is sometimes stronger than frustration itself. Associated with frustration is the concept of tolerance (“tolerance, endurance in relation to frustrating situations.” If tolerance is not developed, then in the face of a powerful stimulus, an insurmountable obstacle, a state of frustration occurs.

An analysis of scientific publications shows that social frustration as a complex and little-studied phenomenon has attracted the attention of many researchers. And although the contribution of these scientists to the study of frustration is undeniable, a single agreed-upon theory has not yet been created, and this problem requires further theoretical and practical research.

1.1 Manifestations of frustration

The following types of frustration behavior are usually distinguished: a) motor agitation - aimless and disordered reactions;

b) apathy (in a study by R. Barker, T. Dembo and K. Lewin, one of the children in a frustrating situation lay down on the floor and looked at the ceiling);

c) aggression and destruction,

d) stereotypy - a tendency to blindly repeat fixed behavior;

e) regression, which is understood either “as a return to behavioral models that dominated in earlier periods of an individual’s life”, or as a “primitivization” of behavior (measured in the experiment of R. Barker, T. Dembo and K. Lewin by a decrease in the “constructiveness” of behavior) or a drop in “quality of execution.”

These are types of frustration behavior. What are its most significant, central characteristics? N. Mayer's monograph answers this question with its title - "Frustration: behavior without a goal." In another work, N. Mayer explained that the basic statement of his theory is not that “a frustrated person has no goal,” but “that the behavior of a frustrated person has no goal, i.e., that it loses goal orientation.” Mayer illustrates his point with an example in which two people rushing to buy a train ticket get into an argument in line, then a fight, and both end up being late. This behavior does not contain the goal of getting a ticket, therefore, according to Mayer’s definition, it is not adaptive (= satisfying a need), but “frustration-provoked behavior.” The new goal does not replace the old one here.

To clarify the position of this author, it is necessary to shade it with other opinions. Thus, E. Fromm believes that frustration behavior (in particular, aggression) “represents an attempt, although often useless, to achieve a frustrated goal.” K. Goldstein, on the contrary, argues that behavior of this kind is not subordinated not only to a frustrated goal, but to no goal at all; it is disorganized and disorderly. He calls this behavior "catastrophic."

Against this background, N. Mayer’s point of view can be formulated as follows: a necessary sign of frustration behavior is the loss of orientation towards the original, frustrated goal (contrary to the opinion of E. Fromm), the same sign is also sufficient (contrary to the opinion of K. Goldstein) - Frustration behavior is not necessarily devoid of any purposefulness; it may contain some goal within itself (say, to hurt an opponent more painfully in a frustration-provoked quarrel). The important thing is that achieving this goal makes no sense relative to the original goal or motive of the situation.

1.2 Frustration and aggression

As mentioned above, one of the sthenic, or active, manifestations of frustration is aggression. What do we mean by aggression? In the literal sense of the word, this is an attack on one’s own initiative with the aim of capture. When talking about frustration, the term aggression is given a broader meaning. We are talking about a state that can include not only a direct attack, but also a threat, a desire to attack, hostility. The state of aggression can be outwardly clearly expressed, for example, in pugnacity, rudeness, “cockiness,” or it can be more “hidden” , having the form of hidden hostility and bitterness. An outwardly seemingly aggressive reaction may not actually be so, for example, when a student, as they say, “fights back.” The typical state of so-called aggression is characterized by an acute, often affective experience of anger, impulsive disorderly activity, malice, and in some cases the desire to “take it out on someone or even something.” A fairly common manifestation of aggression is rudeness.

In a state of aggression, loss of self-control, anger and unjustified aggressive actions come to the fore. We should highlight aggression directed against oneself and expressed in self-accusation, self-flagellation, and sometimes in a rude attitude towards oneself. In some works, not real, but imaginary aggression, existing only in fantasy, is noted as a manifestation of frustration.

According to the views of John Dollard, aggression is not an instinct that automatically arises in the human body, but a reaction to frustration: an attempt to overcome an obstacle to satisfying needs, achieving pleasure and emotional balance.

The theory under consideration states that, firstly, aggression is always a consequence of frustration, and, secondly, frustration always entails aggression. The frustration-aggression scheme is based on four basic concepts: aggression, frustration, inhibition and substitution.

Aggression is understood as the intention to harm another by one’s action, as “an act whose purposeful reaction is to cause harm to the body.”

Frustration occurs when there is an obstacle to the implementation of a conditioned reaction. Moreover, the magnitude of frustration depends on the strength of motivation to perform the desired action, the significance of the obstacle to achieving the goal, and the number of purposeful actions (attempts) after which frustration sets in.

Inhibition is the tendency to limit or curtail actions due to expected negative consequences. In particular, it has been established that the inhibition of any act of aggression is directly proportional to the strength of the expected punishment. Substitution is the desire to participate in aggressive actions directed against some other person, and not the true source of frustration.

One of the notable ideas of the frustration theory of aggressiveness is the effect of catharsis, borrowed from psychoanalysis. Catharsis (literally “cleansing of emotions”) is the process of releasing arousal or pent-up energy, resulting in a decrease in tension levels. The essence of this idea is that the physical or emotional expression of hostile tendencies leads to temporary or long-term relief, resulting in psychological balance and a weakening of the readiness to aggression.

The idea that acts of aggression reduce the likelihood of future aggression is not a revelation. Z. Freud and other psychoanalysts attach great importance to the effect of catharsis, often explaining to them the need for a person to cleanse himself of aggressive tendencies. In particular, there is evidence that if a person, being the object of aggression, cannot respond in kind, then his blood pressure rises, whereas with a direct aggressive response it decreases significantly. However, many experimental data do not allow us to unambiguously assess the effectiveness of catharsis: it has been established that in some cases aggressive behavior reduces further aggressive manifestations, and in some cases, on the contrary, it increases it.

Like other theories of the origin of aggression, the frustration theory has not escaped criticism. The hypothesis about the strict mutual predetermination of the “frustration - aggression” scheme itself caused the most criticism. It has been observed that people quite often experience frustration, but do not necessarily behave aggressively, and vice versa. Proponents of the frustration theory agreed and slightly modified their position. The representative of such a modified form of the theory of the conditioning of aggression by frustration is L. Berkowitz.

First, he introduced a new additional variable characterizing the possible experiences that arise as a result of frustration - anger as an emotional reaction to a frustrating stimulus.

Secondly, it recognizes that aggression is not always the dominant response to frustration and can be suppressed under certain conditions.

L. Berkowitz introduced three significant amendments to the conceptual scheme “frustration - aggression”: a) frustration is not necessarily realized in aggressive actions, but it stimulates readiness for them; b) even in a state of readiness, aggression does not arise without proper conditions; c) getting out of a frustrating situation with the help of aggressive actions instills in the individual a habit of such actions.

It should be noted that in the process of its development, the frustration approach underwent significant changes and was divided into two relatively independent movements. Supporters of the first movement remained adherents of the frustration-aggressive hypothesis and continue to mainly study the conditions under which the situation of frustration leads to the emergence of aggressive actions. Such important, in their opinion, conditions include the similarity - dissimilarity of the aggressor and the victim, justification - unjustification of aggression, the level of aggressiveness as a personal characteristic of a person.

However, active, or sthenic, manifestations of frustration cannot be reduced to aggression. Some researchers, in particular Mayer, consider fixation to be a typical expression of frustration.

But fixation can also be understood as a kind of chainedness to the frustrator, which absorbs all attention, causes the need to perceive, experience and analyze the frustrator for a long time. Here the stereotypicality is already manifested not in movements, but in perception and thinking. A special form of fixation - in response to the action of frustrators - capricious behavior. An active form of manifestation of frustration is also withdrawal into distracting activities that allow one to “forget”.

1.3 Stress and frustration

Thus, the concept of frustration is closely related to the concept of stress. Stress is one of the most common types of affects these days. It is a state of excessively strong and prolonged psychological stress that occurs in a person when his nervous system receives emotional overload. Stress disorganizes a person’s activities and disrupts the normal course of his behavior.

Translated from English, stress is pressure, pressure, tension, and distress is grief, unhappiness, malaise, need. According to G. Selye, stress is a nonspecific (i.e., the same to different influences) response of the body to any demand presented to it, which helps it adapt to the difficulty that has arisen and cope with it. Any surprise that disrupts the usual course of life can cause stress. At the same time, as G. Selye notes, it does not matter whether the situation we are faced with is pleasant or unpleasant. All that matters is the intensity of the need for restructuring or adaptation.

Activities associated with stress can be pleasant or unpleasant. Any event, fact or message can cause stress, i.e. become a stressor. At the same time, whether this or that situation will cause stress or not depends not only on the situation itself, but also on the individual, her experience, expectations, self-confidence, etc.

This means that the very occurrence and experience of stress depends not so much on objective as on subjective factors, on the characteristics of the person himself: his assessment of the situation, comparison of his strengths and abilities with what is required of him, etc.

The implementation of mechanisms for overcoming stress occurs at various interdependent levels: emotional, cognitive, somatic, behavioral. The individual’s social support system and ability to perceive it have a pronounced influence on overcoming stress.

Looking for funds protection Because of tension, discomfort, and stress, people often resort to addictive behavior strategies. The essence of addictive behavior is that, in an effort to escape reality, people try to artificially change their mental state, which gives them the illusion of safety and restoration of balance. An addictive personality, in his attempts, seeks his own universal way of survival - avoiding problems. The natural adaptive capabilities of the addict are disrupted at the psychophysiological level. The first sign of these disorders is a feeling of psychological discomfort. Psychological comfort can be disrupted for various reasons, both internal and external. Mood swings always accompany our lives, but people perceive these conditions differently and react to them differently. Some are ready to resist the vicissitudes of fate, take responsibility for what is happening and make decisions, while others find it difficult to tolerate even short-term and minor fluctuations in mood and psychophysical tone. Such people have a low tolerance for frustration. As a way to restore psychological comfort, they choose addiction, seeking to artificially change their mental state and obtain subjectively pleasant emotions. Thus, the illusion of solving the problem is created. This way of “fighting” reality becomes fixed in human behavior and becomes a stable strategy for interacting with reality.

The beauty of addiction is that it represents the path of least resistance.

Stereotypes of emotional response, i.e. stable characteristics of human frustration reactions are classified according to their direction and types.

Extrapunitive orientation. The predominant emotions are aggression, anger and excitement. In some cases, aggression can be veiled. But it finds expression in projection onto some external object, onto a living or inanimate environment. Such projection can result in direct physical or verbal action, but it can also act in the form of imputing an obligation to another subject to solve a given problem, to eliminate an obstacle. In any case, the blame for the interference lies with another entity. Therefore, this reaction can be considered as “externally accusatory.”

Intrapunitive orientation. A sense of guilt and remorse appears. The situation is perceived as given, as an element of a structure constructed by him, sometimes as a benefit, as a “building” material for the formation of his own situation. There is a tendency to accept blame or take responsibility for correcting the situation. It is logical to call such a reaction “self-blaming.”

Impulsive orientation. There is an evasion of reproaches expressed both to other individuals and to oneself. A frustrating situation is seen as insignificant, occurring without anyone's fault, or as something that can change on its own if you just wait and don't be fussy or hasty. This reaction is “non-blaming” in nature.

1) An analysis of scientific publications shows that social frustration as a complex and little-studied phenomenon has attracted the attention of many researchers. And although the contribution of these scientists to the study of frustration is undeniable, a single agreed-upon theory has not yet been created, and this problem requires further theoretical and practical research.

2) Frustration behavior is not necessarily devoid of any purposefulness; it may contain some goal within itself (say, to hurt an opponent more painfully in a frustration-provoked quarrel). The important thing is that achieving this goal makes no sense relative to the original goal or motive of the situation.

3) In the conceptual scheme “frustration - aggression” - a) frustration is not necessarily realized in aggressive actions, but it stimulates readiness for them; b) even in a state of readiness, aggression does not arise without proper conditions; c) getting out of a frustrating situation with the help of aggressive actions instills in the individual a habit of such actions.

4) Frustration performs a protective function for the body, creating new motivation aimed at overcoming obstacles to the realization of original motives. The situation in which such an obstacle occurs is called stress.

5 )Stereotypes of emotional response, i.e. stable characteristics of human frustration reactions are classified according to their direction and types.

2. Research program

2.1 Basic concepts, purpose, objectives, subject, object and research hypothesis

Frustration is “a mental state of experiencing failure that occurs in the presence of real or imaginary insurmountable obstacles on the way to a certain goal.” It manifests itself in the form of annoyance, irritation, helplessness as a result of a conflict between an actual significant need of any level (biological, social) and the impossibility of its implementation.

The purpose of this study is to study the level of social frustration of migrants.

Subject of research is the level of social frustration of migrants.

Object of study- the experimental sample consisted of adult subjects in the amount of 22 people - 13 men, 9 women. The respondents migrated from the CIS countries, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

Research objectives:

1. Conduct a review of literature sources on the problem under study.

2. Selection of research methods.

3. Study of the level of social frustration.

4. Processing of the obtained results and their analysis.

Hypothesis: the level of social frustration of migrants can be quite high.

2.2 Questionnaire of social frustration by L.I. Wasserman

To solve the stated problem, a technique was used to determine the level of social frustration of L.I. Wasserman. The technique is valid and reliable, and is a fairly simple and sensitive diagnostic tool. The questionnaire records the degree of dissatisfaction with social achievements in the main aspects of life.

The technique consists of 20 questions, the subject answers one, the most appropriate answer. For each item, an indicator of the level of frustration is determined. It can vary from 0 to 4 points. Each answer option is assigned points:

1) completely satisfied - 0,

2) rather satisfied-1,

3) I find it difficult to answer - 2,

4)rather not satisfied-3,

5) not completely satisfied-4.

Interpretation of results.

Conclusions about the level of social frustration are made taking into account the score (average score) for each item. The higher the score, the higher the level of social frustration:

3.0 -4 points - high score (high level of frustration),

2.0 -2.9 points - average score (average level of frustration),

0 -1.9 points - low score (low level of frustration).

According to the data from the diagnostic table of the level of social frustration by L.I. Wasserman (modified by V.V. Boyko), the following indicators were obtained:

1. The average indicator in the group is -1.7 points, which indicates a fairly low level of frustration among migrants.

2. According to the questionnaire, a high level (3.0-4 points) was not identified.

3. The average level (2.5-2.9 points) out of 20 questions was identified in 6 answer options.

5. A low level (0-1.9 points) out of 20 questions was found in 14 answer options.

With a high level of frustration, pronounced emotional excitability can be observed, producing various negative experiences (anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability). The lack of initiative of these individuals creates experiences associated with dissatisfaction of desires. Their egocentric personal orientation is manifested both in a tendency to hypochondriacal fixation on unpleasant somatic sensations and in a focus on the experiences of their personal shortcomings. This, in turn, creates a feeling of inferiority, difficulty in communication, social timidity and dependence.

With a low level of frustration, emotional stability and a positive background of basic experiences (calmness, optimism) are noted. Optimism and initiative, simplicity in realizing one’s desires forms a sense of self-esteem, social courage, independence, and ease of communication.

Methodology uroattention to the neuroticism of L.I. Wasserman

A questionnaire was given for review. The questionnaire includes questions aimed at identifying the gender and age characteristics of individuals; social, economic conditions of adaptation, as well as difficulties arising in the process of adaptation.

Based on the answers to the questionnaire, you can see the picture of the marital status of migrants, the number of children:

a) no children - 9 people - 40.9%;

b) from 1 to 3 children - 10 people. -45.5%;

c) from 4 to 6 children - 3 people - 13.6%.

Distribution of respondents by education:

a) higher education - 8 people. -36.4%;

b) secondary vocational -8 people -36.4%;

c) secondary education - 6 people. -27.2%.

To the question “Are you satisfied with the job?” data received:

a) completely satisfied -8 people -36.3%;

b) partially satisfied - 10 people - 45.5%;

c) not satisfied - 4 people - 18.2%.

The following answers were given to the question about housing problems:

a) no housing problems - 1 person - 4.6%;

b) I’m working on it - 7 people - 31.8%;

c) poor living conditions - 14 people - 63.6%.

To the question “Do you feel like you are part of the local community, the city in which you live?” the following data was received:

a) yes, of course -6 people -27.3%;

b) not very involved in local life - 10 people - 45.4%;

c) no - 6 people - 27.3%.

To the question “do you think that in Russia, in Russian society, there is a negative attitude towards migrants?” The answers were distributed as follows:

a) yes, it is strongly felt -3 people -13.7%;

b) it sometimes manifests itself - 14 people - 63.6%;

c) no - 5 people - 22.7%.

To the question “would you like to return to your homeland?” The following answers were given:

a) yes, of course - 8 people - 36.3%;

b) maybe - 10 people - 45.5%; c) no - 4 people - 18.2%.

3. Research results

3.1 Results of the study of the characteristics of social frustration of migrants using the questionnaire of L.I. Wasserman

The experimental sample consisted of 22 adult subjects.

Age limit: from 18 to 55 years. 13 men and 9 women were studied, of which 13 respondents were family people, and 9 people were single. By age from 18 to 25 - 10 people, from 26 to 38 - 7 people, from 40 to 55 - 5 respondents.

According to the data from the table for diagnosing the level of social frustration by L.I. Wasserman (modified by V.V. Boyko), the following indicators were obtained (total score - final score):

1) On the question about education 48 points - 2.2b;

2) about relationships with colleagues 32 points-1.5b;

3) about relationships with the administration 36 points-1.7b,

4) about relationships in professional activities 31 points - 1.4b,

5) about work 17 points-0.8b,

6) about the conditions of professional activity 27 points - 1.3b,

7) about the situation in society 31 points-1.4b,

8) about financial situation 17 points-0.8b,

9) about living conditions 55 points-2.5b,

10) about relationships with your spouse 25 points-1.2b,

11) about relationships with children 19 points-0.9b,

12) about the relationship with parents 24 points-1.0b,

13) about the situation in society 64 points-2.9b,

14) about relationships with friends 40 points-1.9b,

15) about the sphere of services and consumer services 59 points-2.6b,

16) about the field of medical services 49 points-2.2b,

17) about leisure activities 43 points-1.9b,

18) about the opportunity to spend a vacation 46 points-2.0b,

19) about the possibility of choosing a place of work 30 points-1.45b,

20) about lifestyle in general 37 points-1.7b.

According to diagram No. 1, the final average index of the level of frustration in the group of migrants is 1.7b, which does not confirm the exchange rate hypothesis - the level of frustration may be quite low.

Table of the level of social frustration L.I. Wasserman

Question number	Total score	Final score

The final average index of social frustration is 1.7 points.

With a high level of frustration, pronounced emotional excitability can be observed, producing various negative experiences (anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability). With a low level of frustration, emotional stability and a positive background of basic experiences (calmness, optimism) are noted.

QuestionnaireneuroticismL.I. Wasserman

In 2005-2006, 22 migrants were studied - 13 men and 9 women. Of these, 13 respondents are family people - 59.10%, and 9 people are single - 40.9%.

To solve the stated problem, a technique was used to determine the level of neuroticism of L.I. Wasserman.

The technique consists of 40 questions, to which the subject answers on the basis of “yes” and “no”. The results obtained are processed using keys. The algebraic sum of positive and negative responses on the neuroticism scale, respectively, is the final indicator of the level of neuroticism.

The more positive answers obtained, the higher the level of neuroticism.

According to the table of distribution of positive answers on the neuroticism scale:

8 respondents had from 0 to 10 answers “yes” - 36.4%;

6 respondents had from 11 to 20 answers “yes” - 27.3%;

5 respondents had from 21 to 30 answers “yes” - 22.7%;

3 respondents had from 31 to 40 answers “yes” - 13.6%.

According to diagram No. 1, the average rate of neuroticism in the group of migrants is 23.2%, which does not confirm the exchange rate hypothesis - the level of migration may be quite low.

Table of distribution of positive answers on the neuroticism scale

conclusions

The hypothesis we put forward was not confirmed during the study:

In the group of migrants, the level of social frustration is quite low - the average index is 1.7 points.

As a result of studying the level of social frustration of migrants, we identified the following data:

1. In the group of respondents, an average level of social frustration was revealed when asked about living conditions and the situation in society.

2. In the group of respondents, a low level of social frustration was revealed when asked about work, financial situation, relationships with spouse, children and parents.

Conclusion

The relevance of the problem of socio-psychological adaptation is connected, first of all, with those processes of a socio-political and economic nature that are taking place in modern Russian society. The dynamics of various objects of social psychology are analyzed: the individual, the small group, interpersonal and intergroup relations. Depending on a country's history, its policies, and the government's ability to make social changes, the consequences of immigration may vary. Thus, the emergence of separate neighborhoods where national minorities live compactly is a consequence of the failure of the migrant integration policy, and not an inevitable result of immigration. The emergence of such ghetto-like neighborhoods may be caused by government programs aimed at providing cheap housing to refugees and poor immigrants. As you can see, even a brief overview of the possible problems created by various adaptation strategies of the state touches on very important issues that concern all citizens.

This questionnaire records the degree of dissatisfaction with social achievements in the main aspects of life. By social frustration the author understands: “a type of mental stress caused by dissatisfaction with the achievements and position of the individual in socially significant hierarchies.” Each society at a specific period of its existence, depending on its orientation, material and economic development, level of legal and moral culture, offers its members certain opportunities for social growth and satisfaction of needs. Society, as it were, “develops” scales, or stages, of growth and achievement, and the individual, according to his aspirations and capabilities, reaches one or another level. Assessing his achievements according to various socially defined hierarchies, a person experiences one or another degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. At the same time, he experiences frustration not so much from what has been achieved, but from the thought that today more can be achieved.

Currently, many areas of human labor activity are associated with neuropsychic stress. Urbanization, the acceleration of the pace of life, information overload, increasing this tension, often contribute to the emergence and development of borderline forms of neuropsychiatric pathology, which makes the issues of mental hygiene and psychoprophylaxis a number of the most important tasks in protecting human mental health. Professional activities require educational and practical work aimed at increasing the emotional stability, tolerance of employees, and ways to resolve frustrating situations in various conditions.

Practical significance:

Successful sociocultural adaptation of a migrant.

Drawing up correction programs;

Career guidance and selection;

Identification of risk groups (persons prone to crime, drug addiction, suicide) for the purpose of socio-psychological support;

Identification of persons prone to depression and affective reactions, etc.

List of used literature

1. Eysenck G.Yu. Personality structure. - M., 1999.

2. Bogomolov Yu.P., Voronkin A.I. and others. Brief information on the use of some medical and psychological tests // Questions of mental adaptation. - Novosibirsk, 1974.

3. Bombar A. Overboard of his own free will. - M., 1958.

4. Burlachuk L.F., Morozov S.M. Dictionary-reference book on psychodiagnostics. - St. Petersburg, 2001.

5. Vasilyuk F.E. Psychology of experience (analysis of overcoming critical situations). - M., 1984.

6. Ermolaeva L.I. Frustration as a socio-psychological phenomenon: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. psychol. Sci. - M., 1993.

7. Korosteleva I.S. Psychological prerequisites for experiencing frustration in normal conditions and in psychosomatic diseases: Abstract of dissertation. for the job application step. Ph.D. psychol. Sci. - M., 1991.

8. Kuzmina E.I. Study of the determinants of freedom and non-freedom from frustration // Questions of psychology. - 1997. - No. 4.

9. Lasko N.B. Psychological methods in diagnosing the level of neurotization and psychopathization: Abstract of thesis. dis. ...cand. psychol. Sci. - L., 1978.

10. Levitov N.D. Frustration as one of the types of mental state // Questions of psychology. - 1967. - No. 6.

11. Mendelevich V.D. Clinical and medical psychology. - M., 1998.

12. Merlin V.S. Problems of experimental personality psychology. - Perm, 1970.

13. Myasishchev V.N. Psychology of relationships. - Moscow - Voronezh, 1995.

14. Nikolaeva E.I. Social, psychological and psychophysiological mechanisms of addictive behavior. - Novosibirsk, 2000.

15. Obukhovsky K. Psychology of drives. - M., 1972.

16. Ploticher A.I. Some thoughts on the issue of frustration. - M., 1967.

17. Popov Yu.V., Vid V.D. Modern clinical psychiatry. - St. Petersburg, 2000.

18. Projective psychology / Transl. from English - M., 2000.

19. Personality psychology. Reader. - Samara, 2000. - T. 2.

20. Pushkina T.P. Medical psychology (guidelines). - Novosibirsk, 1996.

21. Dictionary of a practical psychologist / Comp. S.Yu. Golovin. - Minsk, 1997.

22. Khasan B.I. Psychotechnics of conflict. - Krasnoyarsk, 1995.

23. Horney K. Women's psychology. - St. Petersburg, 1993.

24. Horney K. Our internal conflicts. - St. Petersburg, 1997.

25. Horney K. Neurotic personality of our time. Introspection. - M., 1993.

26. Kjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality. - St. Petersburg, 1999.

27. Shapiro D. Neurotic styles. - M., 2000.

28. Shibutani T. Social psychology. - Rostov n/d., 1999.

29. Yurasova E.N. Study of the dynamics of the level of neuroticism, conflict and coping behavior among students of psychologists and teachers in the learning process: Abstract of thesis. dis. ...cand. psychol. Sci. - St. Petersburg.

Application

Methodology for diagnosing the level of social frustration by L. I. Wasserman (modified by V. V. Boyko)

Below is a questionnaire that records the degree of dissatisfaction with social achievements in the main aspects of life.

Read each question and indicate the one best answer.

1 - completely satisfied;

2 - rather satisfied;

3 - difficult to answer;

4 - rather dissatisfied;

5 - completely dissatisfied.

frustration psychologicalreaction

Are you satisfied:
1.your education
2. relationships with work colleagues
3.relationships with the administration at work
4. relationships with the subjects of their professional activities (patients, students, clients)

6. conditions of professional activity (study)
7.your position in society
8.financial situation
9.living conditions
10.relationships with spouse
11.relationships with the child(ren)
12.relationships with parents
13. the situation in society (state)
14.relationships with friends, closest acquaintances
15.sector of services and consumer services
16.medical care
17.leisure activities
18.opportunity to spend vacations
19.opportunity to choose a place of work
20.your lifestyle in general

Data processing

For each item, an indicator of the level of frustration is determined. It can vary from 0 to 4 points. Each answer option is assigned points:

completely satisfied - 0, rather satisfied - 1, difficult to answer - 2, rather dissatisfied - 3, not completely satisfied - 4.

If the technique is used to identify an indicator among a group of respondents, then it is necessary:

1) obtain separately the product of the number of respondents who chose one answer or another by the score assigned to the answer;

3) divide it by the total number of respondents to this item. It is possible to determine the final average index of the level of social frustration. To do this, you need to add up the frustration indicators for all points and divide the sum by the number of points (20).

In mass surveys, the percentage of people who chose one or another answer option for a specific item is very indicative.

Interpretation of results. Conclusions about the level of social frustration are made taking into account the score (average score) for each item. The higher the score, the higher the level of social frustration:

3.5-4 points: very high level of frustration;

3,0-3,4 : increased level of frustration;

2,5-2,9 : moderate level of frustration;

2,0-2,4 : uncertain level of frustration;

1,5-1,9 : reduced level of frustration;

0,5-1,4 : very low level;

0-0,5 : absence (almost absence) of frustration.

Methodology for diagnosing the level of neuroticism L.I. Wasserman

Review the statements and situations below, choosing “yes” or “no” as the answer.

1. I often feel a burning sensation in various parts of my body, tingling, pins and needles sensation, numbness.

2. I rarely feel out of breath and do not have strong heart palpitations.

3. Once a week or more often I feel very nervous or agitated.

4. My head hurts often.

5. Two to three times a week I have nightmares at night.

6. Lately I've been feeling worse than ever.

7. Almost every day something happens that scares me.

8. I have had periods when I lost sleep due to anxiety.

9. Work usually costs me a lot of stress.

10. Sometimes I get so excited that it prevents me from falling asleep.

11. Most of the time I feel dissatisfied with life.

12. Something constantly worries me.

13. I try to meet less often with my acquaintances and friends.

14. Life for me is almost always connected with tension.

15. I have difficulty concentrating on any task or work.

16. I get very tired during the day.

17. I believe in the future.

18. I often indulge in sad thoughts.

19. At times it seems to me that my head is working slower than usual.

21. I am almost always worried about something or someone.

22. I have little self-confidence.

23. I often feel unsure of myself.

24. Several times a week I am bothered by unpleasant sensations in the upper abdomen (in the pit of the stomach).

25. Sometimes I have the feeling that so many difficulties have arisen in front of me that it is simply impossible to overcome them.

26. Once a week or more often, for no apparent reason, I suddenly feel heat throughout my body.

27. At times I exhaust myself by taking on too much.

28. I am very careful about how I dress.

29. My vision has worsened recently.

30. In relations between people, injustice most often triumphs.

31. I have periods of such intense anxiety that even I can’t sit still.

32. I enjoy dancing whenever possible.

33. If possible, I try to avoid large crowds of people.

34. My stomach bothers me a lot.

35. I must admit that sometimes I worry about little things.

36. I am often upset that I am so irritable and grouchy.

37. Several times a week I have the feeling that something terrible is going to happen.

38. It seems to me that my loved ones do not understand me well.

39. I often have pain in my heart or chest.

40. When visiting, I usually sit somewhere on the side or talk with someone alone.

Data processing

The number of “yes” answers is counted.

Interpretation of levels:

A high level of neuroticism (more than 20 positive responses) may indicate pronounced emotional excitability, as a result of which negative experiences (anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability) may appear more often; about lack of initiative, which forms experiences associated with dissatisfaction of desires and needs; and can also speak of a hypochondriacal fixation on somatic sensations and personal shortcomings, which can manifest itself in social timidity and dependence.

1. concept of social frustration in psychology

The concept of tolerance is often accompanied by the term social frustration. If tolerance has not been developed, then when there is a strong stimulus, an insurmountable obstacle, a state of frustration occurs as a special psychological reaction of a person to difficulties in life that interfere with the achievement of his goals.

In a state of frustration, the true deep tendencies of the personality are revealed and various types of intolerant reactions to the environment are most clearly manifested. Most researchers believe that in this state, aggressive (or auto-aggressive) forms of behavior often arise, and there is also a pronounced tendency to manipulate others. Aggression and destruction as extreme forms of frustration behavior lead to extremism, which poses a threat to social balance and the well-being of society. In this regard, for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of tolerant and intolerant behavior, it is advisable to consider the very concept of social frustration.

The term “frustration” has been used in numerous theories, concepts, and hypotheses concerning problems of motivation, emotions, behavior, and individual activity. But a holistic theory exploring this phenomenon has not yet been created.

Frustration (from Latin frustratio - deception, failure, disappointment, frustration of plans) is a psychological state expressed in characteristic experiences and behavior, and caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively perceived as insurmountable) difficulties on the way to achieving a goal. Frustration can manifest itself in oppressive tension, anxiety, and a feeling of hopelessness. The reaction to frustration may be withdrawal into a fantasy world, aggressive behavior and other reactions. A very important result of frustration, according to some researchers, is a “narrowing” of consciousness - almost all attention is focused on the unsatisfied need, the perception of reality is sharply distorted.

The following general signs characteristic of frustration can be identified:

– the presence of a need, motive, goal, initial plan of action;

– the presence of resistance (obstacle - frustrator), while resistance can be external and internal, passive and active.

The Dictionary of Practical Psychologist defines frustration as “a mental state of experiencing failure that occurs in the presence of real or imaginary insurmountable obstacles on the way to a certain goal.” When studying frustration, the following concepts are distinguished: frustrator (the reason causing frustration), frustration situation, frustration reaction.

The level of frustration depends on the strength and intensity of the frustrator; the functional state of a person caught in a frustrating situation; stable forms of emotional response to life’s difficulties that have developed during the formation of personality. When considering the concept of “social frustration”, special attention is paid to frustration tolerance, defined as psychological resistance to frustrators, which is based on “the ability to adequately assess a frustrating situation and anticipate a way out of it.”

The concepts of “frustration tolerance” and “coping” are similar in content. The term “coping” was introduced by R.S. Lazarus to describe a person’s ability to overcome obstacles. “Coping” translated from English means “the ability to resolve difficult situations and master them.” Difficult situations and the ability to cope with them, in turn, predetermine the adaptive potential of a person in the modern world.

There are two types of coping. They talk about problem-centered coping when a person tries to solve an urgent problem and thus get out of a frustrating situation. With another type of coping - emotion-centered - a person is completely absorbed in his emotions and does not try to escape from the situation. The first type of coping involves a quick way out of the current situation, and the second contributes to the emergence of aggressive (or auto-aggressive) forms of behavior, as well as manipulation of other people.

T. Shibutani considered frustration in connection with compensatory reactions of the individual. When a state of frustration sets in, a person uses “typical techniques,” which Shibutani described as “various substitutes for satisfaction; when the initial impulse cannot be satisfied directly” [Ibid].

Shibutani described two main directions of reactions to frustration: aggression and retreat. At the same time, conscious and unconscious retreat occurs when an acute conflict arises between two opposing tendencies. One of the common reactions to frustration, according to Shibutani, is also fantasy, when images are used as substitutes for satisfaction.

Vasilyuk considers the necessary signs of a frustrating situation to be “the presence of strong motivation to achieve a goal” and “obstacles” that prevent this achievement.

In a situation of frustration, a person experiences a variety of feelings, such as guilt, anxiety, restlessness, tension, indifference, etc. Vasilyuk described several types of frustration behavior: motor agitation (purposeless and disordered reactions); apathy; aggression and destruction (usually with a high level of frustration); stereotypy (the tendency to blindly repeat fixed behavior); regression

In his work, Vasilyuk refers to the works of Western psychologists studying the phenomenon of frustration. Thus, Mayer in his monograph “Frustration: Behavior without a Goal” wrote that “the behavior of a frustrated person has no goal, that is, it loses its goal orientation.” According to A. E. Fromm, “frustrated behavior represents an attempt, although often futile, to achieve a frustrating goal.” Vasilyuk agrees with Mayer’s point of view and concludes that “a necessary sign of frustration behavior is the loss of orientation towards the original, frustrated goal.”

Thus, Vasilyuk defined frustration through the loss, firstly, of control by the will, and secondly, of the “motivational consistency” of behavior (“loss of patience and hope”).

Vasilyuk defines the categorical field of the concept of frustration as a category of activity, describing it as “the life world, the main characteristic of the conditions of existence in which is difficulty, and the internal necessity of this existence is the realization of the motive.” Overcoming difficulties on the way to “motivated” goals is the “norm” of such a life, and a critical situation specific to it arises when the difficulty becomes insurmountable, that is, it turns into an impossibility.

L.I. Ermolaeva, who studied frustration as a socio-psychological phenomenon, described various approaches to understanding frustration, highlighted the dynamic structure of this phenomenon, the stages of development of social frustration and its conditions.

The activity approach considers frustration as “a discrepancy between the motive and the result of an activity, giving rise to an emotional reaction of a negative sign.” In the methodological approach, frustration is understood as one of the types of critical life situations. Ermolaeva defines frustration as a complex phenomenon that has a personal and transpersonal nature, as well as “a psychological phenomenon that arises in the real life of social subjects.”

The basis of social frustration, according to the researcher, is “blocking the generally significant socio-psychological needs of people.” Social frustration is considered as a critical situation in the life of social subjects.

A.I. Ploticher believed that frustration should be understood as a psychological phenomenon characterizing the state of the individual, not the organism, and shared the definition given by

N.D. Levitov, according to which “frustration is a human state, expressed in the characteristic features of experiences and behavior, and caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively understood) difficulties that arise on the way to achieving a goal or solving a problem.”

N.D. Levitov in his work “Frustration as one of the types of mental states” also wrote that, according to the definition given by Brown and Farber, frustration is the result of conditions under which the expected reaction is either prevented or inhibited.

Reactions to frustration can vary. The type of reaction depends on the degree of frustration, personality characteristics, level of personality development, age, and life experience.

Reactions to frustration are determined by preparedness for a “meeting” with frustration. Research by K. Obukhovsky and A. Bombard showed that “the expectation of the consequences of frustration is sometimes more powerful than frustration itself.” Associated with frustration is the concept of tolerance (“tolerance, endurance in relation to frustrating situations”). If tolerance has not been developed, then when there is a powerful stimulus or an insurmountable obstacle, a state of frustration occurs.

One of the manifestations of frustration may be aggressive behavior, i.e., generalized aggression occurs, directed at an obstacle. You can build the following sequence: desire to overcome an obstacle - aggression - anger (various violent inappropriate reactions). Psychologist Geitz believed that irritation, aggressiveness, and anger are most often caused by frustration.

In American psychological literature, there is a very common tendency to highlight aggression among reactions to a frustrator. There are attempts to interpret any aggression as frustration. In this position, for example, are Miller, Mauer, Dub, Dollard. Aggression is one of the pronounced sthenic, or active, manifestations of frustration. However, active, or sthenic, manifestations of frustration cannot be reduced

to aggression. Some researchers, in particular Mayer, consider fixation to be a typical expression of frustration. Fixation is defined as a kind of chainedness to the frustrator, which absorbs all attention, causes the need to perceive, experience and analyze the frustrator for a long time. And here the stereotypical perception and thinking manifests itself.

Another response to frustration may be retreat or withdrawal. At the same time, the emerging aggressiveness does not manifest itself openly and can cause states of long-term fixation. Another reaction to frustration, according to researchers, is regression, when a difficult task that needs to be solved is replaced by an easier one.

E.I. Kuzmina, considering the phenomenon of frustration, highlighted the concepts of freedom and lack of freedom from frustration. “Unfreedom is a frustrating state that arises in a person when he realizes and experiences that the boundaries of possibilities that interfere with self-realization are insurmountable, as well as as a result of his committing an unfree action, an unfree choice (with a reduced, distorted picture of the components, processes, possibilities of activity) under the influence of another person, group, traditions, stereotypes, etc.” According to Kuzmina, some individual characteristics of a person and personal qualities contribute to liberation from frustration (for example, the strength of the “I” - emotional stability, nonconformism, high level of responsibility, high self-esteem, etc.), others, in turn, prevent liberation from frustration ( character accentuations: stuckness, anxiety, emotiveness, excitability, exaltation; low level of responsibility; conformism; emotional-volitional instability; tendency to aggressive behavior; low self-esteem, etc.).

I.S. Korosteleva, in her work “Psychological prerequisites and consequences of experiencing frustration in normal conditions and in psychosomatic diseases”, conducted a comparative analysis of the attitudes towards frustration of psychosomatic patients and healthy subjects. As a result of the analysis, the author came to the following conclusion: psychosomatic patients react ambivalently to a situation of frustration, “when the accumulation of negative affect actualizes the motives that determine the withdrawal from continuing activities in it, and the experience of guilt stimulates the continuation of activities to preserve self-esteem.” Thus, in a situation of frustration, patients use a “surrender reaction,” which may indicate an expression of “refusal to search.”

The best of the best

Social frustration

Frustration (lat. frustatio- “deception”, “failure”, “vain expectation”) - a mental state that arises in a situation of real or perceived impossibility of satisfying certain needs, or, more simply, in a situation of a discrepancy between desires and available possibilities. This situation may be considered to be somewhat traumatic.

general personality regression.

Frustration occurs in a situation that is perceived by the subject as a threat to the satisfaction of one or another of his needs. It manifests itself in a number of emotional processes, such as disappointment, anxiety, irritation.

Frustration and deprivation are often confused, although their causes are fundamentally different. If frustration is associated with the consequences of unsatisfied desires or failures to achieve a set goal, then deprivation arises from the absence of the object itself or the opportunity necessary for satisfaction. However, both the frustration and deprivation theories of neurosis agree on a common mechanism where deprivation leads to frustration; frustration leads to aggression; aggression leads to anxiety; and finally, anxiety leads to defensive reactions. Despite the pathogenic role of anxiety states, there is a general opinion in psychoanalysis that the development of the ego begins precisely with frustration. In fact, frustration theories of neurosis start from the premise that both deprivation and frustration become pathogenic only when a certain threshold of intensity is exceeded.

Frustration in psychology is a human state, which is expressed in characteristic experiences, as well as behavior, caused by insurmountable objective difficulties that have arisen before achieving a goal or task.

The causes of frustration may be:

invisible to the person himself, but at the same time constant stress;

minor failures that undermine a person’s confidence and lower his self-esteem;

Frustration is dangerous, first of all, because under its influence a person tries to protect himself from reality, while changing for the worse. The consequences of frustration often include:

replacement of the real world with a world of illusions and fantasies;

general personality regression.

The state of frustration is provoked by different situations. These may be comments from other people that a person considers exaggerated and unfair. Situations like this can easily ruin your mood. But for psychology, frustration is more than just troubles that are then forgotten.

A person in frustration experiences despair, disappointment, anxiety, and irritability. At the same time, the efficiency of activity is significantly reduced. An individual, in the absence of the desired result, continues to fight, even if he does not know what to do for this. The personality resists, both externally and internally. Resistance can be active or passive, and in situations a person manifests himself as an infantile or mature personality.

A person with adaptive behavior (able to obey, as well as adapt to the social environment) continues to increase motivation and also increases activity to achieve the goal.

Unconstructive behavior inherent in the infantile personality reveals itself in aggression towards oneself, outwardly, or in avoiding solving a difficult situation for the individual.

A. Maslow notes in his works that the satisfaction of needs provokes the development of this state. After satisfying low-level needs, an individual develops higher-level needs. Until high needs arise in consciousness, they are not a source of frustration.

People are inherently doomed to desire what they do not have, and for this reason, thoughts arise that their efforts, often aimed at achieving the desired goal, are meaningless. It follows from this that the manifestation of frustration is inevitable, since a person is doomed to a constant feeling of satisfaction.

Frustration provokes aggression and hostility. In a state of aggression, loss of self-control, unjustified actions, and anger come first. Frustration occurs when there is an obstacle to the implementation of a conditioned reaction. Moreover, the magnitude of this manifestation directly depends on the number of attempts, the strength of motivation, and the significance of the obstacles after which it occurs.

The phenomenon of frustration gives rise to different models of behavior, and aggression is one of them. Aggression can occur in the absence of frustrating moments.

Conclusion to Chapter 1

Having analyzed the literature on this topic, we can conclude that

Stress is a set of nonspecific adaptive (normal) reactions of the body to the influence of various unfavorable stressors (physical or psychological) that disrupt its homeostasis, as well as the corresponding state of the nervous system of the body (or the body as a whole).

In psychology, there are positive (eustress) and negative (distress) forms of stress.

Social adaptation is the process of an individual’s active adaptation to the conditions of the social environment; type of interaction of the individual with the social environment.

Social adaptation ensures a person’s adaptation to the current social environment through the ability to analyze current social situations, awareness of one’s capabilities in the current social situation, and the ability to maintain one’s behavior in accordance with the main goals of the activity.

Frustration is a mental state characterized by such conditions as failure, deception, futile expectation, frustration of plans. Frustration occurs due to the inability to satisfy needs or the discrepancy between desires and available capabilities. This phenomenon is classified as traumatic emotional states.

Social frustration

A person’s personal characteristic is dissatisfaction with social status, one’s achievements in society, and relationships with other people.

Social frustration manifests itself in different ways. First of all, this is low self-esteem, often unstable (at times there are strong swings in self-esteem). The feeling of one’s own low status forces one to play second roles in communication situations, to be passive and ingratiating. At the same time, however, the person is very touchy and does not forgive disrespectful treatment of himself. Most of the time, highly frustrated individuals experience low mood and discomfort, and tend to experience negative emotions.

Social frustration has different causes. The obvious objective reason is genuine social status: unemployed, ordinary worker, middle manager, top manager, little-known artist or scientist, famous artist or scientist, etc. But even here the subjective leaves its mark: not only social achievements themselves are important (this is in the numerator), but also their “normality” for a particular age (this is in the denominator). There is almost no correlation between social frustration and age - only -0.04 (according to A. Ya. Psychology).

There are many other subjective factors. What matters, for example, is the balance between situations of subordination and situations of command. If, for example, a middle manager more often has to command himself rather than listen to orders, his level of social frustration will be lower. A psychopathic constitution can influence - if a person has chronically low self-esteem, he tends to interpret various social situations not in his favor (for example, it may seem to him that he was humiliated or insulted, without objective reasons for this).

A common problem is the effect of psychological self-credit - when a person (especially young people) convinces himself that in the future he will become a great scientist, a famous athlete or artist, a billionaire or an influential politician. This self-credit at one time “heals mental wounds,” but then one has to pay for it through social frustration.

It is quite difficult to correct social frustration. Very much it is tied to instincts. First of all, a person can be advised to learn to control his emotions, not to interpret situations as degrading his honor and dignity, and to think less about his own social status.

A. Ya. Psychology’s own research (based on online testing materials)

Social frustration is one of the most destructive factors for an individual. It entails many different problems: impaired psychological health, a tendency to neurotic states, high anxiety, imbalance, poor physical well-being, fatigue.

The mood is usually low, the person is often sad, even depressed. But at the same time he is prone to mood swings - periods of good mood are short. Prone to stress.

In communication, a socially frustrated person leaves a difficult impression. This feeling intensifies when he communicates with people who seem to him to have higher status. He is very touchy and vindictive, likes to “mess up” unnoticed. Tends to lose friends - both due to his petty vindictiveness, and due to the fact that others get the impression that they are heavily in debt. Tends to manipulate, often through evoking feelings of pity. At the same time, sociability is reduced. He is a poor listener, conflicted, but at the same time honest.

Weak aptitudes and abilities in the field of leadership and entrepreneurial activity.

There are often problems in family life.

There are slightly more socially frustrated women.

Frustration

- a state that arises as a result of anxiety about the impossibility of achieving goals and satisfying drives, the collapse of plans and hopes.

The concept of “frustration” is widely used in modern psychological and psychoanalytic literature, but the idea of frustration as a mental state that can lead to neurosis was reflected in classical psychoanalysis. Thus, when considering the etiology of neurotic diseases, S. Freud used the concept of Versagung, meaning refusal, prohibition and most often translated into English as frustration.

For the founder of psychoanalysis, a person’s forced renunciation of something and the ban on satisfying his drives correlated primarily with the impossibility of satisfying the need for love. Moreover, he believed that a person is healthy if his need for love is satisfied by a real object, and becomes neurotic if he is deprived of this object without finding a substitute for it. This is one of the possible causes of mental illness. Another type of reasons for illness is, according to S. Freud, of a different nature, associated with the fact that a person becomes ill not as a result of an external prohibition on satisfying his sexual desires, but due to the internal desire to actually obtain appropriate satisfaction for himself, when an attempt to adapt to reality encounters an insurmountable internal obstacle. In both cases, a neurotic disorder occurs. In the first case, people get sick from experiences, in the second – from the course of development. “In the first case the task is to renounce satisfaction and the individual suffers from a lack of resistance; in the second the task requires the replacement of one satisfaction by another and the collapse occurs from a lack of flexibility.” This understanding, in fact, of frustration was expressed by the founder of psychoanalysis in the article “On the types of neurotic diseases” (1912).

As the theory and practice of psychoanalysis developed, it became obvious that neurotic diseases can arise not only as a result of a person’s refusal to satisfy desires, but also at the moment of their fulfillment, when he destroys the opportunity to enjoy this fulfillment. In some cases, when achieving success, a person may suddenly experience internal dissatisfaction after external dissatisfaction gives way to the fulfillment of desire. Reflecting on “crash during success,” S. Freud drew attention to the intrapsychic conflict that arises under the influence of the forces of conscience that prohibit a person from benefiting from happily changed external conditions. It was about the frustration to which a person is exposed when his ego arms itself against desire as soon as it approaches fulfillment. A similar understanding of the frustrated state of a person is reflected in the work of the founder of psychoanalysis, “Some types of characters from psychoanalytic practice” (1916).

In addition to thinking about the frustrated state of a person, S. Freud raised the question of what means a psychoanalyst has to make the currently hidden conflict of desire in a patient relevant. In his opinion, this can be done in two ways: by creating situations in which it becomes relevant, or by being content to talk about it during analysis and point out the possibility. The psychoanalyst can achieve the first goal in reality or in transference. In both cases the analyst will cause the patient a certain degree of "real suffering through frustration and stagnation of libido." Otherwise, as S. Freud emphasized in his work “Finite and Infinite Analysis” (1937), the prescription that analytical therapy should be carried out “in a state of frustration” would make sense. But this already applies to the technique of eliminating an actual conflict.

S. Freud's ideas about frustration formed the basis of those psychoanalytic concepts, according to which frustration necessarily causes hostility, is a source of instinctive tension and becomes the cause of neurotic anxiety. Some psychoanalysts began to adhere to a similar understanding of the role of frustration in the emergence of hostility, aggressiveness of a person and his mental illness. Others did not share similar views on frustration. The latter includes the German-American psychoanalyst K. Horney (1885–1952), who, in her work “New Paths in Psychoanalysis” (1936), criticized the Freudian idea of frustration.

Based on an analysis of the theory of libido, K. Horney came to the following points: the fact that a neurotic person feels frustrated does not allow generalizations to be made about the predetermining role of frustration in the disease; both children and adults can tolerate frustration without any hostile reactions; if frustration is perceived as a humiliating defeat, then the hostile reactions resulting from it are a response not to the frustration of desires, but to the humiliation that the individual subjectively experiences; a person can not only tolerate the frustration of pleasure much more easily than S. Freud believed, but is even capable of “preferring frustration if it guarantees safety”; the doctrine of frustration has contributed significantly to "the decline in the potential of psychoanalytic therapy."

American psychoanalyst E. Fromm (1900–1982) paid special attention to the relationship between frustration and aggressiveness. In his work “The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness” (1973), he criticized the frustration theory of aggressiveness. Emphasizing the fact that “no important undertaking is complete without frustration,” he, like K. Horney, adhered to the point of view according to which life experience does not confirm the assumption of a direct connection between frustration and hostility, since people suffer every day, receive refusals, but do not show aggressive reactions. In short, frustration does not lead to increased aggressiveness. In fact, as E. Fromm believed, “an important role is played by the psychological significance of frustration for a particular individual, which may vary depending on the general situation.”

In general, E. Fromm proceeded from the fact that the most important factor for determining the consequences of frustration and their intensity is the character of a person and it depends on him, “firstly, what causes frustration in him, and, secondly, how intensely he will react to frustration."

The Austrian psychotherapist W. Frankl (1905–1997) introduced the concept of “existential frustration” into psychoanalytic literature, meaning that not only sexual attraction, but also a person’s desire for meaning can be frustrated. He believed that existential frustration could also lead to neurosis. We were talking about a specific “noogenic” (as opposed to psychogenic) neurosis associated with moral conflicts and spiritual problems of human existence, among which “existential frustration often plays a large role.”

(Latin frustratio - deception, failure, vain hope) - 1. any external influence or some internal factor that interrupts the individual’s behavior, which is aimed at some goal; 2. any emotional state of an individual, if it arises as a result of the appearance of a serious obstacle to achieving a goal. It is believed that such an emotional state has motivational properties that stimulate behavior that is focused on overcoming obstacles to the goal. An important concept is frustration tolerance - the ability to adequately assess a situation of frustration and search for a successful way out of it. For children, the behavior of adults is of particular importance; 3. in psychoanalysis - a condition that occurs when an obstacle appears, when plans are upset or disappointed. The concepts of “frustration” and “deprivation” are often confused, although, strictly speaking, frustration refers to the consequences associated with the dissatisfaction of a drive or failure to achieve a goal, while deprivation implies the absence of an object or opportunity necessary for satisfaction. Nevertheless, frustration and deprivation theories of neurosis agree in the statement that deprivation leads to frustration, frustration leads to aggression, aggression leads to anxiety, anxiety leads to defenses. Both frustration and deprivation are pathogenic when the intensity threshold increases. In psychoanalysis, it is generally accepted that the development of the self begins with frustration.

(from Latin frustratio “deception, futile expectation, failure”) - the state of an individual’s psyche when difficulties seem insurmountable to him; experiencing a difficult situation, the impossibility of achieving some significant goal, need. It is combined with a feeling of hopelessness, oppressive tension, anxiety, disappointment, irritation, anger, etc. The result can be aggressive behavior.

Wed. the situation in N. Ostrovsky’s novel “How the Steel Was Tempered” - the experiences of Pavel Korchagin, who learned about his serious illness. Wed. music of the last, sixth part of “Song of the Earth” by G. Mahler.

Not giving in to despair is a weapon against the devil (John Chrysostom).

(from lat. frustration - deception, frustration, destruction of plans) - a state of collapse and depression associated with the experience of failure when confronted with an obstacle (really existing or perceived as such) on the way to a near future.

[from lat. frustratio - deception, frustration, destruction of plans] - the mental state of the individual, revealed in a unique complex of negative experiences (fear, anger, guilt, shame, etc.) and behavioral reactions, which is based on a subjective assessment as an irresistible and irremovable series obstacles in solving personally significant problems. Moreover, such barriers can only exist in the field of subjective perception of a particular person, but they can also be objectively presented in reality. In the logic of Freudianism and neo-Freudianism, the problems of frustration are directly related to the problems of aggression as a kind of “triggering” mechanism that almost inevitably leads the individual to manifestations of aggressive behavior. In the logic of the behaviorist approach, frustration is traditionally viewed as a factor that, if not breaking the “stimulus-response” pattern, then at least significantly slowing down the activity “response” to the presented stimulus and destructuring the natural course of the response activity. The concept of “frustration” within the framework of modern psychological science is often considered as a type of stress, and sometimes as a reaction to a mild form of deprivation of an individual’s personally significant needs. Another thing is that the state of frustration in psychological terms can be regarded as only partially “covering” the stressful state in the interpretative sense and as a synonym for only partial and, most importantly, local and short-term deprivation. As for the socio-psychological perspective of considering frustration, it is clear that the greatest interest here is in the frustration-tinged aspect of interpersonal relationships and, above all, conflict interaction. It is significant that, by analogy with the structure of interpersonal conflict, in relation to frustration, it is customary to distinguish a frustrator (the stimulus that leads to a frustrated state of the individual), a frustration situation, a frustration reaction and frustration consequences. The degree of severity of the frustration experience and frustration consequences depends, first of all, on two psychologically valuable factors: the power of the frustrator and the degree of frustration security, the “perseverance” of the individual. In addition, a background but extremely significant factor here is such a variable as the functional state of the individual who finds himself in a frustrating situation. It should also be noted that recently resistance to frustration has been referred to, as a rule, as “frustration tolerance.” Moreover, in addition to the fact that individuals possessing this quality, capable of rationally analyzing the frustration situation that has arisen, adequately assessing the degree of its scale and realistically foreseeing its development, as a rule, are not prone to motivated risk and consciously avoid making those decisions that can be characterized as adventurous. All this together allows these individuals, even if they find themselves in an extreme situation associated with the onset of a state of personal frustration, to carry out an optimal search for ways out of the current circumstances, making maximum use of both their internal resources and external conditions.

The largest number of socio-psychological studies of frustration were in one way or another connected with the empirical testing of the “frustration-aggression” hypothesis of D. Dollard and N. Miller. In one of the earliest experiments of this kind, carried out in 1941 under the direction of K. Lewin, “children were shown a room where there were many toys, but were not allowed to enter it. They stood outside the door, looked at the toys and felt a strong desire to play with them, but could not get closer to them (a typical frustrating situation - V.I., M.K.). This continued for some time, after which the children were allowed to play with these toys. Other children were immediately allowed to play with toys, without a preliminary waiting period. Frustrated children threw toys all over the floor, threw them against walls, and generally exhibited extremely destructive behavior. Unfrustrated children showed significantly calmer and less destructive behavior."1 In this experiment, as in a number of others, visible confirmation was obtained of the assumption that the typical behavioral reaction to frustration is aggression. However, in other experiments, in particular by Yu. Bernstein and F. Worchel, during which “. The experimenter's assistant disrupted the group problem-solving process because his hearing aid constantly failed (and not simply because he was inattentive); frustration did not lead to either irritation or aggression."

Analyzing the results of these and his own experiments, L. Berkowitz came to the conclusion that the direct consequence of frustration is not aggression itself, but a special mental state, including a whole complex of negative emotions mentioned above (fear, anger, etc.). It is quite obvious that such negative experiences not only increase the individual’s potential for conflict and the likelihood of an aggressive reaction under the influence of provoking stimuli (L. Berkowitz, in particular, included the presence of a weapon in the field of vision of a frustrated person as a classic stimulus of this kind), but also in themselves represent quite a serious psychological one, and if frustration becomes widespread (as, for example, this was the case after the 1998 default in Russia), then a social problem.

In this regard, the steady interest of researchers in typical frustrating situations and factors characteristic of modern society is quite understandable. As shown by a number of sociological studies conducted at the turn of the 70s - 80s. last century in the United States, the most common source of mass frustration is family relationships. Wherein ". The most commonly cited cause of family conflict in the United States is household management. Families constantly argue about what and how to clean and wash; about the quality of food preparation; about who should take out the trash, mow the grass near the house and fix things. A third of all married couples say that they constantly have disagreements in matters related to family life. These are followed in terms of frequency of mention by conflicts regarding sex, social life, money and children.

Economic problems create a particularly high level of frustration in families. More family conflicts and domestic violence are reported in working-class families than in middle-class families, as well as in families with unemployed breadwinners and in families with many children. . Work-related problems are also among the main sources of frustration and anger. One study of working women found that issues such as conflicts between managers' and workers' expectations, job dissatisfaction, and perceived undervaluation of one's skills were cited as the strongest predictors of levels of general hostility. These examples suggest that hostility comes from frustration.”3

It is quite obvious that almost all of the listed sources of mass frustration are characteristic of modern Russia. The family crisis and the increase in domestic violence over recent years have been the subject of constant attention from the media and government officials at the highest level. Numerous targeted programs are aimed at solving these problems (supporting young families, large families, affordable housing, etc.), unfortunately, so far they have not brought any tangible positive results. The shamefully low economic standard of living for a European country remains unchanged for the majority of the population, despite huge government revenues due to the unprecedentedly favorable global market for gas and oil products. To this should be added sources of mass frustration specific to Russian reality, such as the lack of fully functioning social “elevators”, the critical level of social stratification of society, constantly changing rules of the game, and even outright arbitrariness on the part of the state and, above all, the so-called “ power structures.

In these conditions, along with the obvious need for a radical revision of all domestic policies, critically important from the point of view of not only modernization, but also the basic survival of society, is the problem of frustration tolerance of its members. It is largely due to the characteristics of development and social learning in childhood. Thus, if during the period of formation of a child’s initiative (between the ages of 3 and 6 years) frustrating actions of adults (parents, educators, etc.) aimed at suppressing the child’s activity (in their essence, such actions are completely justified and, moreover, they are necessary if they are objectively aimed at ensuring the safety of the child, as well as the legitimate interests of his social environment: other children, relatives, etc.), acquire a global character, thereby transforming situational frustration into a sustainable deprivation of the child’s vital need for independent activity. Under such conditions, the child learns to respond to frustration either by aggression towards the immediate frustration (adults) in its infantile manifestations (most often in the form of hysterical rejection), or by looking for substitute objects (toys, pets, other children). From this perspective, the very common pattern of responding to frustration in adults, described in the anecdote “. about a husband who scolds his wife, who yells at his son, who kicks the dog who bites the postman; and all this because at work the husband received a scolding from the boss.”1

Note that within the framework of domestic traditions of both family education and classical preschool pedagogy, the focus of which was and remains not on how a real child develops in specific conditions, but on how an abstract child should develop in some ideal scheme, it is precisely a directive, completely dysfunctional approach to education from the point of view of developing the individual’s frustration tolerance.

Another critical moment of development in the context of the issues under consideration is adolescence and youth. At this age, social institutions increasingly begin to play the role of frustrators of spontaneous personal activity, along with parents and their substitute figures (teachers). At the same time, the ideological attitudes dominant in society acquire special significance from this point of view. In this regard, the clearly observed tendency in modern Russian society towards the aggressive imposition of so-called “traditional values” in their most idiotic form, isolationism and sanctimonious desexualization pose a direct and obvious threat not only to the psychological well-being of individuals, but also to the very fundamental principles of the existence of Russia as an integral state education.

That this is indeed the case is evidenced, in particular, by the growth of xenophobia and interethnic tension, which has already resulted in bloody events in the Karelian city of Kondapoga and a number of other incidents that have not received such wide coverage in the media. It should also be added that in its more local manifestations, low frustration tolerance of individual community members can completely paralyze the activities of the group. This is especially true for teams engaged in highly innovative activities, which by definition involve a high risk of failure and associated frustration.

A practical social psychologist, carrying out daily supervision of a specific group or organization, must have a clear understanding of the degree of individual predisposition of each member of the community to frustration influences and the level of his frustration tolerance, which is a necessary condition for choosing one or another correctional and supportive program of psychological support for the life of the community.

Awareness of the collapse of hopes, the impossibility of achieving goals. It manifests itself as a state of depressed mood, tension and anxiety, depression.

the mental state of a person experiencing any failure, loss, frustration, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness, futility of the efforts made.

An emotionally difficult experience by a person of his failure, accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness and frustration in achieving a certain desired goal.

a mental state of disorganization of consciousness and personal activity, caused by insurmountable obstacles and unfulfilled hopes for the desired goal. F. - the collapse of plans and desires, is accompanied by various negative experiences: disappointment, irritation, anxiety, despair, etc. F. arises in a state of conflict and can manifest itself in a defensive reaction (aggression, regression, passivity, rigidity, etc.).

(from Latin frustratio - deception, disorder, destruction) - a person’s mental state caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively perceived) difficulties that arise on the way to achieving a goal or solving a problem. F. can be considered as a form of psychological stress. There are: frustrator - the cause that causes F.; frustrating situation, frustrating reaction. F. is accompanied by a range of mainly negative emotions: anger, irritation, guilt, etc. The level of F. depends on the strength, intensity of the frustrator, the functional state of the person caught in a frustrating situation, as well as on his personal qualities. An important concept in the study of personality is frustration tolerance (resistance to frustrators), which is based on a person’s ability to adequately assess a frustrating situation and anticipate a way out of it. The study of physical activity is gaining importance in connection with the urgent task of developing the individual’s resistance to the influence of unfavorable life and production factors. A high level of F. can lead to disorganization of activities and a decrease in its effectiveness. There are known cases of F. (up to the complete cessation of activity) among energy system operators, vehicle drivers, in the event of unexpected accidents. Less mild manifestations of F. are observed among computer operators in the event of frequent disturbances during dialogue with the machine, and among process operators in the event of frequent failures and malfunctions in the technological process. Therefore, in engineering psychology, methods are being developed to increase the frustration resistance of operators (professional selection, psychological training, etc.) and to prevent the occurrence of frustration situations through the rational design of equipment and technological processes, as well as through the rational organization of labor processes.

Encyclopedic dictionary of psychology and pedagogy. 2013.

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Basic research. Methodology “Level of social frustration

Theoretical basis

History of creation

Validity

Internal structure

Interpretation

General principles

Calculation of values

Analysis of the structure of social frustration

Practical significance

Description of the research results

Conclusion to Chapter 2

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