The new textbook by the famous Russian teacher I.L. Kasatkina presents tasks for the following sections of the high school physics course: Mechanics; Molecular physics and thermodynamics; Electromagnetism; Oscillations and waves; Optics; Theory of relativity; Physics of the atom and the atomic nucleus. At the beginning of each topic, the theory is briefly outlined, all the necessary laws and formulas are given. At the end of the section there is a trial exam based on the Unified State Exam assignments of recent years. Having worked through all the tasks in the manual, you will be able to answer any question, solve any problem and get a high score in a real exam. The guarantee of your result is the success of hundreds of students and tens of thousands of readers of I.L. Kasatkina.
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Physics for high school students and applicants: an intensive preparation course for the Unified State Exam. Kasatkina I.L.
M.: 2012. - 736 p.
The new textbook by the famous Russian teacher I.L. Kasatkina presents tasks for the following sections of the high school physics course: Mechanics; Molecular physics and thermodynamics; Electromagnetism; Oscillations and waves; Optics; Theory of relativity; Physics of the atom and the atomic nucleus.
At the beginning of each topic, the theory is briefly outlined, all the necessary laws and formulas are given. At the end of the section there is a trial exam based on the Unified State Exam assignments of recent years.
Having worked through all the tasks in the manual, you will be able to answer any question, solve any problem and get a high score in a real exam. The guarantee of your result is the success of hundreds of students and tens of thousands of readers of I.L. Kasatkina.
Format: pdf
Size: 4.4 MB
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CONTENT
Introduction 3
Physics program to prepare for Unified State Exam 6
Section 1 MECHANICS 11
Topic 1. Kinematics 11
A. Types of linear motion 13
Uniform movement 14
Uniformly accelerated motion 14
Movement with variable acceleration 15
Classical speed addition rule 15
B. Free fall 17
B. Relativity of motion 20
D. Circular motion with a constant absolute speed 24
Mock exam on topic 1. Kinematics 27
Part 1 27
Part 2 38
Part 3 39
Answers to test exam tasks on topic 1. Kinematics 41
Part 1 41
Part 2 56
Part 3 64
Topic 2. Dynamics. Statics 84
A. Newton's laws 84
B. Work and power.
Conservation laws in mechanics 93
B. Static 100
G. Hydromechanics 103
Trial exam on topic 2. Dynamics. Statics 110
Part 1 Software
Part 2 123
Part 3 125
Answers to the tasks of the trial exam on topic 2. Dynamics. Statics 128
Part 1 128
Part 2 146
Part 3 158
Section II. MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS 189
Topic 1. Molecular physics 195
Topic 2. Thermodynamics 210
Section II Mock Exam. Molecular physics and thermodynamics 217
Part 1 217
Part 2 231
Part 3 234
Answers to Section II Mock Exam Assignments. Molecular physics and thermodynamics 238
Part 1 238
Part 2 260
Part 3 282
Section III. ELECTROMAGNETISM 312
Brief theory of electromagnetism 323
Topic 1. Electrostatics 323
Topic 2. Laws of direct current 337
Topic 3. Magnetism 351
Mock exam
under section III. Electromagnetism 361
Part 1 361
Part 2 384
Part 3 390
Answers to Section III Mock Exam Assignments. Electromagnetism 397
Part 1 397
Part 2 424
Part 3 470
Section IV. OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES. OPTICS. THEORY OF RELATIVITY. ATOMIC PHYSICS 530
Topic 1. Mechanical vibrations and waves 530
Topic 2. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves 540
Topic 3. Geometric optics 547
Topic 4. Wave and quantum optics 562
Topic 5. Theory of relativity. Physics of the Atom 570
A. Theory of relativity 574
Section IV Mock Exam. Oscillations and waves. Optics. Theory of relativity. Atomic Physics 582
Part 1 582
Part 2 606
Part 3 609
Answers to the test exam assignments for Section IV Oscillations and waves. Optics. Theory of relativity. Physics of the Atom 615
Part 1 615
Part 2 644
Part 3 668
Application 716
Unit abbreviations 716
Physical constants 716
SI 718 units
Some prefixes for converting non-system units to SI 722
Conversion of some units to SI 723
Some information from mathematics 725
R. on D.: 2018 - 853 p. R. on D.: 2006 - 848 p.
The textbook is intended for applicants preparing to pass one of the most difficult final and entrance exams - the Unified State Examination in Physics. In this manual, the applicant will find everything he needs to prepare for this exam: the necessary theory in a condensed form, valuable instructions for solving problems, a large number of already solved problems of varying difficulty, similar to the problems of the Open Bank of tasks, and many problems with answers to test their skills decide. In addition, “Tutor” is very useful for high school students in grades 9-10 in the learning process itself, as well as in preparing for the All-Russian Test Work (VPR). The great value of this manual is that it contains a brief theory and shows ways to solve problems at the university level, which will provide invaluable assistance to junior students of technical universities and colleges. It may be useful for tutors and teachers.
Format: pdf(2018 , 853 pp.)
Size: 31 MB
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Format: djvu/zip (2006 , 5th ed., 848 pp.) Physics tutor. Mechanics. Molecular physics. Thermodynamics. Kasatkina I.L.
Size: 38.5 MB
Download: RGhost
CONTENT
Kinematics 3
1. Trajectory and coordinates. Path and movement 3
2. Uniform linear motion 12
3. Equally variable linear motion. Rectilinear motion with variable acceleration 28
4. Relativity of motion. Speed addition 67
5. Free fall 104
6. Curvilinear motion of bodies with acceleration of free fall 131
7. Uniform movement in a circle 168
8. Alternating and uniformly alternating motion in a circle 194
Dynamics. Conservation laws. Statics 205
9. Uniform linear motion 206
10. Variable linear motion 235
11. Uniform movement in a circle 278
12. Law of universal gravitation 300
13. Law of conservation of momentum 317
14. Work and power 347
15. Law of conservation of energy in mechanics 373
10. Rotational motion of a rigid body 430
17. Statics 449
Hydroaeromechanics 493
18. Liquid column pressure. Pascal's Law 493
19. Archimedes' Law. Swimming bodies 520
20. Fluid flow. Jet continuity equation. Bernoulli's equation 556
Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics 573
21. Mass and dimensions of molecules. Mol. Avogadro's number. Concentration of molecules and calculation of their number 573
22. Equation of state of an ideal gas. Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation. United Gas Law 595
23. Isoprocesses in an ideal gas. Basic gas laws and their graphs 623
24. Mean free path and the number of collisions of molecules per unit time. Humidity 675
25. Condensed states 697
26. Internal energy and amount of heat. Heat Balance Equation 722
27. Processes of mutual transition of mechanical and thermal energies 766
28. Work when the volume of gas changes. First law of thermodynamics. Heat engines 789
Addendum 829
UDC 53(075.3)076.1)
BBK 22.3я721-4
Kasatkina, I. L.
K28 Physics textbook: textbook. allowance / I.L. Kasatkina. - M.: SmartBook: Knizhkin House, 2011. - 608 p.
ISBN 978-5-9791-0251-1
Agency CIP RSL
The solution book is compiled in accordance with the syllabus of a high school physics course. It contains many problems of both medium and advanced difficulty in all sections of the school course. All problems, with the exception of those intended for independent solution, are provided with a detailed solution with all mathematical calculations and drawings. For a better understanding of approaches to solving various problems, each section contains all the necessary theoretical material and advice on choosing solution methods. Some of the problems are revised problems of the Unified State Exam of recent years and Olympiads in physics. The appendix at the end of the manual contains mathematical formulas necessary for solving physics problems.
The book is useful for students of senior classes of schools, high schools, as well as applicants in preparation for the Unified State Exam and junior students of technical colleges and universities.
Educational edition
Editor-in-Chief Ingerleib M. Head. Edited by Frolov Zh.
Proofreader Butko N. ArtistBaeva E.
Binding design Kalinchenko Yu. Computer layout Basov A.
All-Russian product classifier OK-005-93, volume 2; 953000 – books, brochures
PREFACE
Physics is a fundamental science, on the laws of which all engineering disciplines that ensure technical progress and the defense of the country are based. Without knowledge of its laws and the ability to apply them in practice, it is impossible to master any special disciplines studied in technical universities. And the ability to apply the laws of physics in practice is formed only by solving physical problems. But solving them often causes the greatest difficulties for students, especially those who have problems solving mathematical equations. This manual is intended to help such students.
To solve physical problems, it is not enough just to learn laws and formulas. A solid knowledge of the mathematical apparatus is required, which ensures the solution of any problems in physics, as well as the ability to think, reason, and anticipate subsequent results that may follow from previous actions. This can be achieved by systematically solving a sufficiently large number of problems, and solving them independently. But this can be achieved only by mastering the methodology for solving typical problems, similar to those that this manual offers in large numbers.
It is assumed that when starting to solve problems, students will first familiarize themselves with the relevant theoretical material. Therefore, at the beginning of each section there is a brief theory, basic laws and formulas with the name of all the quantities included in them and the units of measurement of the international system - SI. Most of the problems in the following sections require the application of laws and formulas from the sections previously discussed. The main emphasis is placed on the methodology for solving each problem and the corresponding mathematical techniques in order to deepen the understanding of the physical laws of this topic and develop
Physics guide
ability to reason. It is emphasized that when working on each task, the student must first of all understand what laws are being discussed and what the question is. Then write down the initial and boundary conditions of the problem, express the dimensions of all quantities in one system of units, then solve the problem in general form, expressing the desired quantity using the appropriate formula in letter notation, and then perform the necessary arithmetic operations.
Considering that some high school students today often do not have sufficient knowledge of the mathematical apparatus studied in high school, the author paid great attention to a detailed demonstration of mathematical transformations, down to simple algebraic operations. To avoid simply memorizing solutions and to test your thinking ability, the manual contains a fairly large number of problems for independent solution. Many of them are answered in general and numerical versions.
Section 1. MECHANICS
Brief theory
And tips for solving problems
IN Problems of mechanics consider the mechanical motion of bodies or their equilibrium. Mechanical motion is the change in the relative position of bodies in space over time. If the position of a body in space does not change over time, then the body is in equilibrium.
Mechanics is conventionally divided into kinematics and dynamics
and static.
IN kinematics problems consider the movement of bodies without taking into account the reasons that influence the nature of the movement, therefore in such problems they operate only with the concepts of trajectory, path, displacement, time, speed, acceleration, rotational speed and angular velocity.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of path of movement. Path is the length of the body’s trajectory. Path is a scalar and always positive. As you move, the path can only increase.
Displacement is a vector connecting the initial position of a body with its final position and directed towards the final position. The path can be equal to the displacement module when the direction of movement of the body is unchanged, i.e. when it moves in a straight line and only in one direction. In other cases, the path is greater than the displacement module.
With uniform motion, the speed is constant, but with variable motion, instantaneous initial
And final speed as well as average speed. Speed during linear uniform motion
equal to the ratio of path to time:
Physics guide
Sv = t.
The graph of coordinates and paths of uniform motion is a straight line inclined to the time axis at a certain angle (Fig. 1 and 2).
Rice. 1 Fig. 2
The speed graph of uniform motion is a straight line parallel to the time axis, because when
uniform motion, the speed does not change (Fig. 3). |
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The path on such a graph is numerically |
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veins of the area of the rectangle, according to |
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built on coordinate axes, like |
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on the sides. |
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Movement speed - vector |
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size. Velocity vector v coincides |
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gives in the direction with the vector ne- |
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displacements S. |
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Acceleration is the ratio of change- |
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speed in relation to the time during which |
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This change happened: |
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a =∆ t v =v − t v o .
Acceleration is also a vector. Direction of the acceleration vector a
rhenia coincides with the direction of the velocity change vector
sti ∆ . v
Rice. 5
1. Mechanics
The graphs of coordinates and paths of uniformly accelerated motion represent a parabola (Fig. 4). If the tangent to the graph is parallel to the time axis, then the speed at that moment is zero.
The speed graph of uniformly accelerated motion is a straight line inclined at a certain angle to the time axis (Fig. 5).
Having determined the nature of the body’s movement, choose a formula that includes the desired quantity and the largest number of quantities known from the condition. If there is no such formula, select the formulas most suitable to the problem conditions and solve
create a system of equations, gradually eliminating unknown quantities, until one equation with the desired quantity remains.
When solving problems on the relativity of motion, when one body moves relative to another, also moving, it is necessary to choose a reference system that can be taken as stationary, and a reference system that moves relatively stationary. Then, according to Galileo’s rule for adding velocities, the speed of a body relative to a stationary frame of reference is equal to the vector sum of the speed of the body relative to the moving system and the speed of the moving system relative to the stationary one. For example, speed
Physics guide
of a passenger moving along the train relative to the station is equal to the sum of his speed relative to the carriage and the speed of the train relative to the station. In this case, you should use the rule of vector addition, since speed is a vector quantity.
If a body moves curvilinearly, for example, being thrown at an angle to the horizon (Fig. 6), then such movement can be represented as the result of the addition of two independent movements: horizontal movement along the OX axis, which is uniform in the absence of resistance, and vertical movement along axisОY, which will first be uniformly slowed down with the acceleration of free fall directed downward, and then, after the body reaches the highest point, uniformly accelerated with the same acceleration in magnitude. For horizontal motion we write equations of uniform motion, and for vertical motion we write equations of uniformly accelerated motion.
When solving problems involving uniform motion of a point along a circle, remember that all points lying on the same radius move with the same angular velocity, period and frequency, since the radius rotates through the same angle in the same time. And the linear speed of such points is different - the closer to the center of the circle, the smaller it is.
If we are talking about the movement of the second hand on the dial, then you know its period - it is equal to 1 minute,
1. Mechanics
if it is a minute, then its period is 1 hour, if it is an hour, then its period is 12 hours.
When solving problems of dynamics, we use Newton's laws and the laws of conservation of momentum and energy.
If the body is at rest or moving uniformly and rectilinearly, then we apply Newton’s first law: in an inertial frame of reference, a body on which no forces act or are compensated retains speed.
If a body moves with acceleration, then we apply Newton’s second law: the product of the body’s mass and its acceleration is equal to the vector sum of all forces applied to it.
ma = F.
If a body moves uniformly around a circle, then the resultant force is always directed radially towards the center of the circle.
IN In dynamics problems, it is usually necessary to use
And Newton's third law: two bodies interact with forces equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
When solving problems on connected bodies, remember that if the mass of the connecting thread or rope can be neglected, then the tension forces at their ends are the same in magnitude, as
And anywhere else in the ligament. The accelerations of connected bodies are also the same.
Newton's laws are convenient to apply when it is necessary to take into account the forces applied to a body - for example, when it is necessary to find one of them. If this is not required, then sometimes it is more convenient to use the laws of conservation of momentum and energy to solve the problem.
The impulse of a body is called the product of its mass and
Law of conservation of momentum: in a closed system of bodies, the momentum of the system is conserved regardless of any changes within the system.