Man lives in the natural world. You yourself and everything that surrounds you - the air, trees, river, sun - are different natural objects. Changes constantly occur with natural objects, which are called natural phenomena.
Since ancient times, people have tried to understand: how and why various phenomena occur? How do birds fly and why don't they fall? How can a tree float on water and why does it not sink? Some natural phenomena - thunder and lightning, solar and lunar eclipses - frightened people until scientists figured out how and why they occur.
By observing and studying phenomena occurring in nature, people have found application for them in their lives. Observing the flight of birds (Fig. 1), people designed an airplane (Fig. 2).
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Watching a floating tree, man learned to build ships and conquered the seas and oceans. Having studied the method of movement of the jellyfish (Fig. 3), scientists came up with a rocket engine (Fig. 4). By observing lightning, scientists discovered electricity, without which people today cannot live and work. All kinds of household electrical devices (lighting lamps, televisions, vacuum cleaners) surround us everywhere. Various electric tools (electric drill, electric saw, sewing machine) are used in school workshops and in production.
Scientists divided all physical phenomena into groups (Fig. 6):
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Mechanical phenomena- these are phenomena that occur with physical bodies when they move relative to each other (the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of cars, the swing of a pendulum).
Electrical phenomena- these are phenomena that arise during the appearance, existence, movement and interaction of electrical charges (electric current, lightning).
Magnetic phenomena- these are phenomena associated with the emergence of magnetic properties in physical bodies (attraction of iron objects by a magnet, turning the compass needle to the north).
Optical phenomena- these are phenomena that arise during the propagation, refraction and reflection of light (reflection of light from a mirror, mirages, the appearance of shadows).
Thermal phenomena- these are phenomena associated with heating and cooling of physical bodies (boiling a kettle, the formation of fog, the transformation of water into ice).
Atomic phenomena- these are phenomena that arise when the internal structure of the substance of physical bodies changes (the glow of the Sun and stars, an atomic explosion).
Observe and explain. 1. Give an example of a natural phenomenon. 2. To which group of physical phenomena does it belong? Why? 3. Name the physical bodies that participated in physical phenomena.
As you know, phenomena are changes that occur in natural bodies. Various phenomena are observed in nature. The sun is shining, fog is forming, the wind is blowing, horses are running, a plant sprouts from a seed - these are just some examples. The daily life of every person is also filled with phenomena that occur with the participation of man-made bodies, for example, a car is driving, an iron is heating up, music is playing. Look around, and you will see and be able to give examples of many other phenomena.
Scientists divided them into groups. Distinguish biological, physical, chemical phenomena.
Biological phenomena. All phenomena that occur with bodies of living nature, i.e. organisms are called biological phenomena. These include seed germination, flowering, fruit formation, leaf fall, animal hibernation, and bird flight (Fig. 29).
Physical phenomena. Signs of physical phenomena include changes in shape, size, location of bodies and their state of aggregation (Fig. 30). When a potter makes a product from clay, the shape changes. When mining coal, the size of the rock pieces changes. While the cyclist is moving, the placement of the cyclist and the bicycle relative to the bodies located along the road changes. Melting of snow, evaporation and freezing of water are accompanied by the transition of matter from one state of aggregation to another. During a thunderstorm, thunder rumbles and lightning appears. These are physical phenomena.
Agree that these examples of physical phenomena are very different. But no matter how diverse the physical phenomena are, the formation of new substances does not occur in any of them.
Physical phenomena - phenomena during which new substances are not formed, but the size, shape, placement, and state of aggregation of bodies and substances change.
Chemical phenomena. You are well aware of such phenomena as the burning of a candle, the formation of rust on an iron chain, the souring of milk, etc. (Fig. 31). These are examples of chemical phenomena. Material from the site
Chemical phenomena - these are phenomena during which other substances are formed from one substance.
Chemical phenomena have a wide range of applications. With their help, people mine metals, create personal hygiene products, materials, medicines, and prepare a variety of dishes.
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On this page there is material on the following topics:
- biological essay on leaf fall
- natural chemical phenomena
- biological phenomena
- natural phenomenon essay briefly
- reporting a biological phenomenon
Lesson objectives:
- Give an idea of the subject of physics.
- Create an idea of the primary concepts in physics (body, matter, phenomenon).
- Formulate the goals of studying natural phenomena.
- Identify sources of physical knowledge, determine the range of phenomena being studied, explain the connection of physics with other sciences and technology.
- To familiarize students with methods for studying physical phenomena.
- Arouse children's interest in studying physics and develop curiosity.
Equipment: three rulers made of different materials, an inclined chute, a steel ball, a tripod; spring, set of weights; electric light bulb on a stand, electrophore machine, electric bell, mirror, children's car.
During the classes
Organizing time
Explanation of new material
We are starting to study the basics of a very interesting and useful science - physics. Getting on a train, taxi, tram, pressing an electric bell, watching a movie or watching a combine harvest, you hardly thought about how far each of these large and small technological achievements has gone, how much work has been put into each of them . We are accustomed to technology; it has become our companion.
But not very long ago, people rode in horse-drawn carriages, reaped rye and wheat with sickles, sat in the light of burning splinters on long winter evenings and only dreamed of various magics in fairy tales. Samoguda gusli, flying carpet, self-chopping axe? These are the objects of fairy-tale dreams. Remember, in the fairy tale by A.S. Pushkin, the astrologer and sage, who gave King Dodon a wonderful cockerel, assured him:
My golden cockerel
Your faithful watchman will be:
If everything around is peaceful,
So he will sit quietly;
But only a little from the outside
Expect war for you
Or the onslaught of battle force,
Or another uninvited misfortune,
Instantly then my cockerel
Raises the comb
Screams and starts up
And it will turn back to that place.
And now the dream has come true. Modern radar installations are much better than the golden cockerel. They allow you to instantly and accurately detect airplanes, missiles and other objects in the sky.
How a miracle is spoken of in Ershov’s fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse” about cold light:
The flame burns brighter
The little hunchback runs faster.
Here he is in front of the fire.
The field shines as if it were day.
A wonderful light flows all around,
But it doesn’t heat up, it doesn’t smoke.
Ivan was amazed here,
“What,” he said, “what kind of devil is this!”
There are about five hats in the world,
But there is no heat and no smoke.
Eco miracle light...”
And then a miracle light in the form of fluorescent lamps penetrated into our everyday life. It makes people happy on the streets, in shops, in institutions, in the subway, in schools, in enterprises.
Yes, fairy tales are becoming reality: samogud harps have become a tape recorder. Electric saws cut down centuries-old trees in a few seconds better than fairy-tale self-cutting axes. Not carpets, but airplanes became a widespread means of transport. Our rockets launch artificial Earth satellites and spaceships with astronauts on board into orbit. All this became possible not by the grace of a wizard, but on the basis of the skillful application of scientific achievements.
It was difficult for man millions of years ago,
He didn't know nature at all
Blindly believed in miracles
He was afraid of everything, everything.
And I didn't know how to explain
Storm, thunder, earthquake,
It was difficult for him to live.
And he decided, why be afraid?
It's better to just find out everything.
Intervene in everything yourself,
Tell people the truth.
He created the science of the earth,
Briefly called it “physics”.
Under the title that short
He recognized nature.
"Physics"– this is a Greek word and translated means, as you understand, “nature”.
One of the oldest sciences, which makes it possible to understand the forces of nature and put them at the service of man, which makes it possible to understand modern technology and develop it further, is physics. Knowledge of physics is necessary not only for scientists and inventors. Neither an agronomist, nor a worker, nor a doctor can do without them. Each of you will also need them more than once, and many, perhaps, will have the opportunity to make new discoveries and inventions. What has been accomplished through the work of many scientists and inventors is magnificent. You have already heard the names of many of them: Aristotle, M. Lomonosov, N. Copernicus and many others. But there are still many unsolved tasks ahead: it is necessary to put the warmth and light of the Sun at the service of man, to learn to accurately predict the weather, to predict natural disasters, it is necessary to penetrate the vast ocean and earthly depths, it is necessary to explore and develop other planets and star worlds, and much more that does not exist even in fairy tales.
But to do this, you must first of all master what you have acquired, in particular, master knowledge of physics. Physics is an interesting science. It must be studied with great attention, to get to the very essence. However, don't expect easy success. Science is not entertainment, not everything will be fun and entertaining. It requires persistent work.
Having received some knowledge, a person formulated a law, used the studied phenomenon in his life, created instruments and machines, and other auxiliary tools with the help of which he can more successfully and more perfectly study and describe other phenomena more deeply. The process of studying physics can be compared to moving up the stairs.
Today in the lesson we have to understand and master the basic physical terms: physical body, matter, physical phenomena, understand what is the subject of physics and how it studies nature.
Physics deals with physical bodies. What would you call the physical body? (Students put forward their assumptions, which I write down on the right half of the board. Summarizing the statements, we come to the conclusion that a physical body is any object subject to consideration in physics.
Name the bodies that surround you. (Give examples.)
How are the three rulers in my hands different from each other?
Class. Made from different materials: wood, plastic, metal.
Teacher. What can be concluded?
Class. Bodies can differ in substance.
Teacher. What's happened substance?
Class. This is what, what the physical body is made of.
Teacher. Give examples of substances that are on your tables. (Children answer.)
Substance is one of the types matter.
Matter- this is everything that exists in the Universe, regardless of our consciousness.
Matter – substance, field.
Any material object consists of matter. We can touch it and see it. It’s more difficult with the field - we can state the consequences of its action on us, but we cannot see it. For example, there is a gravitational field that we do not feel, but thanks to which we walk on the earth and do not fly away from it, despite the fact that it rotates at a speed of 30 km/s, we cannot yet measure it. But the electromagnetic field of a person can not only be felt by the consequences of its influence, but also changed.
In nature, bodies undergo various changes. They are called phenomena. Physical phenomena are called. various changes occurring in physical bodies.
What physical phenomena did you observe? (Students give examples.)
All phenomena are divided into several types: mechanical, thermal, sound, electrical, magnetic, light. Let's look at them using specific examples and experiments. (Some types of phenomena are demonstrated.)
Now let’s think together about the following questions: “How do they study physics? What methods are used for this?”
- Can observe behind the phenomenon, which is what we did in class.
- You can do it yourself carry out experiments and experiments. At the same time, physicists use their main “weapons” – physical instruments. Let's name some of them: clock, ruler, voltmeter,
- Can apply mathematical knowledge
- Definitely necessary make generalizations
Fixing the material
Problem 1. Divide the following words into three groups of concepts: chair, wood, rain, iron, star, air, oxygen, wind, lightning, earthquake, oil, compass.
Task 2. You accidentally hid a chocolate bar in your pocket and it melted there. Can what happened be called a phenomenon? (Yes.)
Task 3. A kind wizard appeared to you in a dream, gave you a lot of ice cream, and you treated all your friends to it. It's just a pity that it was a dream. Can the appearance of a good wizard be considered a physical phenomenon? (No.)
Task 4. Kolya caught the girls, dipped them into a puddle and carefully measured the depth of each girl’s dive. Tolya just stood nearby and watched the girls flounder. How do Kolin’s actions differ from Tolin’s, and what do physicists call such actions? (Both physicists and other scientists will call the actions hooliganism. But from the point of view of dispassionate science, Tolya made observations, and Kolya performed experiments).
Recording homework § 1? 3. Answer questions.
Science arose as a result of man's study of nature
Which combined all the knowledge existing at that time. This science was called differently, for example, natural philosophy. Then, as a result of the expansion and deepening of scientific knowledge, separate sciences emerged that study certain groups of phenomena.
Physics studies the general laws of natural phenomena, the properties and structure of matter, and the laws of its motion.
Translated from Greek, the word “physics” means “nature”. This name was used by Aristotle in the 4th century. BC e.
Do you think physics is currently the only natural science?
If not, then try to name other sciences.
Children will almost certainly name botany, zoology, geology, geography, astronomy, chemistry and something more sophisticated (microbiology, genetics, acoustics or entomology). Attempts to include history or ethnography in this list are not excluded - this will give rise to a discussion of the specific features of the natural sciences. For each of the named sciences, the object of study is specified, and, if possible, the literal translation of the name of the science.
You see what a long list of sciences we have received, and this is only a small part of them! All these sciences (they are called natural) study natural phenomena. They are closely related to physics and rely on its achievements.
2. Natural phenomena are everything that naturally occurs in nature.
Natural phenomena are everything that happens in nature.
To explain a phenomenon means to indicate its causes: the change of day and night is explained by the rotation of the Earth around its axis; to explain the change of seasons, we had to thoroughly understand the movement of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun; The occurrence of wind is associated with different heating of the air in different places...
The natural phenomena studied by physics are called physical phenomena. All these phenomena can be divided into groups:
1) mechanical (falling stones, rolling balls, movement of the Earth around the Sun);
2) thermal (water boiling, ice melting, cloud formation)
3) electrical (lightning, heating of a conductor by current);
4) magnetic (attraction of iron objects to a magnet, interaction of magnets);
5) light (glow from a lamp or flame, obtaining images using a lens or mirror).
Physical phenomena:
1) mechanical;
2) thermal;
3) electrical;
4) magnetic;
5) light.
Of course, demonstrations are needed here (it is possible to use video clips): for example, rolling a ball and a cart down an inclined plane, Franklin’s boiler, “hovering” ceramic magnets, the glow of a light bulb from a set of universal transformers. You can invite students to observe their own images in convex or concave mirrors, to obtain an inverted image of trees outside the window on the screen using a converging lens, etc. Video recordings of solar and lunar eclipses are of great interest. Physics has long explained all the phenomena that you have just observed. Over time, as you study physics, you will understand why a cart overtakes a ball, why magnets “float” in the air, what the operating principle of electrical appliances is, and much, much more. However, there are still many phenomena that are mysterious to physicists. No one has yet explained the nature of ball lightning, we do not fully understand the “behavior” of elementary particles... And what could be more interesting than riddles that no one has yet solved? Each science has its own language. We need to get acquainted with the “alphabet” of physical language, i.e. with basic concepts and terms. We already know what a physical phenomenon is. Let's name a few more dates.
Any object is called a physical body.
Matter is what physical bodies are made of. Matter is everything that exists in the Universe. Look around and name the physical bodies that surround us. Now name the substances that make up these bodies.
Children give many examples; You can draw their attention to the fact that air is also a “full-fledged” substance.
What other physical bodies and substances can you name?
Can you name any type of matter that is not substance?
With some help, children name light (no physical body can be made of light!) and sometimes radio waves. Light and radio waves are examples of fields.
The natural world around us is simply teeming with various secrets and mysteries. Scientists have been looking for answers for centuries and sometimes trying to explain, but even the best minds of mankind still defy some amazing natural phenomena.
Sometimes you get the impression that strange flashes in the sky and spontaneously moving stones do not mean anything special. But, delving into the mysterious manifestations observed on our planet, you understand that it is impossible to answer many questions. Nature carefully hides its secrets, and people put forward new hypotheses, trying to unravel them.
Today we will look at physical phenomena in living nature that will make you take a fresh look at the world around you.
Physical phenomena
Every body is made up of certain substances, but note that different activities have different effects on the same bodies. For example, if you tear paper in half, the paper will still be paper. But if you set it on fire, all that will remain is ashes.
When the size, shape, state changes, but the substance remains the same and does not transform into another, such phenomena are called physical. They may be different.
Natural phenomena, examples of which we can observe in everyday life, are:
- Mechanical. The movement of clouds across the sky, the flight of an airplane, the fall of an apple.
- Thermal. Caused by temperature changes. During this process, the characteristics of the body change. If you heat ice, it becomes water, which transforms into steam.
- Electrical. Surely, when quickly taking off your woolen clothes, you have at least once heard a specific crackling sound, similar to an electric discharge. And if you do all this in a dark room, you can still observe the sparks. Objects that, after friction, begin to attract lighter bodies are called electrified. Northern lights, lightning during a thunderstorm - vivid examples
- Light. Bodies that emit light are called. This includes the Sun, lamps and even representatives of the animal world: some types of deep-sea fish and fireflies.
The physical phenomena of nature, examples of which we discussed above, are successfully used by people in everyday life. But there are also those that to this day excite the minds of scientists and evoke universal admiration.
Northern lights
Perhaps this rightfully bears the status of the most romantic. High in the sky, colorful rivers form, covering an endless number of bright stars.
If you want to enjoy this beauty, the best place to do it is in the northern part of Finland (Lapland). There was a belief that the cause of its occurrence was the anger of the supreme gods. But the most popular legend of the Sami people was about a fabulous fox who hit the snow-covered plains with his tail, causing colored sparks to soar into the heights and illuminate the night sky.
Clouds in the form of pipes
Such a natural phenomenon can drag anyone into a state of relaxation, inspiration, and illusion for a long time. Such sensations are created due to the shape of large pipes that change their color.
You can see it in those places where a thunderstorm front begins to form. This natural phenomenon is most often observed in countries with a tropical climate.
Stones that move in Death Valley
There are various natural phenomena, examples of which are quite understandable from a scientific point of view. But there are those that defy human logic. One of the mysteries of nature is considered to be. This phenomenon can be observed in the American national park called Death Valley. Many scientists try to explain the movement by strong winds, which are often found in desert areas, and the presence of ice, since it was in winter that the movement of stones became more intense.
During the research, scientists made observations of 30 stones, the weight of which was no more than 25 kg. Over seven years, 28 out of 30 stone blocks moved 200 meters from the starting point.
Whatever the scientists’ guesses, they do not have a clear answer regarding this phenomenon.
Ball lightning
Appearing after or during a thunderstorm is called ball lightning. There is an assumption that Nikola Tesla managed to create ball lightning in his laboratory. He wrote that he had not seen anything like this in nature (we were talking about fireballs), but he figured out how they form and even managed to recreate this phenomenon.
Modern scientists have not been able to achieve similar results. And some even question the existence of this phenomenon as such.
We have considered only some natural phenomena, examples of which show how amazing and mysterious our surrounding world is. How many unknown and interesting things we still have to learn in the process of developing and improving science. How many discoveries await us ahead?