Elegiac motives. Ancient world

P Ritcha is an allegorical story characterized by moral pathos and didactics, most often religious (the abundance of parables in the Gospel, in particular “The Parables of Solomon”). Sometimes parables were called fables (A. Sumarokov).

Parable- small epic prose form, moral teaching in allegorical form. A parable differs from a fable in that it draws its artistic material from human life (Gospel parables, Solomon's parables).

E This is, apparently, the freest form of presentation of the author's thoughts. Essays often bear the features of paradox, it violates all the laws of “pure” genres, and often simultaneously incorporates scientific, journalistic and fictional styles.

Essays have a long history. Its most famous representative, almost its spiritual father, is considered to be M. Montaigne with his “Experiences”.

Essayists were people who, even in their artistic works, gravitated toward pressing social issues. Natural scientists were close to them, hurrying to convey to readers their, albeit not yet fully formed, views on nature. Sometimes essayists intended with their texts to polemicize something that had received general recognition. Such is Pushkin’s “Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg” and F. Dostoevsky’s “Diary of a Writer,” where individual parts of the extensive narrative are not very related thematically, but contain a certain philosophical and journalistic challenge to public and literary opinion.

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Lyrical genres: elegy and ode, epigram and epitaph

Elegy(from Greek eleos- plaintive song) - a small lyrical form, a poem imbued with a mood of sadness and sadness. As a rule, the content of elegies consists of philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, and grief.

Elegy(ancient Greek ἐλεγεία) - a genre of lyric poetry. In modern European poetry, elegy retains stable features: intimacy, motives of disappointment, unhappy love, loneliness, the frailty of earthly existence, determines rhetoric in the depiction of emotions; classic genre of sentimentalism and romanticism.

Elegy in Russian literature

Zhukovsky called his poem “The Sea” an elegy.

In the first half of the 19th century, it was common to give your poems the title of elegies; Baratynsky, Yazykov, and others especially often called their works elegies; subsequently, however, it went out of fashion.

Elegy - a lyrical work with a sad mood. It could be a plaintive, mournful poem about unrequited love, a reflection on death, on the fleeting nature of life, or there could be sad memories of the past. Most often, elegies are written in the first person.

Elegy (Latin elegia from the Greek elegos plaintive melody of a flute) is a genre of lyrics that describes a sad, pensive or dreamy mood, this is a sad reflection, the poet’s reflection on a fast-moving life, on losses, parting with native places, with loved ones, about that joy and sadness are intertwined in a person’s heart... In Russia, the heyday of this lyrical genre dates back to the beginning of the 19th century: elegies wrote K. Batyushkov, V. Zhukovsky, A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Nekrasov, A. Fet; in the twentieth century - V. Bryusov, I Annensky, A. Blok and others.

Originated in ancient poetry; originally this was the name for crying over the dead. Elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation; these categories passed into modern elegy. Elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. Poetry of the 19th century continued to develop elegy in its “pure” form; in the lyrics of the 20th century, elegy is found, rather, as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.

Oh yeah(from Greek ode- song) is a small lyrical form, a poem, distinguished by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content.

Oh yeah- a poetic, as well as musical and poetic work, distinguished by solemnity and sublimity, dedicated to some event or hero.

Elegy is lyrical genre, a poem of medium length, meditative or emotional content (usually sad), most often in the first person, without a distinct composition. Elegy originated in Greece in the 7th century BC. (Kallin, Tyrtaeus, Theognis), initially had predominantly moral and political content; then, in Hellenistic and Roman poetry (Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid), love themes become predominant. The form of ancient elegy is the elegiac distich. In imitation of ancient examples, elegies are written in Latin poetry of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; in the 16th and 17th centuries. Elegy. transitions into new language poetry (P. de Ronsard in France, E. Spencer in England, M. Opitz in Germany, J. Kochanowski in Poland), but has long been considered a secondary genre. The heyday comes in the era of pre-romanticism and romanticism (“sad elegies” by T. Gray, E. Jung, C. Milvois, A. Chenier, A. de Lamartine, “love elegies” by E. Parni, restoration of ancient elegies in “Roman Elegies”, 1790, J.W. Goethe); then the elegies gradually lose their genre distinctness and the term falls out of use, remaining only as a sign of tradition (“Duino Elegies”, 1923, R. M. Rilke; “Bukov Elegies”, 1949, B. Brecht).

Elegy in Russian poetry

In Russian poetry, elegy appears in the 18th century by V.K. Trediakovsky and A.P. Sumarokov, and flourishes in the works of V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, A.S. Pushkin (“The daylight has gone out...”, 1820; “The clouds are thinning...”, 1820; “The faded joy of crazy years...”, 1830), E.A.Baratynsky, N.M.Yazykov; from the second half of the 19th and into the 20th centuries, “elegy” is used only as the title of cycles (A.A. Fet) and individual poems of some poets (A.A. Akhmatova, D.S. Samoilov). See also Meditative lyrics.

The word elegy comes from Greek elegeia and from elegos, which translated means a plaintive song.

- (Greek elegeia, from elegos deplorable, plaintive). A lyrical poem expressing the sad mood of the soul; usually consisted of alternating hexameter and pentameter. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Elegy- (St. Petersburg, Russia) Hotel category: 3 star hotel Address: Rubinshteina Street 18, Tsen ... Hotel catalog

Cm … Synonym dictionary

Elegy- ELEGY is a poem with the character of thoughtful sadness. In this sense, we can say that the majority of Russian poetry is in an elegiac mood, at least excluding the poetry of modern times. This, of course, does not deny that in our... Dictionary of literary terms

elegy- and, f. elegie f. gr. elegeia. 1. A lyrical poem imbued with sadness and sadness. BAS 1. Elegy. A type of poetic composition that describes sad or amorous affairs. Cantemir. Why do lovers who know that more... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

It means it occupies. place in the lyrics of L. In antiquity. poetry E. was called verse written in a special elegiac meter. distichom; in the new literature, E. recognizes any verse that contains the poet’s thoughts and expression of his feelings, especially. sad. V.G.... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

- (Greek elegeia) ..1) genre of lyric poetry; in early ancient poetry, a poem written in elegiac distich, regardless of content; later (Callimachus, Ovid) a poem of sad content. In modern European poetry it preserves... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ELEGY, elegies, female. (Greek elegeia). In ancient poetry, a poem written in couplets of a certain form, the original. varied content, and later, in Roman poetry, preem. loving content and sad tone (lit.). || IN… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Women a plaintive, sad, sad poem. In the first quarter of this century there were many elegiac writers. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Greek elegeia) a lyrical poem of a sad, pensive mood: this is the content that is now usually included in the word, which in former poetics also had a different meaning. Its etymology is controversial: it is derived from the supposed chorus elege... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

Elegy, Op. 8, A. Glazunov. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Reprint sheet music edition Glazunov, Aleksandr "Elegy, Op. 8". Genres: Elegies; Funeral music; For…
Elegy, Op. 44, A. Glazunov. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Reprint sheet music edition Glazunov, Aleksandr "Elegia, Op. 44". Genres: Elegies; Funeral music; For…

Elegy - (Greek elegeia, from elegos - plaintive song) literary and musical genre; in poetry - a poem of medium length, meditative or emotional content (usually sad), most often in the first person, without a distinct composition. E. originated in Greece in the 7th century. BC e. (Kallin, Mim-nerm, Tyrtaeus, Theognis), initially had predominantly moral and political content; then, in Hellenistic and Roman poetry (Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid), love themes become predominant.

Elegy - female a plaintive, sad, sad poem. In the first quarter of this century there were many elegiac writers.

History of the genre

Elegy is the oldest and one of the most widespread genres of world lyric poetry. All authors of various encyclopedic articles consider the term “elegy”, relying on the Greek origin of this word: `elegeYab - “plaintive song”, also “the word Eleg meant among the Greeks a sad song to the accompaniment of a flute.”

We reviewed several encyclopedic articles covering the concept of elegy. When comparing them, it is noted that an integral feature of the elegy is its sad (sad) character.

M.L. Gasparov gives the most complete definition of this term, describing the volume, content, subjective organization and composition of the elegy text: “a lyrical genre, a poem of medium length, meditative or emotional content (usually sad), most often in the first person, without a clear composition.” In the dictionary entry “Elegy” of his “Poetic Dictionary” A.P. Kwiatkovsky pays attention to the ancient origin of the elegy and more fully describes the variants of the emotional content of the elegy: “the lyrical genre of ancient poetry, a poem imbued with a mixed feeling of joy and sadness or only sadness, reflection, reflection, with a touch of poetic intimacy.

I.R. Eiges gives the shortest definition of elegy: “a poem with the character of thoughtful sadness.” Further in his article, a detailed description of this genre is given from the point of view of its historical development, the names of famous elegiac poets from different countries and centuries are given, as well as examples of common elegiac motifs. A similar structure is observed in the dictionary entry of L.G. Frizman: a brief definition of elegy is given, which does not characterize its features in any way - “the genre of lyric poetry” - and then follows a description of the history of the existence of the genre of elegy in literature from ancient times to the modern era of the author and the main motives corresponding to them.

Elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century. BC e. - Kallin is considered its ancestor. Having the general character of lyrical reflection, the elegy of the ancient Greeks was very diverse in content.

- militant elegy (Kallin, Tyrtaeus),
- accusatory elegy (Archilochus, Simonides),
- sad elegy (Archilochus, Simonides),
- political elegy (Mimnerm, Kallin),
- philosophical elegy (Solon, Theognis).

Among the Romans, the elegy became more defined in character, but also freer in form:

- autobiographical (Ovid),
- love, erotic (Ovid, Tibullus, Propertius),
- political (Propertius),
- mournful (Ovid).

Interest in creating elegies as imitations of ancient models arose during the Renaissance. In the era of pre-romanticism and romanticism, this genre flourished:

- love elegies (Chenier),
- restoration of ancient elegies (Goethe),
- sad elegies (Gray, Jung).

The idea of the genre has changed greatly over almost two thousand years: over time, the elegy genre has lost its strictness of form. In particular, elegy in Russian poetry does not have any formal characteristics. Almost every poem of a philosophical and meditative nature, which reflects the feelings and moods of melancholy, sadness, despair, disbelief, thoughts about the past, memories, regrets, can be classified as an elegy. The first experience of the elegiac genre on Russian soil was the cycle of elegies by V.K. Trediakovsky, appended by the author to the treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems” (1735): he created a version of a new elegy, relying on the heritage of ancient poets.

As a genre, elegy developed at the end of the 18th and especially at the beginning of the 19th centuries. Outstanding Russian elegiac poets are V.A. Zhukovsky, E.A. Boratynsky, A.S. Pushkin. Elegies were also created by M.Yu. Lermontov, K.N. Batyushkov, N.M. Yazykov, N.A. Nekrasov, A.A. Fet, V.Ya. Bryusov, A.A. Blok, I.F. Annensky, S.A. Yesenin and many other poets of the 19th and 20th centuries.

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State educational institution of higher professional education

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

Faculty of Philology

Elegy. History of the genre, lyrical content of Russian elegy, features of composition and figurative-style system

Performed:

Angelica Corsagia

Moscow 2015

elegy literary poem

1. Elegy. Definition

2. History of the genre

4. Features of V.K.’s elegy Tredianovsky, A.P. Sumarokova, G.R. Derzhavina

Conclusion

Literature

1. Elegy. Definition

Elegy - female a plaintive, sad, sad poem. In the first quarter of this century there were many elegiac writers.

2. History of the genre

We reviewed several encyclopedic articles covering the concept of elegy. When comparing them, it is noted that an integral feature of the elegy is its sad (sad) character.

Militant Elegy (Callin, Tyrtaeus),

Accusatory Elegy (Archilochus, Simonides),

Sad Elegy (Archilochus, Simonides),

Political Elegy (Mimnerm, Kallin),

Philosophical Elegy (Solon, Theognis).

Among the Romans, the elegy became more defined in character, but also freer in form:

Autobiographical (Ovid),

Love, erotic (Ovid, Tibullus, Propertius),

Political (Propertius),

Mournful (Ovid).

Interest in creating elegies as imitations of ancient models arose during the Renaissance. In the era of pre-romanticism and romanticism, this genre flourished:

Love Elegies (Chenier),

Restoration of ancient elegies (Goethe),

Moody Elegies (Gray, Jung).

3. Lyrical content of Russian elegy

Classical Russian elegies have traditionally been assigned a predominantly iambic meter with a varying number of feet. Note that V.A. Pronin, in his textbook on the theory of literary genres, gave a certain general scheme for a stereotypical elegy, presenting the train of thought of the lyrical hero of the elegy: “I am alone in this world, but love helps me overcome the loneliness of my existence, but love turned out to be illusory, I am even more alone in this evening autumn moment of eternity, to which my life belongs” 6. Thus, based on the established tradition, the elegy is assigned a love content: and love becomes just another reason for discord with the world.

The following established stable features of elegy are also traditionally distinguished:

intimacy,

motive of the frailty of earthly existence,

motive of unhappy love,

motive of loneliness,

motive of disappointment.

1) The genre of elegy in the works of V.A. Zhukovsky: main motives.

The birth of the Russian elegy genre is usually dated to 1802 and is associated with the work of Zhukovsky, namely with the fact that his translation of Gray’s elegy “Rural Cemetery” (1802) became the first step towards the beginning of a new Russian poetry, which finally went beyond the limits of rhetoric and turned to sincerity , intimacy and depth. In the general spirit and form of Gray’s elegy, that is, in the form of large poems filled with mournful reflection, other poems by Zhukovsky were written, which he himself called elegies: for example, “Evening” (1806), “Slavyanka” (1816), “Sea” ( 1822). The main elegiac motifs in Zhukovsky’s work are:

motive of melancholy reflections,

motive of contemplation of nature,

motive of solitude, immersion in the inner world,

motive of passing youth,

motives of injustice, vanity, futility and decline of life,

the image of a poet-dreamer.

3) The genre of elegy in the works of A.S. Pushkin: main motives.

Pushkin began writing lyrical works in the genre of elegy around 1815, when he was still studying at the Lyceum. Since 1816, elegy has become a productive genre in his work (almost all elegies date from this year: “Window”, “Elegy” (“Happy is he who is in passion for himself”), “A Month”, “To Morpheus”, “The Sweet Word” , “Friends”, “Pleasure”). In the early twenties, Pushkin’s elegies appeared one after another, each of which is a masterpiece of the genre - these are: “The Sun of Day Has Gone Out” (1820), “The Flying Ridge of Clouds is Thinning...” (1820), “I have outlived my desires. ..” (1821), “Will you forgive me for jealous dreams...” (1823), “To the Sea” (1824), “Andrei Chenier” (1825), “Desire for Fame” (1825) and a number of others. In the elegies of 1928 and subsequent years (“When the noisy day falls silent for a mortal...”, “A vain gift, an accidental gift,” “Do I wander along the noisy streets”), there is a premonition of one’s own not-so-distant demise.

Pushkin's innovation in the genre of elegy affected both content (for example, individualization of the theme and concretization of the lyrical self) and form (choice of poetic meter).

The main motives of Pushkin’s elegiac lyrics:

motive of memories,

the motive of life as a gift sent from above,

motive of exile, flight,

motive of unrequited love,

motive of conquering fate,

the motive of a prematurely withered soul,

the motive of approaching death,

motive of disappointment in friendship,

motive of disappointment in love,

motive of tears,

the motive of the futility of impulses towards freedom,

motive of fading youth,

motive of despondency.

4. Features of V.K.’s elegy Tredianovsky, A.P. Sumarokova, G.R. Derzhavina

The first experiments in Russian elegy appeared in V.K. Trediakovsky, fitting quite organically into his experiments in creating Russian love lyrics. He also belongs to the first classification of the new genre: “It is one that describes especially deplorable things and love complaints. Elegy is divided into Training and Erotic. The Trenicheskaya describes sadness and misfortune; and in Erotic love and all its consequences.”

Later this idea would be developed by N.F. Ostolopov in his “Dictionary of Ancient and New Poetry”. While the “erotic” elegy is associated only with love themes, he writes, “the training elegy is distinguished by a wide variety of motives: it describes sadness, illness and every unhappy adventure.” If we “impose” this classification on Trediakovsky’s poetry, it will become obvious that he developed almost exclusively the second type - “erotic”:

Who will give me a helping hand to the poor? Who can make it easier, ah! heartache?

The soft-hearted son of the goddess is angry with me,

He immediately becomes the most cruel to me:

Unhealingly striking me in the heart with an arrow,

Unceasing love torments, ah! misfortune.

No one's equal heart had passion,

No one fell into equal misfortunes:

Without hope, who would ever suffer from a fierce fever?

Oh! My innocent fell into that cruelty.

The cruel disease eats away every hour,

Incomparable sadness torments like a beast...

Elegy is experiencing a rebirth in the works of A.P. Sumarokova. And although it develops mainly in the same “erotic” direction, there is a significant enrichment of the system of lyrical motifs and a deepening, development of the lyrical “I” itself:

My chest is pierced, and my whole mind is wasted.

O furious hours! Cruel time of torment!

I am tormented by everything, no matter what I think about.

Will I bear the blow of the prolonged separation,

When death is evil... Both I and I will die then.

I will fight the same, the same fate,

Suffering and groaning in unbearable pity.

I’ll die, my dear, I’ll die with you too,

When you hide forever from me.

“You suffer in illness...”

One of the most interesting types of elegy introduced by Sumarokov into Russian poetry was the “elegy of creativity” so brilliantly developed in the future by other Russian poets. It contains the poet’s deeply personal thoughts about himself and his work, about his purpose:

Suffer, wretched spirit! Torment my chest!

I am the unhappiest person in the world!

I was not flattered to find great happiness

And from birth I didn’t fuss about it;

I caressed myself with peace of mind:

Not gold, not silver, but he was looking for muses alone.

Without an escort I made my way to the muses

And through the dense forest he broke through to Parnassus.

I overcame the work, saw Helicon;

Like paradise, I imagined it in my eyes.

I called it Eden's bright helicopter city,

And today I call you, Parnassus, I am a gloomy hell;

You are the torment of the furies to me, you are not my muses.

O poor, nasty mountain,

Support for my unmerciful part,

The source and guilt of all my misfortune,

A deplorable sight to my eyes and heart,

He who has caused countless sorrows to him!

That day was miserable, the most miserable moment,

When the severity and anger of fate is fierce,

Having flattered myself with pleasure and glory,

I touched you with my foot for the first time.

The character of the post-Sumarokov elegy gradually begins to change: it includes reflections and even teachings, pushing the actual lyrical principle into the background. This new, “philosophical and moral” elegy includes the elegies of M.M. Kheraskova.

If we turn to the Trediakovsky-Ostolopov classification, then, apparently, we can talk about the gradual evolution of Russian elegy from the “erotic” to the “training” type:

Mortal in life represents

Mirror of melancholy and troubles;

As soon as he is born, he sobs,

Because tribulation foreknows.

Tears of youth all the time,

Without reason the boy pours:

The teacher is there in vain.

The poor baby is being beaten.

The ardor of youth plunges

In the depths of his troubles,

He chooses mistresses

And he doesn’t think anything.

How grown is another superfluity

A short century will take part:

Honor, wealth, glory, pomp

The spirit wavers and trembles.

Everyone despises the old man;

Having lost the strength of life,

He suffers and suffers,

Decrepit, thoughtful and unhealthy.

We tidy up thoughts to thoughts,

We are looking for our own happiness,

Finally we all die

Here we are born for what.

MM. Kheraskov “Stanza of Mr. Rousseau”

In the last quarter of the 18th century, Russian elegy reached new horizons - and this is connected, first of all, with the name of G.R. Derzhavina. While maintaining his commitment to the genre of philosophical ode, Derzhavin writes elegies in the same spirit. Moreover, some of his works can be almost equally classified as both the ode and the elegy genre. First of all, this applies to the famous ode “On the death of Prince A.I. Meshchersky,” which researchers have already noticed.” It is connected with the philosophical ode by the very problematic of the work, reaching the level of universal and even cosmic abstractions and generalizations:

As the waters pour into the sea, fast,

So days and years flow into eternity;

The kingdoms are swallowed by greedy death.

The author’s direct, mournful and pathetic address to the deceased recipient and the lyrical sketch at the end give it an elegiac sound:

Like a dream, like a sweet dream,

My youth has also disappeared;

Beauty is not very tender,

It's not so much joy that delights,

The mind is not so frivolous,

I'm not so prosperous...

If we consider the fusion of these two principles, philosophical and lyrical, then, apparently, the most justified and justified definition of this ode as a “philosophical elegy”: the lyrical line, of course, cannot be considered insignificant and secondary, but still it is the philosophical principle that comes to the fore , moreover, through its prism the lyrical beginning is perceived.

Conclusion

Thus, we can see the evolution of elegy as a literary genre that changed not only with the era, but also with brilliant writers.

Literature

1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

2. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary.

3. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes. M.; L.: Publishing house L.D. Frenkel.

4. Literary encyclopedia of terms and concepts / Ed. A.N. Nikolyukina.

5. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms:

6. Trediakovsky V.K. A method for composing Russian poems (1752).

7. Ostolopov N.F. Dictionary of ancient and modern poetry.

8. Moskvicheva G.V. Genre and compositional features of Russian elegies of the 18th and first decades of the 19th century // Questions of plot and composition.

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