Musa Jalil was born on February 2, 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg Region, into a Tatar family. Education in the biography of Musa Jalil was received at the madrasah (Muslim educational institution) “Khusainiya” in Orenburg. Jalil has been a member of the Komsomol since 1919. Musa continued his education at Moscow State University, where he studied in the literary department. After graduating from university, he worked as an editor for children's magazines.
Jalil's work was first published in 1919, and his first collection was published in 1925 (“We Are Coming”). 10 years later, two more collections of the poet were published: “Ordered Millions”, “Poems and Poems”. Also in his biography, Musa Jalil was the secretary of the Writers’ Union.
In 1941 he went to the front, where he not only fought, but was also a war correspondent. After being captured in 1942, he was in the Spandau concentration camp. There he organized an underground organization that helped prisoners escape. In the camp, in the biography of Musa Jalil, there was still room for creativity. There he wrote a whole series of poems. For his work in an underground group he was executed in Berlin on August 25, 1944. In 1956, the writer and activist was named Hero of the Soviet Union.
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Earth!.. I wish I could take a break from captivity,
To be in a free draft...
But the walls freeze over the groans,
The heavy door is locked.
Oh, heaven with a winged soul!
I would give so much for a swing!..
But the body is at the bottom of the casemate
And the captive hands are in chains.
How freedom splashes with rain
Into the happy faces of flowers!
But it goes out under the stone vault
The breath of weakening words.
I know - in the arms of the light
Such a sweet moment of life!
But I'm dying...And this—
My last song.
Eleven suicide bombers
On August 25, 1944, in the Berlin Plötzensee prison, 11 members of the Idel-Ural Legion, a unit created by the Nazis from Soviet prisoners of war, primarily Tatars, were executed on charges of treason.
The eleven sentenced to death were assets of an underground anti-fascist organization that managed to disintegrate the legion from within and thwart German plans.
The procedure for execution by guillotine in Germany was debugged to the point of automation - it took the executioners about half an hour to behead the “criminals.” Executors scrupulously recorded the order in which sentences were carried out and even the time of death of each person.
The fifth, at 12:18, lost his life writer Musa Gumerov. Under this name, Musa Mustafovich Zalilov, also known as Musa Jalil, died, a poet whose main poems became known to the world a decade and a half after his death.
In the beginning there was "Happiness"
Musa Jalil was born on February 15, 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg province, in the family of peasant Mustafa Zalilov.
Musa Jalil in his youth. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Musa was the sixth child in the family. “I first went to study at the village mekteb (school), and after moving to the city I went to the primary classes of the Husainiya madrasah (theological school). When my relatives left for the village, I stayed in the madrasah boarding house,” Jalil wrote in his autobiography. “During these years, Husainiya was far from the same. The October Revolution, the struggle for Soviet power, and its strengthening greatly influenced the madrasah. Inside “Khusainiya” the struggle is intensifying between the children of the bais, mullahs, nationalists, defenders of religion and the sons of the poor, revolutionary-minded youth. I always stood on the side of the latter and in the spring of 1919 I signed up for the newly formed Orenburg Komsomol organization and fought for the spread of Komsomol influence in the madrasah.”
But even before Musa became interested in revolutionary ideas, poetry entered his life. He wrote his first poems, which have not survived, in 1916. And in 1919, in the newspaper “Kyzyl Yoldyz” (“Red Star”), which was published in Orenburg, Jalil’s first poem, called “Happiness,” was published. Since then, Musa's poems have been published regularly.
“Some of us will be missing”
After the Civil War, Musa Jalil graduated from the workers' school, was engaged in Komsomol work, and in 1927 entered the literary department of the ethnological faculty of Moscow State University. After its reorganization, he graduated from the literary department of Moscow State University in 1931.
Classmates of Jalil, then still Musa Zalilov, noted that at the beginning of his studies he did not speak Russian very well, but he studied with great diligence.
After graduating from the Faculty of Literature, Jalil was the editor of Tatar children's magazines published under the Central Committee of the Komsomol, then head of the literature and art department of the Tatar newspaper "Communist", published in Moscow.
In 1939, Jalil and his family moved to Kazan, where he took the position of executive secretary of the Writers' Union of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On June 22, 1941, Musa and his family were going to a friend’s dacha. At the station he was overtaken by the news of the beginning of the war.
The trip was not cancelled, but carefree country conversations were replaced by conversations about what awaits everyone ahead.
“After the war, one of us will be missing...,” Jalil told his friends.
Missing
The very next day he went to the military registration and enlistment office with a request to be sent to the front, but they refused and offered to wait for the summons to arrive. The wait did not last long - Jalil was called up on July 13, initially assigning him to an artillery regiment as a mounted reconnaissance officer.
RIA News
At this time, the premiere of the opera “Altynchech” took place in Kazan, the libretto for which was written by Musa Jalil. The writer was released, and he came to the theater in military uniform. After this, the command of the unit found out what kind of fighter was serving with them.
They wanted to demobilize Jalil or leave him in the rear, but he himself resisted attempts to save him: “My place is among the fighters. I must be at the front and beat the fascists."
As a result, at the beginning of 1942, Musa Jalil went to the Leningrad Front as an employee of the front-line newspaper “Courage”. He spent a lot of time on the front line, collecting material necessary for publication, as well as carrying out orders from the command.
In the spring of 1942, senior political instructor Musa Jalil was among the soldiers and commanders of the Second Shock Army who were surrounded by Hitler. On June 26 he was wounded and captured.
How this happened can be learned from the surviving poem by Musa Jalil, one of those written in captivity:
"What to do?
Refused the word pistol friend.
The enemy shackled my half-dead hands,
The dust has covered my bloody trail.”
Apparently, the poet was not going to surrender, but fate decided otherwise.
In his homeland, he was assigned the status of “missing in action” for many years.
Legion "Idel-Ural"
With the rank of political instructor, Musa Jalil could have been shot in the first days of his stay in the camp. However, none of his comrades in misfortune betrayed him.
There were different people in the prisoner of war camp - some lost heart, broke down, and others were eager to continue the fight. From among these, an underground anti-fascist committee was formed, of which Musa Jalil became a member.
The failure of the blitzkrieg and the beginning of a protracted war forced the Nazis to reconsider their strategy. If earlier they relied only on their own strengths, now they decided to play the “national card”, trying to attract representatives of different nations to cooperate. In August 1942, an order was signed to create the Idel-Ural legion. It was planned to be created from among Soviet prisoners of war, representatives of the peoples of the Volga region, primarily the Tatars.
Musa Jalil with his daughter Chulpan. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
The Nazis hoped, with the help of Tatar political emigrants from the Civil War, to educate former prisoners of war into staunch opponents of the Bolsheviks and Jews.
Legionnaire candidates were separated from other prisoners of war, freed from hard work, better fed, and treated.
There was a discussion among the underground - how to relate to what was happening? It was proposed to boycott the invitation to enter the service of the Germans, but the majority spoke in favor of another idea - to join the legion, so that, having received weapons and equipment from the Nazis, they could prepare an uprising within the Idel-Ural.
So Musa Jalil and his comrades “took the path of fighting Bolshevism.”
Underground in the heart of the Third Reich
This was a deadly game. “Writer Gumerov” managed to earn the trust of the new leaders and received the right to engage in cultural and educational work among legionnaires, as well as publish the legion’s newspaper. Jalil, traveling to prisoner-of-war camps, established secret connections and, under the guise of selecting amateur artists for the choir chapel created in the legion, recruited new members of the underground organization.
The efficiency of the underground workers was incredible. The Idel-Ural Legion never became a full-fledged combat unit. His battalions rebelled and went to the partisans, legionnaires deserted in groups and individually, trying to get to the location of the Red Army units. Where the Nazis managed to prevent a direct rebellion, things were also not going well - German commanders reported that the legion’s fighters were not able to conduct combat operations. As a result, legionnaires from the Eastern Front were transferred to the West, where they also did not really prove themselves.
However, the Gestapo was also not asleep. The underground members were identified, and in August 1943, all the leaders of the underground organization, including Musa Jalil, were arrested. This happened just a few days before the start of the general uprising of the Idel-Ural legion.
Poems from fascist dungeons
The underground members were sent to the dungeons of the Berlin Moabit prison. They interrogated me with passion, using all conceivable and unimaginable types of torture. Beaten and mutilated people were sometimes taken to Berlin, stopping in crowded places. The prisoners were shown a piece of peaceful life, and then returned to prison, where the investigator offered to hand over all accomplices, promising in exchange a life similar to that on the streets of Berlin.
It was very difficult not to break down. Everyone was looking for their own ways to hold on. For Musa Jalil, this method was writing poetry.
Soviet prisoners of war were not entitled to paper for letters, but Jalil was helped by prisoners from other countries who were imprisoned with him. He also tore blank margins from the newspapers that were allowed in prison and sewed them into small notebooks. He recorded his works in them.
The investigator in charge of the case of the underground fighters honestly told Jalil during one of the interrogations that what they did was enough for 10 death sentences, and the best he could hope for was execution. But, most likely, the guillotine awaits them.
Reproduction of the cover of the “Second Maobit Notebook” by the poet Musa Jalil, transferred to the Soviet embassy by the Belgian Andre Timmermans. Photo: RIA Novosti
The underground fighters were sentenced in February 1944, and from that moment on, every day could be their last.
“I will die standing, without asking for forgiveness”
Those who knew Musa Jalil said that he was a very cheerful person. But more than the inevitable execution, in prison he was worried by the thought that in his homeland they would not know what had happened to him, they would not know that he was not a traitor.
He handed over his notebooks, written in Moabit, to his fellow prisoners, those who were not facing the death penalty.
August 25, 1944 underground fighters Musa Jalil, Gainan Kurmashev,Abdullah Alish, Fuat Sayfulmulukov,Fuat Bulatov,Garif Shabaev, Akhmet Simaev, Abdulla Battalov,Zinnat Khasanov, Akhat Atnashev And Salim Bukhalov were executed in Plötzensee prison. The Germans who were present in prison and saw them in the last minutes of their lives said that they behaved with amazing dignity. Assistant Warden Paul Duerrhauer said: “I have never seen people go to the place of execution with their heads held high and sing some kind of song.”
No, you're lying, executioner, I won't kneel,
At least throw him in the dungeons, at least sell him as a slave!
I will die standing, without asking for forgiveness,
At least chop my head with an ax!
I'm sorry that I am those who are related to you,
Not a thousand - only a hundred he destroyed.
For this, his people would
I asked for forgiveness on my knees.
Traitor or hero?
Musa Jalil's fears about what people would say about him in his homeland came true. In 1946, the USSR Ministry of State Security opened a search case against him. He was accused of treason and aiding the enemy. In April 1947, the name of Musa Jalil was included in the list of especially dangerous criminals.
The basis for suspicion was German documents, from which it followed that the “writer Gumerov” voluntarily entered the service of the Germans, joining the Idel-Ural legion.
Musa Jalil. Monument in Kazan. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Liza vetta
Musa Jalil's works were banned from publication in the USSR, and the poet's wife was summoned for interrogation. The competent authorities assumed that he could be on the territory of Germany occupied by the Western allies and conduct anti-Soviet activities.
But back in 1945, in Berlin, Soviet soldiers discovered a note from Musa Jalil, in which he talked about how he and his comrades were sentenced to death as an underground worker, and asked him to inform his relatives about this. In a roundabout way, through writer Alexander Fadeev, this note reached Jalil's family. But suspicions of treason against him were not removed.
In 1947, a notebook with poems was sent to the USSR from the Soviet consulate in Brussels. These were poems by Musa Jalil, written in Moabit prison. The notebook was taken out of prison the poet's cellmate, Belgian Andre Timmermans. Several more notebooks were donated by former Soviet prisoners of war who were part of the Idel-Ural legion. Some notebooks survived, others then disappeared in the archives of the secret services.
Symbol of Fortitude
As a result, two notebooks containing 93 poems fell into the hands of poet Konstantin Simonov. He organized the translation of poems from Tatar into Russian, combining them into the collection “Moabite Notebook”.
In 1953, on Simonov’s initiative, an article about Musa Jalil was published in the central press, in which all charges of treason were dropped against him. Some poems written by the poet in prison were also published.
Soon the Moabite Notebook was published as a separate book.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 2, 1956, for the exceptional steadfastness and courage shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, Zalilov Musa Mustafovich (Musa Jalil) was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).
In 1957, Musa Jalil was posthumously awarded the Lenin Prize for his cycle of poems “The Moabit Notebook.”
The poems of Musa Jalil, translated into 60 languages of the world, are considered an example of great courage and perseverance in the face of the monster, whose name is Nazism. “The Moabit Notebook” is on a par with the “Report with a Noose Around the Neck” by the Czechoslovakian writer and journalist Julius Fucik, who, like Jalil, wrote his main work in Hitler’s dungeons while awaiting execution.
Don't frown, friend,—
we are only sparks of life,
We are stars flying in the darkness...
We will go out, but the bright day of the Fatherland
Will rise on our sunny land.
Both courage and loyalty are next to us,
And that's all - what makes our youth strong...
Well, my friend, don't have timid hearts
We will meet death. She's not scary to us.
No, nothing disappears without a trace,
The darkness outside the prison walls does not last forever.
And the young - someday - will know
How we lived and how we died!
Musa Jalil was born in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg province, into a large family on February 15, 1906. His real name is Musa Mustafovich Zalilov; he came up with his pseudonym during his school years, when he published a newspaper for his classmates. His parents, Mustafa and Rakhima Zalilov, lived poorly, Musa was already their sixth child, and in the meantime there was famine and devastation in Orenburg. Mustafa Zalilov seemed to those around him to be kind, flexible, and reasonable, and his wife Rakhima was strict with children, illiterate, but having wonderful vocal abilities. At first, the future poet studied at an ordinary local school, where he was distinguished by his special talent, curiosity and unique success in the speed of obtaining education. From an early age, a love of reading was instilled in him, but since there was not enough money for books, he made them by hand, independently, writing in them things he heard or invented, and at the age of 9 he began writing poetry. In 1913, his family moved to Orenburg, where Musa entered a religious educational institution - the Khusainiya madrasah, where he began to more effectively develop his abilities. At the madrasah, Jalil studied not only religious disciplines, but also those common to all other schools, such as music, literature, and drawing. During his studies, Musa learned to play a plucked string musical instrument - the mandolin.
Since 1917, unrest and lawlessness began in Orenburg, Musa became imbued with what was happening and devoted time to creating poems. He joins the Communist Youth League to participate in the Civil War, but does not pass the selection due to his asthenic, thin physique. Against the backdrop of urban disasters, Musa's father goes bankrupt, and because of this he goes to prison, as a result of which he falls ill with typhus and dies. Musa's mother does dirty work in order to somehow feed the family. Subsequently, the poet joins the Komsomol, whose instructions he carries out with great restraint, responsibility and courage. In 1921, a time of famine began in Orenburg, Musa's two brothers died, and he himself became a homeless child. He is saved from starvation by an employee of the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, who helps him enter the Orenburg Military Party School, and then the Tatar Institute of Public Education.
Since 1922, Musa began to live in Kazan, where he studied at the workers' faculty, actively participated in the activities of the Komsomol, organized various creative meetings for young people, and devoted a lot of time to creating literary works. In 1927, the Komsomol organization sent Jalil to Moscow, where he studied at the philological department of Moscow State University, pursued a poetic and journalistic career, and managed the literary area of the Tatar opera studio. In Moscow, Musa finds his personal life, becomes a husband and father, and in 1938 he moves with his family and opera studio to Kazan, where he begins working at the Tatar Opera House, and a year later he already holds the positions of chairman of the Writers' Union of the Tatar Republic and a deputy of the city council.
In 1941, Musa Jalil went to the front as a war correspondent, in 1942 he was seriously wounded in the chest and captured by the Nazis. To continue to fight the enemy, he becomes a member of the German legion "Idel-Ural", in which he served as the selection of prisoners of war to create entertainment events for the Nazis. Taking this opportunity, he created an underground group within the legion, and in the process of selecting prisoners of war, he recruited new members of his secret organization. His underground group tried to start an uprising in 1943, as a result of which more than five hundred captured Komsomol members were able to join the Belarusian partisans. In the summer of the same year, Jalil’s underground group was discovered, and its founder Musa was executed by beheading in the fascist prison of Plötzensee on August 25, 1944.
Creation
Musa Jalil created his first known works in the period from 1918 to 1921. These include poems, plays, stories, recordings of examples of folk tales, songs and legends. Many of them were never published. The first publication in which his work appeared was the newspaper "Red Star", which included his works of a democratic, liberation, folk character. In 1929, he finished writing the poem "Traveled Paths", and in the twenties his first collection of poems and poems also appeared "Barabyz", and in 1934 two more were published - "Ordered Millions" and "Poems and Poems". Four years later, he wrote the poem “The Letter Bearer,” which tells the story of Soviet youth. In general, the leading themes of the poet’s work were revolution, socialism and civil war.
But the main monument of Musa Jalil’s creativity was the “Moabit Notebook” - the contents of two small notebooks written by Musa before his death in the Moabit prison. Of these, only two have survived, containing a total of 93 poems. They are written in different graphics, in one notebook in Arabic, and in the other in Latin, each in the Tatar language. For the first time, poems from the “Moabit Notebook” saw the light of day after the death of I.V. Stalin in the Literary Gazette, since for a long time after the end of the war the poet was considered a deserter and a criminal. The translation of the poems into Russian was initiated by war correspondent and writer Konstantin Simonov. Thanks to his thorough participation in the consideration of Musa’s biography, the poet ceased to be perceived negatively and was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as the Lenin Prize. The Moabite Notebook has been translated into more than sixty world languages.
Musa Jalil is a model of endurance, a symbol of patriotism and the unbreakable spirit of creativity despite any hardships and sentences. With his life and work, he showed that poetry is higher and more powerful than any ideology, and strength of character is capable of overcoming any hardships and disasters. “The Moabit Notebook” is his testament to his descendants, which says that man is mortal, but art is eternal.
Musa Jalil. Biography and creativity.
Musa Jalil is a famous Tatar poet. Every nation is proud of its outstanding representatives. More than one generation of true patriots of their country was brought up on his poems. The perception of instructive stories in the native language begins from the cradle. Moral guidelines laid down from childhood turn into a person’s credo for his entire life. Today his name is known far beyond the borders of Tatarstan.
The poet's real name is Musa Mustafovich Jalilov. It is known to few people, since he called himself Musa Jalil. The biography of every person begins at birth. Musa was born on February 2 (15), 1906. The life path of the great poet began in the remote village of Mustafino, which is located in the Orenburg region. The boy was born into a poor family as the sixth child. Mustafa Zalilov (father) and Rakhima Zalilova (mother) did everything possible and impossible to raise their children as people worthy of respect.
To call childhood difficult is to say nothing. As in any large family, all children began to take an early part in maintaining the household and fulfilling the strict demands of adults. The elders helped the younger ones and were responsible for them. The younger ones learned from the elders and respected them.
Musa Jalil showed an early interest in learning. A brief biography of his training can be summarized in a few sentences. He tried to study and could express his thoughts clearly and beautifully. His parents send him to Khusainiya, a madrasah in Orenburg. Divine sciences were mixed with the study of secular subjects. The boy's favorite disciplines were literature, drawing and singing.
A thirteen-year-old teenager joins the Komsomol. After the end of the bloody civil war, Musa began creating pioneer units. To attract attention and provide an accessible explanation of the ideas of the Pioneers, she writes poems for children.
Soon he received membership in the Bureau of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and went to Moscow on a voucher. Moscow State University accepted him into its membership in 1927. Moussa becomes a student in the literary department of the ethnological faculty. In 1931, Moscow State University underwent reorganization. Therefore, he receives a diploma from the writing department. The poet Musa Jalil continues to compose throughout his years of study. His biography changes with the poems he wrote as a student. They bring popularity. They are translated into Russian and read out at university evenings.
Immediately after receiving his education, he was appointed editor of children's magazines in the Tatar language. In 1932 he worked in the city of Serov. Writes works in many literary genres. Composer N. Zhiganov creates operas based on the plots of the poems “Altyn Chech” and “Ildar”. Musa Jalil put the tales of his people into them. The biography and work of the poet are entering a new era. The next stage of his career in Moscow was the head of the literature and art department of the Kommunist newspaper in the Tatar language. The last pre-war years (1939-1941) in the life of Musa Jalil are associated with the Writers' Union of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He was appointed executive secretary and heads the writing department of the Tatar Opera House.
The Great Patriotic War burst into the life of the country and changed all plans. 1941 becomes a turning point for the poet. Musa Mustafovich Jalil deliberately asks to go to the front. The biography of a poet-warrior is the path he chooses. He goes to the military registration and enlistment office and asks to go to the front. And gets rejected. The young man's persistence soon gives the desired result. He received a summons and was drafted into the Red Army.
He is sent to a six-month course for political instructors in the small town of Menzelinsk. Having received the rank of senior political instructor, he finally goes to the front line. First the Leningrad Front, then the Volkhov Front. All the time among soldiers, under shelling and bombing. Courage bordering on heroism commands respect. He collects material and writes articles for the newspaper “Courage”.
The Lyuban operation of 1942 tragically ended Musa's writing career. On the approaches to the village of Myasnoy Bor, he is wounded in the chest, loses consciousness and is captured.
Severe trials either break a person or strengthen his character. No matter how much Musa Jalil worries about the shame of captivity, the biography, a brief summary of which is available to readers, speaks of the immutability of his life principles. In conditions of constant control, exhausting work and humiliating bullying, he tries to resist the enemy. He is looking for comrades-in-arms and opening his “second front” to fight fascism. Initially, the writer ended up in a camp. There he gave a false name, Musa Gumerov. He managed to deceive the Germans, but not his fans. He was recognized even in fascist dungeons. Moabit, Spandau, Plötzensee - these are the places where Musa was imprisoned. Everywhere he resists the invaders of his homeland.
In Poland, Jalil ended up in a camp near the city of Radom. Here he organized an underground organization. He distributed leaflets, his poems about victory, and supported others morally and physically. The group organized escapes of prisoners of war from the camp.
The Nazis tried to lure captured soldiers to their side. The promises were tempting, but most importantly, there was hope of staying alive. Therefore, Musa Jalil decides to take advantage of the chance. The biography makes adjustments to the poet’s life. He decides to join the committee for organizing units of traitors.
The Nazis hoped that the peoples of the Volga region would rebel against Bolshevism. The Tatars and Bashkirs, Mordovians and Chuvashs were, according to their plan, to form a nationalist detachment. The corresponding name was also chosen - “Idel-Ural” (Volga-Ural). This name was given to the state that was to be organized after the victory of this legion.
The Nazis' plans failed to come true. They were opposed by a small underground detachment created by Jalil. The first detachment of Tatars and Bashkirs, sent to the front near Gomel, turned their weapons against their new masters. All other attempts by the Nazis to use detachments of prisoners of war against Soviet troops ended in the same way. The Nazis abandoned this idea.
The Spandau concentration camp turned out to be fatal in the life of the poet. An agent provocateur was found who reported that the prisoners were preparing to escape. Among those arrested was Musa Jalil. The biography again takes a sharp turn. The traitor pointed to him as the organizer. The poems of his own composition and leaflets he distributed called not to lose heart, to unite for the fight and to believe in victory.
The solitary confinement of Moabit prison became the poet's final refuge. Torture and sweet promises, death row and dark thoughts did not break the core of life. He was sentenced to death. On August 25, 1944, the sentence was carried out in Plötzensee prison. The guillotine built in Berlin ended the life of a great man.
The first post-war years became a black page for the Zalilov family. Musa was declared a traitor and accused of treason. The poet Konstantin Simonov played the role of a true benefactor - he contributed to the return of his good name. A notebook written in the Tatar language fell into his hands. It was he who translated the poems authored by Musa Jalil. The poet's biography changes after their publication in the central newspaper.
More than a hundred poems by the Tatar poet were squeezed into two small notebooks. Their size (about the size of a palm) was necessary for hiding from bloodhounds. They received a common name from the place where Jamil was kept - “Moabit Notebook”. Anticipating the approach of the last hour, Musa handed the manuscript to his cellmate. Belgian Andre Timmermans managed to preserve the masterpiece.
After his release from prison, the anti-fascist Timmermans took the poems to his homeland. There, at the Soviet embassy, he handed them over to the consul. In this roundabout way, evidence of the poet’s heroic behavior in the fascist camps came home.
The poems were first published in 1953. They were released in Tatar, the author’s native language. Two years later, the collection is released again. Now in Russian. It was like returning from the other world. The citizen's good name was restored.
Musa Jalil was posthumously awarded the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" in 1956, twelve years after his execution. 1957 – a new wave of recognition of the author’s greatness. He was awarded the Lenin Prize for his popular collection “The Moabit Notebook.”
In his poems, the poet seems to foresee the future:
If they bring you news about me,
They will say: “He is a traitor! He betrayed his homeland,”
Don't believe it, dear! The word is
Friends won't tell me if they love me.
His confidence that justice will prevail and the name of the great poet will not fade into oblivion is amazing:
Heart with the last breath of life
He will fulfill his firm oath:
I always dedicated songs to my fatherland,
Now I give my life to my fatherland.
Today the name of the poet is known in Tatarstan and throughout Russia. He is remembered, read, praised in Europe and Asia, America and Australia. Moscow and Kazan, Tobolsk and Astrakhan, Nizhnevartovsk and Novgorod the Great - these and many other Russian cities have contributed a great name to the names of their streets. In Tatarstan, the village received the proud name Jalil.
Books and films about the poet allow us to understand the meaning of the poems, the author of which is the Tatar master of words Musa Jalil. The biography, briefly outlined for children and adults, is reflected in the animated images of the feature film. The film has the same name as the collection of his heroic poems - “The Moabit Notebook”.
TO THE LEGACY OF THE POET-HERO - "GREEN STREET"
In the Moabit Notebook, Musa Jalil wrote that through poetry he hoped to return to his homeland, to his people, to make his very death sound like a song of struggle. These hopes came true. The name of Musa Jalil, his books are near and dear to millions of people today, helping them in the struggle for a better future. But have we done everything to create a “green street” for the works of the poet-hero on the way to readers, in order to truly introduce them to his work, life and feat?
For the first time in 1935, a small collection of the Tatar poet Musa Jalil was published in Russian. There are 19 poems in total, written in 1927 - 1933. Circulation: 3000. But in the large flow of poetic literature, this collection did not go unnoticed by critics. Soon a review appeared in the Moscow magazine "Khudozhestvennaya Literatura" (1935, No. 9), the author of which, S. Gamalov, saw from the first translations of the poet's poems what constitutes the core of all Musa Jalil's poetry:
“A small book of poems by Musa Jalil will bring great joy to the Soviet reader with its true poetry, combining iron will with soft lyricism, great anger with tender love.”
In subsequent years, such significant works of Jalil as the poems “The Letter Bearer”, “Altynchech”, etc. are published in the Tatar language. These are the years of the poet’s maturity. Interest in his work and social activities is growing. In March 1941, the Kazan periodicals celebrated the 20th anniversary of Jalil’s creative path and the completion of work on the libretto of the first Soviet Tatar operas “Altynchech” and “Lachynnar” (“Falcons”), which he wrote. However, the poet was not able to attend the premieres of the operas: since July 1941 he has been in the ranks of the Soviet Army.
Before moving on to the tragic events in the life of Musa Jalil, I want to offer readers one of my favorite poems from my school years, which still sounds fresh, lively and interesting today.
Love and Runny Nose
I remember my youth
Dating and quarrels.
I loved mortally then
The beauty from the office.
And how would I tell you about it?
The poet, shunning prose,
My love, burning with fire,
She gave flowers in the frost.
I had a runny nose at that time
And, as if in punishment,
I forgot my handkerchief, friends,
Going on a date.
Goodbye love! Success is gone!
Sitting. It's running from the nose.
And the nose, as if for sin,
Bottomless well.
What should I do? What to do?
Not a runny nose, but the elements.
"My soul" - I want to say,
And I say: “Apchhi!” - I.
Why do I suffer?
I started to feel timid, I confess.
I want to say "I love you"
But I can’t - I blow my nose.
And now, brought to tears,
I sighed very passionately,
But my inexorable nose
Then he whistled ugly.
Love and a runny nose don't want
Get along with each other.
And although it's not my fault,
It's time for me to hang myself.
I didn't expect such nonsense!
It tickles my throat again.
-I...I...apchi...you...apchi...-
What can you say to this beauty?
I took my friend's hand
I was bold enough to admit
But there was a bubble - so that it disappeared! -
Pout under your nose.
I look: the girl frowns.
And of course I understood
What, like a bubble, is her love
Here it burst forever.
And I hear, shrinking with shame:
- You know little about love.
You, before you come here,
I would wipe my nose first.
She left. What a disgrace!
And me with a sad look
I went (the verdict was signed)
To the pharmacist for poison.
- You will shed plenty of tears, beauty.
You are for my ordeals! -
I brought it home in a bottle...
Medicine for a runny nose.
And I haven’t met, friends,
Since then, not once.
This is how I was cured in life
From two diseases at once.
Musa Mustafovich Zalilov, senior political instructor, military correspondent for the army newspaper "Courage", Tatar Soviet poet, was born in 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Sharlyk district, Orenburg region, into a peasant family. Tatar. Member of the Komsomol since 1919, CPSU - since 1929. He studied at a Soviet party school in Orenburg and was a soldier in a special forces unit. After graduating from the Tatrabfak, he worked as an instructor for the Orsk district Komsomol committee, then at the Orenburg provincial Komsomol committee. In 1927, he was elected a member of the bureau of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Komsomol Central Committee. Later he moved to Moscow, worked and at the same time studied by correspondence at the literary department of Moscow State University, from which he graduated in 1931.
In the pre-war years, Jalil lived in Kazan and worked as chairman of the Writers' Union of Tatarstan. On the second day of the war, Musa arrived at the military registration and enlistment office and asked to be sent to the front. In July 1941 he was drafted into the Red Army. He graduated from a six-month course for political workers and was sent to the Volkhov Front with the rank of senior political instructor. Until July 1942 he worked as a war correspondent for the army newspaper “Courage”.
1942 The harsh everyday life at the front began. Jalil was always on the front line, where it was difficult. Military friends who fought with him remember how bravely the senior political instructor fought on the Volkhov Front, being a war correspondent for the newspaper “Valiance”.
On June 26, 1942, the Nazis fired continuously at our positions. The enemy threw more and more reinforcements into the attack.
The forces were too unequal. In heavy defensive battles, the troops of the Volkhov Front had difficulty holding back the onslaught of the Nazis. Soldiers and commanders fought heroically for every meter of land. In one of the counterattacks near the village of Myasnoy Bor, Musa Jalil was seriously wounded. He lay in a ditch, which quickly filled with water. In an unconscious state, Musa was captured and for a long time was on the verge of life and death. He was attended by prisoners of war who knew their poet well.
Later, Musa Jalil was thrown into a camp, then came prisons and fascist dungeons: Moabit, Spandau, Pletzensee.
In a camp near Radom, Poland, Jalil led an underground organization of prisoners of war. The Nazis at that time wanted to create special legions from among prisoners of non-Russian nationality. The legion, formed near Radom, was sent to the front, but in the Gomel region it turned its arms against the Nazis. The Gestapo, with the help of a traitor, managed to uncover the underground organization. Jalil and his fighting friends were arrested and sent to Moabit prison. But neither torture nor death row broke Musa. Jalil remained a Soviet poet to the end. On scraps of paper with a stub of a pencil, he wrote poems, as he himself put it, “on the chopping block under the executioner’s axe,” filled with a thirst for freedom and a passionate call for the fight against fascism.
Heroism is the essence of Jalil's poetry. He himself died as a hero - without bowing his head, unconquered. He was executed on August 25, 1944 in a military prison in Berlin.
Streets, a ship, and a young city in Tatarstan are named after Jalil. A monument was erected in Kazan. A memorial plaque was installed on the building of the regional committee in Orsk, where Jalil worked. An opera, a novel, dozens of poems and poems have been written about the Hero.
Pages from M. Jalil's diary
I'm not afraid of death. It is not an empty phrase when we say that we despise death. This is actually true. A great sense of patriotism, a full consciousness of one’s social duty, kills fear.
When the thought of death comes, you think like this: there is still life after death, not “life in the next world”, which was preached by priests and mullahs, but life in the consciousness, in the memory of the people. If I did something important that people needed, then I deserved this other life - “life after death.” They will remember me, talk about me, write about me. If I deserve it, then why be afraid of death! The purpose of life is this: to live in such a way that after death you do not die.
So I think: if I die in the Patriotic War, showing courage, then this death is not at all bad. After all, someday, according to the law of nature, my existence will end, the thread of my life will break. If they don’t kill me, I’ll die in bed. Yes, of course, then, perhaps, I will die at a ripe old age, and in the 30-40 years remaining before that moment, I will be able to create good things and bring a lot of benefit to society. This is, of course, correct. Living more means working more, bringing more benefits to society. Therefore, not being afraid of death does not mean at all that we do not want to live and therefore despise death. And if this death is necessary, if it can bring as much benefit as a 30-40 year working life until old age, then there is no need to fear that I died early.
“He lived and worked for the Motherland, and when it was necessary, he died for the Motherland.” And such death is already the immortality of man!
If you think like this, death is not scary at all. But we not only reason, but also feel and feel. And this means that such consciousness has entered into our character, into our blood..."
Several years ago, a very thick parcel from Germany arrived at the Writers' Union of the Republic of Tatarstan. It contained several manuscripts relating to Musa Jalil and his companions. Among them were also the memoirs of a certain Anwar Galim. In Berlin, A. Galim often met and communicated closely with Musa Jalil and his comrades. In the summer of 1945, he was in their prison, where he met with Mullah Usman, who came before his execution to say goodbye to the Tatar prisoners with the Koran. Mullah Usman was captured in Germany during the First World War. Later he started a family here and stayed to live. During World War II he served as a mullah in the Tatar committee. He also knew Musa Jalil and his comrades well. We invite readers to get acquainted with the memoirs of Mullah Usman, recorded by A. Galim after their meeting in Berlin. The translation is published for the first time.
The author of the published memoirs is Anvar Galim (real name Anvar Aidagulov, other pseudonyms A. Hamidi, R. Karimi) before the war, he graduated from the department of Tatar language and literature of the Kazan Pedagogical Institute. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was drafted into the army and during fierce battles he was captured. First he is in various prisoner of war camps, then he is transferred to Berlin. After the war, he worked in Munich as editor of the magazine “Vatan” (“Motherland”), as well as as an announcer-commentator at the Azatlyk radio station. Having reached retirement age, Anwar Galim moved to the United States of America. Died in New York on March 3, 1988.
Rafael MUSTAFIN
writer
Death Quran:
The mystery of the death of Musa Jalil and his companions.
Memoirs of Uthman, son of Galim, recorded by Anwar Galim
“Being imprisoned for political reasons in any country, especially in wartime, is a difficult ordeal. No state tolerates actions directed against it. That is why I assumed that the position of Musa and his comrades would not be easy. And so it happened. When they were shot, I was also called as a Muslim cleric.
I can't forget that day. Yes, it is impossible to forget him. On August 20 last year (1944), Shafi called me and said: “On August 25, the death sentence for Musa and his comrades will be carried out, your presence is necessary, the Chief Mufti announced this.” Early that day, I went to Plötzensee prison and first spoke with the prison pastor. The pastor was delighted at my arrival. He told me that the Tatars would be shot at 12 o'clock. According to the pastor, the Tatars sentenced to death were in one large room, and they could not believe that they would be shot. They always received the pastor warmly and expressed their complaints to him.
At about 11 o'clock the pastor and I went to see the sentenced Tatars. Since I was visiting prisoners sentenced to death for the first time, I was at a loss, I didn’t know what to say... It seemed to me that any word I said would be out of place. Everything is clear: everyone is downcast, everyone is at a loss, in confusion. When I entered, everyone raised their heads and looked at me. It seemed to me that they didn’t want to talk to me... Waiting for the last minutes of my life was infinitely difficult. I began to tremble, first I felt cold, then hot.
I handed the Koran to Alisha first and whispered something to him (I don’t remember what exactly). He slowly stood up, put his hand on the Koran and began to cry. Everyone experienced mental anguish. I say emotional, because, according to the pastor, the prisoners were not subjected to such barbarity as beatings and torture.
I approached Garif Shabaev and handed him the Koran. When he put his hand on it, I asked: “Weren’t you tortured?” He replied: “No, there was no torture.” I approached everyone, held out the Koran, and everyone, putting their hand on it, said: “Forgive me, goodbye” (Tat. - “Behil, behil” approx.). Ahmet Simay, placing his hand, said: “Usman Effendi, we did not expect it to be like this, we did not expect it.” The last person I approached was Musa. I handed him the Koran. He placed his hand and whispered: “Goodbye, it’s fate, we didn’t think that they would kill us.”
Mullah Uthman's words were news to me. I wanted to ask him more about this, but somehow I couldn’t: my lips didn’t obey me. At that moment, Mrs. Louise (the wife of Mullah Usman, a German by nationality - author's note) entered and called Mullah Usman to dinner. I bowed my head low and walked out...
Comments
Many, after reading these memoirs, may think that Musa and his comrades were SHOOT, and not CUT OFF. How can you not believe it, because the mullah himself swore by the Koran! However, let's not rush to conclusions, let's think together.
Mullah Usman himself was not present during the execution. He's just guessing. “Because,” he says, “they are military men, they don’t hang military men, they shoot military men, this is the case in all countries...”. And he is deeply mistaken. In Nazi Germany, especially since July 1944, after the assassination attempt on Hitler, the military was punished in different ways: they were shot, hanged, and sometimes their heads were cut off. (This is exactly what they did with those who attempted to assassinate the Fuhrer.)
The prison pastor mentioned by the mullah, Pastor Yurytko, remained alive. I had corresponded with him many years before. Although he himself was not present at the execution, he remembers Musa and his comrades well. According to him, they were HANGED.
Such different versions are natural, because the Nazis did not let anyone get close during the execution. This abomination was carried out behind closed doors. The place of execution - a one-story gloomy building (it has survived to this day) - is located a little further from the Plötzensee prison yard. There prisoners were shot, hanged, and had their heads cut off.
And if so, the only source that can be trusted is only a document, an act drawn up by the executioners themselves.
The originals of these documents are still kept in the archives of Plötzensee prison. No one expressed doubts about their authenticity. According to these documents, the Jalilevites were executed by cutting off their heads at the GUILLOTINE on August 25, 1944, between 12.06 and 12.36.
The second tricky question concerns the faith of Jalil and his comrades in Allah. Mullah Usman believes that they might not accept the mullah and not talk to him because they are communists. But after the convicts said goodbye, placing their hands on the Koran, he concludes: “Apparently, their communism has been defeated.” By the way, it was precisely this fact that prevented the publication of these memoirs. We, while emphasizing the courage and heroism of the Jalilevites, on the one hand, it turns out, have completely forgotten about the other side. Yes, they really stood courageously and waged a tireless fight against the Nazis in the most difficult conditions. They secretly organized a society and distributed leaflets. (Anwar Galim’s memoirs also talk about this.)
But they are also living people! They were all young, approximately 25-27 years old, and all faced death. The oldest among them, Musa, was 38 years old.
Naturally, before death, people find themselves at a loss, in confusion, depressed, saying goodbye to life with the Koran in their hands... Is this their weakness or humanity? Apparently the last one...
We must not forget that the mother of Musa Jalil Rahim apa was the daughter of a mullah. In their house in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg region, in addition to the Koran, there were many religious books. Therefore, Musa was raised in the spirit of Islam from childhood. In the Orenburg Madrasah "Khusainiya", like everyone else, he studied religious subjects and, according to his comrades, knew some suras of the Koran by heart. Indeed, during the Soviet era, Jalil was a Komsomol member, then joined the Communist Party, renounced religion, and opposed it. However, at the hour of death, he returned to religion; apparently, faith still lived in him, despite his outward renunciation.
Musa Jalil and his associates.
One more clarification needs to be made here. Mulla Usman, relying on the words of the pastor, says that there was no rough treatment of prisoners, beatings or torture. Even Garif Shabai answered his question: “No, there was no torture.” Perhaps at one time we slightly embellished this side. In reality, it was different: some were beaten, some were tortured, some were not.
Many saw that Musa was returning from interrogations beaten and exhausted. I saw with my own eyes the red stripes from the whip on the back of Rushat Khisametdinov, who was arrested along with Musa, and miraculously survived. Much depended on who would behave and how, and which investigator they would end up with...
After the death of Mullah Usman, the mentioned Koran was first in Germany, then passed into the hands of the Tatars living in America for safekeeping. During the First World Congress of Tatars, this sacred book was brought to Kazan by our compatriot and handed over to the famous scientist Mirkasym Usmanov. He donated the book to the Musa Jalil Museum. Now the Koran is the most valuable exhibit of the museum.
Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.
Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
9 10 22 32 44 59 62 75 95 113 114 127 147 165 184 185 206 221 224 234 258
Z A L I L O V M U S A M U S T A F O V I C H
258 249 248 236 226 214 199 196 183 163 145 144 131 111 93 74 73 52 37 34 24
13 33 51 52 65 85 103 122 123 144 159 162 172 196 205 206 218 228 240 255 258
M U S A M U S T A F O V I C H Z A L I L O V
258 245 225 207 206 193 173 155 136 135 114 99 96 86 62 53 52 40 30 18 3
MUSA MUSTAFOVICH ZALILOV = 258.
(on)M(eren) U(biy)S(your)+(n)AM(eren) U(biy)S(your)+(ka)TA(str)F(a)+(from shot)OV+ (prob)I(t) CH(erep)+FOR(str)LI(if in go)LOV(y)
258 = ,M, U,S, + ,AM, U,S, + ,TA,F, + ,OV + ,I, CH, + FOR,LI,LOV,.
5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 102 134 153 168 174 175 178 182 202 220 239 240
TWO TWO FIFTH
240 235 232 231 226 203 202 183 154 138 106 87 72 66 65 62 58 38 20 1
"Deep" decryption offers the following options in which all columns match:
(from evil)D(eist)VA (stop ser)DCA + (death)TH + P(ul)I(mi) (kill)T + (bullet)OE (r)A(nenie) V G(ol)U + (o)STA (new heart)
240 = ,D,VA,DCA + ,TH + P,I,T + ,OE,A,V G, + ,STA,...
(pre)D (intentional) (killer)V(o) + (stop)A (ser)DCA + (death)TH + P(ul)I(mi) (kill)T + (bullet)OE (r)A (mind) V G(ol)U + (o)STA(new heart)
240 = ,D,V,A,DCA + ,TH + P,I,T + ,OE,A, V G, + ,STA,...
Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE: 123-THIRTY + 84-EIGHT = 207.
19 36 46 51 74 75 94 123 126 141 159 165 178 207
THIRTY EIGHT
207 188 171 161 156 133 132 113 84 81 66 48 42 29
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
(high)TR(elam)I (ser)DCA (death)TH + (killing)VO + (for)S(trel)E(n) + (s)M(ert)b
207 = ,TR,I,DTSA,T + ,BO + ,C,E, + ,M,b.
Look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:
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