words that have fallen out of active use, but are preserved in the passive dictionary and are mostly understandable to native speakers (for example, in modern Russian “arshin”, “bonna”, “vran”, icon”). Taken together, obsolete words form a system of obsolete vocabulary in the language, the structure of which is determined by the varying degrees of its obsolescence, various reasons for archaization and the nature of use. According to the degree of obsolescence, the following are distinguished: a) words whose meaning is incomprehensible to speakers of a modern language without appropriate lexicographical references (Russian “loki” ‘puddle’, “skora” ‘skin’, cf. “furrier”); b) words that are understandable to native speakers, but are part of a passive vocabulary and are used for certain, primarily stylistic, purposes. Many obsolete words are preserved in stable combinations (“nothing is visible”, “not a voice, not a sigh”). By origin, obsolete words, for example for the modern Russian language, can be native Russian (“ony”, “flare”, “alarm”), Old Slavonic (“vran”, “raven”, “broadcast”, “lobzat”) and borrowed from other languages ("infantry" 'infantry').

Depending on the reasons for archaization, obsolete words are divided into 2 categories: historicisms and archaisms. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote (for example, in Russian the names of ancient clothing: “armyak”, “kamzol”, “caftan”). Historicisms have no synonyms. Archaisms are words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units. There are 2 types of archaisms.

Lexical archaisms, including: a) lexical archaisms themselves - words that are completely outdated as certain sound complexes (“neck”, “giving”, “right hand”); b) lexical and word-formative archaisms that differ from the synonymous word of the modern language only by a word-formation element, most often a suffix (“friendship”, “friendship”, “fisherman” “fisherman”); c) lexical-phonetic archaisms that differ from modern variants in only a few sounds (“klob” ‘club’, “piit” ‘poet’).

Semantic archaisms are the outdated meaning of words existing in the active dictionary (for example, the meaning of ‘spectacle’ in the word “shame”, cf. the modern meaning of ‘dishonor’).

Obsolete words differ in the nature of their use. Historicisms are used both as neutral words - if necessary, to name the realities they denote (for example, in historical works), and as a stylistic device. Archaisms are used only for certain stylistic purposes: in historical novels, stories, to recreate the real historical situation and speech of the characters (for example, in A. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter I”: “Gentlemen Swedes, isn’t this world better than Shlisselburg, Nyenshantz and Yuryev embarrassing battles? "); in journalistic and artistic speech - to create a highly solemn style (for example: “The sixteenth year is coming in the crown of thorns of revolutions” - V.V. Mayakovsky); to characterize negative phenomena, as a means of creating a comic - irony, satire, sarcasm (for example: “The average person is curious, he would like to know everything about drink” - Mayakovsky; “In general, in Taganrog it is fashionable to run around with actors. Many are missing their wives and daughters” - A. P. Chekhov).

Outdated words can come back into active use, acquiring a stylistic connotation of loftiness or a connotation of playfulness, irony (for example, the modern use of the words “command”, “spew out”, “recline”, “libation”, “youth”). In addition, some historicisms can find new life when applied to new realities as their designations. The word retains its original appearance, but acquires a new meaning (for example, the modern use of the words “ensign”, “Cossack” in the meaning of ‘the cut of a woman’s dress’).

Grigorieva A.D., On the main vocabulary fund and vocabulary of the Russian language, M., 1953; Shansky N.M., Outdated words in the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, “Russian language at school”, 1954, No. 3; Akhmanova O. S., Essays on general and Russian lexicology, M., 1957; Ozhegov S.I., The main features of the development of the Russian language in the Soviet era, in his book: Lexicology. Culture of Speech, M., 1974; Shmelev D.N., Modern Russian language. Lexika, M., 1977.

U old words, as well as dialectal, can be divided into two different groups: archaisms And historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian.

Eg:

right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- lower back and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- life, guest- merchant,), in grammatical form ( at the ball- at the ball, fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Spanish- Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction- death or harm, hope- hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military topics.

Eg:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.

Most obsolete words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, footman, boyar, steward, stable boy, barge hauler,tinker and so on. Types of production activities such as horse tram and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, quitrent, corvée and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovo and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Dictionary of obsolete words by letter of the alphabet:

We often find outdated words in classical literature. Footnotes and explanations are often provided for them, since these words are not used in modern language, and many may not know their meanings.

Examples of obsolete words:

inda - even

lanita - cheeks

saryn - rabble, crowd

week - week

lazy - lazy

Obsolete words include archaisms and historicisms. These are words that are rarely used in living modern speech or are even found only in the literary works of writers of past centuries. We will classify outdated words as passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

Archaisms are characterized by the fact that, as a rule, they have synonyms in modern speech.

Examples of archaisms:

hand - palm,

neck - neck;

belts - shoulders,

sail - sail,

piit - poet,

fisherman - fisherman,

lips - lips.

Historicisms, as you can guess from the name of these words, are associated with a certain era in the history of the country and are the names of those objects that have already disappeared, and the word, as a reminder to descendants, remained in the literature, archival documents or periodicals of those years.

I will give these examples of outdated words - historicisms:

kulak - a wealthy peasant in the 20-30s of the last century;

workers' faculty - workers' faculty;

worker's faculty, workers' faculty - workers' faculty students.

Among the historicisms there are many ancient names of monetary units, measures of length and weight, names of objects and clothing, etc., for example:

club, pood, verst, arshin, ten-kopeck piece, student, barge hauler, policeman, coachman, tavern, etc.

Obsolete words mean those words that, due to a time period, have fallen out of previously habitual active use, but in the passive dictionary they have been preserved and, to a greater extent, remain understandable to native speakers.

Among obsolete words, there are two types: archaisms and historicisms.

For example, lanits - cheeks in Old Russian. Hand - palm. Down - down, below. Eyes - eyes. Chelo - forehead. Or an archaic appeal - dear sir :-). Virgo is a girl. There is such a word - tuck in - tuck in / shirt /. Get excited - hang out with someone. This is folk speech, I heard the last two words from my grandmother / Smolensk region /.

To what has already been written by other authors, I can add that words used today can be considered obsolete if in former times they were used in different meanings than in the present. Such words are called semantic archaisms.

Archaisms.

Otrok is a teenage boy.

Otrokovitsa is a teenage girl.

Astrologer - astrologer.

Actor - actor.

A creature is a living being.

The shame is a spectacle.

Vulgar - ordinary.

Domovina is a coffin.

Zolotar is a jeweler.

To hope - to hope.

Dark - blind.

Crown - wreath.

Supper - dinner.

Vitia is a speaker.

This one is this one.

Rest - fall asleep.

City - city.

Arab is a black man.

Innocent - innocent.

Lamb - lamb.

The husband is a mature man.

Scoundrel - not fit for military service.

Whorehouse is a brothel.

Abode - monastery.

Historicisms.

Likbez, Berkovets, carriage, rattler, stagecoach, serf, oktyabrnok, pioneer, bast shoe, inquisition, posadnik, Komsomol, torch, archer.

The works of the classics of the 18th and 19th centuries are full of outdated words. The meaning is not always clear.

The poet Pushkin has blueberries. An obsolete word. That means a nun.

Pay at his place. The word appears in the conversation of old villagers. A bed for sleeping on the stove.

The obsolete word used today is now.

OBSOLETE words, or ARCHAISMS, denote objects, phenomena and concepts that have not disappeared from our modern life, but continue to exist in it, but under a different name. That is, they are denoted by modern words.

There are a lot of archaisms known. And they are listed in dictionaries.

Here in front of me is Ozhegov’s dictionary. I open the page at random and immediately come across outdated words: lanita- cheek; bastweed- peasant; word dealer used in the meaning reseller And horse trader.

I close the dictionary. What can I remember myself?

This is not difficult to do if you recall some expressions and phrases of our famous classic writers. For example, A, P, Chekhov has the following appeal: WISE secretary! That is wise.

From a poem by A.S. Everyone knows the lines of Pushkin’s Prophet:

I think that it is not worth translating the highlighted outdated words into a modern language, because we all know them from the school curriculum.

Here are a few more outdated words: full - captivity; shelom - helmet; pawn - infantryman; tuga - melancholy, sadness; right hand - right hand; guard - watchman; finger - finger; existing - existing; thief - thief, robber, etc.

I repeat that there are a lot of archaisms, both native Russian, Old Church Slavonic, and borrowed.

It is simply impossible to list them within the framework of this project.

There are a lot of obsolete words (this is the name for words that were previously used quite actively, but now are rarely or not used at all in the meanings in which they used to be) in the Russian language. Because the process of obsolescence is constant. Such words are sometimes even divided into obsolete and obsolete.

Here are some of them:

Screen. Archaism. Many people are now thinking about screenshots, which are called screenshots for short. But it turns out that this was what small chests and stacks used to be called. For example, if Dostoevsky lived not in the 190th century, but earlier, he would have called the old woman’s casket (packing), from which Raskolnikov pulled out money and jewelry, a screen. Hide from the word.

Chernitsa. Archaism. And that was the name of the nuns. By the color of their clothes.

Belenkaya. Historicism. This substantivized adjective once meant a banknote with a face value of 25 rubles.

Zlachny. Archaic meaning. This word had the now outdated meaning of rich, fertile. From the word cereal.

Aspid is a poisonous snake, yell is to plow, namale is soap, in advance - in advance, nabolshiy is the eldest, spring is a well, finger is a finger, get out - dress up, hustochka is a handkerchief, nikoli - never, odnova - once.

Obsolete words are divided into historicisms and archaisms; we will give examples of both.

Historicisms:

district, boyar, volost, king, clerk, altyn.

Archaisms:

belly is life,

mirror - mirror,

hand - palm.

eye - eye,

cold - cold.

Read about the differences between these two groups of obsolete words here.

Nurullaev Rubin and Duysenova Dinara.

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

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Regional scientific and practical conference “Step into the future”

Research work on Russian language

on this topic

"Using Outdated Words in Everyday Life"

The work was completed by 10th grade students

MKOU "Osypnobugorskaya Secondary School"

Privolzhsky district, village. Osypnoy Hill

Nurullaev Rubin and

Duisenova Dinara.

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko

Svetlana Georgievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

2013

Routing

The topic of the scientific work is “The use of obsolete words in everyday life”

School: MKOU "Osypnobugorsk Secondary School"

Information about scientific supervisors – Svetlana Georgievna Kirichenko

Information about the submitted work:

Type of work – abstract and research

Presence in the introduction of an object, subject, goals, objectives of the study - +

Availability of a work plan - +

Number of sources in the bibliographic list –

Preliminary testing of work - school conference

Study period: October-January

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko S.G.

Head of the institution: G. A. Khalmetova

Research plan

1. Research plan. page 3
2. Introduction. page 5
3. Purpose of work p.5
4. Hypothesis.p. 5
5. Relevance and significance of the work.p. 5
6. Tasks p.5
7. Introduction. page 6.
8. Chapter I “Historical information of the Volga region.” page 6.

Chapter II “Why are there so many different languages?” page 7.

1. Chapter II “Outdated words.” page 8.
2. Sociological survey. page 11
3. Knowledge of outdated words. Page 12
4. Usage of words taking into account different age categories. p. 13
5. Dependence of the use of words taking into account age characteristics.p. 15
6. Lists of people by recognition category.p. 16
7. .List of words with other meanings.p. 17
8. Competition “The best expert on obsolete words.” p. 19
9. Conclusion. page 20
10. Bibliography. page 21
11. Appendix.page 22

Introduction

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

Goal of the work: Find out how outdated words are used in everyday life.

Hypothesis: We assumed that the words are used, but less every year.

Relevance and significance of the work:Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.

Novelty of the work: preserving obsolete words as history, memory of one’s small homeland.

Tasks: 1) Study the literature on this topic.

2) Conduct a sociological survey.

3) Find out the degree of use of words in the form of graphs and

Table

Introduction. Historical information of the Volga region

Privolzhsky district - a municipal entity in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionRussia.

Privolzhsky district is located in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionin the delta of the Volga River and borders on the north withNarimanovsky And Krasnoyarsk districts, in the east with Volodarsky districtand the city areaAstrakhan. The area of ​​the district is 840.9 km².

Based on the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Volga region in the Astrakhan region” datedThe 20th of October1980- Privolzhsky district was formed in the Astrakhan region, with the center in the villageNachalovo, due to part of the territoryNarimanovsky districtAstrakhan region. 39 rural settlements.

The population is 40.1 thousand people.

Why are there so many different languages?

The development of language as a means of communication is regulated by two opposing trends: divergence (divergence)

convergence (convergence). These trends are closely related to each other and each individual segment of the historical development of language gives way to each other in the conditions of communication. This is manifested in the fact that the collapse of a once unified linguistic community causes linguistic divergence: new linguistic features that appear in the speech of one of the separated tribes do not spread to the language of the remaining separated groups, and this leads to the accumulation of linguistic differences between them. This is how dialects are formed, varieties of a once common language.

A dialect is the smallest unit of dialect division of a language. In all dialects, the linguistic landscape is considered. Dialects are combined into adverbs, larger territorial units.

Unfamiliar words, but each locality has its own, special words. These are regional or dialect words. They are not part of the national language, but are used only in dialects, and not everywhere, but only in a certain territory. That is why all modern languages ​​in different territories of their distribution are represented by local dialects (in our time - only in rural areas), reflecting the ancient fragmentation of the population of different regions.

Over a long period of isolated development, so many differences can accumulate that different dialects can develop into different languages. On the contrary, in the case of a unification of tribes, the integration of dialects inevitably begins, which is expressed in the smoothing out of linguistic differences, the spread of new linguistic features to the speech of all population groups included in such a union. Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

For example: trouble - very, trouble - hard, difficult.

Bereznik - birch forest, bereznik - boletus mushroom.

A lyapa is a slow person, a lyapa is to leave quickly, a lyapa is a small fish.

Outdated words

The words in our vocabulary can be very different in terms of the time of their appearance in the language. The overwhelming majority of old words are included in the active vocabulary, are used by us often and, due to their constant functioning in speech, are not recognized by the old (cf. the words of proto-Slavic origin father, white, carry, when, himself, house, sky, etc.) . Moreover, they form the basis of modern modern vocabulary, although it is replenished with new words very intensively. At the same time, among words that are old in terms of their appearance (even relatively recent), there is also a generally very significant group of words that are used rarely, under certain conditions, in other words, are outdated.

Outdated wordscan be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) - these are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. For example:

"Now they were petitioners..."

The highlighted word is historicism. It has no synonyms in modern Russian. The meaning can only be explained by resorting to an encyclopedic description. This is exactly how they are presented in explanatory dictionaries:

1. Petition, -I, cf. 1. In ancient Rus': bow to the ground with the forehead touching the ground. 2. In ancient Rus': a written request.
2. Petitioner, -a, m. In ancient Rus': the one who filed a petition. Petition, oh, and. In ancient Rus': petition (in 2nd meaning), Stolnik, -a, m. In ancient Rus': a courtier, a degree lower than a boyar, originally a courtier who served at the princely or royal table).

The reason for the appearance of historicisms in the language is the change in life, customs, and the development of technology, science, and culture. One things and relationships are replaced by others. For example, with the disappearance of such types of clothing as the armyak, camisole, caftan, the names of these types of clothing disappeared from the Russian language; they can now only be found in historical descriptions. Gone forever are the words: serf, quitrent, corvee and others associated with serfdom in Russia, along with the corresponding concepts.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement by new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in various ways: a different lexical meaning(guest - merchant, belly - life), different grammatical design(perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), with a different morphemic composition(friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features(Gishpanish - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. To clarify the meaning of such words when working with the text of a work of art, it is necessary to use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words. This will help avoid mistakes in interpreting the text.

The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in the updating of its vocabulary: one words are replaced by others.

Words forced out of use do not disappear without a trace: they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic flavor of the era.

Sometimes outdated words begin to be used in a new meaning. Thus, the word has returned to the modern Russian language dynasty . Previously, it could only be combined with such definitions as royal, monarchical. Now they talk and write about working dynasties, miner dynasties, meaning families with an “inherited” profession.

We became interested in the population living on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, since during the study of the material it turned out that outdated words are made up of dialects of different peoples, their customs, way of life, and with the development of technology. And this is due to the appearance of historicisms and archaisms in the language.

Having studied the nationalities of the population of our village, we displayed our research in a diagram:

From this diagram it can be seen that people of different nationalities live on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, which amounts to 3,140 people. The Tatars occupy the largest number. From this it can be assumed that the obsolete words that were and are used in this territory were formed due to the merging and smoothing of linguistic differences, and the spread of new linguistic features that formed new words.

Sociological survey

The next stage of the research work was a sociological survey among residents of the village of Osypnoy Bugor, belonging to different age groups.

3 groups were identified. A total of 100 people were interviewed.

We included people under 11 years of age (4th grade) in the first group. A total of 53 people.It was interesting to find out whether the proposed words are used by this age category, because Basically, everything modern is valuable to them.

The second age category included people from 12 to 15 (grades 6 – 9) years. Total 33 people. A feature of this age is the transition of children's views to a more serious understanding of life.

The third age category included people 16-17 years old (grades 10-11). There are 17 people in total.At this age, people increasingly begin to appreciate the customs and traditions of their ancestors. They are increasingly remembering their past, assessing their actions with a new look.

Questionnaire questions were asked.

Questions:

1) Do they know the words presented?

2) What words are used?

3) How did you find out about them?

We gave each group different words.

See Appendix 1

Knowledge of obsolete words

Table 1

Usage of words taking into account different age categories.

table 2

Using the table, you can distribute the use of words in this way. 65% know words under 11 years of age

They know these words because...

1) We heard them from our parents.

2) Remember them.

55% of words are not used.

12 - 15 years old 75% actually do not use because... the words are old, but now it’s fashionable to use Western words: cool, awesome, super, O.K. etc., and old words are forgotten.

50% of 16-17 year olds know, heard from relatives and began to use these words. But they have a peculiar pronunciation. Rarely used.

Dependence of the use of words on age characteristics

The graph shows that the percentage of words used is decreasing and it can be assumed that the next generation will completely stop using these words, because they are not studied and are spoken quite rarely. Thus, a large layer of the cultural life of the village may disappear.

Lists of people by recognition category

Conclusion: The table shows that most people know the words from relatives. There are people who know words from books. A small percentage of people learned the words from village residents.

List of words with other meanings

During the study, we examined additional information on this list of words. It turned out that these words have different meanings. It depends on the territory and the cultural characteristics of the population and the area.

Bajit 1. Predict.

ObrosikhaIlyinsk.

2. Drive in the game.

MusonkinoKarag.

Say 1.Transfer. Interpret, narrate, tell something. Plishkari El.

2.Convene.

Berezovka Us.

Z. Scold.

N. Zalesnaya Os.

Wheatear 1. Blackberry.

VilvaSol.

2. A weed with regular yellow small flowers and bitter and sour juice, used as a medicinal product; celandine.

OsokinoSol.

Orel Us R. Romanovo Us.

Z.About a retarded young man.

RakinoCherd.

Lesson 1. Work assigned for a certain period. Gubdor Krasnov.

SvalovaSol.

2.Tax

Lensk Kungur..

In our village, many words have the same meaning and pronunciation. This suggests that the traditions and customs of the population of this territory are very closely intertwined. This also applies to language features.

Each village of the Volga region has its own highlight. In this case, these are words that were used only in our village.

Competition “The best expert on obsolete words”

To preserve outdated words, we held a competition for the title of “The best expert on outdated words” that were used on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council.

Conclusion: not all students were interested in the competition. And since the younger generation is not interested in the past, the problem of connecting generations arises.

Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn from the research work:

1) The formation of the linguistic characteristics of village residents has gone through a long historical path.

2) The formation of traditions, customs and rituals occurred due to the development of several archaeological cultures in this territory.

H) The formation of modern peoples is the result of the political and economic unification of tribes or population groups.

4) Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

5) The pronunciation and meaning of words are passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Less commonly learned from books.

6) Depending on age, the use of these words decreases.

We believe that it is necessary to know the outdated words of our area, because this is our culture, our history.

The result of the work was the book “Outdated Words in Pictures”

Suggested methods for saving words:

1) Opening of a linguistic club at the school.

2) Holding school holidays using outdated words.

3) Holding events in the museum using antiques.

Bibliography

1.G.N.Chagin “Peoples and cultures of Astrakhan in the 19th - 20th centuries. "Astrakhan, 1986"

2. I.S. Kaptsugovich “Book for reading on the history of Astrakhan” Astrakhan book publishing house, 1992

3. Textbook “Modern Russian Language” Publishing House “Prosveshchenie” 2005

4. Internet resources.

5. Dictionary of dialects p. Scree Hill.

Application

Appendix 1. Sociological survey.

Vocabulary for 4th grade

Chest of drawers - a low cabinet with drawers for linen or small items,

Azure - light blue color, blue,

To convey from mouth to mouth - to communicate something to another person,

Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass,

Buried - hid,

If - if,

At the Lukomorye - at the sea bay,

Bright purple - red,

He's shivering - someone is shivering from the cold,

Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with printed drawings, letters,

Biryuk is a beast, a bear,

Tenetnik - cobweb, spider.

Dictionary for grades 6-9

Bayat - talk, talk,

Golik - broom,

Kamenka - a stove in a bathhouse,

Zenitsa - eye, pupil,

Alcohol - hunger

The shooter is a fidget, a naughty man,

Dol is the same as valley,

Bajit - to predict,

Altyn - a three-kopeck coin,

Arshin – measure of length (0.71 m)

Evening - evening,

Vya - neck,

Right hand - right hand,

Yesen - autumn

Otkul - from where,

Saden is pain,

Tyn - hedge,

Shaber is a neighbor.

Dictionary for grades 10-11

Knickers - trousers,

Bajit - to predict.

To talk - to talk, to talk.

Venge - cry.

Veres - juniper.

Gasnik - lace.

Golik is a broom.

Yes - yes.

Kamenka is a stove in a bathhouse.

Swing - swing.

Nozem - manure.

Window - window.

Uglan is a boy

Run away - run away

Lesson - damage, evil eye.

Faishonka - headscarf,

Seine is a large fishing net,

Incense is a pleasant, aromatic smell.

Every person who wants to learn and develop always strives to learn something new and useful for themselves. Vocabulary is considered especially important, which has not only long ago become an indicator of erudition, but can also help in the most unexpected life situations. In this article you can learn about that and historicisms. and the context may also be useful for those who are especially curious to familiarize themselves with.

Historicisms

Historicisms include the names of objects that were used by our ancestors, and today are found only in museums. For example, the word “pishchal”, which denotes an ancient type of weapon used in Rus' several centuries ago. The word “axe,” which denoted one of the types of military equipment, also belongs to historicism. It was something similar to a modern ax, but with two blades.

How did historicisms appear?

The main reason that historicisms appeared in the language over time was the change in the habitual life of our ancestors, customs, and the development of science and culture. So, for example, disappeared types of clothing - armyak, caftan, camisole - were no longer used, and this led to the disappearance of their names from the language. Now such concepts can only be found in historical descriptions. There are many words that have fallen out of use and are now categorized as “historicisms.” An example of this is the concepts that in one way or another related to serfdom in Russia. Among them are quitrent, corvee, and taxes.

Archaisms

This category includes words that denote things and concepts that still exist, but with changed names. For example, our ancestors said “this” instead of the modern “this”, and “very” sounded like “zelo”. Historicisms, which are found in many literary works, are not always completely replaced by other words; they can only be partially changed. For example, phonetically or morphologically.

How did archaisms appear?

This type of obsolete words appeared due to the fact that over time, any vocabulary undergoes changes, evolves and assimilates with other languages. Thus, some words are replaced by others, but with the same meaning. This is that part of the vocabulary that has outlived its usefulness, but does not completely disappear from the language. These words are preserved in literature, documents, and so on. To create them, they are absolutely necessary so that you can recreate the flavor of the era being described.

Phonetic archaisms

This type includes modern words and concepts that differ from outdated ones by just a few sounds, sometimes just one. For example, phonetic archaisms include a word such as “piit”, which over time evolved into “poet”, and “fire” turned into “fire”.

Morphological archaisms

This category includes words that are outdated in their structure. These include the noun "ferocity" which evolved into "fierceness", the adjective "nervous" which evolved into "nervous", the verb "collapse" which now sounds like "collapse", and many others.

Semantic archaisms

Archaisms and historicisms, examples of words found everywhere, often lose their true meaning over time. For example, the modern "disgrace" used to mean nothing more than "spectacle", and the ancient "common" meant something that was done in one day (for example, "the ordinary way"), and not at all "ordinary".

Modern usage

Sometimes these words, which have fallen out of use, change so much that they begin to be used in a new meaning. This can be said about both archaisms and historicisms. An example of this is the word "dynasty". They stopped using it some time ago, but now it is back in use. If previously it could only be combined with words such as “royal” and “monarchical,” now the scope of its use has expanded significantly. Nowadays you can also hear about a dynasty of lumberjacks or miners, which imply that this profession is inherited from father to son. Sometimes outdated words can be found in an ironic context.

Set expressions

Obsolete words continue to fully function in the language as a part of Thus, some historicisms have been preserved. Example: the word “baklushi” is still used in the language as part of the phrase “beat baklushi,” which means “to mess around.” The same can be said about the stable expression “to sharpen your lasses,” that is, “to chat incessantly.”

Degeneration VS Renaissance

It also happens that words that linguists had already boldly classified as historicisms began to be used again due to the fact that the concepts that they denoted began to be used again. This can also happen if something new has been created that is in some way similar to or related to an outdated concept. Now such words hardly resemble historicisms. Example: charity evening, midshipman.

Conclusion

It should be noted that although all the above-mentioned obsolete words are, rather, a passive layer of vocabulary, they do not cease to play an important role in it. When reading the works of such eminent writers as Tolstoy, Dostoevsky or Mayakovsky, you can very often come across historicisms and archaisms, and in order to accurately understand the idea that the author wanted to convey, you must be aware of their meaning. Therefore, if you come across an unfamiliar word, it is best to consult a reputable dictionary.