For parents with a small child, the issue of entering kindergarten and receiving preschool education is relevant. In kindergarten, the child receives an initial basic level of knowledge, is socialized and prepared for subsequent schooling.
There is a list of categories of institutions for preschool education:
- General educational institution;
- Institution for correction of development of children with disabilities;
- Combined educational institution;
- Special center for enhanced development;
- Kindergarten with supervision and child health improvement.
It should be remembered that the number of places in such institutions is limited and you can send a child to the junior group from two months, and to the first grade from 7 years.
General provisions
There is no separate law on the admission of children to kindergarten, but information about this area is formalized in the Federal Law on Education. Federal Law 273 was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, and approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012. The last changes to it were made on December 29, 2017. Preschool education is formalized in chapter number 7, article 64.
Read about Federal Law No. 152
According to Article 64 of the law described, preschool education is only the initial stage in personal development. During training in preschool education, the cultural, personal, physical, aesthetic, moral and intellectual components of the personality are formed. Kindergarten teachers prepare minors for future studies at school and other educational institutions, help strengthen the child’s health and develop him comprehensively.
Specially designed programs help to individually approach the education of each child, taking into account the characteristics of his character, helping to form new qualities or change bad habits or traits. Preschool education helps prepare a minor to achieve the appropriate level of knowledge and skills so that at a certain age he can go to first grade. For the development and support of children, this law has compiled a list of activities that are considered acceptable for conducting classes in kindergartens. Kindergartens and preschools do not conduct tests, exams or quizzes.
The mother, father or other official representatives of the minor have the right to receive free help and support in the areas of education, diagnostics, psychology and pedagogy, as well as to receive advice on educational methods. Consultations are provided to parents only in cases where the kindergarten has consultation centers that comply with legal standards. The listed types of assistance are provided only by government employees. authorities of Russia.
For budgetary preschool education institutions, the state allocates funds for the purchase of:
- Toys suitable for the age of each kindergarten group;
- Educational books, magazines and other printed objects;
- Furniture that complies with legal and sanitary standards;
- Products, according to the state organs of the diet, helping children receive all the elements necessary for growth and development, etc.
A minor is enrolled in kindergarten for free; according to Russian laws, additional payments are not made at the expense of parents. A special contract for the child’s enrollment in kindergarten is drawn up, executed and signed.
To enroll a child in kindergarten, a parent must draw up an application and submit it at his place of residence to a special commission for recruiting general education institutions. In the application, the minor’s representative specifies the preferred educational institutions and the commission puts the child on the register to receive a place. It should be remembered that the time for submitting an application is limited to a certain period, which is formed every year by the state and published on the official websites of the Government.
According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, a baby can be sent to the youngest group starting from 2 months, but doctors do not recommend doing this, since his immunity has not yet strengthened. Doctors' recommendations boil down to the fact that it is best to send a child to kindergarten starting from the age of two. No organization has the right to refuse parents a place without special reasons, and there can only be one valid reason - lack of free places.
There is also an electronic queue that parents can use. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, an application must be submitted to the electronic queue no later than July.
The order of categories of citizens for admission to kindergartens using electronic queues has been determined:
- Children entering out of turn;
- The category of children who, by law, enter first in line;
- If the family has changed its place of residence or one of the parents has been transferred from the place of work;
- Category of citizens whose children are admitted to an institution at their place of residence;
- Optional.
When submitting an application to the electronic queue, electronic documents or scans of papers are required. On the official websites of the state. services on the Internet contains information on how you can sign up for an electronic queue or check your own place in this queue.
Latest changes made to the law on kindergartens in the Russian Federation
The latest changes to information on preschool education under Federal Law No. 273 were made on December 29, 2015.
Changes occurred in article number 65, paragraph 5. According to these changes, if parents send their child to a preschool education institution, they are entitled to appropriate support in the form of compensation. The monetary amount is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations of the Government of Russia. The payment should not exceed 20% of the total amount paid by parents for caring for a minor. The payment is also 50% of the amount if the family has a second child and 70% of the total amount if it is the third, etc. The average amount of payments for child care is established by local executive authorities. authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The following have the right to receive compensation:
- Mother or father of the child;
- Close relative by proxy from parents;
- Legal representative of a minor;
- An employee of the guardianship and trusteeship authorities to whom the child is assigned (for spending on the needs of the baby).
Read the latest version of the Federal Law on guardians
Authorities have the right to independently decide and calculate the criterion of a family’s need. If the decision was positive, the authorities issued a document with information that the family needs funds, the parents can come with an application for compensation to the local government center.
Download the law on kindergartens in the new edition
There is no law on the provision of kindergarten, but the information necessary for families is formalized in the Federal Law on Education. A separate chapter is devoted to this part, which describes in detail information about the methods and processes of enrolling a child in kindergarten. According to statistics, almost every family has one or two children, so the information is relevant and it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the text of the law being described. To avoid conflict situations, which are now occurring more and more often, between parents and employees of educational and preschool institutions, it is recommended to adhere to the provisions of Federal Law 273.
Alexandra Minina
Preschool educational organization in the education system of the Russian Federation
Introduction
2. Main tasks
3. Types preschool organizations
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
What is the relevance of the topic? In the 20th century, the most positive form for the child was formed preschool education, which provided comprehensive, comprehensive education and development of children. Socio-economic changes in Russia have influenced large-scale changes in education in general and also in preschool. New stage in education system, which only seems new to us. Returning with a new look and modernized preschool education delivery system. In modernization education a sustainable development mechanism is being created education systems, in accordance with the challenge of the 21st century, the social and economic needs of the country’s development, the needs of the individual, society, and state. This change also affected organizations, and content education. Now system represents itself as multifunctional, oriented to the needs of society and represents various types of education services, taking into account both age and individual developmental characteristics. Content part preschool education undergoes changes expressed in the abolition of educational and disciplinary education and is focused on humanity in the communication of the teacher and person-oriented communication in relation to the child. Preschool education according to the Federal State Educational Standard, it includes a combination of regulation and variability, requirements and permits, classics and creativity. It is at this time of a child’s development that the most important and necessary things for his future in life are laid. Therefore, it is very important not to miss this moment and give the basic complex educational resources in the required quantity and quality. Because their ability to be successful and promising in the future, emotionally resistant to changes in living conditions and in our current socio-economic conditions depends on how they spend the first seven years of life before the threshold of school. The period of personality formation, and preschool education is considered the most important part in education and should be aimed at enriching development, and not at the speed of learning in large quantities. Children still have time to learn everything, and this is the main task educational program of the Federal State Educational Standard, give children a childhood and preserve the joy of childhood. But education is not going anywhere, will be in a natural and unforced form, and this will be interesting for both teachers and children. In artificial and very monotonous education, there is no way to preserve and strengthen the child’s physical and mental health without ensuring normal hormonal development.
The goal of the work is to understand and find out what it is system of preschool educational organization in education of the Russian Federation, what are the main tasks, goals and types of organization of activities included in preschool education, and what it is organizational activities.
1. Preschool educational organization in the education system of the Russian Federation
Education is:
1) Modern understanding education involves mastering the socially significant experience of humanity, embodied in knowledge, skills, creative activity and emotional and value-based attitude to the world;
2) continuous system successive levels of education, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types;
3) the process and result of learning, expressed in volume system computerized knowledge, skills and abilities that the student has mastered, the degree of development of individual abilities and independent decision-making in different areas of life based on the use of acquired knowledge.
First level, first stage education is preschool education. By it is meant education received by students online preschool educational institutions or under the guidance of parents, who are the first teachers and are obliged to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child’s personality in the process of his upbringing and education.
A child develops fully if there are two components of his life - a full-fledged family and a kindergarten. The family gives the child intimate and personal relationships, forms a sense of protection, trust and emancipation in society and the world as a whole. But the family also needs the support that the kindergarten should provide - parents work and study, and do not feel guilty that the child is abandoned, since they understand that the child is in comfortable conditions at this time, is always fed, and teachers are working with him .
What does kindergarten give a child? The most important thing in kindergarten is the presence of a children's community, thanks to this the child gains social experience. It is in these conditions that the child gets to know himself and others in comparison with each other, attaches to himself options for communication and interaction that are suitable for different situations. Children in preschool age are in the stage of development of physical and mental functions, primary spiritual values, intelligence, creativity, a wide range of interests, etc. are being formed, and it is not correct to single out one or another priority line of development, since it violates the child’s right to develop versatility and integrity.
2. Main tasks preschool education organizations.
New concept preschooleducation has identified the following key goals and objectives:
1. Protecting and promoting children’s health (both physical and mental). The priority of this task is related to the characteristics of early childhood, the physiological immaturity and vulnerability of the child, and his susceptibility to various diseases.
2. Humanization of goals and principles educational work with children. This task involves a reorientation from an educational-disciplinary model to a person-oriented model of interaction with children, which is aimed at developing the child’s individuality, revealing his abilities, and fostering a sense of security and self-confidence.
3. Recognition of uniqueness preschool childhood as a priority and unique period in a person’s life. Based on this, all work in kindergarten should be aimed not at preparing the child for school, but at providing conditions for full-fledged "accommodation" children of this unique period. Caring for the emotional well-being of each child, developing activities that are intrinsically valuable to the child (primarily role-playing games, developing creativity and imagination child - these are more important tasks than imparting any specific knowledge to children.
4. Transition from the Zunov paradigm education to focus on the development of the child’s abilities. All previous education system was aimed mainly at the transfer of knowledge, skills, abilities (ZUN). The task preschool education is, first of all, the development of the main neoplasms of preschool age - creative activity, independence, arbitrariness, self-awareness, etc. An indicator of effectiveness education in this regard, it should be considered not "training" children or the amount of knowledge they have acquired, and the level of mental development of each child.
5. Education of the foundations of the basis of personal culture, which includes an orientation towards universal human values (beauty, goodness, truth, means of life (ideas about reality, ways of active interaction with the world, manifestation of an emotional and evaluative attitude to what is happening. Transfer of values and means of active attitude to peace can only be achieved by taking into account the age of children.
Today Russian preschool educational institutions in their activities are guided by the Model Regulations on, adopted in 1995. According to the Model Regulations, preschoolinstitutions are called upon to solve a complex of problems:
· protect the life and health of children;
· ensure their intellectual, personal and physical development;
· to introduce to universal human values;
· interact with the family in the interests of the full development of the child.
The set of relevant tasks can be determined based on the type preschool.
3. Types preschool organizations.
Preschool education - stage education, on which the foundation of social personality is laid, and in recent years has passed a difficult path into a new transformation of the entire system. Modern education The Russian Federation provides the following types preschool institutions:
1. Kindergarten;
2. Kindergarten with priority implementation of one or more areas of child development (intellectual, artistic-aesthetic, physical, etc.);
3. Compensatory kindergarten with priority implementation of qualification correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils; kindergarten for supervision and health improvement with priority implementation of sanitary, hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures; a combined type kindergarten (which may include general developmental, compensatory and health groups in different combinations);
4. Child Development Center - a kindergarten providing physical and mental development, correction and health improvement for all children.
Depending on the length of stay of the children preschool organizations can be with short-term stay (up to 5 hours per day, shortened day (8 - 10 hours per day, full day (12 hours per day, extended day) (14 hours a day) and round-the-clock presence of children.
Depending on the needs of the population there may be organized short stay groups, family preschool groups and other similar types preschool organizations of various organizational and legal forms, forms of ownership, including those created in the form of structural divisions of state and municipal preschool educational institutions, on objects preschool educational organizations, additional institutions education and other premises, meeting the requirements of sanitary rules.
Duration of children's stay in preschool organizations(groups) determined by opportunity organizeeating and napping:
Up to 3 - 4 hours without organization of nutrition and sleep;
Up to 5 hours without organization of sleep and organization one meal;
More than 5 hours - from organization daytime sleep and meals with an interval of 3 - 4 hours, depending on the age of the children. The interval between meals for children under 1 year old should be no more than 3 hours, from 1 year and older - no more than 4 hours.
Short stay groups can be:
To prepare children aged 5-7 years for school;
Supervision and care of children from 1.5 to 5 years;
Inclusive education (organization working with special needs children);
Providing psychological and pedagogical assistance and support services;
For the provision of correctional speech therapy, didactic services, etc.
In short-stay groups, family groups preschool groups can be provided with services for supervision, child care and (or) implementation educational activities.
The occupancy of groups depends on the age of the children and their health status, which should not exceed that established by sanitary rules.
4. Organization of preschool education activities.
Standard preschool education different from the initial standard education also, what to preschool education There are no strict requirements for the results of mastering the program.
The Federal State Educational Standard prioritizes an individual approach to the child and play, where self-worth is preserved preschool childhood and where nature itself is preserved preschooler.The leading types of children's activities will be: gaming, communicative, motor, cognitive-research, productive, etc.
It should be noted that educational activities are carried out throughout the entire time the child is in preschool organization.This:
Joint (affiliate)activities of a teacher with children:
Educational activity in sensitive moments;
Organized educational activities;
Educational activities are carried out in various types of activities and cover structural units representing certain areas of development and children's education(educational areas) :
1. Social and communicative development;
2. Cognitive development;
3. Speech development;
4. Artistic and aesthetic development;
5. Physical development.
In young years (1 year – 3 years)– object-based activities and games with composite dynamic toys; experimenting with materials and substances (sand, water, dough, etc., communication with an adult and joint games with peers under the guidance of an adult, self-service and actions with household items and tools (spoon, scoop, spatula, etc., perception of the meaning of music, fairy tales , poetry, looking at pictures, motor activity;
For children preschool age(3 years – 8 years)– a number of activities, such as games, including role-playing games. A game with rules and other types of games, communicative (communication and interaction with adults and peers, cognitive-research (studying objects in the surrounding world and experimenting with them, as well as the perception of fiction and folklore, self-service and basic household work (indoors and outdoors) , construction from various materials, including construction sets, modules, paper, natural and other materials, fine art(drawing, modeling, appliqué, musical (perception and understanding of the meaning of musical works, singing, musical-rhythmic movements, playing children's musical instruments) and motor (mastery of basic movements) forms of child activity.
Organized educational activity represents organizationcollaboration between teacher and children:
with one child; with a subgroup of children; with a whole group of children.
The choice of the number of children depends on:
age and individual characteristics of children; type of activity (game, cognitive - research, motor, productive) their interest in this activity; complexity of the material;
But it must be remembered that every child should receive the same starting opportunities for school.
main feature educational organization activities in preschool educational institutions at the present stage is a departure from educational activities (classes, increasing the status of play as the main activity of children preschool age;inclusion of effective forms of working with children in the process: ICT, project activities, game, problem-based learning situations within the framework of integration educational areas.
So way, "class" how special organized the form of educational activities in kindergarten is cancelled. The activity should be interesting for children, especially organized The teacher carries out specific children's activities, implying their activity, business interaction and communication, the accumulation by children of certain information about the world around them, the formation of certain knowledge, skills and abilities. But the learning process remains. Teachers continue "study" with kids. However, it is necessary to understand the difference between "old" training and "new".
Educational children's daily activities.
Besides organized educational activities by the teacher must be planned and educationaldaily activities:
In the morning and evening hours
On a walk
During routine moments.
Goals educationaldaily activities:
Health protection and formation of the basis of a health culture;
Formation in children of the foundations of the safety of their own life activities and the prerequisites for environmental consciousness (environmental safety);
Mastering initial ideas of a social nature and including children in system social relations;
Formation of a positive attitude towards work in children.
Forms of conducting educationaldaily activities:
Outdoor games with rules (including folk, game exercises, motor breaks, sports runs, competitions and holidays, physical education minutes;
Wellness and hardening procedures, health-saving activities, thematic conversations and stories, computer presentations, creative and research projects, exercises to master cultural and hygienic skills;
Analysis of problem situations, game situations to develop a safety culture, conversations, stories, practical exercises, walks along the ecological trail;
Game situations, games with rules (didactic, creative role-playing, theatrical, constructive;
Experiences and experiments, duty, work (within the framework of practice-oriented projects, collecting, modeling, dramatization games,
Conversations, speech situations, composing tales, retellings, guessing riddles, learning nursery rhymes, poems, songs, situational conversations;
Listening to the performance of musical works, musical-rhythmic movements, musical games and improvisations,
Vernissages of children's creativity, exhibitions visual arts, children's creativity workshops, etc.
Independent activity of children.
According to sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the maintenance and organizing work in preschool organizations for independent activities of children 3-7 years old (games, preparation for educational activities, personal hygiene) the daily routine should allocate at least 3-4 hours.
But this does not mean that the child should be left to his own devices. For organizations For the independent activities of children, it is necessary to create a developing subject-spatial environment and supervision and care for each child.
A developing subject-spatial environment should be:
1) The richness of the environment must correspond to the age capabilities of the children and the content of the Program.
Educational the space must be equipped with training and education tools (including technical, relevant materials, including consumable gaming, sports, health equipment, inventory (according to the specifics of the Program).
Organization of educational space and variety of materials, equipment and inventory (in the building and on the site)must provide:
gaming, educational, research and creative activity of all pupils, experimentation with materials available to children (including sand and water);motor activity, including the development of gross and fine motor skills, participation in outdoor games and competitions; emotional well-being of children in interaction with the subject-spatial environment; opportunity for children to express themselves.
For infants and young children educational the space should provide necessary and sufficient opportunities for movement, object and play activities with different materials.
2) Transformability of space implies the possibility of changes in the subject-spatial environment depending on educational situation, including the changing interests and capabilities of children.
3)The multifunctionality of materials implies: opportunity diverse the use of various components of the object environment, for example, children's furniture, mats, soft modules, screens, etc.; availability in Organizations or Group of multifunctional (not having a strictly fixed method of use) items, including natural materials, suitable for use in various types of children's activities (including as substitute objects in children's games).
4)Environmental variability suggests: availability in Organizations or A group of different spaces (for play, construction, privacy, etc., as well as various materials, games, toys and equipment that ensure children's free choice; periodic change of play material, the emergence of new objects that stimulate the play, motor, cognitive and research activity of children.
5)Availability of the environment implies:
accessibility for pupils, including children with disabilities and children with disabilities, of all premises where educational activities;
free access for children, including children with disabilities, to games, toys, materials, and aids that provide all basic types of children’s activities;
serviceability and safety of materials and equipment.
6) The safety of the subject-spatial environment presupposes the compliance of all its elements with the requirements to ensure the reliability and safety of their use.
Conclusion
What we have, preschool education that is transforming towards a direction aimed primarily at the all-round development of the child on the basis of special, specific types of activities inherent in preschoolers. That is, in practice we will get a more playful and versatile approach, welcoming the maximum use of innovative and active methods of pedagogical interaction, more individualized and aimed at unlocking each child’s own potential. Dictating pedagogy will finally be completely eliminated, at least from the field preschool education, and it will be replaced by more modern pedagogy of development, pedagogy of creativity and freedom. A new concept that influenced the formation of the Federal State Educational Standard preschool education, calls, first of all, to value, and not evaluate, the child. It's also a major step towards increasing value and differentiation. education in kindergartens as an independent part of the general education.
Russian preschool educational institutions in their activities are guided by the Model Regulations on preschool educational institution(1995, which regulates the activities of state, municipal educational institutions. It defines the tasks preschool educational institution: protecting the life and health of children; ensuring the intellectual, personal and physical development of the child; introducing children to universal human values; interaction with the family to ensure the full development of the child.
Just recently, the building of a typical Soviet kindergarten loomed under my window. Actually, I went to the same one at one time. Similar images arise in my mind when this topic is mentioned. But it turns out that along with time, the concept of the building that can be called a kindergarten has also changed.
This is what kindergartens in Russia should be like:
Photo 1. 
Many argue that the best Russian kindergarten is located in the Moscow region in the village "State Farm named after Lenin". A real castle for children was built in the settlement in 2013 thanks to private investments from the company of the same name.
The cost of the project is estimated at 260 million rubles. The multi-colored towers of the castle reflect the grandeur and importance of the preschool institution in the life of a child. An unusual interior, all the necessary play equipment, your own football field and all kinds of sports equipment - what else is needed to make the children happy? "Childhood Castle" is designed for 120 people. The monthly cost of visiting such a garden is about 22 thousand rubles. However, 98 children from the settlement can attend this kindergarten at the cost of a budget kindergarten.
The state has undertaken to pay for these places.
Photo 2. 
Don’t think that this State Farm was built entirely on grown potatoes. The main income of this “State Farm” is leasing land for the huge Vegas shopping center. For such a small municipality, this is a colossal amount of money. They build on them.
On the other hand, why not?
Photo 3. 
Looks great. Children go there. An example for everyone.
And this is the Kindergarten in Yoshkar Ole:
Photo 4. 
Krasnoyarsk region
This is a kindergarten in the village of Sayansky, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Rybinsk District.
The original project was made taking into account the natural conditions of Siberia and the highest requirements for such objects. It was presented at the XVI International Festival "Architecture" in the Moscow Manege, where it was highly praised by experts.
Photo 5. 
The area of the kindergarten is 6 thousand square meters. In terms of comfort, it will not be inferior to the best preschool institutions in Krasnoyarsk. All the windows of the bedrooms and playrooms here face south so that they are filled with sunlight. Each children's group, and there are eighteen of them, has a separate entrance. Groups for children will be located on the first floor, and older and preparatory groups will be located on the second floor. The kindergarten is equipped with a swimming pool, gym, computer room and playrooms, separately for each age group. Externally, the building looks like a fairy-tale castle with towers.
This is a joint project of the Krasnoyarsk Railway and the government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Financing was carried out on a parity basis, the total investment in the project is 360 million rubles.
The completion of the construction of the kindergarten in the village took 2 years. Until now, there was only one kindergarten with a capacity of 95 places, and 170 preschool children attended it. More than 200 more families, about half of which were families of railway workers, were waiting for their children to be given a place in a preschool institution. The construction of a new kindergarten completely solved the problem of shortage of places in a preschool educational institution in the village of Sayanskoye.
Photo 6. 
Tolyatti
Here is a photograph of the Ladushki-2 kindergarten, which is located in the 18th quarter of Tolyatti. it was built in 2013.
Photo 7. 
Kursk:
Photo 8. 
The kindergarten was built on the site of an old, almost abandoned building, and in the shortest possible time. The nondescript, gray façade began to shimmer with bright colors and is designed in the form of a fairy-tale castle surrounded by coniferous trees. There is a playground and a parking lot in front of the institution for the convenience of parents whose children attend the kindergarten. The kindergarten itself is designed for 120 children. All construction was carried out by the Promresurs Group of Companies, starting, as they say, from the foundation, to interior finishing and provision of all necessary equipment: uniforms for staff, dishes, household appliances, stationery, toys, etc...
It was the management of Promresurs, led by Kursk Regional Duma deputy Nikolai Poltoratsky, who initiated the construction of the Lesnaya Skazka d/s, and the total cost of the work amounted to 200 million rubles. This is the first case in the region when an entrepreneur completely builds a large social facility himself and transfers it to the municipality for free.
Kindergarten "Sunflower". And I was unable to determine where it is located.
Photo 9. 
Yakutsk:
June 26, 2015 in the Central District of the city of Yakutsk at st. Kotenko, 3, the grand opening of a new three-story kindergarten took place.
Construction of the new building began in December 2013, when the first pile was driven. Funding for the construction of the social facility was allocated from the municipal, republican and federal budgets.
Photo 10. 
Yugra:
The construction of two kindergartens from Zhitloinvestbud-UKB is being completed
Photo 11. 
Stary Oskol
This kindergarten is under my window.
Photo 14. 
Krasnoyarsk:
Kindergarten No. 300 "Planet of Childhood" in Severny (21 Vodopyanova St.).
Tambov:
Kindergarten "Umka".
What kind of kindergartens are near you?
Regulatory legal documents in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of the Preschool Educational Institution.
List of regulatory documents at the federal level in the field of preschool education.
1. Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 3, 2014).
2. - Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of Russia) dated October 17, 2013 N 1155 Moscow
"On approval of the federal state educational standard for preschool education"
- “Federal State Educational
preschool education standard"
3. Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated February 28, 2014 N 08-249
"Comments on the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education"
4. Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia) dated August 26, 2010 N 761n, Moscow
"On approval of the Unified Qualification Directory of positions of managers, specialists and employees,
Section "Qualification characteristics of positions of education workers"
5. Letter of Rosobrnadzor dated 02/07/2014 No. 01-52-22/05-382 “On the inadmissibility of the requirement from organizations carrying out educational activities in preschool education programs to immediately bring statutory documents and educational programs into compliance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Educational Education”
"On approval of the approximate form of an education agreement for educational programs of preschool education"
- “Education Agreement on educational programs of preschool education” (Appendix to the order)
"On approval of the nomenclature of positions for teaching staff of organizations engaged in educational activities, positions of heads of educational organizations"
8. PROFESSIONAL STANDARD
Teacher (pedagogical activity in preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary general education) (educator, teacher), approved by order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated October 18, 2013 No. 544n,
3.2.1. Labor function “Pedagogical activities for the implementation of preschool education programs” Code B/01.5
9. FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION
CONSUMER RIGHTS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING
CHIEF STATE SANITARY DOCTOR
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
About approval of SanPin 2.4.1.3049-13
"Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, content and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations"
(as amended by the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
dated 04/04/2014 N AKPI14-281)
SanPin 2.4.1.3049-13 (as amended on April 4, 2014) “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, content and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations”
N AKPI14-281 on invalidating clause 1.9 of the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPin 2.4.1.3049-13 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, maintenance and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations”, approved by the resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of May 15 2013 N 26.
11. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 04/08/2014 No. 293 “On approval of the Procedure for admission to training in educational programs of preschool education”
12. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 1, 2014 No. 08-1908 “On the organization of registration of children subject to training in educational programs of preschool education and their admission to education”
13. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated June 10, 2013 No. DL-151/17 “On the name of educational institutions”
14. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated July 9, 2013 No. DL-187/17 “In addition to clarifications on the names of educational institutions”
15. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ (as amended on June 4, 2014) “On Personal Data”
16. Order of Rosobrnadzor dated May 29, 2014 No. 785 “On approval of the requirements for the structure of the official website of an educational organization on the Internet and the format for presenting information on it.”
17. Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated May 22, 2014 “On the Coordination Group for the Organization of the Introduction of Federal State Educational Standards for Additional Education.”
18. Action plan to ensure the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for Education. Approved by 1st Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation N.V. Tretyak 12/31/2013
19. “Organization of a developing subject-spatial environment in accordance with the federal state educational standard for preschool education.”
20. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated December 3, 2014 No. 08-1937 “On the direction of methodological recommendations.” (about the organization of a developing subject-spatial environment).
23. A modular program for advanced training of employees of educational organizations on the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for preschool education and the use of the basic exemplary educational program of preschool education for the formation of the educational program of a preschool institution.
24. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated August 30, 2013 No. 1014 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities in basic general education programs - educational programs of preschool education” (instead of the Model Regulations on Preschool Educational Institutions)
Modern preschool education is the first state form within which professional educational work with children is carried out.
Significance
The sociocultural significance of preschool education is determined by the characteristics of age. Thus, the age from three to seven years is the most sensitive period, which is characterized by particularly rapid changes in the intellectual, social, physical, emotional and linguistic development of the child. Positive life experiences and the basis for successful development, laid in preschool age, create the basis for the future comprehensive development of the child. This is the importance of preschool education.
Legal regulation of subsidiaries in the Russian Federation
In Russia, preschool education is regulated by the federal law “On Education,” which came into force in 2013. This document defines the forms and methods, content and principles of preschool education (preschool education), as well as the expected sociocultural and public-governmental results of the program. The Federal Standard of Preschool Education (FSES DO) is a guideline for preschool specialists, employees of the preschool system, families, and the general public.
Main tasks of preschool education
The main objectives of the Federal State Educational Standard for Educational Education determines:
- Protecting the lives and strengthening the psychological and physical health of children from 2 months to 7 years, the necessary correction of deficiencies in physical or psychological development.
- Preservation and support of the pupil’s individuality, development of individual personality characteristics, creative potential of each child.
- Formation of a common culture, development of moral, aesthetic, physical, intellectual qualities of pupils, responsibility, independence and initiative.
- Formation of prerequisites for further successful educational activities in general educational institutions of the education system.
- Ensuring diversity and variability in the content of preschool education programs, methods and forms of education, taking into account the age characteristics of pupils, the needs and abilities of children.
- Providing opportunities for the development of every preschooler during childhood, regardless of gender, nation, language, place of residence, social status or other characteristics (including limited physical capabilities).
- Ensuring interdepartmental interaction, as well as interaction between public and pedagogical associations.
- Interaction with the families of pupils to ensure the development of the preschooler, providing the necessary assistance to the parents of the preschooler on issues of upbringing and education.
Preschool education system in the Russian Federation
The preschool education system in Russia is the upbringing, development and training, supervision and health improvement of children from 2 months to 7 years. Preschool education is provided in preschool educational institutions (children's educational institutions), but these are not the only components of the system. There are also city and regional preschool education departments.
Today in the Russian Federation there are more than 45 thousand preschool educational institutions. The modern organization of preschool education is carried out through nurseries, kindergartens, preschool education centers and other institutions. More details about preschool institutions, principles and programs of preschool education will be discussed below.
Character traits
Modern private and public preschool education in the Russian Federation has its main characteristic features. Firstly, the system ensures the holistic nature of the educational process, its educational and developmental nature. This means that the preschool educational institution provides comprehensive medical, psychological and pedagogical support for the child.
In addition, it is in preschool age that a general culture, conditions for preserving and strengthening the health of children, intellectual, ethical, moral, physical, creative, aesthetic and personal qualities begin to form. The integrity of the system is also ensured by the continuity of preschool and primary school levels of education.
Secondly, preschool institutions provide a comfortable emotional environment and an educational environment that comprehensively develops the child. Children can choose how to exercise independence in accordance with their own inclinations and interests. This is ensured by the variability and diversity of educational programs in preschool education.
Estimated results of the implementation of state policy
It is expected that the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard will significantly improve the educational space in the Russian Federation. General government policy is designed to ensure:
- The quality of the educational process. As a result of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard, it is expected that a system will be created that guarantees positive conditions for quality education at all levels (preschool, primary, middle and high school, additional, special, higher, and so on). It is also planned to individualize the educational process through the variability and diversity of programs, means and teaching methods, to make Russian education competitive not only in content, but also in the quality of educational services.
- Availability of education. Public and free preschool, as well as basic education, is provided to all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of nationality, gender, race, age, health, social class, religion, beliefs, language and other factors. Citizens of the Russian Federation can receive higher and secondary specialized education free of charge on a competitive basis.
- Decent wages for teachers. It is necessary to achieve a level of payment that would ensure the competitiveness of the education sector in the labor market.
- Pension provision. In the future, education workers should be guaranteed not only decent salaries, but also an adequate level of pension provision. Already today, employees whose work experience totals more than 25 years, instead of a long-service pension, are given the right to a bonus for length of service when continuing teaching activities.
- Social security of pupils, students and graduate students. Under this clause, children and youth who study in educational organizations are guaranteed life protection, health protection, and physical education. Students are provided with targeted financial assistance (scholarships, benefits) and assistance in finding employment.
- Financing the educational system. The education budget should increase at a faster pace than other government areas, and funds should be spent more efficiently. Material support should be effectively distributed between individual preschool educational institutions by local Preschool Education Departments.
Preschool educational institutions
The educational process within the preschool system is implemented by a network of preschool educational institutions. The most common institution of this type is a kindergarten. In addition, there are other types of preschool educational institutions in Russia:
- General developmental preschool educational institutions. As a rule, in general developmental kindergartens, priority is given to one or more areas of education (for example, intellectual, physical or artistic).
- Kindergartens of compensating type. Such institutions are intended for children with any developmental disabilities.
- Preschool care and health improvement. In such preschool educational institutions, health-improving, sanitary-hygienic and preventive measures are carried out as a priority.
- Combined institutions. A combined kindergarten may include groups for children with various disabilities, recreational and general education groups.
- Preschool development centers. This is a preschool educational institution where equal attention is paid to health improvement, mental and physical development, and correction of possible deviations of all pupils.
63% (5.8 million) of children of the corresponding age are educated in Russia within the framework of preschool education. At the same time, about a million more children are on the waiting list for a place in a preschool educational institution.
In addition to the usual types of preschool educational institutions, groups of short-term stays for children have now been developed (interestingly, parents choose such groups not instead of regular kindergartens, but in parallel with them), preschool groups based on schools or preschool institutions, as well as education of children within the family education.
Principles of the educational process
The main principles of preschool education in Russia are:
- comprehensive development of the child, corresponding to age, health status, individual characteristics;
- solving educational problems in the process of joint activities of adults and children, as well as independent activities of pupils;
- interaction with families (parents should not be outside observers, but take an active part in the implementation of the program);
- maximum approximation to a reasonable minimum in the educational process (this means that the assigned tasks must be implemented only with the necessary and sufficient material);
- ensuring the integrity of the educational process and so on.
Directions of child development in preschool educational institutions
In the text of the Federal State Educational Standard, the concept of “occupation” is used, although preschool children perceive the world through play, and not occupation in the standard sense. So in this case the word “occupation” is used in the sense of “entertaining activity.” Learning should be done through play.
Within the preschool educational institution, the acquisition of valuable experience must be ensured in the following areas:
- Physical activity (sports games, walking, climbing, jumping, riding a scooter, cycling, running and other types of physical activity).
- Communicative activities (communication, interaction with other children, with adults, oral language proficiency).
- Cognition and research (research of objects in the surrounding world, experiments).
- Basic labor activity (self-service skills, domestic work, work in nature).
- Artistic perception (perception of fiction and oral folk art).
- Visual activities (drawing, appliqué, modeling).
- Construction from various materials (construction from construction sets, natural materials, paper, construction of various models).
- Musical activities (playing children's musical instruments, musical rhythmic movements, singing, choreography).
Operating procedures for preschool institutions
Kindergartens, as a rule, work from 7-8 to 18-19 five days a week, which is close to the state working day. There are also 24-hour preschool educational institutions, ten-hour and fourteen-hour opening hours for kindergartens.
The number of children in groups is determined by the head of the preschool educational institution (based on the maximum occupancy). In groups for children from two months to a year there should be a maximum of 10 children, from one to three - 15, from three to seven - 20 children.
Admission to preschool institutions and benefits
Since 2009, kindergartens have not been able to admit children on their own; for this purpose, special commissions have been formed to staff preschool educational institutions. This rule does not apply to private kindergartens. To be admitted to a preschool educational institution, parents must provide the commission with a package of documents, which includes the child’s birth certificate, the passport of one of the legal representatives, the child’s medical card, and a document confirming the benefit (if any). The commission makes a decision and issues a referral to kindergarten. The commission will also help with choosing a preschool educational institution, taking into account the characteristics and health status of the child.
The following have the right to priority admission to kindergartens:
- orphans, adopted children, foster children, under guardianship;
- children whose parents were left without parental care during childhood;
- children of disabled citizens (if the disability occurred as a result of the Chernobyl accident);
- children of judges, investigators, prosecutors.
The following have the right to priority admission to preschool educational institutions:
- children from large families;
- children of police officers and military personnel;
- children, one of whose parents has a disability.
Children of single parents and teaching staff have priority admission rights. In addition, children whose siblings already attend groups of this preschool educational institution can count on preferential rights.
Problems of preschool education in the Russian Federation
Preschool education in Russia (despite all the government's actions in this direction) is inaccessible to a significant part of the population. Thus, more children are recruited into groups than is acceptable; educational programs prepare students for school rather than giving preference to games; Fire safety and sanitation standards turn preschool educational institutions into sterile, faceless boxes. Private kindergartens can partially solve the problems.
Also, preschool education in Russia is characterized by a shortage of teaching staff. At the moment, many preschool educational institutions employ people who are trained using an outdated model or who have no pedagogical training at all. The social status of the profession remains low, the level of salaries of teaching staff is insufficient.
Main directions of system development
The development goals of preschool education are related to the problems of Russian society. Thus, the strategic goals of education include:
- Introduction of modern educational programs.
- Transition to concluding an effective contract with teachers and heads of preschool educational institutions.
- Democratization of education.
- Preservation and strengthening of the unity of the educational space.
- Training and retraining of teaching staff.
- Educational management reform and so on.
The prospect of reforming subsidiaries gives hope for positive changes in this area.