An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Examples of interjections: au, ah, oh, well, ah-ah, alas.
Interjections can express various feelings and moods: delight, joy, surprise, fear, etc. Examples: ah, ah, ba, o, oh, eh, alas, hurray, fu, fi, fie, etc. Interjections can express various motives: the desire to drive out, stop talking, encourage speech, action, etc. Examples: out, shh, tsits, well, well, well, hey, scat, etc. Interjections are widely used in conversational style. In works of fiction, interjections are usually found in dialogues. Do not confuse interjections with onomatopoeic words (meow, knock-knock, ha-ha-ha, ding-ding, etc.).
Morphological characteristics
Interjections can be derived or non-derivative. Derivatives were formed from independent parts of speech: Drop it! Sorry! Fathers! Horror! etc. Compare: Fathers! Oh my God! (interjection) - Fathers in service (noun). Non-derivative interjections - a, e, u, ah, eh, well, alas, fu, etc.
Interjections do not change.
Examples of interjections
Oh, my head is burning, all my blood is in excitement (A. Griboyedov).
Ay, guys, sing, just build the harp (M. Lermontov).
Bah! All familiar faces (A. Griboyedov).
Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run from happiness (M. Lermontov).
Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!” (A. Pushkin).
Hey, coachman, look: what’s that black thing there? (A. Pushkin).
Well, well, Savelich! That's enough, let's make peace, it's my fault (A. Pushkin).
And over there: this is a cloud (A. Pushkin).
Syntactic role
Interjections are not parts of sentences. However, sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech - they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a part of the sentence:
Oh honey! (A. Pushkin) - the word “ah yes” in the meaning of the definition.
Then there was an “ay!” in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - the word “ay” in the meaning of the subject.
Morphological analysis
For the part of speech interjection, morphological analysis is not done.
A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and motives. Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of conversational style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.
Groups of interjections by meaning
There are interjections non-derivative (well, ah, ugh, eh etc.) and derivatives, derived from independent parts of speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).
Interjections do not change and are not members of the sentence . But sometimes an interjection is used as an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. There was an “au” sound in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “cry” and is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roars . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection “ah” is used in the meaning of the verb “gasp” and is a predicate.
We need to differentiate!
It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words. They convey various sounds of living and inanimate nature: humans ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow-meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, or motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bul, woof, drip) or repeated syllables (gul-bul, woof-woof, drip-drip - written with a hyphen).
From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shook, and the girl hee-hee-hee yes ha-ha-ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed” and are predicates.
Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, sighing heavily, people say “wow, well... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said from the intonation of the voice alone: whether it was a “message” (offense or anger) or just a humorous saying (a friendly greeting).
In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, that is, ones that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs themselves. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. Thus, the Russian interjection “Na!” makes sense only when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages have an interjection that is said at the same time as the greeting hug.
see also
Notes
Links
- Russian grammar. Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- I. A. Sharonov. Back to interjections.
- E. V. Sereda. Classification of interjections based on the expression of modality.
- E. V. Sereda. Finish the point: Interjections in youth colloquial speech.
- E. V. Sereda. Etiquette interjections.
- E. V. Sereda. Unsolved problems in the study of interjections.
- E. V. Sereda. Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection formations.
- E. V. Sereda. Morphology of the modern Russian language. The place of interjections in the system of parts of speech.
- I. A. Sharonov. Distinguishing between emotional interjections and modal particles.
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Synonyms:Interjection- this is special immutable a part of speech that does not relate to either significant parts of speech or auxiliary parts, which serves to direct expression of emotions, feelings, expressions of will, calls, without naming them.
Scientific discussion
Despite the fact that colloquial speech cannot do without interjections, this category of words is the least studied. In the course of the development of Russian linguistics, the grammatical nature interjections was understood ambiguously. Some linguists defined the interjection as a varied syntactic class worth those dividing words into parts of speech(F. I. Buslaev, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, L. M. Peshkovsky, D. N. Ushakov, G. Paul). Other linguists believed that interjections included in the system of parts of speech, But stand in it isolated. For example, F. F. Fortunatov divided all words into "full", "partial" And interjections. Interjections occupy a separate position in the classifications of parts of speech by A. A. Shakhmatov and V. V. Vinogradov.
Despite disagreements in determining the grammatical nature of interjections, most scholars note that interjections serve in speech to expressions of emotions. So, A. M. Peshkovsky called them “signs feelings, but not submissions", A. A. Shakhmatov pointed out that interjections "reveal the internal and external sensations of the speaker, as well as his expression of will."
According to V.V. Vinogradov’s definition, “in the modern Russian language, interjections constitute a living and rich layer of purely subjective speech signs that serve to express the subject’s emotional and volitional reactions to reality, for the direct emotional expression of experiences, sensations, affects, expressions of will.” Wed: Ahh, I renounced! Uh, reptile!(M. Bulgakov) – interjection ah-ah indicates the subject of speech’s guess regarding the actions of the object being evaluated, interjection at expresses a feeling of disgust, contempt that arises when communicating with a person who is a traitor, emphasizes the negative characteristics of a person.
Due to the heterogeneity of interjections, L. V. Shcherba characterized them as “an unclear and foggy category,” pointing out that their meaning “reduces to emotionality, the absence of cognitive elements.”
Modern researcher Komine Yuko, characterizing interjection utterances from the point of view of information content, noted the following:
1) interjection utterances do not contain less information than required, since they express the speaker’s attitude to already known facts; 2) they do not contain unnecessary information, because they do not present already known facts; 3) it is impossible to say in them what is considered false, since the proposition is not expressed; 4) interjection statements cannot lead away from the topic, since they are closely related to other remarks or directly to the current situation.
Interjections as words associated with the emotional sphere of the speaker, one of the means of expressing a person’s attitude to reality, have attracted the attention of researchers. Interjections were considered in different aspects. Their characteristics were studied: structural(phonetic), syntactic(N. R. Dobrushina, 1995; L. P. Karpov, 1971), morphological(A. A. Grigoryan, 1988), semantic(I. A. Sharonov, 2002), pragmatic(S. Yu. Mamushkina, 2003) and ethnocultural(A. Vezhbitskaya, 1999); their functions V speeches(A. N. Gordey, 1992) and dialogue(I. A. Blokhina, 1990). Studied specific systems interjections of individual languages (A. I. Germanovich, 1966; Karlova, 1998), was carried out benchmarking interjections in different languages (L. A. Kulichova, 1982; I. L. Afanasyeva, 1996). Interjections are mentioned in the works of linguists who consider such functional-semantic categories as the category of evaluation (T. V. Markelova), the category of targeting (I. D. Chaplygina), the category of gradualism (S. M. Kolesnikova).
From the point of view of semantics, interjections differ from all significant parts of speech in that they do not have a nominative function, but are original speech signs (symbols) to briefly express a person’s reaction to various events in reality or to express his demands and desires. Wed. meanings of interjections that are understandable only in context: Ay, ay,how the hut got cold! (N. Nekrasov) – regret: Ay,what a disgusting act! – censure; Ay,Pug! know she's strong / What barks at an elephant!(I. Krylov) - approval with a touch of irony; Ah ah ah!what a voice! Canary, right, canary! (N. Gogol) – admiration, etc.
Emotions can also be expressed as quality, image actions, states (Ah! Oh! Well! Alas! Shhh! Oh! Eh! Aw! and so on. – Hee hee hee yes ha ha ha! / Not afraid to know sin(A. Pushkin)).
By morphological properties of interjection immutable. From point of view syntactic The functions of interjections differ from other parts of speech. Interjections syntactically independent, those. are not members of the proposal, Although intonationally connected with sentences, to which they are adjacent or part of which they are located. Some interjections (which serve to express will) may subjugate other members of the sentence, compare: Go away! Immediately! (K. Paustovsky); ...well, really!(D. Mamin-Sibiryak).
To clarify the syntactic and morphological features of the interjection, its place in the sentence plays an important role. Yes, in fact interjection meaning are interjections found at the beginning ( preposition) or at the end (postposition) offers. Being a kind of emotional-volitional symbol, interjections in preposition communicate the subsequent content of the sentence: Uh,I don't like this priest!(M. Gorky). If the interjection is postpositive, then the meaning of the sentence becomes clearer from the previous sentence: Well, my grandmother told me for this, Oh oh(V. Bianchi).
Interjections are reserved only for spoken language. They can act as individual members of a sentence or perform the functions of intensifying particles, cf.: Tatiana – Oh! and he roars(A. Pushkin) – as a predicate; No, people don’t feel mercy: / Do good – he won't say Thank you...(A. Pushkin) – in the function of addition.
Sometimes an interjection (interjection-predicate) performs function of a subordinate clause: At that time the boss... was such a beast that at!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Substantivized interjections act as subjects and objects: It thundered in the distance hooray: / The regiments saw Peter(A. Pushkin). In the role of circumstance and definition, interjections acquire the corresponding meanings: That skinny one there uh,easy to climb (wow= "very"). Interjections inside a sentence perform the function reinforcing particles, combining with words how, what: A sea of arrogance oh howdoes not love! (L. Sobolev).
In the modern Russian language, the phenomenon of occasional substantivization And verbalization interjections. The occasional transition of interjections into nouns and verbs is the result of the use of interjections as the subject, object, predicate and other members of the sentence. As members of sentences, interjections acquire a nominative meaning, i.e. cease, in fact, to be interjections, and they can be replaced by nominative words, which indicates their synonymy with full-meaning words. When moving to other parts of speech, for example, substantivization, interjections can acquire the characteristics of a noun (gender, number, case).
Traditionally to the category interjections include words that act as “signs of feelings”, “emotional signals”, signals of expressions of will and calls. A. A. Shakhmatov emphasized that “the meaning of some interjections makes them similar to verbs,” and V. V. Vinogradov noted that interjections very often represent “complete statements,” “sentences,” “sentence equivalents”: Oh! God bless! etc.
Interjections are morphologically unchangeable sound complexes, which are short shouts: Oh! Oh! Wow! and so on. As a rule, as part of sentences, interjections are not syntactically related to other words And are not members of the proposal. Wed. in the texts of M. Bulgakov: Uh,what a splendor! (Days of the Turbins); Oh,scoundrels! (Notes of a young doctor). ABOUT,stupid woman! (Adam and Eve)– interjections enhance the gradual-evaluative semantics of the entire sentence/statement, while intonation and speech situation play an important role in conveying meaning.
This use is confirmed by the words of V.V. Vinogradov: “Interjections... are functionally close to modal words, with intensifying particles... In other cases, interjections, connecting with the conjunction What, expressively characterize the degree and quality of something. For example: At that time there was such a beast as the head of the province, what y!!! (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)".
By meaning The following groups of interjections are distinguished:
- 1) emotional: O, oh, oh, ah, ah, ah, uh, uh, eh, eh, hey, wow, alas, ugh, fi, fu, fie, ba, um, hmm, bravo, Lord, damn it, pipes, fathers , My God and etc.;
- 2) imperative (incentive), expressing a call or encouragement to action): hello, hey, ay, guard, chu, scat, chick etc.;
- 3) interjections associated with expression in speech etiquette standards: thank you, hello, goodbye etc.
A special group is allocated onomatopoeic words– special sound complexes that represent an imitation of living ( meow-meow, woof-woof) and inanimate ( Ding Ding etc.) nature: And screams. "Kiri-ku-ku.Reign lying on your side!"(A. Pushkin).
Scientific discussion
The classification of A. A. Shakhmatov is reflected emotional interjections with diffuse and specialized functions, as well as words serving the sphere of etiquette. For us, the thought of information content interjections, which refers to the characteristics of interjections capable of expressing certain feelings. The works of V.V. Vinogradov present a more detailed classification of interjections. He identifies 10 main semantic-grammatical categories of interjections:
- 1) primary, non-derivatives interjections that express feelings, emotions : Αx, I'm so happy for my brother...(I. Turgenev) - strong joy;
- 2) interjections, derivatives from nouns like 6atyushki! nonsense! passion! etc.: Oh, devil, it’s even chilling, how much I love you!(L. Filatov) – combination of interjections ah, devil contributes to the expression of the maximum degree of manifestation of feelings of love;
- 3) interjections, which are not so much a direct expression of emotions, moods and sensations, how much emotional characterization or condition assessment, For example: cover, kayuk, kaput– such words indicate a limit in the development of action;
- 4) interjections that express volitional expressions, impulses: get out, away, down, complete, chick, ts etc. These interjections in a certain contextual environment can perform a gradual function: Sit quietly. Shh! – interjection Shh! expresses requirement sit very quiet so you can hear every sound:
- 5) interjections that express emotional-volitional attitude to the interlocutor’s speech, reaction to it, or in which affective assessments caused by the interlocutor’s remarks are revealed: Yes, Of course, right, here’s another, by God, etc.
- 6) interjections, which are peculiar expressive sound gestures, exchanged according to social etiquette: Mercy, thank you, hello, I'm sorry and so on.;
- 7) abusive interjections: damn it, damn it and etc. - Oh, you motherfucker, how you offended a dog, you idiot! (G. Vladimov);
- 8) vocatives(vocative) interjections: Oh my God and so on. – Oh, my God, what interesting news I learn from you! (N. Gogol);
- 9) reproducing, or onomatopoeic, exclamations; bam, bang, clap etc. – We're making noise and laughing – and suddenly bang, it's over! (A. Chekhov);
- 10) interjectional verb forms: shat, fuck, ew and etc. - You just wait for the door to open and walk...(N. Gogol).
The interjections of the first group are of greatest interest, since they bring additional gradual meaning - strengthening positive/negative ratings in a specific sentence/statement.
By way of education interjections fall into two groups - antiderivatives And derivatives. The first group includes interjections consisting of one vowel sound (A! ABOUT! Uh! etc.) or from two sounds - a vowel and a consonant (Hey! Ay! Ugh! and so on.). In some cases they are used in the form combinations of two(or three) identical interjections (Ha-ha-ha! Fi-fi! etc.). Some primitive interjections are formed from three or more sounds ( Alas! Yeah! Hey! etc.). Individual primitive interjections can be joined by second person plural endings of verbs and particles (come on, screw it up, oh). The group of secondary (derivatives) consists of interjections formed from other parts of speech:
- – from nouns ( Nonsense! Trouble!):
- – verbs ( Hello! Farewell!):
- – adverb (Full!):
- – pronouns (That's the same!).
By origin interjections may be originally Russian
(Ay! Mother! etc.) and borrowed(Bravo! Hello! Kaput! Encore! Ayda! etc.). In the process of language development, certain phraseological units:My God! Fathers-lights! Case – tobacco! Damn it! and etc.
Interjections, used in statements with a “special” intonation and contextual environment, belong to the means of expressing evaluation. They are characterized by the expression of an assessment of a hidden, “shadow” nature. Evaluation as a “shadow” meaning of a statement is characterized by high emotionality. For example: But this life!.. ABOUT,how bitter she is!(F. Tyutchev) - the interjection emphasizes the bitterness of life, indicates a feeling of suffering that arose due to unbearably difficult living conditions. Interjections belong to a complex of means of expressing the periphery of the functional-semantic field of evaluation and are capable of expressing the meaning “very good/very bad”, i.e. extreme manifestations of any signs of an object, states, actions.
When considering constructions in which interjections function as an indicator of gradualism, it should be taken into account that subject gradualism in them can be the speaker or a third person, object– emotions, sensations experienced by the subject of speech, as well as certain persons, objects, signs, actions evaluated by the subject.
Emotional interjections acting as graduation indicator, can be divided into several groups, based on the object of reality in which they participate in calibrating the value:
- 1) proper emotional interjections are used to emphasize the strength of the manifestation of emotions, feelings, physical sensations experienced by the subject of speech;
- 2) intellectual-emotional interjections contribute to the expression of the degree of manifestation of a sign, the intensity of the execution of an action, state, and are the reaction of the subject of speech to the act of comprehending the objects of reality.
Let's look at cases of using interjections using examples from the works of M. Bulgakov: Oh,great person! (Adam and Eve); Oh,what kind of person! (Notes of a young doctor)– interjection actualizes positive assessment and expresses a feeling of admiration and delight. Or: Oh,dear Chinese!.. Oh,Chinese!.. Oh,language! (Zoyka's apartment); Oh,which Summer... Oh,miracle! Miracle! (Crimson Island)– interjection Oh(or combination oh what, oh what) expresses a feeling of admiration, delight and surprise about the object of speech-thought, enhances the positive semantics of a noun, proper or common noun. Wed: Oh you, scammer!..Oh you, arrogant tramp!.. Oh you,what a disaster! (Don Quixote); Oh youtramp! (Ivan Vasilievich) – interjection Oh used in combination with semi-official You, performing the function intensifying particles.
Combination Oh you mainly expresses negative emotional assessment: annoyance, indignation, indignation, malice, anger. The negative properties of humans and living beings are emphasized by the combination of interjections Oh with reinforcing element to what: Oh, to what strange subject (The Master and Margarita)– the meaning of surprise, indignation, bewilderment. The use of homogeneous structures such as Oh captivity... Oh ruin... (Alexander Pushkin) enhances the negative emotional evaluation contained in nouns bondage –"compulsion, necessity"; ruin- “loss of wealth, prosperity.”
Interjections oh, ah, oh, eh, uh before the pronoun Which, adverbs how, how much used in exclamatory sentences for emphasis high degree of manifestation anything high intensity any sign: Oh, what a shame! Oh, whatboredom! These combinations are also used to emphasize the expression of admiration, surprise at the high degree of manifestation of something, the high intensity of any sign, cf.: Oh, what a beauty! = Oh, how beautiful! Components and... and... enhance the meaning of gradual assessment: Well, women too!- through combination well, really... a gradual assessment is expressed - sarcasm.
To create an emotional and expressive assessment in the structure of a nominative (evaluative-existential) sentence, we use non-derivatives interjections, irreducible combinations interjections with a particle or pronominal word. For example:
1) Uh...d-fool... (Diaboliad); 2) Oh, how lovely! (Notes on cuffs). The main member of the first sentence is expressed by an evaluative noun - stupid; interjection Uh... expresses reproach, threat. Very often, such sentences additionally convey gradual semantics, which consists in conveying degree of manifestation sign, object or gain expressed trait (negative assessment, low degree of manifestation of the trait - stupid= "stupid woman"). Reduplicated form of interjection – Ooh enhances the evaluative meaning; brings an additional shade intonation sentences, graphic and explicit phonetic (when pronounced) design – d-stupid. In the second sentence there is an interjection Oh actualizes the positive semantics contained in the combination whichlovely - lovely – "about someone something charming, enchanting."
Duplication lexeme enhances the meaning regrets, annoyance, disappointment, for example: Oh, rabble, rabble...(Alexander Pushkin) , Oh, scoundrel, scoundrel!(Crimson Island), Ah, people, people!(Dog's heart) , Ah, men, men!(Zoyka's apartment), Oh, wife, wife!(Adam and Eve); Ah, Berlioz, Berlioz!(Master and Margarita).
Sometimes the meaning of surprise, joy (or sadness) is enhanced by the use two interjections in one sentence/statement: Oh, My God,red wine! (Days of the Turbins). Some evaluative existential sentences with interjections use second and third person pronouns, which are neither subject nor address: their role is non-service and close to the function of an intensifying particle Oh that's what it isunderwear! (Don Quixote). Interjection combined with intensifying elements Oh that's what it is expresses feeling surprise.
Interjection Oh may be complicated by semi-service this, this, really, performing the function particles, For example: Oh this oneAugust! (Adam and Eve); Oh this oneMasha! (Days of the Turbins) and etc.
Often nominative sentences contain qualitative and qualitative-evaluative adjectives, which is direct quality indicator object or person, phenomenon or event, etc. For example: Ah, treacherousMoor! (Don Quixote); Oh damnabsent-mindedness! (Ivan Vasilievich) – insidious– “distinguished by deceit, prone to it”; token damn(simple) used to denote a strong manifestation of something.
The expression of positive/negative feelings through the interjection o depends on the speech situation and context: ABOUTdesired homeland!..(feeling of delight) ABOUTjoy!(ecstatic joy) (Additional Quixote); ABOUT,blissful moment, bright hour! (Crimson Island); ABOUTwonderful confirmation of evolutionary theory!.. ABOUT,selfless person! (Dog's heart); ABOUT,dear engineer! (Adam and Eve). The interjection in such syntactic constructions expresses delight, admiration qualities a specific person (often expressed by adjectives). Sometimes interjection ABOUT! used to convey surprise: ABOUT,cigarette case! Gold! (Days of the Turbins). Meaning is determined by context. Wed. with nominative sentences with negative semantics: ABOUT,unfortunate fate!.. ABOUT,my premonition!(desperately) (Adam and Eve); ABOUT,dusty days! ABOUT,stuffy nights! (Notes on cuffs);
ABOUT,vile creature! (Crimson Island)– the meaning of indignation, indignation, bitterness, regret, etc.
Interjection eh marked “colloquial” in the structure of evaluative existential sentences expresses positive and negative evaluations with additional shades of meaning (irony, contempt, disapproval, annoyance, regret, etc.; admiration, delight, etc.). Wed: Eh,Kyiv-grad, beauty,Marya Konstantinovna! (Run)– the meaning of admiration, delight is especially emphasized by the use of the word beauty– “about something very good”; Eh,trouble! (Days of the Turbins)– the meaning of regret with a touch of irony; Eh,hat! (Days of the Turbins)– the meaning of reproach, reproach; Eh,what a complication! (Master and Margarita) etc. Use of interjections eh in evaluative existential sentences with duplicated forms of the main member conveys the meaning of annoyance, regret and disappointment: Eh,money money! (Notes of a deceased person).
Interjection Ouch used in the structure of evaluative-existential sentences to express annoyance, regret, fear: Oh,fool!.. Oh, shame].. Oh, trash!(Ivan Vasilievich); Oh,horror, horror, horror! (Crimson Island)- meaning negative assessments intensifies due to the three-time use of gradual-evaluative horror- “about something ordinary in its negative qualities,” thereby conveying the meaning of strong fright, fear.
Productive use of interjections oh my god (oh my god)(with marks “obsolete.”, “colloquial.”) in sentences with graded-evaluative vocabulary. Pronoun word which (which, which) enhances the feeling of admiration and delight - God, whatyou have power!.. (Crimson Island); God, whatwords!.. God, whattype! (Ivan Vasilievich); surprise - God, whatheat!(Adam and Eve); grief - God, whatmisfortune!(Crazy Jourdain); indignation, indignation - God, whatscoundrel!(Crazy Jourdain); God, whatidiot!(Crimson Island); My God, whatterrible style!(Notes of a deceased person). In these sentences, gradual semantics is also created through the use of a qualitative adjective horrible – "causing horror", pronominal word Which; interjection My God enhances the meaning of indignation, indignation.
The analyzed sentences contain the use of interjections Jesus Christ, enhancing the meaning of surprise, bewilderment, for example: Jesus Christ...That's the fruit] (Heart of a Dog) – fruit– “about a suspicious and narrow-minded person” (colloquial, contemptuous), “about a person who causes displeasure, irritation” (dismissive); complicated particle like this reinforces the negative assessment.
Use of interjections Wow in evaluative-existential sentences realizes the meaning of surprise: Wow, what ainteresting guy! (Days of the Turbins)– pronominal word Which emphasizes a hint of irony; Wow, what a dealinteresting person! (Run) – gradual assessment is also expressed due to the intensifying component to what extent?
Interjection A usually used to express admiration: A,Poles, Poles... Ay, yay, yay!.. (Kyiv city) – additional use of interjection series Ay, yay, Yay!.. here conveys the meaning of surprise, bewilderment; to express anger, malice: A,Basurman dogs! (Bliss).
Mostly negative feelings and assessments are expressed by interjection at in the structure of evaluative-existential sentences: Uh,bedbugs!.. Uh,reptile!.. Uh,nest!.. Uh,vile city! (Run) , U... s-s-wolf! (White Guard) -, Uh,cunning, cowardly creature] (Days of the Turbins); Oohdamned hole] (The Master and Margarita)– the meaning of indignation, malice, anger. Only in combination with adjectives (or nouns) with positive semantics does this interjection convey joy or surprise: Ooh, blessed onecase] (Running), Wed: Wow, what a joy]
Interjection ugh the meaning of contempt and disgust is conveyed: Ugh,and voice how disgusting!.. Ugh,abomination! (Notes on cuffs); Ugh,neurasthenia! (Notes of a young doctor)– special intonation enhances negative evaluative semantics.
Interjections ah, fathers; Ugh; Bravo convey the meaning of regret: Ay,screw up! (Alexander Pushkin); surprise - Ba... Fathers,that's how the dog is! (Dog's heart); indignation and contempt - Ugh,fool... (Fatal eggs). And vice versa, cf.: Bravo, bravo, bravo, bravo,wonderful answer! (Cabal of holy men)– use of interjection four times Bravo – “an exclamation expressing approval, admiration” – and a qualitative adjective wonderful convey the gradational-evaluative meaning of the entire sentence.
Scientific discussion
With the syntactic use of interjections, the functional-semantic field of the category is crossed gradualism with fields assessments And denials, due to the qualitative nature of these categories. Function words play a specific role in judgments graduality indicator, intended to actualize gradual meaning in speech and the process of communication.
The question of the gradual function of Russian interjections is outlined in the works of N.V. Rogozhina and G.V. Kireeva. In particular, one of the works notes: " Interjections are one of the means of creating gradualism. Sentences with graduates designed using interjections, differ in the manifestation of gradual meaning. Interjections complement the emotional state of these structures and contribute to the implementation of the gradual function. In such proposals the role interjections comes down to strengthening the expressed meaning(sign or object) – positive/negative assessment – joy, admiration, contempt, indignation, indignation, etc.: Oh, how unpleasant this is. Oh how captivating this woman is! Ugh, what disgusting! Oh, what a horror! The meaning of surprise, joy or grief is enhanced by the use of two or more interjections in one sentence: A x, my God, my God, how unhappy I am" .
Thus, at present, linguists point to the ability of interjections to enhance the feelings expressed in a statement or to emphasize the degree of manifestation of a characteristic of an object, action, state, i.e. fulfill gradual function. Shcherba L.V. See: Rogozhina N.V. Decree. op. P. 17.