It is necessary to learn to recognize and use another tense of the group Perfect - The Present Perfect Tense - present perfect tense. The very name “perfect” speaks for itself - the action has taken place, has ended.
For example: He has passed his exam. He passed the exam. That is WhatWith did you do? - passed, completed ( but not what did you do? - handed over).
Present Perfect Tense is used:
- in order to show that an action began in the past and lasted until the present moment e.g. 1)I have had a cold for a week. I've had a cold for a week now. 2) She has been at home for 10 minutes. She's home for 10 minutes. 3) Ann has loved apples since she was a little girl. Anya has loved apples since childhood.
to express an action that has taken place to date and the result of which is known. e.g. I have just talked to my wife. I just talked to my wife.
to describe experience e.g. He has been to Spain. He visited Spain.
in order to show changes that have occurred over a period of time e.g. The government has become more interested in higher education. The government has become more interested in higher education.
to describe achievements (without specifying a specific time in the past) e.g. Our daughter has learned how to write. Our daughter learned to write. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Doctors have found cures for many deadly diseases.
Marker words For Present Perfect Tense:
ever- ever, in any situation, in any case e.g. Have you ever heard about it?-Have you ever heard of this?
never - never e.g. She's never been to Mexico.— She has never been to Mexico.
recently- recently; the other day, recently. e.g. He’s been ill quite often recently.— He has been getting sick often lately.
lately- recently, recently e.g. I haven’t received any letters from him lately.
just- just now. more recently e.g. The taxi has just arrived.— The taxi has just arrived. IMPORTANT!!! With an adverb just now just now used e.g. I saw them just now. I just saw them.
alread y - already e.g. We've already told you what happened.- We already told you what happened.
yet- not yet, still (in interrogative and negative sentences) e.g. He hasn’t seen the film yet.— He hasn’t watched this film yet.
for— during, in continuation e.g. We've known each other for half a year.- We've known each other for six months.
since- since then e.g. I have held two jobs since I graduated.- I have changed two jobs since I graduated.
this week- this week, this month- this month, this year- this year, provided that they indicate more unexpired periods of time. e.g. I haven’t seen her today. I haven't seen her today.
To make sentences in Present Perfect Tense, you need to know, namely, their third form (Past Participle)
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present perfect tense
Affirmative form Present Perfect Tense
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Question form Present Perfect Tense
| Structure | ||
|---|---|---|
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you(you you) we(We) they(They) |
V3/Ved? |
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he(He) she(she) it(it) |
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| Examples | Translation | |
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– Has your mother come? |
- Has your mother come? (the speaker is interested in the result) |
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– Have you ever been to China? |
– Have you ever been to China? |
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– Has he done his homework? |
– Did he do his homework? |
|
Wh-?
Special questions in Present Perfect Tense
(start with special words)
| Structure | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
you(you you) we(We) they(They) |
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|
he(He) she(she) it(it) |
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| Examples | Translation | ||
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What have you learned? |
What have you learned? |
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Where has she been? |
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How has he found us? |
How did he find us? |
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Important!!! Questions that begin with the adverb When? - when, require the use of the Past Simple rather than the Present Perfect, since such questions imply a past moment or period of time. e.g. When did you leave your country? When did you leave your country? |
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in Present Perfect Tense
— Who has finished this task? Who completed this task? - We have. We.
— Who has sent you this e-mail? - Who sent you this letter?
Negative form
Present Perfect Tense
—
Interrogative-negative form
Present Perfect Tense
(Speaking)
?-
Schematically the structure of the sentence in Present Perfect Tense looks like that:
+
S + have/has + V3/Ved.
?
Have/has + S + V3/Ved?
Wh - ?
Wh + have/has + S + V3/Ved?
–
S + haven’t/hasn’t + V3/Ved.
? –
Haven’t/hasn’t + S + V3/Ved?
Exercise. Watch the video and write down all the example sentences in Present Perfect Tense. Make up your own sentences in Present Perfect Tense using the written perfect forms.
There are 26 tenses in the English grammatical system. This is often the reason why difficulties arise in the process of studying it. After all, it is quite difficult for a Russian person, whose native language has only 3 tenses, to grasp the difference in the use of these categories.
The greatest difficulty for students learning English is the Present Perfect - the present perfect tense.
This difficult English. Present Perfect
The present perfect tense denotes an action that was performed in the past, but its result is associated with the present:
I have done my homework. I can go for a walk. - I did my homework. I can go for a walk (my homework is completed, and as a result, I have the opportunity to go for a walk).
I have lost my key. I can't enter my flat. - I lost my keys. I can't enter the house.
Method of formation Present Perfect
My mum has just made a cake. - My mother has just made a pie.
Ann has already washed up. - When I arrived, Anya had already washed all the dishes.
We have had dinner today. - We already had lunch today.
In colloquial speech, instead of the full form, you can use the abbreviations ‘ve, ‘s:
I’ve arrived in Moscow today. - Today I arrived in Moscow.
He's lost his key. - He lost his keys.
To form negative forms, the particle not is added to the auxiliary verb:
He hasn’t prepared for English exam. - He did not prepare for the English language exam.
They haven't come home yet. - They haven't come home yet.
Interrogative form of the present perfect tense
To construct a general type of question in the Present Perfect tense category, the auxiliary verbs has/have are placed at the beginning of the sentence:
Have you ever been in Greece? -Have you ever been to Greece?
Has she graduated from the University this year? - She graduated from university this year?
To create a special question type, use the following word order:
1) question word;
3) subject;
4) adverb of time (if any), predicate, etc.
What has she just cooked? -What did she just cook?
Where have you walked this evening? -Where did you go this evening?
Correct or not?
As mentioned earlier, this tense category is created using a special form of the semantic verb. In English, there are regular verbs, which form the simple past and present perfect tense by adding the ending -ed, and irregular verbs. The Present Perfect is the tense in which their use is necessary.
But, unfortunately, this part of speech causes numerous difficulties for students. form temporary forms according to a special algorithm that defies any rules. In fact, they cannot be called exceptions, since there are more than a hundred of them in the English language.
An example of an irregular verb: go-went-gone (to go). The first word is an infinitive verb, the second is used to express the past tense (also called participle 2), and the third is used to express action in the present perfect tense. There is no specific way of forming the first or second participle. The only way out of this situation is cramming. There is nothing wrong with this, since basically all these verbs are “by ear”, they are quickly remembered and firmly embedded in speech.
Faithful companions
The following are used as accompanying adverbs of this tense:
- Already - already:
I have already passed my exam. - I have already passed the exam.
- Just - just now:
You have just won the prize! - You just won the main prize!
- Ever - ever:
Have ever been to Milan? -Have you ever been to Milan? (this is how the verb "be" is expressed in the present perfect)
- Before - before, earlier:
I have never met him before. - I've never met him before.
- Yet - for now, yet, still:
I haven't been tired yet. - I'm not tired yet.
As can be seen from the examples, accompanying adverbs are placed after the auxiliary verb. The exception is the word “yet”.
Of course, accompanying adverbs will not be used in every specific case of the present perfect tense. But the presence of these words serves as a definite clue to recognizing a new temporary category.
Cases of use
As mentioned earlier, this tense is used to indicate the effectiveness of an action performed in the past. In addition, Present Perfect time is necessary in the following cases:
1. When talking about an action without specifying the time of its completion:
He has done all his work. - He did all his work.
2. When the action has completed, but the time period in which it was carried out has not yet ended.
Compare:
I have had breakfast this morning. - I had breakfast this morning. (The morning is not over yet).
I had breakfast this morning. - I had breakfast this morning (it’s evening now, the action is in the past).
3. The present perfect tense can be used to denote previous actions, for example:
I have taken on my coat before I went out. - I put on my coat before leaving the house.
Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
To denote actions that began in the past and continue in the present, the Present Perfect is used. Offers:
I have lived there since 2000. - I have lived here since 2000.
She has worked here as a secretary for 5 years. - She has been working here as a secretary for 5 years.
In this case, the present perfect tense very closely overlaps with another tense category - the Present Perfect Continuous. It is also necessary to denote actions that last from some point in the past to the present. A person, using this tense in speech, wants to show the process of an action, its duration.
I have been flying in the plane for 3 hours. - I’ve been flying on a plane for 3 hours (the process itself is indicated).
What is the difference between simple and truly complete?
The main difficulty in mastering this tense is that a Russian-speaking student often cannot grasp the difference between the past tense and the present perfect. To ensure that the choice between these tenses does not become a real dilemma and an endless obstacle to acquiring language skills, it is necessary to highlight specific cases of their use.
1. Present Perfect denotes the result, while Past simple indicates the completion of an action in the past, which is in no way connected with the present.
Compare:
I visited a museum a week ago. - I went to the museum a week ago.
I have just visited this museum! The exhibition is really worth seeing. - I just visited the museum. The exhibition is truly worth seeing.
If in the first case the action ended in the past and the sentence only states the fact of visiting the museum, then in the second case a direct connection with the present is shown - there is a result, that is, the person received pleasure from contemplating the paintings. In addition, in the first example a specific indication of time is given - a week ago, which is the main sign of the simple past tense.
2. If the question begins with the word when, then in this case the simple past will be used instead of the present perfect tense.
Compare:
Have you ever seen this girl? -Have you ever seen this girl (at all)?
When did you see this girl? - When did you see this girl (a specific period of time in the past is recognized)?
Is Perfect group tense necessary in colloquial speech?
Often, while memorizing huge tables with tenses, irregular verbs and other intricacies of the English language, many do not understand the meaning of such linguistic bells and whistles when hearing the everyday, simple speech of a foreigner. Indeed, residents of some countries have simplified English beyond recognition and have forgotten many tense forms and other grammatical phenomena. Therefore, the question arises: is it worth suffering and delving into all this if it is not useful?
It's worth it because it will definitely come in handy. After all, English is not only about communicating with a foreigner on Skype in a “broken” language. This:
- foreign periodicals;
- literary masterpieces of world famous authors - Dickens, Thackeray, Hardy;
- the opportunity to work in serious foreign companies, enter prestigious universities, engage in tutoring, etc.
Thus, studying the grammatical features of the English language is simply necessary. After all, lexical units, like beads, are strung on the connecting threads of grammar.
Present Perfect is a complex phenomenon, but easy to understand for an assiduous student. In order for it to be firmly assimilated in the mind, it is necessary to perform appropriate exercises to develop grammatical skills, read as much classical literature in a foreign language as possible - after all, where else can one find an abundance of language forms? Actively use new grammatical material in your speech, if possible.
Any tenses of the Perfect category indicate the perfection of the action, that the situation is complete, and not long-term or permanent. As for The Present Perfect Tense - ‘this is a tense that is certainly associated with the present action, as evidenced by its name.
general information
The main feature of this type of tense form is that in sentences with the Present Perfect we are talking about a completed action, the result of which has a direct connection with the current time. Very often there is a time where there is no emphasis on connections with the present, and it is based solely on the fact of the event that occurred.
Here are examples of sentences that show how the present perfect tense looks and is used in English:
· You have done more than stay young; you have stayed a child - You did more than just stay young - you remained a child
· I have made you a bed upstairs, make yourself at home - I made you a bed upstairs, make yourself at home
As can be seen from these examples, the present perfect tense, as it is called in Russian transcription, is used to express not just an event that took place in the past, but reflects the result of a completed action that is relevant now.
Education Present Perfect
The present completed tense often causes difficulties for those who are still at the stage of learning English, because here several nuances come into force at once, which are extremely important to take into account. Firstly, the Present Perfect is necessarily formed using auxiliary verbs. These are auxiliary verbs such as have and has (the latter is used only for third person pronouns used in the singular - he, she, it). Secondly, this verb in the present perfect tense is followed by a main verb, which is in the form Past Participle, or Participle II (popularly the third form of the verb). Here it is important to navigate the list of irregular verbs, but for regular verbs everything is simpler, because the ending –ed is simply added to the word.
Therefore, the classic Present Perfect formula looks like this:
Have
Has + V(3) (–ed)
· I have never had a chance to meet anyone here – I have never had the opportunity to meet anyone here
· She has worked in this company for 3 years already – She has worked in this company for 3 years already
Questions and denials
Interrogative sentences
here they are formed with the same auxiliary verbs have and has, which in a general question, that is, in one to which the answer can be “yes” or “no,” are in the original position:
· Have you already finished your course work? – Have you finished your coursework yet?
· Has he just returned from his trip? – Has he just returned from his trip?
Special questions
at the beginning of which there is a question word like when, why, how, etc., are formed according to a similar principle, with the only difference being that these interrogative words occupy the initial position:
· How long has she been here? – How long has she been here?
· Why has he written so many articles today? – Why did he write so many articles today?
Present Perfect formula in a negative sentence
practically no different from the affirmative form. Here the grammar provides for the simple use of the particle not after the auxiliary verb, where have not = haven’t, hasn’t = has not. Negation looks like this:
· I haven’t completed my daily report yet – I have not yet completed my daily report
· He still hasn’t brought us money - He still hasn’t brought us money
Note: the rule provides for the use of this tense in special interrogative and negative constructions with the inclusion of the phrase “ever”, where the Present Perfect time markers used are the adverbs ever or never:
· Have you ever been to Bangkok? – Have you ever been to Bangkok?
· I have never seen such a beautiful landscape! – I have never seen such a beautiful landscape!
Using the Present Perfect
The use of the Present Perfect is typical for the following situations:
1. Completed action
In order to display a completed action, which has a clear echo in the present tense and, unlike the simple tense, is used to express completeness. Companions of the Present Perfect in such situations are specific adverbs already, ever, never, yet (typical for interrogative and negative sentences, where its frequent position is at the end of the phrase), just, for (shows the duration of the action), as well as those time frames which show that the action is not yet completed (this year, today, etc.).
· He hasn’t called me for ages – He hasn’t called me for ages
· We have already found out the latest news - We have already found out the latest news
· I have done much this year - This year I have done a lot (in the sense that the year is not over yet)
Note: in the Present Perfect just, this is one of the markers that translates as “just now.” But if the construction just now is used, then it is typical to use the Past Simple, despite the fact that the translation will be identical:
· I have just cooked breakfast - I just cooked breakfast
· I cooked breakfast just now - I just cooked breakfast
Note: the so-called American English, which has become an integral part of modern life, very often does not provide for the use of the Present Perfect, even in such obvious situations when there are special helpers in the form of adverbs or there are other factors regulating the use of the Perfect. In this version, the perfect is ignored, although classical grammar does not approve of this:
I have lost my key – I lost my key (I lost the key)
2. With the preposition “since” + Past Simple
The situation deserves special attention when with the Present Perfect since, the preposition, which is translated as “from”, “from the moment”, is used in the same sentence together with. With this sense, the construction of the sentence is constructed as follows:
I haven’t seen her since I left for Sydney – I haven’t seen her since I left for Sydney
In this example, the first part of the sentence uses the Present Perfect, and the second uses the Past Simple. Very often in such sentences it is recommended to look for the so-called starting point, i.e. the action from which it all began. In this example, this is the part “since I left for Moscow.” The use of Perfect is relevant here for the reason that the action is performed (or not performed from then until now, which shows the result to this day). In the Present Perfect, examples of such situations are not uncommon, and the English language in this case provides a well-founded reason for such use.
3. In subordinate tenses
The use of this tense is also typical for those cases when the perfect is part of the subordinate parts of time. The present perfect marker words in this case are the same as in (Conditional I): these are conjunctions unless, when, as soon as, before, after, etc. The main feature here is that the emphasis is on the completeness of the event, and not on its fact. Present Perfect sentences here could be as follows:
· I will not call him until you have told me everything - I won’t call him until you tell me everything
· They will come as soon as I have finished my work - They will come as soon as I finish work
Note: There is an exception to this rule. Provided that if the verbs in the Present Perfect here belong either to the category of movement (arrive, come, return, etc.) or sensory perception, then using the present perfect tense with them is undesirable; it would be correct to put the usual Present Simple, more often used in a conditional sentence first type:
· I will be glad when he comes - I will be glad when he comes
· She will get in a fury when she hears my words – She will get furious when she hears my words
But even here the Present Perfect is possible when there are indicators that the speaker is deliberately emphasizing completeness and not expressively emphasizing it; the translation in this case will prove the relevance of the use of the perfect:
I will learn the poem by heart when I have heard it a few times - I will learn the poem by heart when I listen to it several times(completeness, performed several times, is expressively emphasized)
Let's sum it up
As it becomes clear from all of the above, phrases in the perfect are formed and used when there is an intention to demonstrate the completeness of an action or to display the period of time that it occupies up to the present moment. The formation scheme for Present Perfect is quite simple, although it requires memorization. Like any other type of tense form, Present Perfect Tense has very clear rules for use, so the main thing is to strictly follow all the instructions, and then this time will not cause any inconvenience.
Present Perfect (present perfect) is used to denote an action that took place in the past and has a result in the present.
Education Present Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the present tense ( have, has) and the past participle form of the semantic verb. This form of the verb is also called the “third form of the verb” and is designated conventionally as V3 (verb 3). For regular verbs this is the infinitive ending –ed, for irregular verbs it is the third column V ):
I have played.
He has played.
We have played.
Interrogative form: have (has) + subject + V3:
Have I played?
Has he played?
Have we played?
In a special question, the necessary interrogative pronoun is placed before have (has):
Where have I played?
Why has he played?
With whom have you played?
In a question to the subject, an interrogative pronoun who is placed before the predicate instead of the subject itself (in this question the auxiliary verb has is always used):
Who has worked?
Negative form: have (has) + not + V3:
I have not played.
He has not played.
We have not played.
Interrogative negative form: have (has) + subject + not + V3 or haven"t (hasn"t) + subject + V3:
Have I not played?
Has he not played?
Have we not played?
Abbreviations used in colloquial speech:
have not = haven"t = "ve not
has not = hasn't = "s not
have = "ve
has = "s
I haven't played. = I"ve not played.
I've played.
Haven"t I played ?
| Affirmative form | Negative form |
|---|---|
| I have play ed He (she, it) has play ed We have play ed You have play ed They have play ed | I have not play ed He (she, it) has not play ed We have not play ed You have not play ed They have not play ed |
| Interrogative form | Interrogative-negative form |
| Have I played? Has he (she, it) play ed ? Have we play ed ? Have you play ed ? Have them play ed ? | Have I not play ed ? Has he (she, it) not play ed ? Have we not play ed ? Have you not play ed ? Have they not play ed ? |
Using Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect is used:
1. To express an action that took place in the past, but has a result in the present. The presence of such a result connects the past action with the present:
I have lost my keys. I lost my keys.
(I lost it in the past, but there is a result - now I don’t have them, I can’t open the door)
Has the rain stopped? Has the rain stopped?
(interesting in the lack of rain at the moment)
The duration of the action may not be specified (as in the previous sentences) or may be expressed by adverbs just, ever, never, already, yet(in questions and negatives), lately recently, lately, recently recently. In this case, the sentence should not contain adverbs indicating the past tense:
I have never been in London. I've never been to London.
He hasn't come home yet. He hasn't come home from work yet.
But compare:
My mom has already cooked dinner. Mom has already prepared lunch.
My mom already cooked dinner yesterday. Mom already prepared lunch yesterday. (yesterday
indicates past tense, which is why it is used )
Note. The Past Simple Tense is just used with the adverb just now:
I broke it just now. I just broke it.
2. To express both a one-time action and an action repeated several times in the past (the sentence may contain the words often often, twice twice etc.) and in sentences answering the question how much/many how much:
I have read that book twice. I read this book twice.
I have been in London three times. I've been to London three times.
I "ve ironed 8 skirts. I ironed 8 skirts.
3. Present Perfect is used with adverbs denoting periods of time that have not yet elapsed today today, this week this week, this month this month, this year this year and so on.:
Have you listened to the radio today? Did you listen to the radio today? (not expired today)
It has not rained this week. There was no rain this week. (this week has not expired)
But if the specified period of time has already ended, then the Past Simple Tense form is used:
I have drunk coffee this morning. I drank coffee this morning.(said in the morning)
I drank coffee this morning. I drank coffee this morning.(the morning has already passed, it is said, for example, in the afternoon or evening)
4. The Present Perfect is used to express an action that began in the past and continued until the moment of speech or is still ongoing at the moment of speech. The sentence must contain the prepositions since (from some past moment to the present) or for during. At the same time, the Present Perfect can be translated either in the present tense or in the past, depending on the situation.
a) with verbs not used in the Continuous (for more details, see):
I haven't seen you for ages. I haven't seen you for ages.(I didn’t see it and just saw it at the moment of speaking)
Has not been here since two o'clock. He (has been) here since two o'clock.(started at two o'clock and is still here now)
I have known him for three years. I know him for three years.
b) with some verbs instead of the Present Perfect Continuous, if the speaker wants to focus not on the duration, but on the fact of the action.
I have lived in Moscow for five years. I have been living in Moscow for five years.(fact is important)
I have been living in Moscow for five years. I have been living in Moscow for five years.(duration, process is important)
The Present Perfect is also used with the conjunction since since. In this case, the Present Perfect is used in the main clause, and in the subordinate clause starting with since, the Past Simple is used:
I have written only one letter to my relatives since I left. I've only written one letter since I left.
I haven't letters received from him since he left. I haven't received any letters from him since he left.
Present Perfect is also used with the adverb since since:
We moved to a new flat last year, and we haven't met our friends since. We moved last year, and haven't seen our friends since then.
5. The Present Perfect is used to express a perfect future action instead of the Future Perfect in adverbial subordinate clauses of time and condition, which are introduced by conjunctions after, when, as soon as, until (till), if etc. In this case, the Present Perfect is translated into the future tense of the perfect form:
He will wait for you until you have come. He will wait for you until you come.
Usage of Present Perfect Tense
- An action, the result of which is evident in the present tense (in Russian it corresponds to the past tense).
- An action repeated several times in the past.
- With adverbial words denoting periods of time that have not yet expired.
- To express an action that began in the past and continued until the moment of speech or is still ongoing at the moment of speech: instead of the Present Perfect Continuous (in Russian it corresponds to the present and past tense).
- The future perfect action in subordinate clauses of time and condition (in Russian corresponds to the future tense).
Present perfect in translation is the present completed tense. Used in English to describe actions that began in the past, without a precise start time, and whose completion is closely related to the present. They have ended by the current moment or in a period that can be called the present. Problems often arise with understanding this tense, at least due to the fact that sentences in the Present perfect are translated into Russian in the past tense, and in English it is Present - present tense. And you also don’t immediately understand how a completed action can be in the present tense.
2. Education Present perfect
2.1. Affirmative form
Verb conjugation table in an affirmative sentence
More examples can be found in the article.
Rules for forming statements
The affirmative form of the present completed tense is formed as follows: after the subject there is an auxiliary verb have (has), plus the main verb in the 3rd form (past participle).
Both pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) and nouns (boy, cars, snow) can be used as subjects.
The auxiliary verb have is almost always used, but in the 3rd person singular, that is, for pronouns he, she, it and singular nouns (boy, snow), has is used (see conjugation table above).
Shortened forms of the auxiliary verbs have and has: ‘ve and ‘s respectively. For example, I have worked = I’ve worked, He has worked = He’s worked. Please note that 's is also used to shorten the verb is. Which word is abbreviated in such a record will have to be understood from the context.
The third form of the verb is a verb ending in -ed if the verb is regular. If the verb is irregular, then its third form must be remembered.
You can see the list of irregular verbs. You are now only interested in column 3, but we recommend learning all three forms at once. The second part of that article provides a life hack for more convenient memorization of irregular verbs.
The ending -ed is also not as simple as it seems at first glance; the rules for writing it are described in the article.
General scheme
S + have (has) + V3
Where S (subject) is the subject (pronoun or noun)
V3 (verb) – verb in 3rd form
2.2. Interrogative sentences
2.2.1. General issues
Example of verb conjugation in interrogative form
Rules for constructing a question
To form an interrogative sentence, it is enough to move the auxiliary verb have (has) to the beginning of the sentence, before the subject.
The main verb remains in the 3rd form.
Has is used in the same cases as in an affirmative sentence, that is, it depends on the subject.
Question formula in the present completed tense
Have (Has) + S + V3?
Where Have (Has) is an auxiliary verb
S – subject
V3 – verb in 3rd form
2.2.2. Answer to a common question
2.2.3. Special questions
Construction rules
A special question is formed from a general question by adding a question word (who, what, when, where) before the auxiliary verb have (has).
Formula for creating a special question
Wh + have (has) + S + V3?
Where Wh is a question word
have (has) – auxiliary verb
S – subject
V3 – verb in 3rd form
Table with examples of special questions
Rules for writing negatives
To form a negation from an affirmative sentence, you must write the negation particle not after the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb remains the same, the main verb remains in 3rd form.
The abbreviations for have not and has not are haven’t and hasn’t, respectively.
Reinforce the mastered rules for forming questions and negatives by completing.
General scheme of negation in the Present perfect
S + have (has) + not + V3
Where S is the subject
have (has) – auxiliary verb
not – particle of negation
V3 – verb in 3rd form
3. Use of the Present perfect and examples with translation
The present completed tense is used in the following cases:
3.1. When the fact that the action completed with a certain result is important, but the exact time when it happened is not important
I have bought a new skirt - I bought a new skirt. Now I have it, no matter when I bought it.
If you want to focus on the fact that you bought it at a sale on the weekend, that is, indicate the time, then you should use: I bought a new skirt last weekend.
3.2. If the action has recently completed and now its result affects the present
I'm not hungry. I have just eaten. I'm not hungry, I just ate.
Note that just is used in these cases.
3.3. When we talk about personal experience
I have been to London, but I haven’t been to Moscow - I was in London, but I wasn’t in Moscow. Some time in the past, it doesn’t matter exactly when, I was in London, this is a complete fact, but I was not in Moscow, although I can visit there.
Again, as soon as you want to indicate the exact time of your visit, you will need to use Past simple: I was in London 2 years ago.
When you talk about your experience, you can also focus on the fact that this happened more than once.