Which he carries is a very important aspect of the existence of society. He keeps spiritual things and people within himself. Through language, people express their thoughts and emotions. The words of outstanding people are quoted and transformed from personal property into human property, creating the spiritual wealth of society.
Language can be expressed in direct or indirect form. Direct - directly in contact with a person, people in real time, and indirect - this is communication with a time gap, the so-called spatio-temporal communication, when the values of society are passed on from generation to generation. Thus, the spiritual heritage of humanity is formed - the saturation of the inner world of people with ideals.
The role of language in the life of society is truly great. It performs the function of transmitting social heredity. With the help of language, people can imagine the world, describe various processes, receive, store and reproduce information and their thoughts.
Speech is a person’s calling card, as well as the most reliable recommendation in his professional activity. In the labor sphere, language began to help in management (give orders, give assessments), and also became an effective motivator.
The importance of language in the life of society is enormous: with its help, science, art, technology, etc. develop. Peoples speak different languages, but one goal is pursued - achieving mutual understanding.
But in order for society not to degrade, everyone must follow the rules of good manners - the so-called culture of speech. She helps people communicate competently and correctly. And here the significant role of language in the life of society is reflected.
There are 3 normative, communicative and ethical. Normative includes various rules and norms of human speech: how people should speak. Communicative is the correct interaction with other people - participants in communication. And ethical is the observance of certain rules: “Where, with whom and how you can talk.”
Over time, the role of language in the life of society only intensifies. More and more needs to be conveyed and preserved. Also, language has turned into a kind of science that needs to be comprehended. There are certain rules, systems of concepts, signs and symbols, theories and terms. This complicates the language. Therefore, the “seeds” of societal degradation appear. More and more people want to “be free” and not pay due attention to the language.
Therefore, recently there has been an increased vulgarization of speech practice. Society goes beyond the literary language, more and more people use jargon, criminal expressions, and profanity.
This is a pressing problem today, because without this it is impossible to solve general social, cultural and economic issues.
There is a criminalization of humanity, which is expressed in speech. The role of language in society is usually underestimated - it is not considered the greatest good we have. But you need to be aware of the following: how a person speaks, so he acts and thinks.
1. Ya (English language) - a system of signs of any physical nature, serving as a means of human communication and thinking) in the proper sense of Ya words - a phenomenon that is socially necessary and historically conditioned. One of the immediate natural manifestations of language is speech as vocal and verbal communication.
2. Ya (English tongue) - an anatomical term denoting a muscle growth at the bottom of the oral cavity; takes part in the actors and is the organ of taste.
I-CONCEPT (eng. self-concept) is a developing system of a person’s ideas about himself, including: a) awareness of his physical, intellectual, characterological, social, etc. properties; b) self-esteem, c) subjective perception of external factors influencing one’s own personality. The concept of I-k. was born in the 1950s in line with phenomenological, humanistic psychology, whose representatives (A. Maslow, K. Rogers), in contrast to behaviorists and Freudians, sought to consider the holistic human self as a fundamental factor in behavior and personality development. Symbolic interactionism (C. Cooley, J. Mead) and the concept of identity (E. Erikson) also had a significant influence on the formation of this concept. However, the first theoretical developments in the field of Ya-k. undoubtedly belong to W. James, who divided the global, personal I (Self) into the interacting I-conscious (I) and I-as-object (Me).
I-k. often defined as a set of attitudes aimed at oneself, and then, by analogy with attitude, three structural components are distinguished in it: 1) a cognitive component - “self-image”, which includes the content of ideas about oneself; 2) the emotional-value (affective) component, which is the experienced attitude towards oneself as a whole or towards individual aspects of one’s personality, activities, etc.; This component, in other words, includes a system of self-esteem (English: self-esteem), 3) a behavioral component, which characterizes the manifestations of cognitive and evaluative components in behavior (including in speech, in statements about oneself).
I-k. - a holistic education, all components of which, although they have a relatively independent logic of development, are closely interconnected. It has conscious and unconscious aspects and is described from the point of view. the content of ideas about oneself, the complexity and differentiation of these ideas, their subjective significance for the individual, as well as internal integrity and consistency, coherence, continuity and stability over time.
In the literature there is no single scheme for describing the complex structure of the ego. Eg.* R. Berne represents J-k. in the form of a hierarchical structure. The pinnacle is the global self, which is concretized in the totality of the individual’s attitudes towards himself. These attitudes have different modalities: 1) the real I (what I think I really am); 2) ideal self (what I would like and/or should become); 3) mirror IXhow others see me). Each of these modalities includes a number of aspects - physical self, social self, mental self, emotional self.
The discrepancy between the “ideal self” and the “real self” is the basis for self-esteem feelings and serves as an important source of personality development, however, significant contradictions between them can become a source of intrapersonal
conflicts and negative experiences (see Inferiority complex).
Depending on what level - organism, social individual or personality - a person’s activity manifests itself, in the I-k. distinguish: 1) at the “organism-environment” level - a physical self-image (body diagram), caused by the need for the physical well-being of the organism; 2) at the level of the social individual - social identities: gender, age, ethnic, civil, social-role, associated with a person’s need to belong to a community; 3) at the level of the individual - a differentiating image of the Self, characterizing knowledge about oneself in comparison with other people and giving the individual a sense of his own uniqueness, providing the needs for self-determination and self-realization. The last 2 levels are described in the same way as the 2 components of Y-k. (V.V. Stolin): 1) “connecting”, ensuring the unification of the individual with other people and 2) “differentiating”, promoting his isolation in comparison with others and creating the basis for a sense of one’s own uniqueness.
Also distinguished are the dynamic “I” (how, according to my ideas, I change, develop, what I strive to become), the “presented I” (“I-mask”, how I show myself to others), the “fantastic I”, the triad of chronological I: I -past, present self, future self, etc.
The most important function of the I-k. is to ensure the internal consistency of the individual and the relative stability of his behavior. The I-k itself is formed under the influence of a person’s life experience, primarily child-parent relationships, but quite early it acquires an active role, influencing the interpretation of this experience, the goals that the individual sets for himself, the corresponding system of expectations and forecasts regarding future, assessment of their achievement - and thereby on their own formation, personality development, activity and behavior. Correlation of concepts I-to. and self-awareness is not precisely defined. They often act as synonyms. At the same time, there is a tendency to consider I-k. as a result, the final product of the processes of self-awareness. (A.M. Parishioner.)
Language
A commonly accepted set of symbols or gestures that allows us to convey information and communicate with other members of our culture who speak the same language. The main problem with this definition is the degree to which it is stretchable. The debate surrounding attempts to teach animals human language leaves open the question of whether language can truly serve as a universal means of communication or whether linguistic subtleties are unique to human beings.
LANGUAGE
tongue, glossa) - an organ formed by striated muscle tissue; attached to the diaphragm of the mouth. In a language, there are apex, body and root. The skeletal muscles of the tongue connect it with the mental spine of the lower jaw, the hyoid bone and the styloid process of the temporal bone. The surface of the tongue is covered with a mucous membrane, which passes into the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx. On the lower surface of the tongue, the mucous membrane forms a fold - the frenulum of the tongue (frcnulum linguae). The surface of the tongue is covered with papillae (papillae), which give the tongue a rough appearance (see figure); the papillae are outgrowths of the lamina propria of the mucous membrane, covered with epithelium. Language performs three main functions. It helps move food through the mouth during chewing and swallowing, is an organ of taste, and plays an important role in articulate speech. Anatomical name: tongue (glossa).
LANGUAGE
Everyone knows the meaning of this term - language is what we speak, a set of arbitrary conventional symbols with which we convey meaning, a culturally determined pattern of vocal gestures that we learn by virtue of growing up in a certain place and time, the medium through which we encode our feelings, thoughts, ideas and experiences, the most unique and human of behaviors and the most common behavior of people. However, in reality, the term can mean all of the above, none of these, or even things very different from these. The conviction that we know the meaning of the word language lasts only as long as we refrain from trying to clarify what we know. In order to appreciate the problems associated with the definition and use of this term, consider the following questions, (a) Is the system of manual signs used by completely deaf people a language? (b) Are synthetic systems designed to program computers real languages? (c) Can the invented coding systems of sociopolitical reformers, such as Esperanto, be classified as languages? (d) Should sequences of motor movements, body postures, gestures and facial expressions that convey meaning be considered language? (e) Is there a good reason to call the communication systems of other species, such as bees, dolphins, or chimpanzees, languages? (f) At what point can we conclude that the vocalizations produced by the infant have become language? These questions, and many others like them, are not easy to answer. They are given here to illustrate the complexity contained in this word, a complexity that renders any simple definition useless. See linguistics, paralinguistics, psycholinguistics, sign language, and related terms.
LANGUAGE
a system of signs that serves as a means of human communication, mental activity, a way of expressing self-awareness, transmission from generation to generation and storage of information. Historically, Japan arose thanks to labor and joint activities of people. It exists and is realized through speech, which is successive (linear), presuppositional (referring to encyclopedic knowledge), situational, and incomplete. Inaccuracy in the expression of thoughts may. cause of conflicts. Therefore, the poorer a person’s self, the smaller his vocabulary, the more difficult it is for him to organize good communication, the more often conflicts may arise. "My tongue is my enemy". Conflicts also arise due to the use of conflict-generating words, expressions and gestures. Ya plays an important role in the activities of conflict experts and other persons in conflict resolution. All information impact of a conflictologist on the participants in the conflict is carried out mainly with the help of the Self. Conflictology as a science is information recorded with the help of the Self. See Language of Conflictology
Language
A system of signs that serves as a means of interhuman communication and mental activity, a way of expressing a person’s self-awareness, transmitting information from generation to generation. Language exists and is realized through speech. The English neuropsychologist Critchly (M. Critchly, 1974) considers language as “the expression and perception of thoughts and feelings through verbal symbols.”
LANGUAGE
a system of signs of any physical nature that serves as a means of human communication, mental activity, a way of expressing self-awareness, and transmission. information from generation to generation. Historically, the basis for the emergence of the self is labor and the joint activities of people. The language can be natural (the language of words) or artificial (the language of programming, the language of mathematics, the language of descriptions of operator activities, etc.). One of the direct manifestations of the natural self is speech as vocal and verbal communication.
LANGUAGE
1) a system of signs of any configuration, serving as a means of human (including national) communication, as well as thinking; 2) a means of storing and transmitting information; 3) one of the means of controlling human behavior; 4) one of the foundations of ethnicity, ensuring the unity of both the ethnic group, the state, and the entire society as a whole. The language of words is a socio-psychological phenomenon, socially necessary and historically conditioned. The natural manifestation of the language is speech. The national language is a means of communication, accumulation and expression of experience by representatives of specific ethnic communities, influencing their national-psychological characteristics (q.v.) and forming their national self-awareness (q.v.). Self lies at the basis of culture, expresses it, is the most important mechanism of formation, self-determination, differentiation ethnos, a means of social advancement. Along with religion, it ensures the development of ethnic identification. A change in identity or its loss stimulates assimilation (see), acculturation (see) of the ethnic group. The characteristic features of identity are: specificity, determined by ideas about its uniqueness and independence; social prestige, which is based on communicative value (prevalence). The functions of the self are varied - communicative^ and integration, political. With the help of language, channels of communication with a foreign ethnic environment and familiarization with other cultures of other peoples are created. Attachment to the native language determines the painful reaction to persecution of the language, the ease of mobilization in the corresponding movements, and the readiness to respond to the call to speak out in its defense. On the basis of language, ethnolinguistic communities are formed, and the ethnic group is divided into parts united by a single language. German is spoken by Germans and Austrians, Spanish is spoken by Spaniards and the peoples of Latin America, English is spoken by the British, Americans, Australians, New Zealanders, Kabardian-Circassian is spoken by Kabardians and Circassians, Belgians speak French and Walloon, Mari - Mountain Mari and Lugomari, Mordovians - to Moksha and Erzya. Language is part of the symbolic resources of power (political and ethnic), along with the banner, coat of arms, etc. The right to speak and write in one’s native language is part of collective, ethnic rights. The status of the ethnic group determines linguistic equality or inequality, and reflects the general position of the ethnic group in society (privileged, dominant or discriminated against). The language issue most often becomes aggravated with high consolidation of an ethnic group and with the implementation of a policy of language imposition. On this basis, ethnolinguistic movements arise. Language exists in various forms: oral, colloquial or literary, unwritten and written; operates at the level - national, local, local. Accordingly, the following are distinguished: the language of interethnic communication; official, used in government; regional; local, including tribal, dialects; autochthonous or national, native or foreign.
What is Language?
Language is a term that has several meanings:
1. A system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Being inextricably linked in its emergence and development with a given human collective, language is a social phenomenon. Language forms an organic unity with thinking, since one does not exist without the other.
2. A type of speech characterized by certain stylistic features. Book language. Colloquial. Poetic language. Newspaper language. See speech in the 2nd meaning.
On the issue of the relationship between the concepts “language” and “speech”, different points of view have emerged in modern linguistics.
The connection and interaction of both phenomena was first noted by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure:
“Without a doubt, both of these subjects are closely related to each other and mutually presuppose each other: language is necessary for speech to be understood and produce” its effect; speech, in turn, is necessary for language to be established; historically, the fact of speech always precedes language. Following Ferdinand de Saussure, many researchers (V.D. Arakin, V.A. Artemov, O.S. Akhmanova, L.R. Zinder, T.P. Lomtev, A.I. Smirnitsky and others) differentiate these concepts, finding sufficient general methodological and linguistic grounds for this. Language and speech are contrasted on various grounds: a system of means of communication - the implementation of this system (the actual process of speaking), a system of linguistic units - their sequence in the act of communication, a static phenomenon - a dynamic phenomenon, a set of elements in a paradigmatic plan - their totality in a syntagmatic plan, the essence - phenomenon, general - separate (particular), abstract - concrete, essential - insignificant, necessary - random, systemic - non-systemic, stable (invariant) - variable (variable), usual - occasional, normative - non-normative, social - individual, reproducible - produced in the act of communication, code - exchange of messages, means - goal, etc. Individual linguists consistently make this distinction in relation to correlative units of different levels of language and speech: phoneme - specific sound, morpheme - syllable, lexeme - word, phrase - syntagma , sentence - phrase, complex syntactic whole - superphrasal unity. Other scientists (V.M. Zhirmunsky, G.V. Kolshansky, A.G. Spirkin, A.S. Chikobava) deny the difference between language and speech, identifying these concepts. Still others (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, V.N. Yartseva), without contrasting or identifying language and speech, define them as two sides of one phenomenon, characterized by properties that are complementary and interconnected in nature.
Language is a unique collection of sounds and symbols, each of which has a specific meaning. Language is an important tool for human interaction and communication. Thanks to language, we can express our thoughts in tangible speech form.
Language is not only a means of communication, it is also the historical memory of every people. Each language reflects the spiritual culture and centuries-old history of each nation.
Language is a social phenomenon, because it is impossible to master it without social relations. A person does not have the gift of speech from the moment of birth. After all, a small child begins to talk only when he manages to learn to repeat the phonetic sounds that the people around him make, and thanks to the ability to think, he gives them the correct meaning.
The emergence of language
In the first stages of its emergence, language consisted of inarticulate sounds made by primitive people and was accompanied by active gesticulation. Later, with the advent of Homo sapiens, language takes on an articulated form, thanks to his ability to think abstractly.
Thanks to language, primitive people began to exchange experiences and plan their joint actions. Articulate language brought ancient people to a new stage of their evolutionary development, and became another factor that could bring humans to a higher level from other biological species.
Also during this period, the language acquired a mystical coloring; ancient people believed that certain words had magical properties that helped stop an impending natural disaster: this is how the first magic spells appeared.
Functions of modern language
The main functions of modern language are communicative and mental. The main one, of course, is communicative: thanks to language, people can communicate with each other, convey the necessary information to each other, express their thoughts, feelings, and wishes.
With the help of the mental function of language, a person not only has the opportunity to convey his thoughts to others, but also forms his own with the help of language.
Along with those mentioned above, there is also such a function of language as epistemological or cognitive - a person analyzes all the information received from other members of society, thanks to this the process of scientific knowledge of the surrounding world arises.
Language also has an aesthetic function, which is most often used in works of art. Thanks to its use in literature, such a language gives people a feeling of aesthetic pleasure, it provokes them to emotions, makes the human soul worry.
Language development and society development
The development of language is inextricably linked with the development of society. Language is a living organism that is influenced by historical, political and social changes in the life of the public.
Under the influence of time, some words die out and go out of use forever; in their place, new words come into the language that best meet the requirements of the time.
Language is, of course, a huge gift for humanity. Therefore, we must appreciate it, try not to litter it with profanity and parasitic words, because by doing this we are causing great harm, first of all, to the centuries-old culture of our people and our personality.