The concept of an incomplete sentence.
Types of incomplete sentences. Contextual and situational incomplete sentences .
Elliptical sentences
Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech
1. The concept of an incomplete sentence
In the Russian language, taking into account the structure of sentences, there are incomplete sentences.
Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. Certain formally organizing members (main or secondary) are clear from the context or speech situation without being named.
The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the laws of text construction. For example, in the sentence: The linden tree needs this juice, the lily of the valley needs this juice, the pine tree needs this juice, and the fern or wild raspberry needs this juice. (Kuprin). Only part 1 This is the juice the linden tree needs is characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them is juice needed - conditioned by the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words as dependent members: form of definition That (m.r., singular, i.p.) is due to the form of the unnamed juice, form of additions lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry (D.p.)– unnamed control predicate needed. Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences.
In their structure, incomplete sentences belong to the same types as complete ones. They can be common and uncommon, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.
Uniformity and incompleteness of a sentence are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, single-component sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete ones, missing members are, as a rule, restored. This cannot happen in single-component ones. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only the main members, but also the secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be skipped at once, for example:
1) Hereroads first timeseparated b: 2) one went up the river, 3) the other is somewhere to the right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the predicate is missing.)
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences. The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence.
In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).
Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.
Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence.
For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming!”, the rest of the passengers can easily restore the missing subject: Bus coming.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.
For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? - asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky’s response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:
Everything is obedient to me, I mean nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence ( I mean nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I'm disobedient nothing).
Note!
Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.
IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.
For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding ( They told me a lot about you yesterday).
IN incomplete sentence Any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I don't care).
In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:
(Peskov).
These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing.
Wed: Behind the back is / located / visible forest .
And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
Note!
Elliptical incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part nominal sentences ( Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:
1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain adverbials, since the adverbial is always connected with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions.
Spring Forest; Entrance to the hall;
2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a state-attribute.
Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.
The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter:
There is a forest behind. To the right and left are swamps(Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing(Pushkin).
Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:
in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech:
There is fog outside the night window(Block);
in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of constructions or their parts:
in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:
For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;
in an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:
The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier(in the second part the ligament is restored become).
Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence
- Indicate the type of proposal (complete - incomplete).
- Name the missing part of the sentence.
Sample parsing
Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).
The sentence is incomplete; predicate missing grabbed.
1. All simple sentencesBased on the presence of members, sentences are divided into two types: complete and incomplete.
- Sentences in which no members are missing - full: The sun was setting to the west.
- Incomplete Sentences are sentences in which a necessary member of the sentence is missing - main or secondary: Do you want to eat? - Will!(the meaning of the second sentence without the previous phrase is not clear).
Signs of an incomplete sentence:
- a missing member of a sentence is easily restored thanks to previous sentences (based on context) or the general situation of speech;
- an incomplete sentence is always a variant of a complete sentence;
- The omission of a sentence member is necessarily confirmed by the presence in it of words dependent on this member, as well as by the context or situation of speech.
2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.
But the latter belong to a different classification of simple sentences - according to the nature of the grammatical basis.
- Two-piece Sentences are sentences that have both a subject and a predicate: The grove dissuaded golden birch cheerful tongue.
- One-piece Sentences are sentences in which there is only one main member (or subject or predicate), and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence: Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves.
3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part ones?
Sample reasoning (using the example of the sentence in bold) :
— Do you feel pain now?
- Now very small...
1. Let's find out: the proposal " Now very small... » — complete orincomplete?
The reader understands from the context that in the sentence "Now very small...»
- missing words feel And pain;
- besides, there is a word small, which can only refer to the word pain;
- Using these missing words, you can reconstruct the full version of the sentence: Now I feel very little pain...;
- Finally, it’s not in vain that the previous sentence was given “Do you feel pain now?”, from it we take information to restore the missing members of the sentence.
Thus, the proposal " Now very small... ", indeed, incomplete, because this is a sentence in which necessary members of the sentence are missing, which are easily restored thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).
2. Let’s find out: this sentence “ Now very small...» — two-part orone-piece?
We need to find a grammatical basis (if there is both a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part; if there is either only a subject or only a predicate, then the sentence is one-part).
- It should be remembered that when parsing sentences by members not only those words that are present are taken into account, but also those that are implied and are necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence.
So, we have a proposal “ Now very small...”, but its full version should be considered “Now I feel very little pain...”.
- It has a predicate feel(1st person indicative verb);
- the subject is missing, it is restored only by meaning - by selecting the necessary pronoun for a given predicate verb: I feel(1st person pronoun). There are no signs of an incomplete sentence here (see the paragraph above “Signs of an incomplete sentence”).
We conclude that the proposal " Now very small..." one-part, because it contains only the predicate.
3. General conclusion: offer " Now very small...» incomplete, one-part.
Additionally on Guenon:
In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered in contradictory ways.
Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or group of members of the sentence is missing, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.
Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors:
Written or oral sphere of use
Monologue or dialogue
Interaction of a sentence with context
There are incomplete sentences:
contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue lines - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)
situational
Incomplete lines of dialogue are very common in spoken language. They are usually short and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.
According to the target orientation, incomplete dialogue lines can be divided into 3 groups:
Responses. Contains the answer to the question asked in the previous response.
Questions.
Continuing remarks convey something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.
Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very setting of the speech suggests to the interlocutors the concepts that are being discussed, but which are not expressed verbally as part of a given replica. Going.
Elliptical sentences.
Sentences like " I am going home" In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:
instead of the term "incomplete sentence"
denotes a type of incomplete sentence
serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.
Ellipsis – is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.
Types of elliptical sentences:
A sentence with the meaning of movement - moving. Actor + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of a sentence is a pronoun, a noun in a singular form, denoting a person, animal or object capable of movement. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in v.p. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext To
A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext O or about or in v.p. with the preposition about.
A sentence meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in v.p. and so on. Here I am - with a stick!
Offer equivalents
This is a special grammatical device used in communication to express agreement or disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. No! No matter how it is! Still would.
They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the specific sentence with which they are correlated.
As sentence equivalents, they have only intonation design, but lack grammatical form and are not articulated.
By value they are divided into 3 groups:
word-sentences expressed by particles with the general meaning of affirmation or negation
modal words-sentences with the additional meaning of probability/supposition.
Interjective words are sentences that are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences that represent a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.
Lesson plan for Russian language grade 8
Subject: Types of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences
Goal: to promote the acquisition of knowledge abouttypes of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences.
Objectives: 1. Introducetypes of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences
2. develop spelling skills, develop speech and thinking;
3. instill interest in the Russian language.
Type: combined lesson.
Visualization: cards, educational games.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Greeting, checking attendance, recording dates and class work in a notebook, setting goals and objectives for the lesson.
2. Updating previous knowledge
Determine the type of one-part sentences
1. Definitely personal. I love the winter forest. I contemplate the stormy sea.
2. Vaguely personal. A new store is being built in the village. Songs are sung on the outskirts.
3. Impersonal. It's getting light. It's getting dark. I wish I could get some sleep. I'm cold.
4. Nominal. Summer. It's hot.
5. Generally personal. You never know where you will find your true happiness.
3. Explanation of new material
From the point of view of completeness of the structure, sentences are divided intofull Andincomplete .
Full sentences that contain all the members necessary to express a thought are called.
Incomplete are called sentences in which any member of the sentence that is necessary in meaning and structure (main or secondary) is missing.
Two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences can be incomplete.
The possibility of omitting members of a sentence is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restoredfrom context .
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river. (A.S. Pushkin.)(Context - previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)
Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.
He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous! (A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject isHe orDon Guan .
– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb! (A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows:“You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin! ».
May be missed:
subject: How firmly she stepped into her role! (A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence:How Tatyana has changed! );
He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name! (N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored using the addition from the previous sentence:Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain had not arrived, I might not have been able to look at the light of God again!” ) (N.V. Gogol);
addition: And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread! (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences:How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you? );
predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence:Run! );
several members of a sentence at once , including grammatical basis:How long ago? (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence:Are you composing Requiem? )
Incomplete sentences are commonas part of complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder... (A.S. Pushkin)You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing. (A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.
Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language. , in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is developed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.
– I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For an evil crime.
(A.S. Pushkin)
Among dialogical sentences, a distinction is made between sentences that are replicas and sentences that are answers to questions.
1. Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a dialogue remark, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. Replies that begin a dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than subsequent ones, which are lexically and grammatically based on the first replicas.
For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway (Nov.-Pr.).
2. Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.
They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Are you spending the night or living?
- I'll take a look there...
(M.G.);
4. Consolidation
Write down incomplete sentences, put a dash in place of the missing parts of the sentence. 1) The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge. 2) A lie stands on one leg, the truth on two. 3) The wise man blames himself, the ignorant others. 4) A snake changes its skin once, but a traitor changes its skin every day. 5) A writer needs courage in handling words and stock of his observations, a sculptor with clay and marble, an artist with paints and lines. (K.G. Paustovsky.)6) Behind was a fast, clear river that the detachment had just crossed, in front were cultivated fields and meadows with shallow ravines, still ahead were mysterious black mountains covered with forest, behind the black mountains there were still protruding rocks, and on the highest horizon were ever-beautiful, ever-changing, playing with light like diamonds, snowy mountains. (L. Tolstoy.)
5. Summing up, commenting on assessments, making incomplete sentences