Chechnya is a republic within the Russian Federation, located on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The area of the republic is about 16 thousand square meters. km (the figure needs clarification; the border with Ingushetia is not demarcated). Population - 608 thousand people (2001). Chechnya consists of 5 cities and 3 urban-type settlements. The administrative center is the city of Grozny; significant cities: Argun, Urus-Martan, Shali, Gudermes. The republic was formed in 1992 and is part of the Southern Federal District.The republic's industrial enterprises were heavily damaged during the fighting (since 1994). Previously, oil production, oil refining, engineering, food and woodworking industries were developed. The main crops are grains (wheat, rice), industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beets. Climatic conditions contribute to the development of fruit growing, vegetable growing and viticulture. Dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding (fine wool), and pig breeding are developed.
The Chechen Republic is located in the south of the European part of Russia, bordering North Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Stavropol Territory, and the state border with Georgia in the south. The territory of the republic is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (altitude up to 4493 m, Mount Tebulosmta), and on the adjacent Chechen Plain and Terek-Kuma Lowland. Chechnya is rich in oil, gas, and deposits of building materials. The main rivers are Terek and Sunzha. The climate is continental. The average temperature in January is from -3 °C in the Terek-Kuma lowland to -12 °C in the mountains; in July, respectively, +25 °C and +21 °C. Precipitation is 300-1000 mm per year.
On the territory of Chechnya, all transitional types of climates are found, ranging from the temperate continental arid climate of the Terek-Kuma semi-desert and ending with the cold, wet, high-mountain climate of the snowy peaks of the Side Range. The soils on the plain are predominantly meadow, chestnut and light chestnut, in the elevated areas chernozems, in river valleys alluvial and meadow-swamp, in the mountains mountain-forest and mountain-meadow. In the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland there is wormwood-salt grass vegetation, in moist areas there is fescue-feather grass steppe. On the Chechen Plain there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains at an altitude of up to 2200 m there are broad-leaved forests, higher up there are subalpine meadows. Many rodents and reptiles have been preserved. Among the birds - bustard, wild ducks, geese, along the river valleys - Caucasian pheasant. In the mountains - stone and pine martens, brown bear, wild boar, roe deer, wolf, forest cat. In the alpine meadows there are black-headed vultures, mountain turkeys, and Caucasian grouse.
Story
The history of Chechnya is closely connected with the history of Ingushetia. The Chechens and Ingush were a nationality whose representatives called themselves Vainakhs, which means “our people.” In the Middle Ages, the territory of modern Chechnya was part of the Alan state. The Tatar-Mongol invasion and Timur's army caused great damage to the Vainakh lands. In 1810, Ingushetia voluntarily became part of Russia. At the same time, Chechnya resisted the Russian authorities. In the 19th century, the territory of Chechnya became the scene of the Caucasian War. In 1827-1859, imams Gazi-Magomed and Shamil created the Imamate - a theocratic state on the territory of Chechnya and Dagestan. Generals A.P. Ermolov, I.F. Paskevich, M.S. Vorontsov and N.N. Muravyov used against them the tactics of regular siege of mountainous areas, resettlement of highlanders to the plains, creation of fortified lines - Sunzhenskaya line, Grozny fortress (1818) , Sudden (1819), Black Sea line. As a result, the resistance of the mountaineers was broken. In 1859, after the capture of Imam Shamil, Chechnya was annexed to Russia. Most Chechens, tired of the war and the extortions of Shamil's governors, were loyal to Russian rule. As part of the Russian army in the First World War, the Wild Division fought, in which there were many Chechens.
In 1921, Chechnya became part of the Mountain Autonomous Republic. In November 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Region was formed, in 1924 - the Ingush Autonomous Region as part of the RSFSR. In 1934 they were united into the Chechen-Ingushet Autonomous Region, which was transformed in 1936 into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. In 1944, Checheno-Ingushetia was liquidated and the population was forcibly evicted. In 1957, the republic was restored. In November 1990, a declaration on the sovereignty of the republic was adopted, and in 1991 the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Chechen-Ingush Republic.In September 1991, the sovereignty of the Chechen Republic was announced, and in 1992 the post of president was established, which was occupied by General Dzhokhar Dudayev. These acts were not recognized by the Russian Federation. In December 1994, the armed forces of the Russian Federation were introduced into the territory of Chechnya. The resistance of the Chechen armed forces led to full-scale military action. In August 1996, after the agreements were signed in Khasavyurt, hostilities ceased and federal troops left Chechnya. In accordance with these agreements, the decision on the issue of Chechen independence was postponed for five years.
The new authorities set a course for complete independence of the republic, which led to its isolation and deterioration of the socio-economic situation. Robberies, hostage-taking with demands for ransom, and the capture of people with the aim of enslaving them became widespread. In August 1998, gangs of terrorists invaded Dagestan, proclaiming as their goal the creation of a unified Muslim state in the North Caucasus. Federal troops drove the extremists back into Chechnya and entered its territory to completely eliminate the bandit groups in the fall of 1999. By the spring of 2000, the main extremist forces were pushed into the mountains. Open hostilities ceased, but sporadic terrorist attacks continued.
The Chechen Republic has rich cultural traditions. Founded in 1988, the Argun Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve includes historical, cultural and natural monuments located in the upper reaches of the Sharo-Argun and Chanty-Argun rivers. On the territory of the reserve there are more than 150 tower settlements with hundreds of residential and military towers of varying degrees of preservation. In addition, the reserve includes 20 religious buildings, more than 150 semi-underground and above-ground crypts dating back to the 10th-15th centuries. Many of the architectural complexes of the reserve (Khoisky, Khimoisky, Pakochsky, Maistinsky, Tsekaloisky) represent types of mountain crypt dwellings from the end of the late Middle Ages. Leather and weapons crafts were developed here. On the territory of Chechnya there are about fifty natural monuments, including ten reserves for the protection of certain species of animals and plants. The territory of the republic suffered significantly during the military operations of 1994-2000.
Chechnya has everything you need for the most memorable trip of your life: rich culture, unique history, varied mountain landscapes, unique architecture and delicious traditional food!
The Itum-Kalinsky district is rightfully considered the leader in the Chechen Republic in terms of tourist attendance from all over the world at any time of the year. There are a whole host of reasons for this. First of all, it has a good location, making it easy to get here.
The mountain landscapes of the Itum-Kalinsky region, the healing combination of the purest mountain air and spring water provide tourists and vacationers with incomparable pleasure. Contemplation of Chechen sights artistically inscribed in mountain landscapes leaves an unforgettable pleasure in the heart of every tourist.
Shatili fortress 
TOURISM AND ATTRACTIONS OF CHECHNYA
Beautiful tower structures in Chechnya
The art and architecture of the Chechens forever imprints the past of the Chechen people, full of anxieties and heroic efforts to survive and preserve their national dignity and culture.
The tower structures are harmonious, perfectly integrated into the mountain landscape, the rhythm of the parts (the periodicity of large and small both in one building and in their complex) contributes to the perception of nature and what has been created by people as a single whole. This is where the school for modern architects is.
Undoubtedly, the features of the national character of the Chechens could not have developed outside the majestic landscape of their homeland with its inaccessible mountains, tower villages, quiet necropolises and mysterious sanctuaries. And this historical landscape must be valued and protected, treated as a priceless gift received from our ancestors.
Museum of Local Lore named after. Khusein Isaev
Local Lore Museum of the Chechen Republic named after. Khusein Isaev is located among the mountains, in the valley of the Argun River. The path to it lies through the Argun Gorge. Driving along a narrow winding road, guests of the republic can admire the amazing view of the emerald mountain river and the majestic rocks.
Museum named after Khusein Isaev was created on the territory of the ancient tower complex of Phakoch. Presumably, this is a medieval castle of the 12th-13th centuries, from which it was convenient for the ancestors of today’s Chechens to monitor the approach of opponents from Dagestan and Georgia.
According to legend, Phakoch appeared thanks to the glorious hero Eton. While traveling, he stopped among the mountains near the road to rest, and when he woke up, he saw that a swallow had made a nest on his sword, and a spider had woven a silver web. Eaton thought that this was a good sign and decided to build a village on this place, which is now called Itum-Kali. The Phakoch tower complex consists of several military and residential towers, a water mill and a mosque in which a madrasah operates.
The local history museum has several exhibitions. One of them is dedicated to the memory of the first chairman of the State Council of the Republic, Khusein Isaev. He tragically died during a terrorist attack at the Dynamo stadium along with the first president of the republic, Akhmat Kadyrov. The museum contains the clothes that Isaev was wearing at the time of the explosion. The exhibition is arranged in the form of the office of a famous politician. Especially for her, his desk and conference table were transported from Grozny to Itum-Kali. On the green tabletop there is a working document with notes from the chairman of the state council of the republic, and on the walls there are photographs of like-minded people. Some of the politician’s personal belongings are also kept here (among them the briefcase with which he went to work every day).
Special attention at the exhibition is paid to Isaev’s scientific works. For some time, Hussein Abubakarovich taught at the university, talked a lot with students about economics, was interested in computer science and believed that the future lay in globalization, including information.
On the ground floor of the residential tower there is a purely local history exhibition. Antiquities are collected here. You can see what copper vessels for water, wine and ablutions looked like in the 20th century, examine weapons and jewelry, and even try on national clothes.
A separate exhibit in this museum is the “Book of Wishes and Reviews.” In it you can leave your parting words or suggestions, give advice, or simply write words of gratitude. Hundreds of cities and thousands of names in Russian, English, and even Arabic. In the book, in addition to guests from numerous Russian cities, guests from Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Odessa left their notes. The memories and impressions of those who come to get acquainted with the culture of the Chechen people are stored here.
By the way, museum visitors encounter the traditions of local residents right on the doorstep. According to Chechen customs, a guest must enter the house with respect. Therefore, you can enter this building only by bowing, and tiny doors that were created at the beginning of the 13th century help in observing these traditions.
Ushkaloi watchtowers of the 11th century Chechnya, Chechen Republic 
The towers, built into a rock excavation, are located in the Pkhochchu area (in the settlement), between the villages of Guchum-Kale and Ushkala, Itum-Kalinsky district, on the right bank of the Chanty-Argun River. The tower is four storeys, approximately 12 m in height, slightly tapering towards the top.
The towers have a unique architecture, they have three walls, the fourth wall is a rock. It is made of well-processed stones using lime mortar. The roof of the tower is a stone canopy of rock. The northern and southern walls of the tower are laid out according to the relief of the rock to which they adjoin, so they have different widths (from 2.0 to 3.5 m). The entrance opening is organized at a height of 2.5 m from the base on the north side and is made in the form of a round arch made of stones. Just above it is a loophole. At the very top of the wall there is a small window opening.
The western wall has one window opening on the 3rd floor and six loopholes: one each on the 1st and 4th floors, two loopholes on the 2nd and 3rd floors.
The southern wall has five loopholes at different levels. In the upper part there are remains of machicolations in the form of stone brackets (two brackets with one embrasure). At the very top of the wall there is a window opening. The dimensions of the tower are 5.0 x 3.5 m. The thickness of the wall at the level of the entrance opening is 60 cm.
Towers built into rock niches typologically belong to the oldest type of buildings. In mountainous Chechnya, similar buildings were located in rock formations, on steep rocky river banks, sometimes at very high altitudes. Crevices in rocks or mountain caves were filled from the outside with stones, creating door and window openings, loopholes and viewing slits - just like in an ordinary tower. Most often, such towers had one or three walls. The Ushkaloy tower is located under the huge canopy of the rocky Mount Selin-Lam.
Chechnya city Grozny 
Mosque "Heart of Chechnya"
One of the signs of the new Grozny was the mosque named after him. A. Kadyrov “Heart of Chechnya”, built in the center of Grozny. From Wikipedia I learned that this mosque was conceived by Akhmat Kadyrov, then still the Mufti of Chechnya, who agreed with the mayor of the Turkish city of Konya Khalil Urun on the construction of a Cathedral Mosque in the center of Grozny, designed for 2 thousand people.
The decision to build an Islamic center in Chechnya was made in 1980 by decision of the USSR government (http://russights.ru/post_1272907564.html), construction was stopped after the collapse of the USSR.
Construction of the mosque began in 1997 on the site where the “Ploshchad im. V.I. Lenin”, Regional Committee of the CPSU old building, Regional Committee of the CPSU new building, secondary school No. 1, Republican Station of Young Technicians, new building of the Grozny Oil Institute (GNI, building B).
All these buildings were destroyed by the first bomb attacks in the first Chechen war, as the Tatar woman Roza told me, wondering why these buildings were destroyed first, wondering who they were harming.
In the fall of 1999, due to instability in the republic and the subsequent hostilities, construction was suspended. The next construction began in April 2006 and ended in October 2008.
Walk through Grozny at night
Night walk around the city of Grozny. The “Heart of Chechnya” mosque with beautiful lighting and fountains, high-rise buildings with their new lighting design.
The central 40-storey building “Phoenix” is currently undergoing reconstruction and its opening is planned for Grozny City Day on October 5. Hotel Grozny City.
Photos of the newly rebuilt city of Grozny probably cannot leave anyone indifferent.
Argun city Chechnya 
City of Argun and Shali
The Chechen Republic is transforming every day, and it is impossible not to notice! Every time they come here, residents and guests of Chechnya notice more and more new buildings. We invite you to visit two wonderful cities Argun and Shali.
The city of Argun is located on the Chechen foothill plain, on the Argun River, 16 km east of Grozny.
Chechnya. Lake Kezenoy-Am and surroundings.
There is one remarkable place in the mountains on the border of Chechnya and Dagestan - the blue lake Kezenoy-Am. It is located at an altitude of 1869 meters above sea level. At one time, on its shores there was an Olympic base for the country's rowing team and a developed tourist infrastructure; restoration work is now underway. So far, this is one of the favorite vacation spots in the region (especially for those keen on fishing), although it takes quite a long time to get here from the lowland cities. One of the attractions of the reservoir is the Eisenam trout; it is listed in the Red Book of Russia. But first things first.
There was not a single cloud in the sky on Sunday morning on August 12 in Grozny, which gave hope for a fine day. We had to cover a little over 100 km, almost half of which was by mountain grader. We were scheduled to start at 10 o'clock. The path to Argun flew by unnoticed - the quality of the road is European, there is a spacious highway. In Argun we turned towards the mountains. 20 km later, after the small town of Shali, the plain gradually becomes overgrown with wooded ridges. Here, at the entrance to the mountains, the longest village stretches for kilometers along the river. Serzhen-Yurt, which was often heard during the turbulent war years. Upstream is the oldest Chechen settlement of Vedeno, and even further - Kharachoy - the birthplace of the national hero, the famous abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev (Kharachoevsky). Here is the time to make the first of countless stops along the way. These places belong to the historical region of the Vainakhs - Ichkeria.
1. Monument to the legendary abrek in the village of Kharachoy.
Huge books have been written about Zelimkhan’s life path. I recommend M. Mamakaev http://zhaina.com/2007/06/15/zelimhan.html, and you can read it superficially here http://leko007.livejournal.com/57592.html.
And we move on. After Kharachoy the asphalt ends. The path to the lake lies through the Harami pass. We have to drive up to it along a winding grader road, and then similarly go down to the lake on the other side of the ridge.
Gudermes city Chechnya 
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CHECHNYA
The Chechen Republic (Chechnya) (Chech. Nokhchiin Respublika, Nokhchiycho) is a republic (subject) within the Russian Federation.
It is part of the North Caucasus Federal District.
It borders: in the west - with the Republic of Ingushetia, in the north-west - with the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, in the north - with the Stavropol Territory, in the north-east and east - with Dagestan, in the south - with Georgia. The southern border of Chechnya, coinciding with the state border of the Russian Federation, runs along the crests of the ridges. Along the remaining length there are no clearly defined natural boundaries. From north to south, the Chechen Republic extends for 170 km, from west to east - more than 100 km.
The capital is the city of Grozny (Chechen Solzha-Giala).
According to changes in the Constitution of the Russian Federation - Russia (RSFSR) of 1978, it was formed on January 9, 1993. On December 25, 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote, came into force, confirming the existence of the Chechen Republic.
Geographical position
The Chechen Republic is located in the North Caucasus, in the valleys of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. In the northern regions there are steppes and semi-deserts (Tersk-Kuma Lowland), in the center there are forest-steppe plains (the Chechen Plain), in the south there are the Caucasus Mountains. Mountain ranges, intermountain valleys and basins occupy about 35% of the territory of the Chechen Republic. The rest of the territory is plains, mostly strongly intersected by hills. The mountains occupy the entire southern part of the republic in a strip 30-50 km wide.
Physiographic zones
In physical-geographical terms, Chechnya is divided into four zones: high-mountain, mountain, foothill and lowland.
In the high mountain zone the climate is harsh, the mountains are covered with snow and glaciers. To the north the mountains become lower and vegetation appears. The valleys are covered with a layer of black soil; there are a lot of pastures here. Since ancient times, the main occupation of the inhabitants of this zone has been cattle breeding.
The mountainous zone is dominated by ridges and spurs, which are covered with a thick layer of black soil and forests. People call them Chech. 1arzha lamnash - Black Mountains. The mountains are rugged with winding ridges, with clear streams and waterfalls cascading from the heights. In the forests of this zone grow oak, plane tree, beech, hornbeam, linden, ash, alpine maple, elm, hazel, as well as wild fruit trees: apple, pear, dogwood, plum. Many different herbs and plants grow in the forests, including medicinal ones.
The foothill zone is a flat forested strip that stretches all the way to Sunzha. It is richer in natural resources, the land here is more fertile than in the mountains, there are many fruit trees. Climatic conditions are favorable for the local heat-loving southern plants. Forests in the past made up almost a third of the territory of Chechnya. Forests rich in timber tree species played an important role in the economy of the Chechens.
The flat zone includes the southern part of the Terek-Kuma lowland (the left bank of the Terek) and the Chechen foothill plain between the Tersky, Sunzhensky, Grozny ridges in the north and the Black Mountains in the south.
baptism in combat conditions Chechnya 
Minerals
There are about 30 oil and gas fields in the republic, mainly within the Tersky and Sunzhensky ranges.
Construction materials and raw materials for their production (cement marls, limestones, gypsum, sandstones, mineral paints).
Mineral springs (Sernovodsk).
Climate
The climate is continental. Chechnya is characterized by a significant variety of climatic conditions. The average January temperature ranges from −3 °C in the Tersko-Kuma lowland to −12 °C in the mountains, the average July temperature is 25 and 21 °C, respectively. Rainfall ranges from 300 (in the Terek-Kumskaya lowland) to 1000 mm (in the southern regions) per year.
Soils
The soils on the plains are predominantly meadow. In higher elevations there are chernozems, in river valleys there are swamp-meadow soils, in the mountains there are mountain-forest and mountain-meadow soils.
Vegetation
On the Chechen Plain there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains at an altitude of up to 2200 m there are broad-leaved forests, higher up there are subalpine meadows.
Animal world
The fauna of the mountain forests of Chechnya is rich and diverse. The largest animal is the bear, which lives in dense forests and narrow rocky gorges filled with windbreaks. On the edges and forest clearings you can find roe deer. There are many wild boars in the forests. A forest cat lives in remote gullies, and a lynx is occasionally found; The mountain forests are inhabited by wolves, foxes, hare, deer, chamois, fallow deer, pine and stone martens, jackals, badgers, and weasels. There are quite a lot of birds in the mountain forests. Finches, warblers, tits, bullfinches, nuthatches, woodpeckers, thrushes, jays, and owls live here.
Hydrography
Rivers
The main rivers: Terek, Sunzha, Argun, Sharoargun, Gekhi, Khulkhulau, Aksai, Martan, Baas, Gums, Yamansu, Yaryk-su, Shalazha, Netkhoi, Roshnya, Michik, Fortanga, Assa, Chemulga. Rivers on the territory of the republic are distributed unevenly. The mountainous part has a dense branched river network; there are no rivers in the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya Upland and in areas north of the Terek. Almost all rivers of Chechnya belong to the Terek system. The exceptions are Aksai, Yaman-Su, Yaryk-Su, which belong to the Aktash river system.
For irrigation and watering of the Nogai steppe and the Black Lands, the Terek-Kuma main canal was built.
Lakes
Lake Kezenoyam (Czech. Къьвзаван Иям, Chech. Kleznoy-lam) - Vedeno district - the largest and deepest mountain lake in the North Caucasus
Lake Galanchozh (Chechen: Galayn-Iam) - Galanchozhsky district
Lake Gekhi-Am (Chechen: Gikhtoy-Iam) - Achkhoy-Martan district
Lake Chentiy-am (Chech. ChІaintii-Iam) - Itum-Kalinsky district
Lake Urgyuhkhoy-am (Chechen: Iu'urgyuhkhoy-Iam) - Shatoi district
Lake Cherkasskoe - Shelkovsky district
Big Lake (Chechen Bokh-Iam) - Shelkovsky district
Salt Lake (Chechen Dur-Iam) - Shelkovsky district
Lake Chechenskoe (Chechan. Chechana-Iam) - Naursky district
Lake Kapustino - Naursky district
Lake Mayorskoye - Naursky district
Lake Generalskoye - Naursky district
Lake Bezik-Ome (Czech. Bezik-Iom) - Shatoi district
Lake Amga (Chech. Iamga) - Sharoi district
Maista Chechnya
Waterfalls
Argun waterfalls
Sharo-Argun waterfalls
Gekhi waterfalls
Aksai waterfalls
Khulhuloy waterfalls
Four-thousander peaks
Tebulosmta (Chechen Tuloy-Lam) - 4493 m
Diklosmta (Chechen Dukluo-Lam) - 4285 m
Komito (Czech Khumetta-Lam) - 4262 m
Donosmta (Chechen Donoi-Lam) - 4174 m
Maistismta (Chechen Miaistoi-Lam) - 4082 m
Grozny in the 1st Chechen War 
GEOGRAPHY OF CHECHNYA
Geography of the Chechen Republic
TERESK-KUM LOWLAND
The Terek-Kuma lowland is located between the Terek in the south and the Kuma in the north. In the west, its natural border is the Stavropol Upland, and in the east - the Caspian Sea. Only the southern part of the Terek-Kuma Lowland belongs to the Chechen Republic. Almost three quarters of its entire area is occupied by the Terek sand massif. With its hilly topography, it clearly stands out among the surrounding flat areas. Geologically, the Terek-Kuma Lowland is part of the Ciscaucasia trough, filled from above with marine sediments of the Caspian Sea.
In Quaternary times, most of the Terek-Kuma lowland was repeatedly flooded with Caspian waters. The last transgression occurred at the end of the Ice Age. Judging by the distribution of marine sediments of this transgression, called Khvalynskaya, the level of the Caspian Sea at that time reached 50 meters above sea level. Almost the entire area of the Terek-Kuma lowland was occupied by the sea basin.
The rivers flowing into the Khvalynsky basin brought a mass of suspended material, which was deposited at the mouths and formed large sandy deltas. Currently, these ancient deltas have been preserved in the lowlands in the form of sandy massifs. The largest of them - Tersky - is almost entirely located on the territory of the Chechen Republic. It represents the delta of the ancient Kura.
One of the common forms of relief of the Pritersky massif is ridge sands. They stretch in parallel rows in the latitudinal direction, coinciding with the direction of the prevailing winds. The height of the ridges can vary from 5-8 to 20-25 meters, the width - from several tens to several hundred meters. The ridges are separated from one another by interrow hollows, which, as a rule, are wider than the ridges themselves. The ridges are overgrown with vegetation and have soft outlines.
An interesting form of sand formations in the Pritersky massif are dune sands. They are especially pronounced in its northern and northeastern parts. The dune sands are located in chains stretched perpendicular to the prevailing eastern and western winds. The height of individual ridges reaches 30-35 meters. The dune chains are separated by through valleys and blowing basins.
During the years of Soviet power, extensive work was carried out in the Pritersky massif to consolidate the loose sand with woody and herbaceous vegetation.
There are also other forms of relief in the Pritersky massif - lumpy sands. They are overgrown sandy hills of soft outlines 3-5 meters high. Within the Terek-Kuma Lowland, the valley of the Terek River should be especially highlighted. Its left-bank part is characterized by well-defined terraces, the entire complex of which can be clearly seen near the village of Ishcherskaya.
Mother of the New Martyr Eugene - Lyubov Radionova 
CHECHEN FOOTDOWN PLAIN
The Chechen foothill plain is part of the Terek-Sunzha Plain, located south of the Sunzhensky ridge. The Assinovsky spur divides the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya plain into two separate foothill plains - Ossetian and Chechen, which is limited from the south by the foot of the Black Mountains, and from the north by the Sunzhensky and Tersky ridges. In the northeast direction, the plain gradually decreases from 350 to 100 meters.
Its surface is dissected by the valleys of numerous rivers crossing it in the meridional direction. This gives the monotonous flat terrain an undulating character.
The northern part of the plain, facing the Sunzha River, is more indented with valleys, dry riverbeds and ravines. Here, in addition to the rivers flowing from the mountains, in many places springs emerge to the surface, forming the so-called “black rivers” flowing into the Sunzha.
River valleys, when leaving the mountains on the plain, usually have steep banks up to 20-25 meters high. To the north, the height of the banks drops to 2-3 meters. Well-defined terraces can be observed only in the valleys of the Sunzha and Argun rivers. Other rivers do not have them at all or they are found in their infancy along bends.
The watershed of the Argun and Goyta rivers stands out with its unique relief on the plain. It is almost completely undivided and is a small, elongated in the meridional direction, gently sloping towards both rivers.
The Chechen Plain is the most populated place in the republic. Large Chechen villages and Cossack villages, immersed in the greenery of orchards, scatter picturesquely across its entire area.
Chechnya, Chechen Republic 
TERESK-SUNZHA HIGHWAY
The region of the Terek-Sunzha Upland represents an interesting example of the almost complete coincidence of tectonic structures with modern relief forms. Anticlines here correspond to ridges, and synclines correspond to valleys separating them.
The formation of the hill is associated with mountain-building processes of the Cenozoic time, which gave the final structural form to the Caucasus Range.
The Terskaya and Sunzhenskaya complex anticlinal folds are expressed in the relief in the form of two parallel, slightly convex mountain ranges to the north: the northern Terskaya and southern Kabardino-Sunzhenskaya. Each of them, in turn, is divided into a number of ridges consisting of one or more anticlinal folds.
The Tersky ridge stretches for almost 120 kilometers. Its western part from the valley of the Kurp River to the village of Mineralny has a latitudinal direction. The most significant peaks are also confined to it: Mount Tokarev (707 meters), Mount Malgobek (652 meters), etc. In the area of the village of Mineralnoe, the lower Eldarovsky ridge branches off from the Tersky Range in the north-west direction. Between the Tersky and Eldarovsky ridges there is the Kalyaus valley, formed in a longitudinal trough.
Near the village of Mineralnoe, the Tersky ridge turns to the southeast, maintaining this direction until Mount Khayan-Kort, and then again changing it to latitudinal, the maximum heights of the peaks of the central and eastern parts of the Tersky ridge do not exceed 460-515 meters. At the eastern end of the Terek ridge, the Bragunsky ridge stretches at a slight angle relative to it.
The continuation of the northern chain and its final even is the Gudermes ridge with the peak of Geiran Court (428 meters). Its length is about 30 kilometers. At the Aksai River it connects with the spurs of the Black Mountains.
A narrow passage (Gudermes Gate) was formed between the Bragun and Gudermes ridges, through which the Sunzha River breaks through to the Terek-Kuma lowland.
The southern chain consists of three main ridges: Zmeysky, Malo-Kabardinsky and Sunzhensky. The Sunzhensky ridge is separated from the Malo-Kabardinsky ridge by the Achaluksky gorge. The length of the Sunzhensky ridge is about 70 kilometers, the highest point is Mount Albaskin (778 meters). At the Achaluk Gorge, the Sunzhensky Range is adjacent to the low plateau-like Nazran Upland, merging in the south with the Dattykh Upland. At the exit from the Alkhanchurt valley, between the Tersky and Sunzhensky ridges, the Grozny ridge stretches for 20 kilometers. In the west it is connected with the Sunzhensky ridge by a small bridge; in the east it ends with the Tashkala hill (286 meters). The Grozny and Sunzhensky ridges are separated by the rather wide Andreevskaya Valley.
To the southeast of the Sunzha ridge, between the Sunzha and Dzhalka rivers, stretches the Novogroznensky, or Aldynsky, ridge. It is divided by the Khankala gorge and the modern valley of the Argun River into three separate hills: Suyr-Kort with the peak of Belk-Barz (398 meters), Suyl-Kort (432 meters) and Goyt-Kort (237 meters).
The Tersky and Sunzhensky ridges are separated by the Alkhanchurt valley, the length of which is about 60 kilometers. Its width is 10-12 kilometers in the middle part and 1-2 kilometers between the Tersky and Grozny ridges.
The surface of the ridges of the Terek-Sunzhenskaya Upland is composed of schistose, often gypsum-bearing clays, ferruginous sandstones, and pebbles. Quaternary deposits in the form of forest-like loams are widespread here. They cover the lower parts of the warehouses of the ridges, line the bottom of the Alkhanchurt valley, and the surface of the Terek terraces.
The slopes of the ridges of the Terek-Sunzhenskaya Upland in some places retain traces of former severe erosion and form a patterned lace of intricately combined gentle spurs and gullies, hills and basins, saddles and ravines.
Northern slopes, as a rule, are more dissected than southern ones. There are more beams on them, they are deeper and more sharply expressed in relief. As you move east, the degree of dissection decreases.
The northern slope of the Tersky Range is characterized by the greatest ruggedness. The northern slopes of the Eldarovsky, Bragunsky and Gudermessky ridges are poorly dissected. The slopes of the Tersky and Sunzhensky ridges, facing the Alkhanchurt valley, are gentle and long.
To the north of the Tersky ridge lies the Nadterechnaya Plain. It represents an ancient terrace of the Terek and has a slight slope to the north. Its flat character is broken here and there by slight undulations, as well as gently elongated hills. In the western part, the ancient terrace imperceptibly merges with the third terrace; in the eastern part this transition is marked by a sharp ledge.
MOUNTAIN PART
The section of the northern slope of the Caucasus Range, on which the southern part of the territory of the Chechen Republic is located, represents the northern wing of the huge Caucasian fold.
The relief of the mountains was formed as a result of a long geological process. The primary relief, created by the internal forces of the Earth, was transformed under the influence of external forces and became more complex.
The main role in transforming the relief belongs to rivers. Possessing great energy, mountain rivers cut through the small anticlinal folds that appeared along their path into through valleys, called breakthrough valleys. Such valleys are found on Assa and Fortanga when they cross the Dattykh anticline, on Sharo-Argun and Chanty-Argun, in the place where they cross the Varandi anticline, and on some other rivers.
Later, in transverse valleys, in places composed of easily eroded rocks, longitudinal valleys of tributaries appeared, which then divided the northern slope of the Caucasus Range into a number of parallel ridges. As a result of this dismemberment, the Black Mountains, Pastbishchny, Skalisty and Bokovoy ridges arose on the territory of the republic. Ridges formed where rocks that are strong and resistant to destruction come to the surface. Longitudinal valleys located between ridges, on the contrary, are confined to strips of rocks that are easily eroded. The lowest range is the Black Mountains. Its peaks reach no more than 1000-1200 meters above ocean level.
The Black Mountains are composed of easily eroded rocks, clays, sandstones, marls, and conglomerates. Therefore, the relief here has soft, rounded outlines, which is typical for the landscape of low mountains. The Black Mountains are dissected by river valleys and numerous ravines into separate massifs and do not form a continuous mountain chain. They make up the foothills zone of the republic.
In the Black Mountains, landslides are frequent in areas composed of clays of the Maikop Formation.
The mountainous part of the republic itself is clearly expressed by a number of high ridges. According to the relief features, it is divided into two zones: a zone of limestone ridges, which includes the Pastbishchny and Skalisty ridges, and a shale-sandstone zone, represented by the Side Range and its spurs. Both zones are composed of sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic age. The composition of the rocks that make up the first zone is dominated by various limestones. The second zone is composed predominantly of clayey and black shales.
The zone of limestone ridges in the western part is complicated by the Kori-Lam anticline and many thrusts and faults, and in the eastern part by the large Varandi anticlinal fold. Therefore, the width of the zone itself varies in different places. Thus, in the Fortanga river basin its width reaches 20 kilometers, in the upper reaches of Martan it narrows to 4-5 kilometers, and in the Argun basin it expands again, reaching 30 kilometers or more. As a result, the Pastbishchny Ridge on the territory of the Chechen Republic has a complex structure and consists of a whole system of ridges. In the western part it branches into three parallel chains, dissected by river valleys into a number of separate ridges. The largest of them are Kori-Lam, Mord-Lam and Ush-Kort.
In the central part of the republic, the Pastbishchny Range stretches in the form of one chain - the Peshkhoi Mountains. In the eastern part it is represented by the Andean ridge, from which numerous spurs extend.
Some peaks of the Pasture Range are more than 2000 meters above sea level.
To the south of the Pastbishchny Ridge is the highest of the limestone ridges - Skalisty. It is intersected only in a few places by river valleys and for a considerable extent has the character of a watershed ridge.
The highest point of the Rocky Range is the Skalistaya Peak, or Khakhalgi (3036 meters), which ends with the Tsorei-Lam ridge. From this peak, the Rocky Range turns northeast in the form of the Erdy Range and stretches towards the Gekhi River, which crosses it with the deep Gekhi Gorge. From the Gekhi River, the Rocky Ridge stretches southeast to the Kiri-Lam ridge, reaching the valley of the Sharo-Arguna River near the village of Kiri.
The relief of the limestone ridges is unique. Their slopes, although steep, are not vertical. They are strongly smoothed and do not form rocky ledges. In many places, the foothills are covered with thick screes of crushed shale.
The side ridge, stretching along the southern border of the republic, is a chain of the highest mountain ranges, composed of highly dislocated shale-sandstone and Lower Jurassic deposits. In this section of the Caucasus, it is almost 1000 meters higher than the Main Range. Only in two places is it crossed by the valleys of the Assa and Chanty-Argun rivers.
In the western part of the republic, between Terek and Assa, the Side Range does not have the character of an independent range and is essentially a spur of the Main, or Watershed Range. To the east, in the Makhis Magali massif (3989 meters), the Side Range is already acquiring the features of an isolated ridge, bounded from the north by the longitudinal valley of the Guloy-Khi River, and from the south by the longitudinal valleys of the tributaries of the Assy and Chanty-Argun. Further to the east, the links of the Side Range on the territory of the Chechen Republic are the Pirikitelsky Range with the peaks of Tebulos-Mta (4494 meters), Komito-Dattykh Kort (4271 meters), Donoo Mta (1178 meters) and the Snow Range, the highest point of which is Mount Diklos-Mta (4274 meters).
All these ridges form a watershed ridge, which stretches in a continuous 75-kilometer chain between the headwaters of the Chanty-Argun and Sharo-Argun rivers in the north, the Pirikitelskaya Al and the Andisky-Koisu in the south.
The dominant role in the high mountain zone belongs to the longitudinal valleys of the main rivers. It is the longitudinal dissection that determines the main features of the relief here. Glacial and firn erosion plays a major role in its formation. The various forms of alpine relief are perfectly expressed here: cirques, curries, moraines. Glaciers gave many of the peaks lying above the snow line a pyramidal shape with sharp ridges separating the cirques of neighboring firn fields.
Below modern glaciers, traces of Quaternary glaciation have been preserved in the form of zircons already devoid of ice, suspended side valleys with waterfalls falling from them, terminal moraines, and glacial lakes.
Between the Skalisty and Bokovy ridges stretches a narrow strip of mountains composed of Middle Jurassic shales and sandstones. These rocks are easily destroyed. Therefore, there are no rocky cliffs or deep gorges here.
mountain village Sharoy 
Historical regions of Chechnya
Akka is located in the southwest of Chechnya.
Aukh - located in the gorges of the Yaryksu, Yamansu and Aktash rivers, today part of the Republic of Dagestan.
Galayn-Chozh - located in the southwest of Chechnya
Karabulakia (Artskha) - located in the lower reaches of the Fortanga River and the upper reaches of the Assa River, currently part of Ingushetia.
Ichkeria is located in the southeast of Chechnya. Often the entire territory of Chechnya is mistakenly called Ichkeria, which is not true.
Maista - located in the southwest of Chechnya.
Melchista - located on the left bank of the Argun.
Nashkha is located in the southwest of Chechnya.
Terla is located in the south of Chechnya.
Chebirla is located in the southeast of Chechnya, on the border with the Republic of Dagestan.
Organchezh - (Includes small areas: Chanta, Zumsa, Khildehara, Khachara, Dishna) - Argun Gorge, mountainous Chechnya.
Sharoy - located in the southeast of Chechnya, on the border with the Republic of Dagestan.
Shatoy - located on the Chanty-Argun River, in the mountainous part of Chechnya.
Little Chechnya - includes the western part of the Chechen Plain, the Alkhanchurt Valley and the Sunzhensky Ridge.
Greater Chechnya - includes the central-eastern part of the Chechen Plain.
Nadterechnaya Chechnya - located in the northwestern part of Chechnya, on the Tersky Range and on the Terek River.
Michigiya - located in the gorges of the Michik River.
Kachkalykia is located on the Gudermes Plain between the Terek River and the Gudermes Range.
Baloi - located in the west of Chechnya, in the gorges of the Chozh, Nitkhoi and Shalazhi rivers.
Pirikitskaya Tushetia (Pirikita) - located in the south of Chechnya, the historical lands of the Chechen taipa Batsoi. Located in the gorges of the Pirikita River, at the source of the Andi-Koisu River, currently part of Georgia.
Phiya - located in the upper reaches of the Chanty-Argun River, in the gorges of the Andaki and Western Argun rivers, the historical lands of the Chechen Taipa Phiya, currently part of Georgia.
mountain lake in Chechnya 
Story
Middle Ages
Sheikh Mansur - military, religious and political leader of the Caucasian highlanders during the uprising of 1785-1791.
Kunta Hadji, Chechen saint, sheikh of the Qadiriya-Khadzhimuridiya Sufi brotherhood, pacifist.
Since the 9th century, the flat part of the modern territory of Chechnya was part of the Alanian kingdom, and the mountainous part was part of the Sarir kingdom. The direct ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush, the Nokhcho (Nokhchi) tribe, also lived in the mountains.
In the 13th century, as a result of the Mongol invasion, the ancestors of the Chechens were forced to leave the lowland areas and go to the mountains.
In the 14th century, the Chechens formed the early feudal state of Simsir, which was later destroyed by the troops of Tamerlane.
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the lowland areas of the modern Chechen Republic came under the control of Kabardian and Dagestan feudal lords. Driven out of the lowland lands, which for several centuries were controlled by nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes, the Chechens lived mainly in the mountains until the 16th century. The emergence and formation of the type structure of Chechen society dates back to this period.
16th century
Since the 16th century, some Chechens began to gradually return from the mountainous regions to the Chechen plain, to the Terek valley, to the banks of the Sunzha and Argun. The beginning of the expansion of the Russian state in the North Caucasus, in the Western Caspian region, which followed the defeat of the Astrakhan Khanate, dates back to this same time. The Kabardian princes, who were experiencing increasing pressure from the Crimean Khanate - a vassal of the Ottoman Empire - and the Tarkov Shamkhalate, became an ally of the Russian state in this region. It was the Kabardian valii (prince) Temryuk Idarovich who asked Ivan the Terrible to build a fortress at the mouth of the Sunzha for protection from enemies. The Terek fort, built in 1567, became the first Russian fortified point in this region.
The first Cossack settlers, however, appeared on the Terek long before this. Already in the first half of the 16th century, Cossack towns were located on the right bank of the Terek “on the ridges,” that is, on the eastern and northern slopes of the Terek Range, at the confluence of the Argun River with the Sunzha, which is where their name came from - Greben Cossacks.
The first written evidence of Russian authorities about contacts with Chechens dates back to the second half of the 16th century. In the 1570s, one of the largest Chechen rulers, Prince Shikh-Murza Okotsky (Akkinsky), established connections with Moscow, the first Chechen embassy arrived in Moscow, petitioning for the acceptance of the Chechens under Russian protection, and Feodor I Ioannovich issued a corresponding letter. However, already in 1610, after his murder and the overthrow of his heir Bataille, the Okotsky principality was captured by the Kumyk princes.
Since the end of the 16th century, a significant number of Cossack migrants from the Don, Volga, and Khopr moved to the North Caucasus. They made up the lower, actually “Terek” Cossacks, which formed later than the Grebensky Cossacks (in the 16th-18th centuries). In addition to the Russians, representatives of mountain peoples, Kalmyks, Nogais, Orthodox Ossetians and Circassians, Georgians and Armenians who fled from Ottoman and Persian oppression were also accepted into the Terek Cossack army, the official date of its formation is considered to be 1577.
XVII-XVIII centuries
During the XVII - early XVIII centuries. The Caucasus becomes the object of aspirations and rivalry between the Shah of Iran and the Ottoman Empire, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other. In the middle of the 17th century, Safavid Iran, having shared spheres of influence in Transcaucasia with the Ottoman Empire, tried, with the help of Azerbaijani and Dagestan allies, to oust Russia from the Western Caspian region and establish its political hegemony in the North Caucasus from Derbent to the Sunzha River. Türkiye in the Black Sea (western) part of the North Caucasus acted through its vassal - the Crimean Khanate. While simultaneously hatching plans to seize the North-Eastern Caucasus, Turkey intensively sent its emissaries here, whose main task was to attract the feudal elites of Dagestan and Kabarda to Turkey’s side.
The beginning of the 18th century opens a new page in the history of the Terek Cossacks: having lost their former “freedom”, they became part of the Russian armed forces, turned into a military service class, which was entrusted with protecting the southern border of the Russian state in the Caucasus. Tsar's governors permanently lived in the city of Terki, a large military garrison was concentrated here, and military and food supplies were stored. Ambassadors from Transcaucasia, princes and murzas of the North Caucasus came here.
Under Peter I, the Russian army made its first campaigns against the Chechen lands, and it was at the beginning of the 18th century that this name was assigned to the Chechens in Russian sources - after the village of Chechen-Aul. The first campaigns, fitting into the general strategy of the active advance of the Russian state into the Caucasus, did not, however, pursue the goal of annexing Chechnya to Russia: it was only about maintaining “calm” on the Terek, which by that time had become the natural southern border of the empire. The main reason for the military campaigns was the constant raids of the Chechens on the Cossack “small towns” on the Terek. By this period, in the eyes of the Russian authorities, the Chechens had gained a reputation as dangerous robbers, whose proximity caused constant concern to the state borders.
From 1721 to 1783, punitive expeditions of Russian troops to Chechnya to pacify the “violent” tribes became systematic - as punishment for raids, as well as for disobedience to the so-called Chechen owners - the Kabardian and Kumyk princes, on whom some Chechen societies nominally depended and who enjoyed Russian patronage. The expeditions are accompanied by the burning of “violent” villages and the swearing of their inhabitants, represented by tribal elders, to Russian citizenship. Hostages are taken from the most influential families - amanats, who are kept in Russian fortresses.
Chechnya within the Russian Empire
Most of Chechnya became part of Russia in the 19th century after the end of the Caucasian War. In 1860, by decree of Emperor Alexander II, the Terek region was created in the eastern part of the North Caucasus, which included the Chechen, Ichkerian, Ingush and Mountainous districts.
North Caucasus Emirate
After the outbreak of the Civil War in Russia, the Islamic state of the North Caucasus Emirate arose on the territory of Chechnya, headed by Emir Uzun-Haji. The state was under the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire and had its own armed forces with a total number of about 10 thousand people and issued its own currency. After the offensive and then the victory of the Bolsheviks, the North Caucasus Emirate became part of the RSFSR. The very fact of the existence of this state led to the short-term formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Putin Avenue in Grozny 
Soviet power in Chechnya
Establishment of Soviet power
After the establishment of Soviet power in March 1920, the Terek region was disbanded, and the Chechen (united with Ichkeria) and Ingush (united with Nagorny) districts became independent territorial entities.
A year later, on January 20, 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia, together with Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia, became part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On November 30, 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Region was separated from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and on November 7, 1924, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic itself was liquidated.
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
In 1934, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was created, transformed in 1936 into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (CHIASSR). It existed until 1944, when the Chechen and Ingush populations were deported.
Deportation of Chechens and Ingush and liquidation of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
In 1944, the Chechens and Ingush were accused of collaborating with German troops. As a repressive measure, the resettlement of these peoples to the republics of Central Asia was chosen. During Operation Lentil, Chechens and Ingush were deported mainly to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
The Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liquidated. Part of its territories was divided between neighboring entities - the North Ossetian and Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, the Georgian SSR and the Stavropol Territory, and on the remaining part the Grozny region was formed with the administrative center in the city of Grozny.
Restoration of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, but within slightly different borders; in particular, the Prigorodny district remained part of North Ossetia. As “compensation”, the Naursky and Shelkovsky districts, previously part of the Stavropol Territory and populated mainly by Russians, were included in Checheno-Ingushetia, without taking into account their opinions. Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their homes from places of exile.
Heart of Chechnya Mosque - a miracle of Russia 
Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR
"Chechen revolution" of 1991 and the declaration of independence. Collapse of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
After the start of “Perestroika” in the mid-1980s, national movements intensified in many republics of the USSR (including Checheno-Ingushetia). In November 1990, the First Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, at which the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OCCHN) was elected. OKCHN set as its goal the secession of Chechnya not only from the RSFSR, but also from the USSR. It was headed by Major General of the Soviet Air Force Dzhokhar Dudayev. A conflict began between OKCHN and the official authorities of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic led by Doku Zavgaev. On June 8, 1991, OKCHN announced the overthrow of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and proclaimed the independent Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho. A dual power system actually developed in the republic.
During the August 1991 putsch, the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic supported the State Emergency Committee. On August 22, armed supporters of the OKCHN seized the television center, and later the main administrative buildings in Grozny (including the building of the Republican KGB). On September 6, under pressure from OKCHN supporters, Doku Zavgaev was forced to sign a resignation letter, and on September 15, the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic dissolved itself. The leaders of the OKCHN announced the transfer of supreme power to them and abolished Russian laws and the Constitution of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On October 1, 1991, by the decision of the Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Hussein Akhmadov, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into the Chechen and Ingush Republics. However, after 4 days, the majority of the Air Force members reversed this decision of their chairman.
On October 27, 1991, the President of the Republic was elected in the elections - he became the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, Dzhokhar Dudayev. On November 2, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR declared these elections illegal.
On November 8, 1991, President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a Decree introducing a state of emergency in the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In response to this, Dudayev announced the introduction of martial law and gave the order to create armed self-defense units. The next day, November 9, transport planes with Russian military personnel landed at Khankala airport, but they were blocked by armed Dudayevites. The Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus announced support for Chechnya. The Russian government had to negotiate with the separatists and achieve the withdrawal of military personnel blocked in Khankala. Russian troops stationed in Chechnya were withdrawn, and most of the weapons, including tanks and aircraft, were transferred to the separatists.
fighting in Chechnya 
After Dudayev's coup, the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic disintegrated into Chechnya and Ingushetia.
On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Law “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation,” according to which Checheno-Ingushetia was divided into Chechenia and Ingushetia. The creation of new republics was submitted for approval to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies approved the formation of the Ingush Republic and made a corresponding amendment to the 1978 Constitution of the RSFSR: Checheno-Ingushetia was divided into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic, the border between which remained unestablished even to this day. This law was published on December 29, 1992 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta and came into force on January 9, 1993 after 10 days from the date of official publication.
Presidency of Alu Alkhanov
After the death of Akhmat Kadyrov in 2004 as a result of a terrorist attack, Alu Alkhanov became the new president of the Chechen Republic.
Presidency of Ramzan Kadyrov
In 2007, after the resignation of Alu Alkhanov, Ramzan Kadyrov, the son of Akhmat Kadyrov, became the president of Chechnya. In 2009, due to the stabilization of the situation, the National Anti-Terrorism Committee, on behalf of the President of Russia, made changes to the organization of anti-terrorism activities in Chechnya. On April 16, 2009, the order declaring the territory of the Chechen Republic a zone for conducting a counter-terrorist operation, which had been in force since October 1999, was cancelled. By this time, the cities and villages of the republic had been restored. In the once destroyed Grozny, residential areas, a church have been restored, mosques, stadiums, museums, and Walk of Fame memorials have been built in honor of the fallen employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic during the Second Chechen War. In 2010, a complex of high-rise buildings (up to 45 floors) “Grozny City” was built. In the second largest city of the republic, Gudermes, a complete reconstruction was carried out and a complex of high-rise buildings was built.
Population
The population of the republic, according to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, is 1,370,268 people. (2015). Population density - 87.57 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 34.74% (2015).
The city of Grozny has a population of 250,803 people (2010), the second largest city is Urus-Martan - 52,399 people (2010); followed by: Shali - 46,073 people, Gudermes - 43,969 people, Argun - 42,797 people (2010).
The age structure of the population is as follows: 57.0% of the republic’s residents are of working age, 35.% are under working age, 8% are over working age.
The absolute majority of the population are Chechens (95.3%), Russians, Kumyks, Avars, Nogais, and Ingush also live. Before the deportation of the Chechens and their subsequent return in the northern regions of the republic, Russians and Russian-speaking (Terek Cossacks) made up the absolute majority of the population; in the city of Grozny and the Sunzha basin their number was also significant. The pre-war Russian and Russian-speaking population was forced to leave Chechnya during the reign of Dzhokhar Dudayev in 1991-1994, and a significant number died during the period of active hostilities in 1994-1996. Ramzan Kadyrov called the revival of the multinational community of the republic one of the priorities of the new leadership of the republic.
Culture
State Symphony Orchestra of the Chechen Republic;
Chechen State Philharmonic;
Museums
Museum of Local Lore named after Kh. Isaev;
Arbi Mamakaev Literary and Memorial Museum;
A. Aidamirov Literary and Memorial Museum;
Literary and Ethnographic Museum of L. N. Tolstoy;
Literary Museum of M. Yu. Lermontov;
National Museum of the Chechen Republic;
Makhketi Museum of Local Lore;
Libraries
National Library of the Chechen Republic;
Republican Children's Library of the Chechen Republic;
Theaters
Chechen State Drama Theater named after Kh. Nuradilov;
Grozny Russian Drama Theater named after M. Yu. Lermontov;
Chechen State Theater for Young Spectators;
Chechen State Youth Theater Serlo;
Kharachoy village 
CHECHEN TYPE
Chechen type (genus)
The Chechen tukhum is a kind of military-economic union of a certain group of types that are not related to each other by blood, but have united into a higher association to jointly solve common problems of protection from enemy attack and economic exchange. Tukkhum occupied a certain territory, which consisted of the area actually inhabited by it, as well as the surrounding area, where the taips that were part of Tukkhum were engaged in hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture. Each Tukkhum spoke a specific dialect of the same Vainakh language.
Some historians believe that there is no difference between the tukhum and the taip, taken in their historical dynamics, except quantitatively, that both the tukhum and the taip can, in a certain sequence, perform the functions of both the clan and the phratry - that is, the union of clans.
Although tukhum means “seed”, “egg” in translation, speaking about its internal structure, it must be emphasized that this organization in the minds of the Chechens was never depicted as a group of consanguineous families, but represents a union of clans united into a phratry according to their territorial and dialectological unity...
The Chechen tukhum, unlike the clan, did not have an official head, nor did it have its own military leader (byachcha). From this it can be seen that the tukhum was not so much a governing body as a social organization, while the type represented a necessary and logical stage of progress in the development of the idea of management.
The emergence of a union of taips (tukhums) also represented an undoubted progress taking place on the same territory, as a steady process leading to the emergence of a nation, although the tendency towards local division by clan continued to exist.
The advisory body of the tukhum was the council of elders, which consisted of representatives of all taips that were part of the given tukhum on equal rights in terms of status and honor. The Tukkhum Council was convened when necessary to resolve inter-type disputes and disagreements, to protect the interests of both individual types and the entire Tukkhum.
The Tukkhum Council had the right to declare war and make peace, negotiate with the help of its own and other people's ambassadors, enter into alliances and break them.
That is why we must also assume that the concepts of “tukhum” and “type” are far from identical... Consequently, tukhum, as the term itself shows, is not a consanguineous union, but only a brotherhood, and is a natural formation that grew out of the organization . This is a union of several types of the same tribe, formed for specific purposes.
But in Chechnya there are also unions of consanguineous clans, formed by segmentation of one initial clan, such as, for example, the Chantians and Terlosetsy.
The Terloevites include such consanguineous groups that call themselves Gars, sometimes clans, such as Beshni (Boshni), Bavloi (BIavloi), Zherakhoy (Zherakhoy), Kenakhoy (Khenakhoy), Matsarkhoy (MatsIarkhoy), Nikaroy (Nikaroy), Oshny (Oshny ), Sanakhoy (Sanahoy), Shuidiy (Shundiy), Eltparhoy (Eltpkhyarkhoy), etc.
Of the one hundred and thirty-five types that made up Chechen society in the middle of the 19th century, three quarters were united in nine phratries (unions) as follows.
Tukkhum Akkiy (Akkhii) included such taips as Barchahoy (Barchakhoy), Zhevoy (Zhevoy), Zogoy (31ogoy), Nokkoy (Nokkhoy), Pkharchoy (Pkharchoy), Pkharchakhoy (Pkharchakhoy) and Vyappii (Vapppiy), who occupied mainly the area eastern Chechnya on the border with Dagestan.
Myalkhi (Malkhi) included: Byastiy (B1aetiy), Benastkhoy (B1enaskhoy), Italchkhoy (Italchkhoy), Kamalkhoy (Kamalkhoy), Korathoy (Khoratkhoy), Kegankhoy (K1egankhoy), Meshiy (Meshii), Sakanhoy (Sakanhoy), Terathoy (Terathoy) ), Charkhoy (Ch1arkhoy), Erkhoy (Erkhoy) and Amkhoy (1amkhoy), which occupied the southwestern region of Chechnya on the border with Khevsuretia and Ingushetia.
Nokhchmakhkahoy united such large taipas as Belgatoy (Belg1atoy), Benoy (Benoy), Biltoy (Biltoy), Gendargenoy (Gendargenoy), Gordaloy (G1ordaloy), Gunoy (Gunoy), Zandakoy (Zandakoy), Ikhirkhoy (Ikh1irkhoy), Ishkhoy ( Ishkhoy), Kurshaloy (Kurshaloy), Sesankhoy (Sesankhoy), Chermoy (Chermoy), Tsentaroy (Ts1entaroy), Chartoy (Chartoy), Egashbatoy (Eg1ashbatoy), Enakhalloy (Enakhalloy), Enganoy (Enganoy), Shonoy (Shuonoy), Yalhoy ( Yalkhoi) and Aliroi (1aliroi), which occupied mainly the eastern and northeastern, and partly the central regions of Chechnya.
Chebarloy (Ch1ebarloy) included: Dai (D1ay), Makazhoy (Makazhoy), Sadoy (Sadoy), Sandakhoy (Sandahoy), Sikkahoy (Sikkhahoy) and Sirkhoy (Sirhoy). Sharoy included: Kinkhoy (Kinkhoy), Rigahoy (Rigakhoy), Khikhoy (Khikhoi), Khoy (Khoy), Khakmadoy (Khyakmadoy) and Shikaroy (Shikaroy).
The types, which were part of both Ch1ebarloy and Sharoy, occupied the southeastern region of Chechnya along the Shara-Argun River.
Shotoy (Shuotoy) included: Varanda, Vashandara, Gattoy (G1attoy), Keloy, Marsha, Nizhaloy, Nihaloy, Phamtoy (Phyamtoy), Syattoy (Sattoy) and Hakkoy (Khyakkoy), who occupied central Chechnya in the valley of the Chanty-Argun River.
Ershthoy included the following types: Galoy, Gandaloy (G1andaloy), Garchoy (G1archoy), Merzhoy, Muzhakhoy and Tsechoy (Ts1echoy), who lived in the west of Chechnya, in the valley of the Lower Martan (Fortangi) river.
And all other types of Chechens in this area were united in consanguineous unions. So, for example, Borzoi, Bugaroy (Bug1aroy), Khildeharoy (Khildehyaroy), Derahoy (Do'rahoy), Khokady (Khuokkhadoy), Khacharoy (Khacharoy) and Tumsoy, who lived in the upper reaches of the Chanty-Argun River, united in the union Chyantiy (Ch1aintii), and such as Nikaroy (Nik'aroy), Oshny (O'shny), Shyundiy (Shundiy), Eltpharhoy (Eltpkhyarhoy) and others were part of Terloy (T1erloy).
There were also types in Chechnya that were not part of the tukhums and lived independently. Such, for example, as Zurzakhoy (Zurzaqhoy), Maystoy (M1aystoy), Peshkhoy, Sadoy, etc.
The affairs of the tukhum, as we have already written, were decided by the council of elders, convened by it as needed. But the tukhum as a body did not have any management functions that belonged to the taip, although it was vested in the general social system with certain useful powers in connection with the need for some kind of organization - greater than the taip.
Terek River 
Thus, having agreed among themselves to peacefully resolve mutual disputes and help each other in defense and attack on the enemy, the taips united into tukhums primarily on territorial grounds. For example, the Nokhchmakhkoy occupied the territory of eastern Chechnya (Bena, Sesan, Shela, Gumsi and partly Vedeno). It must be assumed that the Nokhchmakhkoys, who formed the main core of the Chechens, were the first to settle in the area of Aksay and Michig along the Terek River.
It is also characteristic to note here such a detail that the Nokhchmakhkoy people consider Noshkhoy (a place in the Galanchozh region) their ancient homeland, although since time immemorial they have been living on the territory of their current settlement.
Individual taipas from this tukhum, for example, Benoi and Tsentoroi, have increased so much that they have long forgotten about their original blood relationship. Marriage between Benoevites and Tsentoroevites has long become commonplace. Having gone beyond the boundaries of their ancient land, representatives of these types, at least since the 16th century, began to settle in other regions of modern Chechnya. It is difficult in our time to find a settlement where there is not a representative, for example, of the Benoevites.
Thus, as it increased, this or that type, in turn, was divided into several clans, and the Gars of the previous clan in this case became independent clans, and the original clan continued to exist as a tukhum - a union of clans. We have already written about tukhum Ch1aintii. There are also types in Chechnya that, due to certain historical circumstances, were not included in any tukhums, but lived and developed independently. These types were formed both from the natives of the region and from newcomers. Therefore, the type should be considered the basic cell from which any Chechen calculates his initial consanguinity and paternal ties.
When Chechens want to emphasize the lack of kinship of a person, they usually say: “Tsu stegan taipa a, tukhum a dats” (This person has neither clan nor tribe).
So, what is the Chechen type and what socio-economic principles does the institution of typeism establish?
The famous American researcher of the primitive system, who devoted himself to the study of the customs and mores of the ancient Indians, L. Morgan in his work “Ancient” gives the following description of the clan system among the Indians: “All its (clan - M.M.) members are free people, obliged to protect each other; they have equal personal rights - neither sachems nor military leaders claim any advantages; they constitute a brotherhood bound by blood ties. Liberty, equality, fraternity, although this was never formulated, were the basic principles. clan, and the clan in turn was the unit of an entire social system, the basis of organized Indian society."
The Chechen type is also a group of people or families who grew up on the basis of primitive production relations. Its members, enjoying the same personal rights, are related to each other by blood on the paternal side. Freedom, equality and brotherhood, although they were not formulated by anyone, here also formed the basis of the taipa - the basis of the entire organization of Chechen society. But the Chechen type of the period we are considering (after the 16th century) was by no means an archaic clan, as it was among the Iroquois. No! The typical system of the Chechens of this period is already a product of its own decline, a manifestation of its potential internal contradictions, the decomposition of previously seemingly unshakable forms arising from the original legal principles of typeism, which previously cemented the type system and artificially restrained its decomposition. These old forms and type principles have already come into conflict with those social and property shifts that are increasing every day within individual type cells. The legal shell of type corporations no longer corresponded to the property structure of society.
However, there was a very important reason of an external nature, which kept the “old law” in force and “harmonized” it with the new shifts that had occurred: small Chechen taips lived at that time surrounded by stronger neighbors (Georgians, Kabardians, Kumyks and others), feudal nobility who were constantly, in one way or another, encroaching on their freedom. These external conditions, first of all, and the lack of established forms of statehood among the Chechens, greatly influenced the unity of the taips, and this unity in the face of external danger gave the appearance (of course, only the appearance) of equality, brotherhood, and protection of each other’s interests.
So, in the concept of the Chechens, a type is a patriarchal exogamous group of people descended from one common ancestor. There are four known terms that served to designate lateral branches, segmented from the taipa, and have been used by the Chechens since time immemorial to designate large related groups that represent a certain social, territorial and, above all, consanguineous unity: var (vyar), gar, neky (certain ), ts1a (tsa).
Only the first of them, var, is polysemantic and, along with other terms, denotes a consanguineous group of people, and more accurately defines the concept of “genus-type.”
The main indigenous Chechen taipas are the following: Aitkhaloy, Achaloy, Barchahoy, Belkhoy, Belg1atoy, Benoy, Betsakhoy, Biltoy, Bigakhoy, Bug1aroy, Varanda, Vashandara, Vappii, Galoy, G1andaloy, G1archoy, G1attoy, Gendargenoy, Giloy, G1oy, G1ordaloy, Dattahoy, D1ay, Dishny, Do'rahoi, Zhevoy, Zandakhoy, 31ogoy, Zumsoy (aka Bug1aroy), Zurzakoy, Zuyrhoy, Ishkhoy, Ikh1irhoy, Italchhoy, Kamalhoy, Kay, Keloy, Kuloy, Kurshaloy, Kushbuhoy (aka 1aliroy), Khartoy, K1sganhoy, Lashkaroy, Makazhoy, Mar-shaloy, Merzhoy, Merloy, Mazarhoy, M1aystoy, Muzhahoy, Mulkoy, Nashkhoy, Nizhaloy, Nik1ara, Nihaloy, Nokkhay, Peshkhoy, Phyamtoy, Phyarchoy, Rigahoy, Sada, Sahyanda, Syarbaloy, Sattoy, Tulkha, Turka, Kharachoy, Khersanoy, Khildekharkhoy, Khoy, Khulandoy, Khurhoy, Hyakkoy (aka Ts1oganhoy), Hyakmada, Khyacharoy, Khima, Khikhay, Khyurka, Tsatsankhoy, Tsentara, Ts1echoy, Charta, Charhoy, Chermoy, Ch1archoy, Ch1inhoy, Chungaroy, Sharoy, Shikaroy , Shirda, Shuona, Shpirda, Shundiy, Eg1ashbata, Elstanzhoy, Enakhalla, Engana, Ersana, Erkhoy, Yalhara, 1alira, 1amakha, etc.
Types in Chechnya during the period we are studying, with relative accuracy, number more than one hundred and thirty-five. More than twenty of them are not indigenous, but formed from representatives of other peoples, but have long since become firmly part of Chechen society, assimilated at different times and under different conditions: some of them went to the Vainakh country themselves, in search of convenient lands, while others prevailing historical circumstances brought them here, and they were forced to adopt a foreign language and foreign customs. Of course, these people did not have here any type mountains, no communal lands, no stone crypts (solar graves) for burying their dead relatives. But following the example of the aborigines of this region, they rallied into blood relations, provided assistance to members of their community, declared blood feud for the murder of their relatives, and adhered to other socially binding principles of the institution of Taipism. This circumstance is also interesting for us because it decisively rejects the theory of the absolutely pure ethnic origin of the Vainakhs - in particular, the Chechens.
As the type multiplied, it split into two or more parts - gars, and each of these gars over time constituted an independent type.
To confirm his belonging to the aborigines of Chechnya, every Chechen had to remember the names of at least twelve persons from among his direct ancestors...
The elders and leaders of the Chechen tribes did not always have inaccessible castles and did not decorate their trips with family coats of arms. They didn't prance around in shining armor or fight in romantic tournaments. Imitating traditional democracy in society, they still had the appearance of peaceful peasants: they led flocks of sheep through the mountains, plowed and sowed themselves. But the high concepts of honor, equality and brotherhood between all members of the taip community came to a new stage of taip relations not in the aura of the former purity and nobility, but in a perverted, modernized form, generated by arrogant cruelty and arrogant claims of the strong and rich.
For the most part, the Vainakhs were very wary and sensitive to any attempts and inclinations towards the emergence of feudal power and the feudal aristocracy, and through joint efforts they completely stopped them. This is evidenced by the richest folklore material and the custom of baital vakkhar (dispossession), which existed among the Chechens and is very rarely found among other peoples.
And yet, the process of decomposition of the Taipa community has been clearly visible among the Chechens since the late Middle Ages (XIII-XIV centuries). Moreover, this process even then marks not the initial stage, but the stage that was preceded by earlier steps.
The economic basis of the taipa was cattle breeding, farming and hunting. Cattle was the basis that determined the specific features of the Chechen type of that period. Fields and estates were also the most important part of the type property. Chechens have been engaged in agriculture since ancient times; even at the beginning of the 17th century, the Kachkalykovo Chechens had rich vineyards, sowed wheat, millet, barley, and later began to cultivate corn.
The Maistas and, in general, the Middle Argun region of Chechnya in the 17th century were famous for their wise doctors who treated wounds well, performed organ amputations and even craniotomies. The Maistians, for example, long before the appearance of the Russians in the Caucasus, knew about smallpox vaccination. They were also famous as skilled builders of military and residential towers. And finally, the Maystinians were also famous as experts in adat - type law. It was here, in Maisty, which, due to its geographical location, was protected from all kinds of attacks by enemies, that the elders of the taipas came to official meetings to discuss adat-taipa issues...
Another place where issues of general Chechen adat were also discussed was Mount Khetash-Korta, near the village of Tsentoroi.
FOLK CUISINE OF CHECHNYA
Folk cuisine
The folk cuisine of the Chechens is extensive and multifaceted. We offer only a small number of recipes for the most commonly consumed dishes.
ZHIZHIG-GALNASH (DUMBLIES WITH MEAT)
(per serving)
Lamb - 354 g or beef - 342 g, salt - 3 g.
Broth - 300 g.
Boil fatty lamb or beef with bones in a large piece (weighing 1.5-2 kg) with the addition of salt. Cut the finished meat into pieces of 50-60 g.
From wheat flour: knead unleavened dough, roll out into a layer 1 cm thick, cut into long pieces, then cut crosswise into diamonds 4 cm long, after pressing with three fingers, roll out into shells or give any shaped shape.
Boil the dumplings in broth or salted water for 20-25 minutes, place on a plate, and place pieces of meat on top. Separately serve the meat broth and garlic, ground with salt and diluted with a small amount of broth.
ZHIZHIG-CHORPA
(per serving)
Beef or lamb (thick or thin edge) - 159 g, fat - 15 g, tomato puree - 20 g, fresh tomatoes - 47 g, onions - 73 g, wheat flour - 6 g, potatoes - 133 g, garlic - 2 g, salt - 5 g, ground black pepper - 0.05 g, parsley - 5 g.
Cut the raw meat into cubes, add salt, fry until a crust forms, add hot broth or water, add sautéed onions, tomato puree and fresh tomatoes and simmer until tender.
Then drain the broth and prepare a sauce with flour, fried until light brown. Add meat and fried potatoes to the sauce and boil for 10-15 minutes.
When serving, season with garlic, crushed with salt, and sprinkle with finely chopped parsley.
KHERZINA ZIZHIG
(per serving)
Beef - 200 g or lamb - 200 g, potatoes - 53 g, onions - 30 g, rendered fat - 12 g, salt - 4 g, ground black pepper - 0.05 g, parsley - 5 g, thyme - 2 G.
Salt the meat, cut into pieces weighing 20-40 g, fry, pour in a small amount of hot broth or water, simmer for 25-30 minutes, add half-fried potatoes, fried onions and bring to readiness. 5 minutes before the end of stewing, season with thyme and black pepper. When serving, decorate the finished dish with herbs.
DRIED MEAT
(per serving)
Dried meat - 270 g, ground black pepper - 0.05 g.
For dumplings: flour (corn or wheat) - 160 g, water - 90 g.
Garlic seasoning: garlic - 25 g, broth - 30 g, salt - 3 g, ground black pepper - 0.05 g.
Broth - 300 g.
Soak the dried meat for 20 minutes in cold water and cook until tender without adding salt. Cut the finished meat into pieces of 30-40 g.
Separately prepare dumplings.
From wheat flour: knead unleavened dough, roll out into a layer 1 cm thick, cut into long strips, then cut crosswise into diamonds 4 cm long, after pressing with your fingers, roll out into shells or give any shaped shape.
From corn flour: they are prepared in the same way, only they are given a flattened oval shape by pressing with the fingers.
Boil the dumplings in broth diluted with boiled water or salted water for 20-25 minutes, place on a plate, and place pieces of meat on top. Separately serve the broth and garlic, mashed with salt and diluted with a small amount of fatty broth.
DALNASH IN ATAGINSKY
(per serving)
For the dough: wheat flour - 120 g, kefir - 100 g, salt - 3 g, baking soda - 0.2 g.
For minced meat: tripe - 190 g, raw lard - 25 g, onion - 24 g, salt - 3 g, ground black pepper - 0.03 g, butter - 30 g.
Knead a soft dough from wheat flour on kefir with the addition of salt and soda.
For the minced meat: finely chop the boiled tripe, lard and onions, fry everything, sprinkle with salt and pepper.
Divide the dough into 2 round cakes, put minced meat in the middle, seal the edges and roll out 8-10 mm thick. Bake in a frying pan or on the stove without fat. Moisten the finished crumpets with hot water to soften and remove burnt flour, grease with butter, cut into 4-6-8 pieces in the form of sectors.
You can serve butter separately.
HOMEMADE SAUSAGE
(per serving)
Lamb or beef (pulp) - 130 g, lamb intestines - 70 g, onions - 60 g, raw lard - 50 g, rice - 15 g, salt - 5 g, ground black pepper - 1 g.
For dumplings: corn or wheat flour - 160 g, water - 90 g.
Garlic seasoning: garlic - 25 g, broth - 30 g, salt - 3 g, ground black pepper - 0.05 g.
For minced meat: finely chop the meat pulp and raw lard with a knife, you can pass it through a meat grinder with a large grid.
Sort the rice and rinse with hot water, add salt, sprinkle with pepper, and mix thoroughly with the meat.
Soak lamb intestines for 30-40 minutes in warm water, then rinse thoroughly. Loosely fill the intestinal membranes with minced meat and tie the ends. Boil by adding hot water for 1-1.5 hours.
Separately prepare dumplings.
From wheat flour: knead unleavened dough, roll out into a layer 1 cm thick, cut into long strips, then cut crosswise into diamonds 4 cm long and, after pressing with three fingers, roll out into shells or into any shaped shape.
From corn flour: they are prepared in the same way, only they are given a flattened oval shape by pressing with the fingers.
Boil the dumplings for 20-25 minutes in salted water. The sausage is served with dumplings made from corn or wheat flour. Separately serve the garlic, mashed with salt and diluted with a small amount of fatty broth.
CHICKEN CHECHEN
(per serving)
Chicken - 208 g, salt - 3 g, onion - 5 g. For the sauce: butter - 20 g, whole milk - 50 g, onion - 60 g, ground black pepper - 0.05 g, salt - 2 g .
For dumplings: flour (corn or wheat) - 160 g, water - 90 g, salt - 2 g. Broth - 250 g, boiled milk - 50 g.
Prepared chicken carcasses are placed in hot water (2-2.5 liters per 1 kg of product), quickly brought to a boil, then the heat is reduced. Remove the foam from the boiling broth, add chopped onions, salt and cook at low boil in a sealed container until cooked.
Cut the boiled chicken into portions, put in a pan with onions sautéed in butter, pour in whole milk, salt, add black pepper, cover and simmer for 5-10 minutes.
Prepare dumplings from corn or wheat flour.
Wheat flour dumplings: knead unleavened dough, roll out into a layer 1 cm thick, cut into long strips, then cut crosswise into diamonds 4 cm long and, after pressing with three fingers, roll out into shells or into any shaped shape.
Corn flour dumplings: prepared in the same way, only they are given a flattened oval shape by pressing with your fingers.
Boil the dumplings in broth or salted water for 20-25 minutes, place on a plate, and place pieces of poultry on top.
Separately serve chicken broth seasoned with whole boiled milk.
SISKAL
(per serving)
For siskal: corn flour - 168 g, water - 100 g, salt - 2 g. Pour water at a temperature of 50-60 degrees into the sifted corn flour and knead the dough, cut into round flat cakes 1.5-2 cm thick, 20-20 in diameter. 25 cm. Bake in a frying pan (without fat), turning occasionally. Served with kald-dyatta or to-beram and Kalmyk tea.
For kald-dyatta: cottage cheese - 64 g, butter (melted) - 20 g, egg - 1/2 pcs., salt - 5 g.
Mix salted cottage cheese thoroughly with butter or ghee and finely chopped boiled egg.
For toberam: cottage cheese - 40 g, sour cream - 60 g, salt - 5 g.
Mix salted cottage cheese thoroughly with sour cream.
For Kalmyk tea: milk - 100 g, green tea - 4 g, black pepper - 0.1 g, butter - 10 g, salt - 0.5 g, boiled water - 100 g.
Pour tile green tea into boiling water, after boiling, let it brew for 5 minutes, strain, pour in boiled milk, add salt, black pepper, butter.
CHEPALGASH
(per serving)
For the dough: wheat flour - 100 g, kefir - 100 g, baking soda - 0.2 g, salt - 0.5 g.
For minced meat: cottage cheese - 75 g, egg - 1/4 pcs., salt - 0.5 g, butter - 20 g. Preparation of the dough.
Prepare minced cottage cheese mixed with egg and salt, if the cottage cheese is unsalted.
Divide the dough into pieces weighing 200-230 g and roll out 30 cm thick. Place minced meat in the middle, pinch the edges in the shape of a donut and roll out 0.9-1.5 cm thick.
Bake in a frying pan without fat, turning occasionally. Wipe the finished chepalgash on both sides with hot water to soften and remove burnt flour, grease with butter, and place one on top of the other.
When serving, cut into 4-8 pieces and pour over melted butter. Oil can be served separately.
KHINGALASH WITH PUMPKIN
(per serving)
For the dough: wheat flour - 120 g, kefir - 100 g, baking soda - 0.2 g, salt - 0.5 g.
For minced meat: pumpkin - 128 g, sugar - 15 g, water - 30 g, onion - 24 g, salt - 0.5 g, butter - 30 g.
Mix flour with heated kefir, add salt, baking soda and knead the dough until a homogeneous soft consistency is obtained.
Preparation of minced meat: remove the pumpkin from the stalk, chop into pieces, remove seeds, place the skin side up in a saucepan, add hot water at the rate of 1 liter of water per 5 kg of pumpkin and cook, tightly covering with a lid, until cooked. Finely chop the onion and fry it, you can put it raw in the minced meat. Using a spoon, scoop out the pulp from the boiled pumpkin and grate it. Add sugar, salt, fried onions and mix everything.
Divide the dough into pieces of 200-230 g, roll out the cakes 0.3 cm thick, put minced meat on one half, cover with the other half, seal the edges, giving the shape of a semicircle. Bake in a hot frying pan without fat, turning occasionally. Wipe the finished khingalash on both sides with hot water (to soften and remove burnt flour), grease with butter. Before serving, cut into 3-6-9 pieces and pour over melted butter or serve the butter separately in a bowl.
HALVA FROM NUTS
(per 100 g)
Walnut kernel - 650 g, honey - 420 g.
Lightly fry peeled nut kernels (walnuts, peanuts), add to boiling honey and stir. Transfer to a tray and let cool. Before serving, cut into portions weighing 75-100 g.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND MATERIAL:
Team Nomads
http://chechnya.gov.ru/
works by M. Mamakaev “The Chechen type during the period of its decomposition.” Grozny, 1973, pp. 15-28.
http://chechnyatoday.com
Geography of the Caucasus.
http://chechna.com/
Wikipedia website
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Chechnya
Chechnya
The Chechen Republic within the Russian Federation. Formed in 1992 G. Name by Russian the name of the indigenous population Chechens, derived from the name of the village Bolshoi Chechen. Self-name Nakhcho (Chechen, nah "People") , In 1994 G. a new Chechen was adopted for the republic, the name is Ichkeria after the name of the mountainous part (its inhabitants have long been called Ichkerin residents) .
Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001.
Chechnya
(self-name Ichkeria
), Chechen Republic
, subject of the Russian Federation on North Caucasus. Pl. 15.0 thousand km², capital – Grozny
. In 1859 it was included in Russia. The first Cossack fortresses arose in 1567–88; Russian Cossacks settled here in the 1860s; in 1861, the territory of Chechnya (together with the northern Cossack regions) became part of the Terek region. In 1920, Grozny and Vedeno districts of the Terek region. became part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1922 the Chechen Autonomous Okrug was formed from them. In 1934, the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was included in its composition, and it began to be called the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug, and since 1936 - Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
. In 1944, after the expulsion of the Chechens, it was abolished, and on its territory a Grozny region
In 1957, the ASSR was restored, and the Naursky and Shelkovsky districts of the Stavropol Territory, inhabited by Terek Cossacks, were transferred to it. In 1990 it was formed Republic of Nokhchi-Cho
as part of the RSFSR, and in 1991 it unilaterally declared its independence. In 1992, the Ingush Republic separated from it ( Ingushetia
). In 1994–96 and 1999–2000 On the territory of Chechnya, military operations took place between federal troops and Chechen militants, which led to the destruction of the economy, cities, and villages; mass emigration of the population.
Us. - Terek-Kuma lowland.
and Nadterechnaya Valley; to the south of the latter the Sunzhensky and Tersky ridges stretch from west to east. Between them and the foothills of Bol. The Chechen Plain is located in the Caucasus, and to the south of it there are foothills and mountain ranges. Main rivers – Sunzha
And Terek
, they receive tributaries from the mountains. To the SE. there is a mountain lake. Kezenoyam (Blue). To the south of Grozny there are irrigation canals. The climate is continental. In the mountains there are deciduous (mainly beech) forests, subalpine and alpine meadows; on the plain there is steppe and forest-steppe, on the lowlands. – Nogai steppes with salt marshes and semi-desert.
The population (1.1 million people, 2002) declined sharply during military operations. In addition to the Chechens, there are a significant number of Russians (in the northern regions there are Cossacks), as well as Armenians, Kumyks, and Nogais (in the north). Chechens are Sunni Muslims, Oil production, natural. gas Until 1994, China was the main producer of petroleum products in southern Russia. Limestone mining. Corn, wheat, fodder and melon crops, cotton, sunflower, and sugar are grown. beet. Rice growing (in the lower reaches of the Terek), gardening, viticulture. On the plain there is a meat grinder. live, in the foothills and mountains, transhumance and grazing sheep. Birds. Airport. Miner. sources. Artist crafts. Stone fortress-towers. Strong influence of Islamic laws and traditions of teips (tribes).
Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under the general editorship of academician. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .
Chechnya
Chechnya is a republic within the Russian Federation (cm. Russia), located on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The area of the republic is about 16 thousand square meters. km (figure needs clarification; border with Ingushetia (cm. Ingushetia) not demarcated). Population - 608 thousand people (2001). Chechnya consists of 5 cities and 3 urban-type settlements. The administrative center is the city of Grozny; significant cities: Argun, Urus-Martan, Shali, Gudermes. The republic was formed in 1992 and is part of the Southern Federal District.
The republic's industrial enterprises were heavily damaged during the fighting (since 1994). Previously, oil production, oil refining, engineering, food and woodworking industries were developed. The main crops are grains (wheat, rice), industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beets. Climatic conditions contribute to the development of fruit growing, vegetable growing and viticulture. Dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding (fine wool), and pig breeding are developed.
The Chechen Republic is located in the south of the European part of Russia, bordering North Ossetia (cm. North Ossetia), Dagestan, Ingushetia, Stavropol Territory (cm. Stavropol region), in the south there is the state border with Georgia (cm. Georgia). The territory of the republic is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (altitude up to 4493 m, Mount Tebulosmta), and on the adjacent Chechen Plain and Terek-Kuma Lowland. Chechnya is rich in oil, gas, and deposits of building materials. The main rivers are Terek and Sunzha. The climate is continental. The average temperature in January is from -3 °C in the Terek-Kuma lowland to -12 °C in the mountains; in July, respectively, +25 °C and +21 °C. Precipitation is 300-1000 mm per year.
On the territory of Chechnya, all transitional types of climates are found, ranging from the temperate continental arid climate of the Terek-Kuma semi-desert and ending with the cold, wet, high-mountain climate of the snowy peaks of the Side Range. The soils on the plain are predominantly meadow, chestnut and light chestnut, in the elevated areas chernozems, in river valleys alluvial and meadow-swamp, in the mountains mountain-forest and mountain-meadow. In the Tersko-Kumskaya lowland there is wormwood-salt grass vegetation, in moist areas there is fescue-feather grass steppe. On the Chechen Plain there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains at an altitude of up to 2200 m there are broad-leaved forests, higher up there are subalpine meadows. Many rodents and reptiles have been preserved. Among the birds - bustard, wild ducks, geese, along the river valleys - Caucasian pheasant. In the mountains - stone and pine martens, brown bear, wild boar, roe deer, wolf, forest cat. In the alpine meadows there are black-headed vultures, mountain turkeys, and Caucasian grouse.
Story
The history of Chechnya is closely connected with the history of Ingushetia. The Chechens and Ingush were a nationality whose representatives called themselves Vainakhs, which means “our people.” In the Middle Ages, the territory of modern Chechnya was part of the Alan state. The Tatar-Mongol invasion and Timur's army caused great damage to the Vainakh lands. In 1810, Ingushetia voluntarily became part of Russia. At the same time, Chechnya resisted the Russian authorities. In the 19th century, the territory of Chechnya became the scene of the Caucasian War. In 1827-1859, imams Gazi-Magomed and Shamil created the Imamate - a theocratic state on the territory of Chechnya and Dagestan. Generals A.P. Ermolov, I.F. Paskevich, M.S. Vorontsov and N.N. Muravyov used against them the tactics of regular siege of mountainous areas, resettlement of highlanders to the plains, creation of fortified lines - Sunzhenskaya line, Grozny fortress (1818) , Sudden (1819), Black Sea line. As a result, the resistance of the mountaineers was broken. In 1859, after the capture of Imam Shamil, Chechnya was annexed to Russia. Most Chechens, tired of the war and the extortions of Shamil's governors, were loyal to Russian rule. As part of the Russian army in the First World War, the Wild Division fought, in which there were many Chechens.
In 1921, Chechnya became part of the Mountain Autonomous Republic. In November 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Region was formed, in 1924 - the Ingush Autonomous Region as part of the RSFSR. In 1934 they were united into the Chechen-Ingushet Autonomous Region, which was transformed in 1936 into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. In 1944, Checheno-Ingushetia was liquidated and the population was forcibly evicted. In 1957, the republic was restored. In November 1990, a declaration on the sovereignty of the republic was adopted, and in 1991 the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Chechen-Ingush Republic.
In September 1991, the sovereignty of the Chechen Republic was announced, and in 1992 the post of president was established, which was occupied by General Dzhokhar Dudayev. These acts were not recognized by the Russian Federation. In December 1994, the armed forces of the Russian Federation were introduced into the territory of Chechnya. The resistance of the Chechen armed forces led to full-scale military action. In August 1996, after the agreements were signed in Khasavyurt, hostilities ceased and federal troops left Chechnya. In accordance with these agreements, the decision on the issue of Chechen independence was postponed for five years.
The new authorities set a course for complete independence of the republic, which led to its isolation and deterioration of the socio-economic situation. Robberies, hostage-taking with demands for ransom, and the capture of people with the aim of enslaving them became widespread. In August 1998, gangs of terrorists invaded Dagestan, proclaiming as their goal the creation of a unified Muslim state in the North Caucasus. Federal troops drove the extremists back into Chechnya and entered its territory to completely eliminate the bandit groups in the fall of 1999. By the spring of 2000, the main extremist forces were pushed into the mountains. Open hostilities ceased, but sporadic terrorist attacks continued.
The Chechen Republic has rich cultural traditions. Founded in 1988, the Argun Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve includes historical, cultural and natural monuments located in the upper reaches of the Sharo-Argun and Chanty-Argun rivers. On the territory of the reserve there are more than 150 tower settlements with hundreds of residential and military towers of varying degrees of preservation. In addition, the reserve includes 20 religious buildings, more than 150 semi-underground and above-ground crypts dating back to the 10th-15th centuries. Many of the architectural complexes of the reserve (Khoisky, Khimoisky, Pakochsky, Maistinsky, Tsekaloisky) represent types of mountain crypt dwellings from the end of the late Middle Ages. Leather and weapons crafts were developed here. On the territory of Chechnya there are about fifty natural monuments, including ten reserves for the protection of certain species of animals and plants. The territory of the republic suffered significantly during the military operations of 1994-2000.
Encyclopedia of tourism Cyril and Methodius. 2008 .
Synonyms:
- Chekhov
- Czech lip
See what “Chechnya” is in other dictionaries:
Chechnya- (Chechen Republic; self-name Ichkeria), in the Russian Federation. The border between Chechnya and Ingushetia is not demarcated (1999). Population 796.9 thousand people (1998), urban 33.6%; Chechens 66%, Russians 24.8%, Ingush 2.3% (1989). 5 cities,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
CHECHNYA- (Chechen Republic), in Russia. The border between Chechnya and Ingushetia is not demarcated (1994). Population is about 1 million people. Capital Grozny. Located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus and on the adjacent Chechen Plain and Terek-Kuma... ... Modern encyclopedia
Chechnya- southerners, Ichkeria Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Chechnya noun, number of synonyms: 3 Ichkeria (1) basket ... Synonym dictionary
Chechnya- CHECHNYA, region in the north. slope of the B. Caucasus, populated primarily. Chechens (now part of the Chech. Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). Ch. was divided into the Greater (elevated) and the Lesser (low-lying); mountain southeast part of Chechnya was called Ichkeria. Since 1839 one of the largest villages... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Chechnya- CHECHNYA, and, well, collected. Southerners, so-called "persons of southern nationality." Chechnya will soon turn the Kremlin walls black. Metonymy; from the name republics in the Caucasus; Poss. understanding the vocalization “Chechnya” by analogy with models such as Jew, garbage, garbage, etc. as ... ... Dictionary of Russian argot
The rich and very complex history of our country contributed to the emergence of modern separate regions of the Russian Federation. Some peoples, under the protection of Russia in the Middle Ages, escaped from constant raids and robberies, others fell into the sphere of expansion and “voluntarily” became part of the Russian state. Few put up fierce resistance and became Russian only after bloody clashes. But there were also regions that were very difficult to form part of Russia. For example, Chechnya is the most freedom-loving and, perhaps, obstinate part of the Caucasus.
Total information
Republic) is currently a relatively small North Caucasian region of the Russian Federation with an area, according to various sources, 15-17 square meters. km. The city of Grozny (Chechen Republic) is the administrative center. The official languages in the region are Chechen and Russian.
Chechnya borders on various regions of the Russian Federation:
- on the western side - with Ingushetia;
- in the northwest - with North Ossetia and the Stavropol Territory;
- in the east there is a large border with Dagestan;
- in the south, the border partially coincides with the state border, reaching the line of contact with Georgia, which was hostile at times.
Administratively, Chechnya consists of seventeen municipal associations and two cities. After the 2007 elections, R. A. Kadyrov became the head of the republic.
The official Chechen flag is a rectangular panel of three unequal horizontal stripes: a green top stripe measuring (standardly) sixty-five centimeters, a white middle stripe ten centimeters wide and a red bottom stripe thirty-five centimeters wide; at the flagpole there is a vertical white stripe with a beautiful Chechen national ornament fifteen centimeters in size. The flag of the Chechen Republic is trimmed with gold fringe along the entire edge. The ratio of the width of the national flag to its length is 2:3.
Population
The population of Chechnya is around one and a half million people. Almost three hundred thousand people live in the largest city of Grozny. The population density today is more than 90 people. per 1 sq. km.
The age distribution of residents is as follows: more than half of the population is of working age, approximately 35% are children, and only 8% are elderly.
In terms of national composition, at the beginning of the nineties, Chechnya is a multinational republic, dominated by Chechens and Russians. But over the past twenty-five years, Chechens have become predominant in the national composition. During many conflicts, the region's large Russian and Russian-speaking population had to flee to other regions. Many died in ethnic cleansing carried out by militants.
Religion
What is the official religion in Chechnya? Chechnya is historically a Muslim region. The main religion is Sunni Islam. Here he received a form of Sufism, spreading through various religious organizations that consist of Muslim groups - vird brotherhoods. The total number of such organizations today exceeds three dozen. Those who believe in Sufism in the Chechen Republic are Sunnis, relying on the main tenets of Islam, but at the same time guided by Sufi customs, believing in their ustaz.
The history and culture of Chechnya are largely based on Islam. Oral Muslim prayers, holy rites, ritual trips to holy places, religious rituals, and so on play a large role in the traditional faith.
Since the beginning of 1992, a new religious movement for the region (Wahhabism) began to spread in Chechnya, acting as a religious and political counterweight to local Islam. The Wahhabis carried out openly expressed ideological activities, which were aimed against Russian society and the state.
Now the activity of Muslim extremists, as well as religious terrorists, is not allowed. There is a rapid development of traditional Islam, which is visible not only in the creation of mosques and Muslim schools, but also in the religious education of modern youth and even in the appearance of the Chechen flag. Traditionalists, in their regular calls and prayers to Muslims, call for common union, spiritual growth, and oppose drug addiction and other bad deeds.
Geographical position
The geographical location of Chechnya is determined primarily by its mountainous terrain. The region contains several separate mountainous structures. This is a significant part of the Terek-Sunzha mountainous area, which consists of two ancient folds of small ridges lying in a latitudinal current. The eastern section of the Tersky ridge is made up of another ridge - the Bragunsky, to the east lies the Gudermes ridge. The eastern territory of the Sunzhensky ridge is occupied by the peculiar Grozny ridge. All mountain structures do not have sharp outlines.
The southern part of the region, called mountainous Chechnya, is located in the Greater Caucasus. All four leading ridges pass here (except for a large number of local mountain linear formations), which are located parallel to the north of the mountainous expanses of the Greater Caucasus Range. The highest mountain in the Eastern Caucasus is located here. Mountain lines are often cut by large gorges with mountain river flows.
But Chechnya is not only mountains. There are several plains and low-lying areas on the territory of the republic. Particularly notable in this regard is the Chechen Plain with good soils - the area with the highest population density in the region. In the flat part of Chechnya, the lands are mostly improved; in the valleys there are many relatively small rivers. In the valleys of these rivers lie small areas of wooded areas.
So when asked where Chechnya is located, we can say that there are mountains and somewhat flat terrain.
Climatic features
The climate of Chechnya these days is directly dependent on the mountainous terrain and warm temperatures. The republic, which is relatively small in territory, is distinguished by a significant number of natural areas: from north to south, the terrain changes from deserted semi-desert to steppe, forest-steppes with plant diversity already appear near the mountains; a little to the south there is a zone of mountain forests, which gradually develops into a mountain-meadow territory, and above there are high-altitude mountain ranges lying above the beginning of the strip of permanent snow. The mountain peaks here are occupied by large glaciers and eternal snow. A clear vertical mountain zonation, manifested in the form of changes in mountain landscapes on the slopes from the base to the peaks, is a common feature for such mountain areas.
However, as we have already said, Chechnya is not only mountains. The local semi-desert covers the relatively small Terek-Kuma lowland. The climate, as expected for such places, is quite dry, the summer season is characterized by high temperatures, and dry winds are common. But the winter is short, with little snow, lasting no more than four months.
A significant area of the lowland part of Chechnya adjoins the forest-steppe zone. There is not much precipitation here - approximately 500-600 mm per year.
In the mountains, part of the territory is occupied by wooded and meadow areas, which allow for nomadic cattle breeding. At the very tops of the mountains of the Side Range there is a zone of eternal snow and glaciation; the weather here is frosty, and strong winds and snow often blow through. Precipitation is mainly in the form of snow.
Economy of modern Chechnya
In Soviet times, the economic sphere of Chechnya has come a long way in development. And today, although the military actions of the past years have brought great devastation, the region has good economic opportunities and sufficient potential. Now the economy of Chechnya is growing. The republic's GNP today reaches over one hundred and fifty billion rubles.
The gross domestic product of the Republic is 23% provided by trade, 20% by social insurance, public administration and security, 10% by agriculture, fishing, forestry, and 14% by construction. The leading branch of agriculture in Chechnya is livestock farming; farming accounts for only 30%. Of industry, 32% of production volume is provided by the mining sector, 60% by the production and distribution of gas, water, and electricity. The fuel and energy complex of Chechnya is dominated by the oil and gas sector.
Unemployment remains an acute problem in Chechnya. In 2010, 235 thousand residents of the region, or 43%, remained without a permanent job. At the same time, there is an annual increase in employment. The average salary in Chechnya is just over twenty-two thousand rubles, the pension is ten and a half thousand rubles.
During the military campaigns, the region's economy suffered significantly. In 2015, Chechnya asked the state to write off the region’s debt of more than 16 billion rubles for electricity and gas for 1999-2009.
The importance of the Chechen Republic in the economy of our country is determined by its complex natural resource conditions: nature, diversity of areas of the agricultural sector, available volumes of raw materials, forest and other resources. The geo-economic situation, the growth of labor potential and the basic traditions of the local population make it possible to talk about the region’s preparedness for serious economic modernization, based on serious financing and innovation. The government of the Chechen Republic strives to further develop the economy of the region.
Chechnya in the nineties
The population of Chechnya experienced a particularly difficult time in the nineties. First, against the backdrop of the collapse of the Soviet Union, independent Chechnya was created, and radical sentiments spread here more and more quickly. Then two Chechen wars took place in a row.
In the early nineties, with the formation of independent Russia, Chechnya became a de facto independent republic. However, in practice the new government structure turned out to be very ineffective. The economy was criminalized in almost all areas, criminal structures carried out business by working with hostages, drug trafficking, oil theft, and the slave trade was openly carried out in the republic.
Everything was heading towards war. The conflict began with the unsuccessful assault on the capital of what was then Chechnya in the fall of 1994. A significant part of the Russian military personnel who were in the city were captured. A poorly organized assault became a prologue to the beginning of a major conflict. A bloody war began, killing thousands of people on both sides of the barricades.
Bad start
Particularly difficult military operations in Chechnya took place in the period from 1995 to 1996. Although the city of Grozny (Chechen Republic) was nevertheless taken by Russian troops. But then the terrorists launched several attacks on Russian territory. For example, on June 14, 1995, Sh. Basayev’s gang occupied a local hospital in the nearby city of Budennovsk (in the neighboring Stavropol Territory) with a demand to remove Russian units from Chechnya and end the war. As a result of negotiations, the terrorists returned the captured hostages to the authorities and retreated to Chechnya without any hindrance.
At the beginning of 1996, militants from another odious leader, Salman Raduev, attacked the Russian city of Kizlyar. At first, the terrorists wanted to destroy the helicopter parking lot and the structures adjacent to it, then they demanded that the war be ended in a short time and Russian units removed from Chechnya. Under the protection of a “live cover” of civilians, the militants retreated from Kizlyar to Pervomaiskoye, where they were blocked by approaching Russian structures. Soon the assault on the city of Pervomaisky began, but the terrorists managed to escape to Chechnya under cover of darkness.
As a result of these actions, the Chechens drove Russian units out of Chechnya. All this was completed by the Khasavyurt agreements, according to which Chechnya became independent. President Maskhadov sought to improve the situation by establishing a purely Muslim rule in the country, but this only turned into new open protests against the authorities.
Second Chechen War
In the fall of 1999, when it was already difficult to understand where Chechnya was and where Russian territory was, the Second Chechen War came, during which it was necessary not only to solve the problems of the first, but also to sort out the accumulated difficulties of recent years. Before the New Year, another assault on Grozny took place. It was very different in nature from the previous operation. Tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, which are sensitive to losses in street battles, did not enter the capital of Chechnya; instead, large artillery and air attacks were used. Much better trained Russian units quickly and effectively defeated the bandits.
On January 13, 2000, bloodless militants left Grozny straight through, losing a lot of manpower. In early February, the city was completely liberated by Russian troops. At the end of the month there was a fierce battle for the last large terrorist base. The terrorist positions were partially destroyed, and the militants themselves were driven out of the territory of Chechnya into the Georgian Republic.
In March of the same year, open fighting ended.
Activities of A. Kadyrov
With the intensification of hostilities in Chechnya in the late nineties, a pro-Russian leadership of Chechnya began to be created. The government of the republic was headed by the then Mufti A. Kadyrov, who went over to the side of the Russian Federation. He managed to somewhat normalize the station in the region. In 2003, a new Constitution of the region appeared, according to which Chechnya became a subject of the Russian Federation. In the same year, presidential elections were held, during which Akhmat Kadyrov won. Chechnya was seething. The first officially elected leader of the republic managed to prove to the population that normal life in Russia is the only possible solution to the conflict. A. Kadyrov took responsibility for the development of his own people. Terrorism dominated the region at that time. Akhmat was at the center of events. He managed to be a true leader of his republic and gain popular love. Kadyrov worked not for the sake of valor, powers or religion, but exclusively for his own people. All his activities were aimed at the successful development of the Chechen Republic. On May 9, 2004, Akhmat Kadyrov was killed in the city of Grozny, he died as a result of a terrorist attack.
Chechnya at the beginning of the twenty-first century
In 2007, after the short reign of A. Alkhanov, Ramzan Kadyrov became the president of the region. Chechnya became calm. Largely thanks to this, in 2009, in connection with the cessation of hostilities, the Russian authorities terminated the anti-terrorist operation regime in the region.
Even then, almost all settlements of the republic were revived. In the practically destroyed Grozny, construction of new residential buildings and religious buildings was underway; sports stadiums, national museums, and monuments were recreated. In 2010, a number of high-rise multifunctional buildings (up to forty-five floors) “Grozny City” were built. Gudermes, the second largest city in Chechnya, underwent extensive reconstruction, and a large number of high-rise buildings were rebuilt. The government of the Chechen Republic, headed by R. Kadyrov, was able to achieve the almost impossible, namely, to calm the region and restore the economy of Chechnya.