“Stirlitz knew that only the last phrase from a conversation is remembered.”
1. LEGEND
Very simple: under the tsar life was good, tasty and satisfying, and under the Bolsheviks it was bad, hungry and cold.
2. HOW WAS IT REALLY THING?
It is stupid to pretend that there was no prostitution, no alcoholism, no suicide in Russia. And all the crimes in it were committed only by Jews and gypsies, and in addition to the activities listed above, the population in it was engaged only in walking on May evenings along the banks of milk rivers.
Stubborn people like to say that in Tsarist Russia there was everything, and there was a lot of everything. They say this on the basis that, they say, the percentage has increased a lot. For example, a couple of years before the record year of 1913, coal increased by almost 300% (coal is the main source of energy at that time, almost like oil now). Only in 1913, 36 million tons of coal began to be mined, and in the British Empire - 292 million tons.
They also like to say that there were a lot of railways. In Russia in 1917 there were 70,260 kilometers of railways, but in the USA already in 1890 there were 263,227 kilometers.
In short, this is a setup no matter what. It’s just that when there is very little of something, and they finally start doing it, the increase in % comes out big. There were two steam boilers, two more were built in a year, and the growth was 100% (be proud!), but in some England, if there were a thousand and they made a hundred in a year, the growth in % will not inspire pride.
If England in 1911 consumed 24 pounds of BREAD per capita, Germany - 27 pounds, and the USA as much as 62 pounds, then Russian consumption was only 21.6 pounds (INCLUDING THAT GOING TO FEED LIVESTOCK). It is necessary to take into account that bread occupied a place in the Russian diet that it did not occupy anywhere else in other countries. In rich countries of the world, such as the USA, England, Germany and France, bread was replaced by meat and dairy products and fish, both fresh and canned.
Our country was huge and rich, with more people living in it than in any country except China and the British Empire. And this country was agrarian and backward.
“It’s scary to say what kind of hardships a recruit sometimes undergoes before serving. About 40 percent of recruits ate meat almost for the first time upon entering military service. During the service, a soldier eats, in addition to good bread, excellent meat soup and porridge, i.e. Many people no longer have a clue about the village...”
“A population that exists from hand to mouth, and often simply starvation, cannot produce strong children, especially if we add to this the unfavorable conditions in which, in addition to lack of nutrition, a woman finds herself during pregnancy and after it.”
//Sokolov D.A., Grebenshchikov V.I. Mortality in Russia and the fight against it. St. Petersburg, 1901.
“We send wheat, good, clean rye abroad, to the Germans, who will not eat any rubbish. We burn the best, clean rye for wine, and the worst rye, with fluff, fire, seaweed and all the waste we get when cleaning rye for distilleries - this is what the peasant eats. But not only does the peasant eat the worst bread, he is also malnourished."
//Engelgardt A.N. From the village. 12 letters. 1872–1887.
By the way, the USSR sold fodder to Germany. I hope you know what forage is.
Now let’s try to briefly assess the bright prospects of the Russian Empire (hereinafter referred to as RI).
In 1913, the entire state budget was 3.4 billion rubles. This is less than 19 rubles per capita per year. And this is FOR EVERYTHING!!! Almost a third of the budget went to military spending. This is relatively double what the USSR had at the height of the Cold War. French banks provided loans for the construction of railways on the condition that they would be built under the control of French staff officers. So that we could at least mobilize.
And in 1917, the debt of the Republic of Ingushetia was: total - 48 billion, and in its composition external - 7.2 billion (this despite the fact that the state budget was 3.4 billion rubles).
Now it remains to note that even before the revolution, most enterprises were either owned by the state or by foreign capital. That most of the orders from industry, even in peacetime, are orders from the military department. That the country had an extremely sparse network of railways and that from the mid-19th century the construction of paved roads practically ceased.
So, what were the prospects for RI? About the same as those of the Qing Empire before the Opium Wars. But then the damned Bolsheviks intervened... Or rather, first there was a war.
3. BEARERS OF THE LEGEND
Do you think that a participant in the Russo-Japanese War or the First World War will be able to convey to his descendants in Soviet Russia the idea of how good it was under the Tsar? In principle, it could, but it’s unlikely, because...
In general, in 1913, life expectancy in various countries was: Great Britain - 52 years, Japan - 51, France - 50, USA - 50, Germany - 49, Italy - 47, China - 30, India - 23 years. In Russia - 30.5 years.
Under the “damned” Bolsheviks, life expectancy, however, began to increase:
From 32 years old in 1917, to 47 years old in 1939, and 71 years old in 1985. (and then the fall).
Thus, the most vivid and clear, and most importantly, massive reviews of what it was like under the tsar could be given by those who were born in the last 10-15 years of tsarism, i.e. at the turn of the century.
Unclear? I explain:
Hard workers from the peasantry, who had starved more than once, and knew what a pound was worth in 1890. – in 1920 there was little.
There are many young people who saw the last years of tsarism and the first years of Soviet power. And it was they who gave birth to the legend that everything was good under the tsar.
The most interesting thing is that they are right in their own way: things were really good under the Tsar. But not for long.
4. "Stirlitz Rule"
Just the facts:
1st. 1911-1913 were relatively prosperous for the empire.
2-e. Russia was an export-oriented and agricultural country. The slogan of the famous Tsarist Minister of Finance I.A. Vyshnegradsky: “We don’t have enough to eat, but we’ll sell it” was carried out purposefully. There was starvation in the country, but they sold bread.
3-e. 90% of Russian exports went through the Black Sea. And after the breakthrough of the German battle cruisers Goeben and Breslau into the Black Sea and the entry into Turkey, exports dried up.
4th. What will happen to prices for fuel and lubricants in Russia if oil exports are cut off? Prices will be very low for a couple of years. But until the wells are mothballed or oil production is reduced to an economically viable level.
What happened to food prices in an ever-starving country when the export of this food from the country stopped? Bread in 1914 - 1916 there were many in the country.
Thus, in 1914 all exports were closed, and surplus goods in warehouses went to the domestic market. For the economy, this is a death extended over time, but for the population, in the short term, it is not bad.
5th. A lot of the able-bodied population was called up to the front, and consequently the cost of hired labor rose. And a special time has come for highly qualified hard workers, because... there were very, very few of them, and therefore, they were not threatened by conscription, but good earnings at the factory were threatened.
6th. A bunch of “nice things” that had previously been purchased in Germany now had to be made ourselves, and this is how, for example, the Izhevsk “proletarians” rose greatly.
But such a scam could not last long - and already in 1916. (even under the king) everything started to get worse and worse.
February revolution 1917 began with shortages of bread, and the surplus appropriation system was introduced under the tsar.
And then - the end of tsarism, 2 revolutions, 5 years of civil war, and hard work to combat devastation, reduce the country's backlog - in short, hard work, and modest life, but by 1939. The average life expectancy in the country was 39 years, compared to 32 in 1917. and 27 years old 1898
However, the line in the minds of many young people of that time between the last 6 years of the king’s reign and the first 6 years when he passed away remained.
The Tsarskaya Square residential complex is a combination of a comfortable living environment, the heritage of the history of the city of Moscow, non-trivial architecture and the most modern technologies. This business class house will be the place where you will want to return again and again.
Location of the residential complex
The residential complex “Tsarskaya Square” is located at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, building 31. The location of the complex is convenient from the point of view of both infrastructure and road construction.
You can get there either by public transport or by private car. In the first case, a resident just needs to walk to the Belorussky railway station or to the Dynamo Moscow metro station. Leningradsky Prospekt runs next to the house, from where you can go towards the center via Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street or through the Third Transport Ring, as well as to the suburbs via Volokolamskoye Highway. In addition to these directions, the presented roads allow you to get to any point in the city and suburbs.
Infrastructure of the Tsarskaya Square residential complex
The interior arrangement of the complex is thought out to the smallest detail - there are confectionery shops, a grocery store, a fitness center, and a restaurant. Within walking distance from the residential complex there are numerous schools and lyceums, a large shopping center "Aviapark", and clinics.
A special feature of the Tsarskaya Square residential complex is the designed green area, which will be equipped for pedestrians with cozy boulevards, large lawns, intricate architectural complexes, fountains, and in the winter season residents will be able to use an ice skating rink. The ecology of the area where the residential complex is located is also at a high level in comparison with other microdistricts of the city, even despite its proximity to major highways and constant car traffic. The proximity to the Petrovsky Park complex makes living in the residential complex even more comfortable and useful.
Architecture and apartment options
The historical location of the complex prompted the developer to come up with a bright concept, linking the names of the buildings to the history of Russia - Ekaterininsky, Alexandrovsky, Romanovsky and Petrovsky.
Speech has developed an interesting architectural solution. The base of the new residential complex will be which was built in the 80s of the 19th century in honor of the All-Russian Exhibition of Industry and Art, where the greatest achievements of the Russian Empire of that time were exhibited. In honor of the arrival of the royal family, a special pavilion was built, which has survived to this day. It is he who will become the inspiration for architects in the design of both the pompous interior and elegant exterior of the residential complex.
The construction of four buildings of the Tsarskaya Square residential complex in Moscow is taking place in two stages of delivery: one in 2017, and the other in 2018. The estimated date for full completion of the residential complex is 2019. Therefore, you can purchase a new home at any time. You can buy an apartment now in the Aleksandrovsky and Ekaterininsky buildings for every taste: there are apartments and apartments, from studios to 4-room residential areas. You can find the best solution both for living alone and for the location of the whole family - the area of the apartments varies from 30 to 107 square meters, depending on their type. The starting price is 6 million, and the highest is about thirty million rubles for the largest living space with fairly good finishing in spacious rooms.
About definitions
IX. Why is He called “Firstborn”
Because He was the first to rise from hell, just as we will be resurrected at His second coming. But if Lazarus and the daughter of Jairus, and many others, were resurrected before Him, why was not one of them called the firstborn? - Because after they rose from the dead, they died again. Christ, having risen, died no more. And everything that was with Him will be with us in the resurrection. For He was the first to rise from the dead by an incorruptible resurrection, which we also hope to taste in the future and which does not accept death.
X. What is a word and how many meanings does it have?
The word is of three types: 1) the essential word, that is, the Word, 2) the internal word, that is, angelic, and also pronounced in our mind, and 3) the word spoken through the tongue, which is called the messenger of thought.
XI. What does the word mean] Christian
A true Christian is a reasonable house of Christ, consisting of good deeds and correct teachings. A heretic is one who oppresses and blasphemes the truth. The false assumption of something that does not exist is heresy. The unchangeable is that which always exists in the same way. The natural is that which rests in nature, or that which is true, which is truly known. The anti-natural is that which God did not create as such [as it is now], or that which He did not create at all, such as death. In man there are called three [ways of existence]: in accordance with nature, anti-natural, supernatural. For example, what is in accordance with nature is marriage, what is contrary to nature is fornication, and what surpasses nature is virginity. Also, wealth acquired justly is in accordance with nature, covetousness is contrary to nature, and non-acquisitiveness is beyond nature. Likewise, eating food in moderation is in accordance with nature, gluttony is contrary to nature, and fasting is in excess of nature. In the same way, according to nature, calmness, anxiety is contrary to nature, and love for enemies surpasses nature. So it is in other cases. Etymology is the correct interpretation of the power of a name, derived from the very meaning [of it]. Like for example [when asked]: where does the word come from? world? - From what calms the mind, like anxiety comes from [the phrase] “to be easily embarrassed,” and wandering because “the mind maneuvers.” Prudence- either from [the phrase] “to think about the whole,” or from [the expression] “to protect the body from defilement.” Fornication- either from the “burning of youth”, or from a “damaged”, or “blinded mind”, or from [the expression] “lean to one side”. And similar in everything else. The body, consisting of elements, undergoes decomposition and disappears. Therefore, the bodies of both people and animals, consisting of the four elements, I mean earth, water, fire and air, are easily subject to decay and death. And that which is composed of them constantly arises and is destroyed, when the combination of the elements disintegrates, and each one is added to its natural place. The elements themselves, being simple and without composition, have strength and indestructibility until the end of [the age].
XII. About the soul
We will say about the soul that it has five affects, which are called mental affects. They are: anger, sadness, fear, concern and envy. With common sense, you can restrain them. The soul itself is hot, like a blazing fire. Just as fire burns what is thrown into a pot, so the fiery soul crushes incoming food in the belly and digests [it]. The soul is called so not because its essence is cold, as some of the simpletons believed, but because it turns moisture into steam due to intense heat, as is clearly the case with the action of the sun, which evaporates moisture with heat, for it (the sun) , being heat and being fiery, dries out the swamp and evaporates all the water. You can understand that the soul is heat by nature from the example of the dying. Indeed, at the time when the soul is separated from the body, all members become cold and frozen, no worse than from the winter cold. When the soul has food in sufficient quantities, the body blooms and grows stronger. When [the soul] needs food, it begins to eat and destroy the body itself. After all, a body cannot withstand the heat of the soul without food, just as a copper vessel standing in a furnace cannot withstand the power of fire without water, and therefore it dries out and is completely destroyed. Likewise, a vessel of the body that does not have food, being burned by the fiery soul, is completely destroyed. And if someone argues with you about the soul, ask him: “Tell me, is the human soul in the whole body or in some part of it?” If he tells you that in the whole body, tell him: “And how [can it happen that] they cut off a person’s arm or leg and do not cut off part of the soul, but the person lives again and does not die?” If he answers: “It is in one place,” say again: “How do the other parts of a person live without a soul? And how can a person have an inanimate member of the body? And how can he live without a soul? After all, everything that doesn’t have a soul is dead, and you don’t know what you’re saying.” I tell you in what place, how and where the soul is placed. It is placed in three parts of the body, and just as a ray of the sun is directed to one place and, entering [part of] a house, illuminates the whole house, so the soul, being placed in three parts of the body, gives life to the whole house of the body. The soul inhabits the heart, the back of the head, which is called the goblet, and the royal veins. The soul lives in these three parts. Therefore, while the heart is pierced, or a lot of blood flows from the royal vein, or the head is struck and cut off with a sword, the soul is immediately separated from the body and the body becomes dead. The soul living in these three parts imparts its own life force to the whole body.
‹ Questions for the priest ‹ "Royal Veins""Royal Veins"
Date: 02/25/2011 at 09:28God bless you, Father Andrey!
On the question that supposedly the soul is in the heart, mind and royal veins. I could have read this either from St. I. Brianchaninov, or from Father Guria (“Radiant Father” or in the book “Given by God”). Here are the sources where I could have read this, but I don’t remember exactly. I don’t trust other (dubious, unverified) sources. Well, in the end, maybe this is someone’s private opinion (from what I read), but it does not contradict the canons of the Church. Please forgive me for disturbing you.
No, it doesn't contradict: "...so the soul, dwelling in three parts of the body, illuminates the entire house of the body. It dwells in the heart, in the highest part of the head and in the royal veins. The soul lives in these three parts. For this reason, at the hour when it is struck head or heart, or when blood flows out in greater quantities from the royal vein, the soul is immediately separated from the body, and the body is made dead. The soul, truly inhabiting these three parts, pours out the action of its power throughout the whole body. The opinion expressed by St. Athanasius the Great, the most enlightened man of his time, worthy of special attention."(St. Ignatius Brianchaninov “The Word on Death”). This is probably true, and by royal veins, I think they meant arteries. God bless you!
The problem of authorship. The treatise PerЂ Pron (“On Definitions”) was for a long time attributed to St. Athanasius the Great, although it was placed in the category of spuria (false writings) in Min’s patrolology. In a brief preface to it, the publishers noted that its falsity is visible both from the reference to St. Gregory of Nyssa, and from the style and peculiarities of the use of words and expressions. In Clavis Patrum Graecorum (“Key of the Greek Fathers”) this treatise is also attributed to St. Athanasius the Great. Nevertheless, it is reported there that there is a different review of the definitions by the Monk Anastasius Sinaite (c. 675–753) in the “Guide” (`OdhgХj, see PG 89, 52–88). After even a superficial comparison of the “Guide” with the content of the treatise “On Definitions”, it turns out that the latter is a paraphrase, in some places verbatim, of the second chapter of the “Guide”, given with some abbreviations. This is indicated by almost the same content (only some points are missing or changed places), the presence of the above-mentioned reference to St. Gregory of Nyssa in the “Guide,” the same etymological calculations, and much more. In all likelihood, the second chapter of the “Guide” served as a model for the creation of the treatise “On Definitions”. Nevertheless, these facts do not exclude the possibility that the author of the treatise “On Definitions” did not simply retell a chapter from the “Guide” word for word, but independently revised and supplemented it. The last part of the treatise “On Definitions” about the soul is completely absent in the second chapter of the “Guide”. Thus, with a certain degree of probability, it is possible to exclude St. Athanasius the Great from the number of possible authors of the treatise PerЂ Pron, as well as other authors who lived before the 7th century. The true author of the treatise “On Definitions” is most likely the Monk Anastasius of Sinaite or someone from his inner circle.
I.
1. Various definitions, according to the tradition and faith of the Universal Church, collected from Clement and other reverend men and blessed Fathers, which should be studied before all other sciences and in them taught to a person who wants, with the help of God, to be guided by the Word of truth, who thinks about everything Orthodoxy, who has pure faith into God.
2. In relation to accurate tradition, one should know that every sought-after or question has three [aspects] of research and investigation: what this thing is, according to what it is called that way, and [how many meanings] this concept has. And when we ask “what is it,” it is obvious that we are looking for the definition of a thing, and whenever we say “why is it called that,” we turn to the etymology of the concept. When we say, “[how many meanings] does this concept have,” it is clear that we are looking for distinctive features of this concept. Of course, [every person] who tries to assert something about determinations outside the [concept of] species is no different from a blind traveler wandering first in one direction and then in the other. So, it should be said how research is carried out according to the three above-mentioned methods.
IX. Why is He called “Firstborn”
Because He was the first to rise from hell, just as we will be resurrected at His second coming. But if Lazarus and the daughter of Jairus, and many others, were resurrected before Him, why was not one of them called the firstborn? - Because after they rose from the dead, they died again. Christ, having risen, died no more. And everything that was with Him will be with us in the resurrection. For He was the first to rise from the dead by an incorruptible resurrection, which we also hope to taste in the future and which does not accept death.
X. What is a word and how many meanings does it have?
The word is of three types: 1) the essential word (™noЪsioj), that is, God the Word, 2) the internal word (™ndiЈqetoj), that is, angelic, and also pronounced in our mind, and 3) the spoken word (proforikХj) through the tongue, which is called the messenger of thought.
XI. What does the word mean] Christian
A true Christian is a reasonable house of Christ, consisting of good deeds and correct teachings. A heretic is one who oppresses and blasphemes the truth. The false assumption of something that does not exist is heresy. The unchangeable is that which always exists in the same way. The natural is that which rests in nature, or that which is true, which is truly known. The anti-natural is that which God did not create as such [as it is now], or that which He did not create at all, such as sin and death. In man there are three [ways of existence]: in accordance with nature (tХ kat¦ fЪsin), anti-natural (tХ par¦ fЪsin), supernatural (tХ Шпќr fЪsin). For example, what is in accordance with nature is marriage, what is contrary to nature is fornication, and what surpasses nature is virginity. Also, wealth acquired justly is in accordance with nature, covetousness is contrary to nature, and non-acquisitiveness is beyond nature. Likewise, eating food in moderation is in accordance with nature, gluttony is contrary to nature, and fasting is in excess of nature. In the same way, according to nature, calmness, anxiety is contrary to nature, and love for enemies surpasses nature. So it is in other cases. Etymology is the correct interpretation of the power of a name, derived from the very meaning [of it]. Like for example [when asked]: where does the word come from? world(e„r"nh)? - From what calms the mind (єreme‹n tХn noаn), as well as anxiety(taracѕ) comes from [the phrase] “easily embarrassed” (tХ·ґon ce‹sqai), and wandering(plЈnh) because “the mind maneuvers” (plagiЈzein tХn noаn). Prudence(swfrosЪnh) - either from [the phrase] “to think about the whole” (sоa fron‹n), or from [the expression] “to protect the body from defilement” ( tХ soma froure‹n ўpХ ·Ъpou). Fornication(porne...a) - either from the “burning of youth” (puroаn tѕn neТthta), or from a “damaged” or “blinded mind” ( phroаn, Ажj ™ktufloаn tХn noаn), or from [the expression] “to lean to the side” (pТё·wqen neЪein). And similar in everything else. The body, consisting of elements, undergoes decomposition and disappears. Therefore, the bodies of both people and animals, consisting of the four elements, I mean earth, water, fire and air, are easily subject to decay and death. And that which is composed of them constantly arises and is destroyed, when the combination of the elements disintegrates, and each one is added to its natural place. The elements themselves, being simple and without composition, have strength and indestructibility until the end of [the age].
XII. About the soul
We will say about the soul that it has five affects, which are called mental affects. They are: anger, sadness, fear, concern and envy. With common sense, you can restrain them. The soul itself is hot, like a blazing fire. Just as fire burns what is thrown into a pot, so the fiery (puridhj) soul crushes incoming food in the belly and digests [it]. The soul (yucs) is called so not because its essence is cold (yucrXn), as some of the simpletons believed, but because it turns moisture into steam due to intense heat, as is clearly the case with the action of the sun, which evaporates moisture with heat , for it (the sun), being heat and being fiery, dries up the swamp and evaporates all the water. You can understand that the soul is heat by nature from the example of the dying. Indeed, at the time when the soul is separated from the body, all members become cold and frozen, no worse than from the winter cold. When the soul has food in sufficient quantities, the body blooms and grows stronger. When [the soul] needs food, it begins to eat and destroy the body itself. After all, a body cannot withstand the heat of the soul without food, just as a copper vessel standing in a furnace cannot withstand the power of fire without water, and therefore it dries out and is completely destroyed. Likewise, a vessel of the body that does not have food, being burned by the fiery soul, is completely destroyed. And if someone argues with you about the soul, ask him: “Tell me, is the human soul in the whole body or in some part of it?” If he tells you that in the whole body, tell him: “And how [can it happen that] they cut off a person’s arm or leg and do not cut off part of the soul, but the person lives again and does not die?” If he answers: “It is in one place,” say again: “How do the other parts of a person live without a soul? And how can a person have an inanimate member of the body? And how can he live without a soul? After all, everything that doesn’t have a soul is dead, and you don’t know what you’re saying.” I tell you in what place, how and where the soul is placed. It is placed in three parts of the body, and just as a ray of the sun is directed to one place and, entering [part of] a house, illuminates the whole house, so the soul, being placed in three parts of the body, gives life to the whole house of the body. The soul inhabits the heart, the back of the head, which is called the goblet (kТtulon), and the royal veins. The soul lives in these three parts. Therefore, while the heart is pierced, or a lot of blood flows from the royal vein, or the head is struck and cut off with a sword, the soul is immediately separated from the body and the body becomes dead. The soul living in these three parts imparts its own life force to the whole body.