Lesson objectives:
educational:
To give students knowledge about the history of the Red Army in the 20s-30s, to introduce students to the most talented representatives of the military elite of the 30s, whose activities, views and ideas largely determined the future victories of the Soviet army, but were not worthy appreciated by the Stalinist leadership.
educational:
Instilling in students a negative attitude towards the totalitarian regime. Show how dangerous the absence of democratic institutions and the establishment of the cult of one person is for society and the state.
developing:
Teach students to critically analyze the source of historical information (characterize the authorship of the source, time, circumstances and purposes of its creation);
distinguish between facts and opinions in historical information,
students mastering the skills of searching, systematizing and comprehensive analysis of historical information;
formulate your own position on the issues under discussion, using historical information for argumentation;
Lesson equipment:
- Computer
- Multimedia presentation “The Red Army in the 30s of the 20th century” (Appendix 1)
- Packages of documents with questions for their analysis (Appendix 2, Appendix 3, Appendix 4)
Plan for studying a new topic:
- What changes are taking place in the Soviet armed forces in the 30s in connection with the growing aggressive intentions of potential opponents of the USSR?
- The most prominent representatives of the military elite of the 30s, their relationships.
- The beginning of repression in the army. What is the real reason for the repression? Why was Stalin not afraid to destroy the best commanders of the Red Army on the eve of the war?
Learning new material
1. What changes are taking place in the Soviet armed forces in the 30s in connection with the growing aggressive intentions of potential opponents of the USSR
Teacher's story:
In the second half of the 1930s, vol. The Red Army was experiencing serious changes. Profound changes were taking place in the structure of the Soviet Armed Forces. As the military danger grew, the size and technical equipment of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army grew. If by the beginning of the 1930s. in terms of the quality of weapons it was at the level of the Civil War, then by the end of this decade the situation had changed radically.
A) The transformation of the USSR into an industrial power made it possible to equip the army with a sufficient number of modern weapons.
b) Until the mid-1930s. The Red Army was built on the basis of a mixed system. Due to limited financial resources and material resources, our country could not maintain a large personnel army.
If by the end of the Civil War 5 million people served in the army, then after the military reform of the mid-1920s. About 600 thousand Red Army soldiers and commanders remained in it. In the 1930s the number of military personnel grew slowly. But well-trained personnel divisions constituted only a small core of the army, and the remaining divisions were territorial, those. were recruited from citizens conscripted for short-term military training. The soldiers of the territorial units worked most of the time in the national economy and once every few years military training took place. Naturally, the level of combat training of the technical units was significantly lower than that of the personnel units. This was shown by the very first military conflicts in which they happened to participate.
“Our territorial divisions were extremely poorly prepared,” recalled Marshal G.K. Zhukov. - The human material on which they were deployed to full strength was poorly trained, had neither an idea of modern combat nor experience in interacting with artillery and tanks. In terms of training, our territorial units could not be compared with the personnel ones.”
In the conditions of the approaching war, such a situation could not be tolerated. It was necessary to transfer the entire army to a personnel position(completed 1939: universal conscription introduced).
c) To effectively use new opportunities, it was also necessary to increase the professional level of the commanders of the Red Army.
In 1935 and 1936 grandiose military maneuvers took place in Ukraine and Belarus, during which the interaction of various types of troops was worked out, for the first time tanks, aviation, and airborne troops were used on such a scale. Military representatives of European countries invited to the maneuvers were amazed by the scope of the exercises, the clarity and coherence of the troops’ actions. Commanded the Ukrainian Military District Jonah Emmanuilovich Yakir(Slide No. 12), and Belarusian - Hieronymus Petrovich Uborevich(Slide No. 13) These were active participants in the Civil War, who successfully commanded divisions and armies, and during the peace period became military leaders on a large scale.
G) In 1935, personal military ranks were established, and new uniforms and insignia were introduced. (Slide No. 2)
Highest military rank "Marshal of the Soviet Union" was awarded to the five most popular military leaders: K.E. Voroshilov, S.M. Budyonny, M.N. Tukhachevsky, A.I. Egorov and V.K. Blucher. (Slide No. 3)
Five steel 1st rank army commanders: I.P. Belov (Slide No. 9), S.S. Kamenev (Slide No. 10), B.M. Shaposhnikov (Slide No. 11), I.E. Yakir (Slide No. 12), I.P. Uborevich (Slide No. 13).
In addition to five marshals and five 1st rank army commanders, approximately 750 more military personnel were awarded the rank of senior command personnel. (10 people became army commanders of the 2nd rank, 62 - corps commanders, 201 - division commanders, 474 - brigade commanders). It was these people who were to command brigades, divisions, corps, armies and fronts in a future war. In addition, the senior command included 16 army commissars of the 1st and 2nd ranks, 30 corps, 130 division and 304 brigade commissars; Coringengineers, 16 Divintendants, 100 Brigintendants, Corintendents, 23 Divintendants, 44 Brigintendants; 1 military lawyer, 3 military lawyer, 21 division military lawyer, 99 brigade military lawyer and 84 military doctors.
However, most of them did not have to participate in the Great Patriotic War, because they died during the Yezhovshchina.
e) The growing army needed qualified officers. To prepare them in the 1930s The network of military educational institutions was expanded.
New military academies opened:
artillery, military engineering, military chemical, electrical engineering, as well as the academy of mechanization and motorization. Started work in 1936 Military Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army, intended for the training of senior command personnel.
By the beginning of 1937, personnel for the army were being trained 12 military academies and 1 veterinary institute, where 11 thousand students studied simultaneously.
Over the previous 12 years, the academies trained 13 thousand commanders and other specialists with higher military education, and military schools trained 134,700 junior officers. As a result, by the beginning of 1937, there were 206 thousand command and control personnel in the Red Army. Of the command, military-technical and medical personnel, 90% had completed military education, and among the military-administrative and political personnel, the level of education ranged from 43 to 50%.
The figures characterizing the educational level of the command staff were good, but in subsequent years, when its number increased several times and repression fell on the old cadres, these indicators deteriorated significantly.
2. The most prominent representatives of the military elite of the 30s, their relationships.
Presentation work ( Annex 1)
The teacher invites the students to name the names of those military leaders they have heard about and know something about. Then the teacher introduces the rest of the class. He notes what positions each of them held in the 20-30s, who was repressed, and what happened to those who escaped repression.
K.E. Voroshilov (1881-1969)- During the Civil War, commissar of the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1925-1934. - People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs (until 1925 this post was held by L.D. Trotsky (1879-1940)), Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. 1934-1940 - People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, from 1940 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a member of the State Defense Committee and a representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on a number of fronts. At the beginning of the war he showed a complete inability to lead troops. In 1953-1960 - Chairman of the Presidium, and since 1960 - member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
S.M. Budyonny (1883-1973)– During the Civil War he commanded the 1st Cavalry Army (1919-1923). Later in command positions in the Red Army, deputy and first deputy people's commissar of defense. In 1941-1942. - commanded troops of a number of fronts and directions, then the cavalry of the Red Army. Since January 1943, commander of the cavalry of the Soviet Army and member. Supreme Military Council of the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and in 1947-53 at the same time deputy. Minister of Agriculture for Horse Breeding. From May 1953 to September 1954, cavalry inspector.
Egorov A.AND. (1883-1939)
– Graduated from the Junker Infantry School. Member of the First World War (Colonel). After the October Revolution he went over to the side of the Soviet regime. Participant in the Civil War. Then Chief of the General Staff, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. Marshal of the Soviet Union. Shot with a group of military leaders. Rehabilitated posthumously.
V.K.Blyukher (1890-1938)– In 1920-1922 - Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. The first holder of the Order of the Red Banner. After the Civil War - at senior command posts in the army. In 1929-1938 - Commander of the Separate Far Eastern Army. In 1938 he was arrested and executed
M.N.Tukhachevsky (1893-1937)- From the nobles. Graduated from a military school. Participant of the First World War (guard second lieutenant). First 1918 - in the Red Army. After the Civil War of 1918-20, he took an active part in carrying out the Military Reform of 1924-25. He was the head of the Military Academy of the Red Army (1921), commander of the troops of the Western Military District, from 1924 assistant chief, and from November 1925 to May 1928 chief of staff of the Red Army.
From May 1928 to June 1931 he commanded the troops of the Leningrad Military District. From 1931, Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Chief of Arms of the Red Army, from 1934 Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, from 1936 1st Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and Head of the Combat Training Department.
He played a major role in the technical re-equipment of the Red Army, changing the organizational structure of the troops, in the development of new types of troops and types of armed forces - aviation, mechanized and airborne troops, the Navy, in the training of command and political personnel.
He initiated the creation of a number of independent military academies - mechanization and motorization, etc.
Author of many books, articles and reports containing a system of strategy, views on modern war and which had a significant influence on the development of military thought and the practice of military development. Contributed to the development of strategy, operational art, tactics and military science in general; emphasized the need to prepare the army for a long, protracted war.
The activities of Tukhachevsky, especially in the posts of chief of armaments and deputy people's commissar of defense, were of great importance in the field of organizational and technical preparation of the USSR Armed Forces for a future war. In May 1937, Tukhachevsky was arrested on charges of organizing a conspiracy in the Red Army. On June 11, Tukhachevsky was sentenced to death, the execution took place the next day.
In 1957, Tukhachevsky was rehabilitated.
Belov I.P. (1893-1938)– Army commander 1st rank (1935). The son of a poor peasant. Participant of the 1st World War, non-commissioned officer. In 1919, commander-in-chief of the troops of the Turkestan Republic. He successfully fought against the Basmachi detachments, using their own terrorist methods against them. In 1938, he was arrested as commander of the troops of the Belarusian Military District. Sentenced to death. Shot. In 1956 he was rehabilitated.
Kamenev S.S. (1881-1936) – Commander of the 1st rank (1935). Member of the CPSU since 1930. Born into the family of a military engineer. He graduated from the Alexander Military School (1900) and the General Staff Academy (1907). During the 1st World War 1914-18 in staff positions. At the beginning of 1918 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. From 1918 to 1919 he successfully commanded the troops of the Eastern Front, then during the defense and offensive against Kolchak’s troops in 1919. From 1919 to 1924 - Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic. Since 1934, head of the air defense department and at the same time a member of the Military Council under the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR. He died on August 25, 1936 from a heart attack.
B.M. Shaposhnikov (1882-1945)– In military service since 1901. Participant of the First World War (Colonel), in the Red Army since 1918. During the Civil War and after its end - on staff and military teaching work. During the Great Patriotic War - Chief of the General Staff, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense. Marshal of the Soviet Union. He made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of building the Armed Forces of the USSR.
AND.E. Yakir (1896-1937)– Participant in the Civil War. At the end of the 1920s. studied at the German military academy. For 12 years he commanded the Ukrainian Military District. Over a long period of time, he studied well all the commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments, was familiar with their families, and was constantly aware of their official and everyday problems. The commander established informal friendly relations with many of his subordinates. Yakir tried not to take strangers into his district, especially cavalrymen. Many subordinates were devoted to their commander and were ready to follow him into battle. In 1935-1936 The Politburo made decisions on the appointments of Yakir and Uborevich, as the most talented commanders of the two leading military districts, to senior positions in the central apparatus of the NPO. Yakir resigned from the post of Chief of the General Staff. Repressed in 1937
AND.P. Uborevich (1896-1937) - Participant in the Civil War. At the end of the 1920s. studied at the German military academy. In 1930, he was appointed 1st Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Then commander of the Belarusian Military District. A born commander and educator of troops, Uborevich introduced all the latest achievements of military science and practice into combat training, and could not stand self-satisfied ignoramuses who did not want to improve their professional level, whose only advantage was their worker-peasant origin. He insisted in every possible way on the need for constant study, demanded to educate a cultured commander, which caused extreme irritation among former sergeants, who believed that they had already reached the utmost heights in the art of war.
At the same time, in the Belarusian district, under the leadership of Uborevich, talented commanders grew up who became prominent commanders of the Great Patriotic War: future marshals G.K. Zhukov, I.S. Konev, K.A. Meretskov and others.
Uborevich perfectly mastered the art of operational tactics. “He was a military man in the full sense of the word,” wrote Marshal G.K. Zhukov. “Appearance, ability to behave, ability to briefly express his thoughts - everything said that I.P. Uborevich is an extraordinary military leader.”
In 1935-1936 Uborevich refused the post of Deputy People's Commissar of Defense for Aviation. Some corps corps and army commanders considered this behavior an open demonstration of dissatisfaction and reluctance to work with Voroshilov. Both Yakir and Uborevich, among their comrades, spoke disrespectfully about the People's Commissar, and believed that they were undeservedly bypassed by not awarding them the rank of marshals. In 1937 he was repressed.
Y.B.Gamarnik (1884-1937) – Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, head of the Political Department of the Red Army. Committed suicide in 1937
A.I.Cork (1887-1937)–
military expert, commander of armies during the Civil War, commander of the 2nd rank (1935), head of the Frunze Military Academy of the Red Army, member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1927. During the 1st World War he held staff positions, lieutenant colonel. Shot during repressions in the Red Army (1937).
V.M. Primakov (1897-1937)– In 1914 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. Awarded two Orders of the Red Banner (1920, 1921). Maintained discipline through punitive measures. He received his education at the Higher Military Academic Courses (1923). In 1933-1935 - deputy. Commander of the North Caucasus Military District, Deputy. inspector of higher military educational institutions. Since 1935 deputy Commander of the Leningrad Military District. In 1937 he was sentenced to death. Shot. In 1957 he was rehabilitated.
To understand how relationships developed among the senior command staff of the Red Army in the 1930s, and why the most talented of them were repressed, students are invited to independently analyze the following evidence belonging to one of the most talented military leaders, Jerome Petrovich Uborevich: Appendix 2.
The teacher summarizes the discussion of the source. And he gives additional facts characterizing the relationship in the Red Army:
Komkor I.S. Kutyakov mentioned in his diary about one such case: “On March 2, 1936, Marshal Tukhachevsky led an almost 100% decisive attack on Vor. + Egor. + Yakir + Uborevich.” This can be understood in such a way that on this day Tukhachevsky criticized the policy pursued by Voroshilov and was supported in this by Marshal A.I. Egorov and 1st Rank Army Commanders I.E. Yakir and I.P. Uborevich. Kutyakov’s conclusion about Voroshilov’s role in the development of the Red Army was merciless: “March 75, 1937 Kuibyshev. As long as the “iron” is in charge, as long as there will be stupidity, sycophancy and everything stupid will be held in high esteem, everything smart will be humiliated.”
Everyone in the army knew about the constant disagreements on issues of military theory and practice between the amateur Voroshilov and his deputy Tukhachevsky, who was a recognized military theorist. Stalin skillfully played on these contradictions, supporting one or the other.
It must be said that the command staff of the Red Army in the 1930s. continued to secretly divide into unique communities that competed with each other. This goes back to the Civil War. Former Chapaevites, Shchorsovites, Kotovoites, Primakovites, Budennovites gathered separately from others from time to time, remembering the past, discussing the current situation in the army. There was hidden rivalry and the promotion of people from their own group to command positions. However, relations within these groups were not idyllic. The veterans could not share their past glory; they considered themselves to have been left out of awards and positions. At times their rivalry intensified, and Stalin skillfully took advantage of this.
In senior military circles, the idea was expressed about the need to replace the People's Commissar of Defense. Voroshilov knew about these sentiments of part of the military elite, but Stalin’s patronage guaranteed him against any moves by his competitors. Stalin considered statements against his protégé and attempts by the military to raise the issue of replacing the head of the military department with the country's top political leadership as military interference in the prerogatives of the Politburo, which the dictator could not allow, but until the summer of 1936 he did not make any organizational conclusions.
3. The beginning of repression in the army. What is the real reason for the repression? Why was Stalin not afraid to destroy the best commanders of the Red Army on the eve of the war?
In August-September 1936, important events took place: the trial of G.E. Zinoviev and L.B. Kamenev ended with their execution, N.I. Yezhov was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs instead of G.G. Yagoda. A prominent military leader, head of air defense (air defense), Army Commander 1st Rank S.S. Kamenev, died suddenly, and arrests were made among the military.
Earlier, others were arrested by members of the Armed Forces of the NCO, commanders V.M. Primakov, S.A. Turovsky and the Soviet military attaché in England V.K. Putna. These three Civil War figures were charged with participating in a “combat group of the Trotskyist-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary organization.”
They spent over nine months in prison, where they were required to confess to preparing a military coup and name accomplices from among the top military leaders.
But until May 1937, NKVD investigators failed to achieve this. The first arrests of the three corps commanders were not considered by military leaders as the beginning of a large-scale cleansing of the army. Having lost three of its members, the NPO Supreme Council continued to function. Stalin and Voroshilov did not show any obvious signs of distrust of the military elite.
After the February-March (1937) Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) Arrested: Tukhachevsky M.N., Yakir I.E.,
Uborevich I.P., Kork A.I., Eideman R.P., Feldman B.M. This was the beginning of mass repressions in the army. From 1937 to the autumn of 1938, out of 733 people in the senior command and political structure of the armed forces, 579 people died.
To understand the events of 1937-1938, to understand what motivated Stalin, how his contemporaries assessed what was happening, the teacher invites students to complete individual cognitive tasks based on the presented documents: Appendix 2 And Appendix 3.
After discussing the students' answers, the teacher suggests drawing conclusions:
1. What is the real reason for the repressions in the Red Army?
2. Why is Stalin not afraid that repressions will greatly weaken the army on the eve of the war?
3. Why does society not condemn mass arrests, but takes them for granted?
Literature:
- I don't speak American. Evidence of repressions in the Red Army in 1937-1938. – Newspaper “History”, No. 21, November 1-15, 2007:
- A. Pechenkin “Earth – dust – wind, and that’s all!” – Newspaper “History”, No. 21, November 1-15, 2007
- School encyclopedia “History of Russia. 20th century". – M. “Olma Press” Education, 2003
The theorists of Marxism (Karl Marx and others) and those who carried out the ideas of communism in Russia (V.I. Lenin, L. Trotsky, Kamenev, I. Stalin, F. Dzerzhinsky, Ya. Sverdlov and others) were people of purely civilian. They were very far from understanding the practical significance of the army in the life of the state, although they quite correctly believed that “... Every state appears where and when detachments of armed people appear to protect the interests of the ruling class.”
Marx proposed replacing the army with the general arming of the people. He believed that when an enemy attacks a communist state, workers and peasants take up arms, gather in detachments, choose their military leaders, repulse the enemy’s attack and return to their machines and fields.
Based on this Marxian thesis, the Bolsheviks first began to disintegrate and, upon coming to power, to liquidate the army of the Russian state. At the same time, in the spring of 1917, they began to create detachments of armed workers called the “Red Guard”. Workers were recruited into the Red Guard on a voluntary basis. This was the first system of recruiting a new army, the army of the Bolsheviks. The commanders of the detachments were chosen or appointed by the military revolutionary committee of the communist party (VRK) from among former soldiers, non-commissioned officers, and officers of the tsarist army. The general leadership of these detachments in Petrograd was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee; in other cities, local organizations of the Communist Party.
However, with the victory of the socialist revolution on October 25 (November 7), 1917, the armed resistance of opponents of the Bolsheviks began to rapidly increase. In addition, the country was still at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. German troops launched an offensive. There was a need to replace the disintegrating units of the old army with new units on the front line. The belated realization by the new leadership of the country of the premature liquidation of the army, and the calls of the Bolsheviks for the soldiers and officers of the melting old army to hold the front did not produce results.
On January 16, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars (the Bolshevik government) issued a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA). The principle of recruiting the Red Army was volunteer. Only representatives of the exploited classes (workers and peasants) were accepted into the Red Army. Back on December 16, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on equal rights for all military personnel and the election of command personnel. In February 1918, a decree “On compulsory training in the art of war” was issued. According to this decree, all workers were required to undergo military training. All this was carried out in accordance with Marx’s thesis about the general arming of the people.
Marx's thesis turned out to be untenable. The creation of the Red Army did not proceed. The proclaimed shock week of the creation of the Red Army under the slogan “The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger!” from February 17 to February 23, 1918 (for some reason this date later began to be celebrated as the day of the creation of the Red Army) was a complete failure.
The mobilization of party members into the army is announced. The dissolution or unauthorized departure of fighters from the Red Guard units is prohibited. These detachments are declared parts of the Red Army. Since the late spring of 1918, the liquidation of regiments of the old army that have retained combat capability has been prohibited. They are declared parts of the Red Army. This is how the Life Guards Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, regiments of Latvian riflemen and a number of other units are actually preserved. Soldiers leaving these units are declared deserters of the Red Army, caught and shot, and their families are arrested.
With these methods, Lenin's government quickly moved to the compulsory principle of recruiting the army. On May 29, 1918, mandatory recruitment for military service in the Red Army of persons aged 18 to 40 years was announced and at the same time a network of military commissariats was created to implement this decree. The system of military registration and enlistment offices turned out to be so perfect that it still exists to this day.
On July 12, 1918, the conscription of persons born in 1893-1897 begins. The mobilization of members of the Communist Party into the army is announced. In the summer of 1918, the election of commanders in the Red Army was abolished. Officers of the old army are mobilized into the Red Army, and their families are taken hostage (in a number of cases, family members of staff officers and generals were placed in prison). Officers of the old army filled about 35% of command positions (according to other sources, up to 90%). In total, 30 thousand officers, 66 thousand non-commissioned officers and 1mln. 200 thousand previously serving soldiers were taken into the Red Army voluntarily or forcibly. In April 1919, those born in 1886-1890 were conscripted into the army. Military schools are being restored, which train command personnel using short-term courses; Military academies are reopening.
After the end of the civil war, the forced system of recruiting the army remained, but was somewhat modified. In 1925, the Law on Compulsory Military Service was adopted. An annual conscription into the army is established. The service life in the army is 2 years for Red Army soldiers, and 3 years for junior aviation officers and Red Navy men in the navy. For middle, senior and senior command personnel (officers and generals), the service life is set at 25 years. Persons from the exploiting classes (children of former nobles, merchants, officers of the old army, priests, factory owners), Cossacks, and kulaks are not conscripted into the army. There is a gradual removal from the Red Army of officers of the old army and their replacement by military personnel from among the workers and peasants who have completed a full course of military schools and training academies. Admission to military schools is carried out on a voluntary basis.
In 1935, the conscription of Cossack children into the army was allowed.
A 1939 law abolished restrictions on class-based conscription into the army, but military schools still only accepted the children of workers and peasants. Students of institutes and technical schools are not conscripted into the army. They undergo military training in educational institutions. Graduates of technical schools are awarded the rank of lieutenant, and graduates of institutes immediately receive the rank of captain and all of them are enlisted in the reserves. The threat of war, the introduction of troops into Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bessarabia, and then the beginning of the Second World War on September 1, 1939, the beginning of the war with Finland, and the need that arose in connection with these events to sharply increase the size of the army forced the Soviet government to carry out a number of hidden, and then open partial mobilizations. Junior reservists and almost all reserve commanders were drafted into the army.
On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began. Recruiting the army in war conditions became exclusively compulsory. First, in June-July 1941, a general and complete mobilization of men and partial mobilization of women was carried out. Then, annual conscription of persons over 18 years of age was carried out. Recruitment of sergeants was carried out by awarding sergeant ranks to skilled and proven soldiers and short-term training in regimental sergeant schools. Officers were recruited from graduates of civilian secondary and higher educational institutions, short-term training in military schools for school graduates, soldiers and army sergeants, and training of junior lieutenants in divisions of the active army. Generals underwent accelerated training at military academies.
After the end of the war, the country's army numbered more than 11 million people, which did not meet the needs of peacetime. The process of army demobilization began. In July 1945, all soldiers and sergeants over 45 years of age and officers over 50 years of age were dismissed from the army. In September 1945, after the end of the war with Japan, soldiers and sergeants over 30 years of age began to be transferred to the reserve, as well as soldiers, sergeants, and officers with specialties that were valuable for the restoration of the national economy (builders, miners, metallurgists, machine operators, etc.), regardless of from age. In the period 1946-1948, older officers who did not have a normal military education, soldiers and sergeants over 20 years old left the army. By the beginning of 1948, the size of the army had decreased to 2 million 874 thousand people.
There was no conscription into the army between 1946 and 1948. Young people of military age were sent to restoration work in mines, heavy engineering enterprises, and construction sites. In 1949, a new Law on universal conscription was adopted. Young people aged 18 were subject to conscription into the army. The call was made once a year in November-December. The service life in the ground forces and aviation was set at 3 years, in the navy 4 years. Military schools for officer training accepted willing young people (civilians and soldiers) aged 17-23 with secondary education. Due to the large number of young people in poor health (consequences of the war), it was widely practiced to retain soldiers and sergeants in long-term service on a voluntary basis. Institute students were exempt from conscription into the army. Students at universities underwent military training, received the rank of reserve lieutenant and were enlisted in the reserve without service.
In the period 1961-65, the number of young men of conscription age sharply decreased (due to the low birth rate during the war). It was allowed to admit women into the army on a voluntary basis. Since that time, in order to fill the shortage of junior officers in the army, the practice of conscripting institute graduates into the army to serve as officers for three years (from 1968 for two years).
In 1968, the period of military service was reduced in the ground forces to two years, in the navy to three years, and they switched to two conscriptions per year (spring and autumn conscription). For graduates of institutes who did not receive military training, the period of military service was determined to be 1 year.
This army recruitment system existed without any significant changes until the collapse of the USSR and the Soviet Army in 1991-93.
The same recruitment system continues to exist in the Russian Army. A number of laws introduced in 1985-96 on the exemption of certain categories of young people from military service led to the fact that no more than 14% of young men of conscription age are drafted into the army every year. This number of conscripts is enough to staff a greatly reduced army, but deprives the state of trained reserves of personnel. In fact, by the end of 1999, the country did not have combat-ready units sufficient for even a limited military operation.
In 1996, the President of Russia issued a Decree on the abolition of forced recruitment into the army since 2000. The recruitment of the army should be carried out only on a voluntary basis (under contract). This applies to both soldiers and officers.
Implementation of this Decree is impossible. An elementary calculation shows that in order to staff the army under contracts, defense spending should be increased by no less than a hundred (!) times, and this is unrealistic; or reduce the size of the army a hundred times. In this case, the size of the army will be no more than 10 thousand people (for example, this is the size of the police of one millionth city), i.e. less than one division for the entire vast country, which is also impossible.
The calculation is simple. Today, one soldier receives 18 rubles 50 kopecks per month. In order for a young man to agree to serve voluntarily, he must receive a salary of no less than 1850 rubles, i.e. increase a hundred times. Where can I get funds for this?
By the time work on this article was completed in June 2000. The transition to recruiting the entire army on a voluntary basis (under contract) was never carried out. Everyone (EVERYONE!) carefully forgot about the 1996 Decree.
Literature
1. L.E.Shepelev. Titles, uniforms, orders
2. M.M. Khrenov. Military clothing of the Russian army
3. O. Leonov and I. Ulyanov. Regular infantry 1698-1801, 1801-1855, 1855-1918
4. V.M.Glinka. Russian military costume of the 8th-early 20th centuries.
5. S. Okhlyabinin. Esprit de corps.
6. A.I. Begunova. From chain mail to uniform
7. L.V. Belovinsky. With a Russian warrior through the centuries.
8. Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 250 dated March 4, 1988.
9. O.V. Kharitonov. Illustrated description of uniforms and insignia of the Red and Soviet Army (1918-1945)
10. S.Drobyako and A.Krashchuk. Russian liberation army.
11. S.Drobyako and A.Krashchuk. Civil war in Russia 1917-1922. Red Army.
12. S.Drobyako and A.Krashchuk. Civil war in Russia 1917-1922. White armies.
13. S.Drobyako and A.Krashchuk. Civil war in Russia 1917-1922. Intervention armies.
14. S.Drobyako and A.Krashchuk. Civil war in Russia 1917-1922. National armies.
15. Collection of orders of the USSR Military Commissariat "Handbook for military registration and enlistment office employees" M. 1955.
16. Directory of an officer of the Soviet Army and Navy. Military publishing house Moscow 1964
“Russian weapons” - Mirror. 17th century Chaldar (horse headdress). XVI century. The shell is scaly. XI century. Helmet with half mask and aventail. XII-XIII centuries. Piercing weapon. Helmets. Armor made of plates and scales. Kolontar. XIV century. Yushman. XVI century. Tegiliai. XVI century. Archer. XVI century. Shields. Swords and sabers. Archer. XIII century. Warrior. XII century.
“Heroes of the Fatherland” - Understanding the concept. Heroes of peaceful life. Heroes are not born, heroes are made. G – citizen, pride. Work in groups. Russia is proud of them. The challenge stage is the introductory dialogue. Heroes of Russia. Valentina Fedorovna Chekmareva. Paralympics in Vancouver. Working with a dictionary entry. Target. O- special.
“Days of military glory of Russia” - Test No. 1 on the topic “Fundamentals of military service.” Dibich I.I. Recipient of many Russian awards. Barclay de Tolly M.B. And the Leningraders are quietly crying. He fought brilliantly against the Turks and the French. Russia - Rus', protect you, protect you. About the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia. At different times he was the Russian ambassador to Constantinople and Berlin.
“The man is a hero” - Neighbor Anya turned back in a panic, Zhenya was in the smoke and didn’t notice. While covering the rescue of the hostages with fire, he personally destroyed one terrorist. The wooden barracks burst into flames. The terrorists immediately opened automatic and machine-gun fire on those escaping. - the highest rank in the Russian Federation. Project plan. What people deserve the title Hero of Russia?
“Combat traditions” - Defense of the Fatherland is the honorable duty of a citizen. Problem: Why don’t young people today want to serve in the army? "Technology "Brainstorming". Consider all ideas critically - 3 min. Passed on from generation to generation, martial traditions multiply, develop and live. The main rule is no criticism at the first stage!
“The Heroic History of Russia” - Defender of the Fatherland Day is a holiday that unites generations. Eternal flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union defeated the enemy. Dmitry Donskoy. There is no higher honor than wearing a Russian uniform. Stories of heroic pages. Thanks to Dmitry. The red flag flies over the defeated Reichstag.
There are 19 presentations in total
Slide 1
Slide 2
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Slide 3
Red marshals: 1st row: M. Tukhachevsky, K. Voroshilov, A. Egorov, 2nd row: S. Budyonny, V. Blucher *
Slide 4
K.E. Voroshilov (1881-1969) In 1925-1934. - People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. 1934-1940 - People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, from 1940 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a member of the State Defense Committee and a representative of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on a number of fronts. At the beginning of the war he showed a complete inability to lead troops. In 1953-1960 - Chairman of the Presidium, and since 1960 - member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR *
Slide 5
CM. Budyonny (1883-1973) During the Civil War he commanded the 1st Cavalry Army (1919-1923). Later in command positions in the Red Army, deputy and first deputy people's commissar of defense. In 1941-1942. - commanded troops of a number of fronts and directions, then the cavalry of the Red Army. Since January 1943, commander of the cavalry of the Soviet Army and member. Supreme Military Council of the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and in 1947-53 at the same time deputy. Minister of Agriculture for Horse Breeding. From May 1953 to September 1954, cavalry inspector. *
Slide 6
A.I. Egorov (1883-1939) Graduated from the Junker Infantry School. Member of the First World War (Colonel). After the October Revolution he went over to the side of the Soviet regime. Participant in the Civil War. Then Chief of the General Staff, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. Marshal of the Soviet Union. Shot with a group of military leaders. Rehabilitated posthumously. *
Slide 7
VC. Blücher (1890-1938) In 1920-1922 - Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. The first holder of the Order of the Red Banner. After the Civil War - at senior command posts in the army. In 1929-1938 - Commander of the Separate Far Eastern Army. In 1938 he was arrested and executed *
Slide 8
M.N. Tukhachevsky (1893-1937) From the nobility. Graduated from a military school. Participant of the First World War (guard second lieutenant). First 1918 - in the Red Army After the Civil War of 1918-20, he took an active part in carrying out the Military Reform of 1924-25. From 1934 Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, from 1936 1st Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and head of the combat training department. He was shot in 1937. *
Slide 9
Belov I.P. (1893-1938) commander of the 1st rank (1935). The son of a poor peasant. Participant of the 1st World War, non-commissioned officer. In 1919, commander-in-chief of the troops of the Turkestan Republic. He successfully fought against the Basmachi detachments, using their own terrorist methods against them. In 1938, he was arrested as commander of the troops of the Belarusian Military District. Sentenced to death. Shot. In 1956 he was rehabilitated. *
Slide 10
Kamenev S.S. (1881-1936) Commander of the 1st rank (1935). Member of the CPSU since 1930. Born into the family of a military engineer. He graduated from the Alexander Military School (1900) and the General Staff Academy (1907). During the 1st World War 1914-18 in staff positions. At the beginning of 1918 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. From 1918 to 1919 he successfully commanded the troops of the Eastern Front, then during the defense and offensive against Kolchak’s troops in 1919. From 1919 to 1924 - Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic. Since 1934, head of the air defense department and at the same time a member of the Military Council under the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR. He died on August 25, 1936 from a heart attack. *
Slide 11
B.M. Shaposhnikov (1882-1945) In military service since 1901. Participant of the First World War (Colonel), in the Red Army since 1918. During the Civil War and after its end - on staff and military teaching work. During the Great Patriotic War - Chief of the General Staff, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense. Marshal of the Soviet Union. He made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of building the Armed Forces of the USSR. *
Slide 12
I.E. Yakir (1896-1937) Participant in the Civil War. At the end of the 1920s. studied at the German military academy. For 12 years he commanded the Ukrainian Military District. In 1935-1936 The Politburo made decisions on the appointments of Yakir and Uborevich, as the most talented commanders of the two leading military districts, to senior positions in the central apparatus of the NPO. Yakir resigned from the post of Chief of the General Staff. Repressed in 1937 *
Slide 13
I.P. Uborevich (1896-1937) At the end of the 1920s. studied at the German military academy. In 1930, he was appointed 1st Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Then commander of the Belarusian Military District. In the Belarusian district, under the leadership of Uborevich, talented commanders grew up who became prominent commanders of the Great Patriotic War: future marshals G.K. Zhukov, I.S. Konev, K.A. Meretskov, etc. *
Slide 14
I WOULD. Gamarnik (1884-1937) In 1929-1937. Head of the Political Department of the Red Army. He headed the purge of the political composition of the Red Army from “former whites” In 1930-1934. first deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the USSR Voroshilov and Deputy. Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. He provided every possible assistance to Tukhachevsky in the implementation of the technical reconstruction of the Red Army and played a major role in increasing the combat readiness of the Red Army. In 1934-1937. first deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. Gamarnik was the first in the Red Army in 1935 to be awarded the rank of army commissar of the 1st rank, corresponding to the rank of army commander of the 1st rank. Shot himself on the eve of his inevitable arrest * V.M. Primakov (1897-1937) In 1914 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. Awarded two Orders of the Red Banner (1920, 1921). Maintained discipline through punitive measures. He received his education at the Higher Military Academic Courses (1923). In 1933-1935 - deputy. Commander of the North Caucasus Military District, Deputy. inspector of higher military educational institutions. Since 1935 deputy Commander of the Leningrad Military District. In 1937 he was sentenced to death. Shot. In 1957 he was rehabilitated. *