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Introduction
1. Galvanization
1.1 Physiological and therapeutic effects
1.2 Indications and contraindications Toc151558276
1.3 Methodology. Equipment. Features of application
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
GalvanizationI (named L.Galvani), a method of treating exposure to direct current of low strength and voltage. The first attempts to use such current for treatment date back to the beginning of the 19th century; systematic study of the physiological and therapeutic effects began in the 2nd half of it.
So, galvanization is the effect on the body for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes of a constant, continuous electric current of low strength (up to 50 m A) and low voltage (30-80 V) through contact electrodes applied to the patient’s body. The introduction of a drug into the human body using galvanization is called electrophoresis.
Intact human skin has a high ohmic resistance and low electrical conductivity, so current penetrates into the body mainly through the excretory ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands and intercellular gaps. Since their total area does not exceed 1/200 of the skin surface, most of the current energy is spent on overcoming the epidermis, which has the greatest electrical resistance. Therefore, the most pronounced physicochemical reactions to direct current exposure develop here, and irritation of nerve receptors is more pronounced.
The relevance of this topic is explained by the fact that the galvanization method is widely used in the treatment of injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (plexitis, radiculitis, polymerization, neuralgia), injuries and diseases, cerebral and spinal circulatory disorders, encephalitis), autonomic dystonia, neurasthenia and other neurotic conditions , diseases of the digestive system (chronic gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, gastric and duodenal ulcers), hypertension and hypotension, angina pectoris, early stage atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory processes in various organs and tissues, eye diseases, chronic arthritis and periarthritis, chronic osteomyelitis.
Galvanic current causes a number of physiological effects in those areas of the body through which it flows. The most important physiological effects are discussed below.
The purpose of this work: Study the theoretical aspects of the physio-galvanization procedure. Based on this goal, I set myself the following: tasks:
1. study the physiological and therapeutic effects of galvanization;
2. study the indications and contraindications for galvanization;
3. study the equipment;
4. consider the features of applying the methodology in practice.
1. Galvanization
1.1 Physiological and therapeutic effects
Galvanization is the therapeutic application of direct electric current. Under the influence of an external electromagnetic field applied to the tissues, a conduction current arises in them. Positively charged particles (cations) move towards the negative pole (cathode), and negatively charged particles (anions) move towards the positively charged pole (anode). Approaching the metal plate of the electrode, the ions restore their outer electron shell (lose their charge) and turn into atoms with high chemical activity (electrolysis)(Fig. 1). Interacting with water, these atoms form electrolysis products. An acid (HCI) is formed under the anode, and an alkali (KOH, NaOH) is formed under the cathode. One of the variants of such reactions is presented in the diagram
H 2 + NaOH H 2 O + Na - + >Na + Cl - 4HCI + O 2
Electrolysis products are chemically active substances and in sufficient concentration can cause chemical burns to the underlying tissues. To prevent it, gaskets moistened with water are placed under the electrodes, which allows for sufficient dilution of chemically active compounds.
Fig.1. Electrolysis circuit
The conduction current density is determined by the electromagnetic field strength and depends on the electrical conductivity of the tissues. Due to the low electrical conductivity of the skin, the movement of charged particles into the underlying tissue occurs mainly through the excretory ducts of the sweat glands and hair follicles and, to the least extent, through the intercellular spaces of the epidermis and dermis. In deeper tissues, the maximum conduction current density is observed in body fluids: blood, urine, lymph, interstitium, perineural spaces. On the contrary, a thousandth of the conduction current passes through the plasmalemma, and the movements of ions in the cell are most often limited by the space of the compartment. It should be taken into account that the electrical conductivity of tissues increases with shifts in their acid-base balance resulting from inflammatory edema, hyperemia, etc.
Differences in the electrophoretic mobility of ions cause local changes in the content of ions of the same sign on different surfaces of cell membranes, as a result of which virtual (intermediate, short-term) poles are formed in the compartment (Fig. 2) and a local countercurrent of ions. As a result, an accumulation of ions of the opposite sign occurs on both sides of cell membranes, interstitial septa and fascia.
The movement of ions under the influence of direct electric current causes a change in their normal ratio in cells and intercellular space. Such dynamics of the ionic environment especially affects the plasmalemma of excitable tissues, changing their polarization. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the threshold sensitivity of nerve fibers to direct current.
Rice. 2. Formation of virtual poles on cell membranes in a constant electric field
Table 1.
Threshold sensitivity of nerve conductors of the skin and mucous membranes to various types of electric currents, mA (according to Azov S.Kh., 1991)
Under the cathode, under the action of direct current, a decrease in the resting potential first occurs with a constant critical level of depolarization (CLD) of excitable membranes (Fig. 3A). It is caused by the inactivation of potential-dependent potassium ion channels and leads to partial depolarization of excitable membranes (physiological cathelectroton). At the same time, with prolonged exposure to current, inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium ion channels also occurs, which leads to a positive shift in the EAC and a decrease in tissue excitability. Under the anode, activation of voltage-dependent potassium
As a result, the value of the resting potential increases with a constant CLP, which leads to partial hyperpolarization of excitable membranes (physiological anelectroton, rice. 3B). Subsequently, due to a negative shift in the CUD associated with the elimination of stationary inactivation of a certain number of sodium channels, tissue excitability increases.
Rice. 3. Dynamics of the resting potential (RP) and critical level of depolarization (CLD) under prolonged exposure to direct current.
A - under the cathode (with subthreshold depolarization),
B - under the anode (with subthreshold hyperpolarization).
FC - physiological catelectroton;
FA - physiological anelectrotonion channels.
Along with the movement of ions, electric current changes the permeability of biological membranes and increases the passive transport through them of large protein molecules (ampholytes) and other substances (the phenomenon of electrodiffusion). In addition, under the influence of an electric field in tissues, multidirectional movement of water molecules occurs, included in the hydration shells of the corresponding ions (mainly Na +, K +, SG),
Due to the fact that the number of water molecules in the hydration shells of cations is greater than that of anions, the water content under the cathode increases, and under the anode decreases (electro-osmosis).
Thus, direct electric current causes the following physicochemical effects in biological tissues: electrolysis, polarization, electrodiffusion and electroosmosis.
When galvanization is carried out in the underlying tissues, the local blood flow regulation systems are activated and the content of biologically active substances (bradykinin, kallikrein, prostaglandins) and vasoactive mediators (acetylcholine, histamine) increases, causing activation of vascular relaxation factors (nitric oxide and endothelins). As a result, the lumen of the skin vessels expands and its hyperemia occurs. In its genesis, a significant role is played by the local irritating effect on nerve fibers of electrolysis products, changing the ionic balance of tissues.
Expansion of capillaries and increased permeability of their walls due to local neurohumoral processes occurs not only at the site of application of the electrodes, but also in deeply located tissues through which a constant electric current passes. Along with increased blood and lymph circulation, increased tissue resorption capacity, muscle tone is weakened, the excretory function of the skin is increased and swelling in the area of inflammation or injury is reduced. In addition, the compression of pain conductors is reduced, which is more pronounced under the anode due to electroosmosis. Direct electric current enhances the synthesis of macroergs in cells, stimulates metabolic-trophic and local neurohumoral processes in tissues. It increases the phagocytic activity of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, accelerates the processes of regeneration of peripheral nerves, bone and connective tissue, epithelization of sluggish wounds and trophic ulcers, and also enhances the secretory function of the salivary glands, stomach and intestines.
Depending on the parameters of the current current, the functional state of the patient and the chosen galvanization technique, the patient experiences local, segmental-metameric or generalized reactions. Local responses are usually observed in the skin and partially in tissues and organs located in the interpolar zone. Higher order reactions occur during galvanization of reflexogenic and paravertebral zones, as well as corresponding segments and structures of the brain.
Medicinaleffects: anti-inflammatory (drainage-dehydrating), analgesic, sedative (at the anode), vasodilator, muscle relaxant, metabolic, secretory (at the cathode).
1.2 Indications and contraindications
Indications. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system (neuralgia, neuritis, plexitis, radiculitis), consequences of traumatic lesions of the brain and spinal cord and their membranes, functional diseases of the central nervous system with autonomic disorders and sleep disorders, stage 1 hypertension, hypotension, gastrointestinal diseases intestinal tract (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, chronic cholecystitis, hepatitis, colitis), diseases of the musculoskeletal system (diseases of the joints of various etiologies, osteochondrosis of the spine, ankylosing spondylitis), diseases of the eyes, ENT organs, skin, chronic diseases female genital organs, etc.
Contraindications. Acute purulent inflammatory processes, skin sensitivity disorders, individual intolerance to current, violation of the integrity of the skin at the sites where the electrodes are applied, eczema.
1.3 Methodology. Equipment. Features of application
Options. For therapeutic purposes, direct current of low voltage (up to 80 V) and low power (up to 50 mA) is used. In this case, the maximum current is used when galvanizing the limbs (20-30 mA) and torso (15-20 mA). On the face its value usually does not exceed 3-5 mA, and on the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose - 2-3 mA.
Currently, the Potok-1 apparatus is used for galvanization. Using a transformer, it reduces the AC voltage to 60 V, rectifies it with a semiconductor full-wave rectifier, and smoothes out current ripples with filters. Direct current is supplied to the output terminals of the device. Its value is measured using a milliammeter with a 5 or 50 mA shunt. Structurally, the Potok-1 device consists of a housing, a board on which all circuit elements are mounted, and a potentiometer. It can be used either in a tabletop position or mounted on a wall.
In the practice of galvanization, devices GR-2 (for galvanization of the oral cavity) and Microcurrent (portable with self-powered power supply) are also used. To carry out galvanization procedures in four-chamber baths, the GK-2 device is used. Abroad, Neuroton, Endomed and others are used for galvanization.
Methodology. Depending on the therapeutic problems being solved, local and general galvanization techniques are used, as well as galvanization of reflex segmental zones.
At localgalvanization Direct current is supplied to the patient's body area using two electrodes, each of which consists of a lead plate (or conductive carbon-graphite fabric) and a hydrophilic gasket. Electrodes of various shapes are used, with an area of 8-15 cm. 2 profile pads 1-1.5 cm thick (12-16 layers of flannel or calico) are moistened with warm water, wrung out and placed on the appropriate area of the body. With the help of gaskets, good contact of the electrode with the patient’s body is created, and his skin and mucous membranes are protected from the effects of electrolysis products (acids and alkalis). The shape of the hydrophilic gasket must correspond to the shape of the metal plate of the electrode. To prevent contact of the metal part of the electrode with the patient’s skin, the hydrophilic gasket should protrude from all sides beyond the edges of the plate by 1-2 cm.
Along with rectangular electrodes, electrodes in the form of a half mask (for the face), a collar (for the upper back and shoulder girdles), glass trays (for the eyes) or special cavity electrodes (rectal, vaginal, etc.) are used for local galvanization. The wires (electrode cords) have a tip at one end for connection to one of the terminals of the device, and at the other - a spring screw clamp or a staniol plate (flag) for connection to the metal part of the electrode. To connect electrodes with sewn-in graphitized fabric, special carbon-graphite contacts are used.
When performing galvanization procedures, electrodes are placed longitudinally or transversely on the patient’s body. With a longitudinal arrangement, electrodes are placed on one side of the body and exposed to superficial tissue. With a transverse arrangement, electrodes are placed on opposite parts of the body and deeply located organs and tissues are exposed. In some cases, transverse diagonal placement of electrodes is used. When using electrodes of different areas, the smaller one is conventionally called active, and the one with a larger area is called indifferent. To carry out some procedures, 3 or 4 electrodes are used, and bifurcated wires are also used to simultaneously connect 2 electrodes to one of the device terminals of the corresponding polarity. The electrodes are fixed on the patient's body using an elastic or gauze bandage, adhesive tape or sand bags. Galvanization procedures are most often performed on patients in a lying position, sometimes sitting in a comfortable position.
General galvanization carried out using four-chamber galvanic baths (Fig. 4). During this procedure, the patient immerses the limbs in earthenware baths filled with warm (36-37°C) tap water. On the inner wall of each chamber there are two carbon electrodes, closed from direct contact with the patient’s body. The wires from the electrodes are connected to the corresponding poles of the galvanizing apparatus, equipped with a switch to change the direction of the electric current supplied to the patient. The current strength during this procedure reaches 30 mA.
Rice. 4. Four-chamber galvanic bath
For galvanization reflex segmental zones Direct current is applied to the paravertebral zones of various parts of the spine and the corresponding metameres. Most often, galvanization of the collar and panty zones is used (galvanic collar and panties according to A.E. Shcherbak).
In the first case, one electrode with an area of 1000-1200 cm2, made in the shape of a shawl collar, is placed on the patient’s back, shoulder girdle and collarbones (Fig. 5A) and connected to the positive pole. The second electrode (usually connected to the cathode) of a rectangular shape with an area of 400-600 cm 2 is placed in the lumbosacral region. Procedures lasting 6 minutes begin with a current of 6 mA. After one procedure, the current strength is increased by 2 mA, the duration of exposure is increased by 2 minutes, and adjusted to 16 mA and 16 minutes, respectively.
When galvanizing the panty area, one rectangular electrode with an area of 300 cm 2 is placed in the lumbosacral area and connected to the anode. Two other electrodes (each with an area of 150 cm2) are placed on the front surface of the upper half of the thighs and connected with a forked wire to the cathode (Fig. 5B). Current modes and duration of procedures are similar to the previous method.
Rice. 5. Location of electrodes on the front (1) and back (2) surfaces of the body during galvanization of the collar (A) and panty (B) zones (according to A.E. Shcherbak)
Galvanization procedures are combined with high-frequency magnetotherapy (galvanoinductothermy), mud therapy ( galvanic mud treatment), acupuncture (galvanoacupuncture).
Current supplied to the patient dose by density - the ratio of current strength to electrode area. The permissible current density during local galvanization should not exceed 0.1 mA/cm 2. For general and segmental-reflex effects, the permissible current density is an order of magnitude lower - 0.01-0.05 mA/cm 2 . In addition to objective indicators, the patient’s subjective sensations are also used for dosing. During the procedure, he should feel a slight tingling (tingling) sensation under the electrodes. The appearance of a burning sensation serves as a signal to reduce the density of the supplied current.
It is known that most of the therapeutic effects of galvanization are based on tissue polarization, the degree of which (according to Faraday’s 1st law of electrolysis) is proportional to the amount of transferred charges. Based on this, to prevent ionic imbalance of tissues, the duration of galvanization should not exceed 20-30 minutes and only for some procedures it is increased to 40 minutes. A course of treatment usually involves 10-15 procedures. If necessary, a second course of galvanization is carried out after 1 month.
Conclusion
In conclusion of this work, the following points can be identified.
Direct current with a force of up to 30 mA and a voltage of up to 100 V causes a redistribution in tissues, i.e., a change in the concentration of ions, which is accompanied by complex physicochemical processes leading to changes in the permeability of cell membranes, enzyme activity and the level of metabolic processes. Depending on the method of exposure and dosage, galvanization increases or decreases tissue function, has an analgesic effect, improves peripheral circulation, and restores damaged tissues, including nerves.
The current, irritating many nerve endings, causes not only a local, but also a more or less pronounced general reaction, and stimulates the regulatory function of the nervous system. Current is obtained from special devices (previously current was obtained from galvanic cells and batteries).
The current from the device is supplied through wires to the patient, often through plate electrodes. To prevent burns from electrolysis products, a hydrophilic pad (flannel or special plastic) moistened with water is placed between the metal plate and the body. The intermediate medium between the metal electrode and the skin can also be water poured into baths. After fixing the electrodes, the current is turned on, and then it is gradually increased to the required value. The intensity of the effect is dosed according to the current density (number of mA/cm 2 of the pad) and the duration of the procedure. The procedure is carried out at a current density of 0.01 to 0.1 mA/cm 2 depending on the purpose of the effect, the size of the electrodes, the age, condition and sensation of the patient, who should not experience pain or burning during the procedure. At the end of the procedure, the current is also gradually reduced until it is completely turned off.
Indications for use: diseases and lesions of various parts of the peripheral nervous system of infectious, toxic and traumatic origin (radiculitis, plexitis, neuritis, neuralgia of various localizations), consequences of diseases and lesions of the brain and spinal cord, meninges, neurotic conditions, vegetative-vascular disorders, chronic inflammation of the joints ( arthritis) of traumatic, rheumatic and metabolic origin, etc.
List of used literature
1. Anikin M.M. and Varshaver Galvanization S., Fundamentals of Physiotherapy, 2nd ed., M., 1990.
2. Bogolyubov V.M., Ponomarenko G.N. General physiotherapy. M., St. Petersburg: SLP, 2008. -288 p.
3. Livenson A.R. Electromedical equipment.: Educational. manual - Mn.: Medicine, 2001. - 344 p.
4. Technique and methodology of physiotherapeutic procedures / Ed. V.M. Bogolyubova.-- M.: Medicine, 1993.--352 p.
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Electrophoresis is a physiotherapeutic method based on the combined action of galvanic current and the active substance introduced through it.
This is one of the oldest methods in physiotherapy. About 200 years ago, the Italian physicist A. Volta created a continuous current generator, and Luigi Galvani first studied its effect on frogs. The current is usually called galvanic in honor of the researcher. Very soon, galvanic current, as the newest word in science of the 19th century, began to be used in medicine, and for about 100 years galvanic current has faithfully served cosmetologists
The use of galvanic current is quite varied. In modern cosmetology, the following procedures are distinguished: galvanization, electrophoresis, disincrustation and ionic mesotherapy.
Galvanic current is a continuous current with low voltage and low but constant intensity, which always flows in one direction (does not change polarity, voltage 60-80 W, current up to 50 mA). The effect of galvanic current on the body through various electrodes is called galvanization.
The combination of the action of galvanic current and the active substance introduced with its help is the basis of electrophoresis. Electrophoresis can be carried out using direct (galvanic) current, as well as using some types of pulsed currents. In cosmetology, electrophoresis of drugs is more often called iontophoresis. This term is not entirely accurate (using electrophoresis, you can introduce not only ions, but also molecules, their parts that have a charge), but it is often used. Thus, technically, electrophoresis differs from galvanization only in the presence of a medicinal substance under the electrode.
The ability of galvanic current to deliver medicinal substances deep into the skin is used in the procedure of “ion mesotherapy”, or ion therapy.
Ion therapy is the electrophoresis of medicinal substances using stationary electrodes (both active and passive). The term is of an exclusively commercial nature; the procedure is carried out using the classical electrophoresis technique (the procedure is carried out without injections). The analogy with mesotherapy helps to renew interest in this method. Indications, treatment tactics and cocktail recipes correspond to the schemes accepted in mesotherapy, adjusted for the phoretic nature of the drugs.
Thus, methods that use galvanic current as a basis are:
- Galvanization = therapeutic effect of direct current.
- Electrophoresis = galvanization + medicinal substance.
- “Ionic mesotherapy” = electrophoresis with stationary electrodes.
- Disincrustation = surface electrophoresis with saponifying agents.
Mechanism of action of galvanization
The action of direct current is based on the process of electrolysis. Substances located near the electrodes disintegrate into ions. There are 2 types of ions: anions and cations. Ions move under the influence of current: anions (-) tend to the anode, and cations (+) tend to the cathode. Water molecules break down into H+ and OH ions. Near the electrodes, ions interact with water, forming electrolysis products - acid and alkali. Electrolysis products can cause chemical burns at the site where the electrodes are applied - an alkaline burn under the cathode and an acid burn under the anode. This is especially true when using permanently located electrodes. To avoid this, a thick hydrophilic pad is placed between the electrode and the skin (electrolysis products accumulate on the pad and the skin remains intact). After the procedure, the gasket must be washed or replaced. A change in ion concentration leads to irritation of skin receptors, resulting in a slight burning and tingling sensation. The passage of current through tissue causes polarization - the accumulation of ions on biological membranes.
Electrolysis and polarization have a profound effect on tissues and cells. At a certain concentration of ions, cells enter an excited (electrically active) state. The metabolic rate and excitability of the cell change. At the same time, the passive transport of large protein molecules and other substances that do not carry a charge (electrodiffusion) and hydrated ions (electro-osmosis) increases. This means acceleration of cellular and intracellular renewal: rapid supply of building materials, nutrients and regulatory substances, as well as timely removal of metabolic products from the cell.
Galvanization technique
Galvanization is carried out using stationary, movable electrodes or using baths. There are always two electrodes in the procedure: positive and negative. A saline solution or a conductive gel is used to conduct current. It should be remembered that negative and positive electrodes have different effects on tissue.
The effect of negatively and positively charged electrodes on various tissues
Effects on various fabrics |
Electrodes of the device |
|
|
Receptor response |
Increased excitability and sensitivity |
Decreased excitability and sensitivity |
|
Secretory activity (sebaceous and sweat glands) |
Increased secretion |
Decreased secretion |
|
Vascular reaction |
Arterial hyperemia |
Arterial hyperemia |
| Skin pore reaction |
Opening of pores |
Closing Pores |
| Changing the acidity of skin pH |
Alkalinization (increasing pH) |
Increased acidity (decrease pH) |
Mechanism of action of electrophoresis
It is known that electric current causes the movement of ions. Direct current can be compared to wind, which blows in one direction and carries small particles. Galvanic current acts continuously, and pulsed currents move substances “in jerks”. Using direct current, both small and larger particles of medicinal substances carrying an electrical charge can be injected through the skin and mucous membranes. In this case, charged particles are repelled from the electrode of the same name and go deep into the skin. Thus, negatively charged ions are introduced from the negative electrode, and positively charged ones are introduced from the positive electrode. There are also amphoteric (bipolar) substances; they are administered with an alternative current - changing from (+) to (-). The greatest mobility is for medicinal substances dissolved in water. The administered medicinal ions penetrate the epidermis and accumulate in the upper layers of the dermis, from which they diffuse into the interstitium, endothelium of the microvasculature and lymphatic vessels.
During electrophoresis, substances go to a depth of 1.5 cm. After the procedure, a “depot” is formed in the treatment area, from which the drug gradually penetrates into the cells. The period of elimination of various substances from the skin “depot” is from 3 to 15-20 hours, which determines the long stay of the active substances in the body and prolonged action.
The amount of injected substance and the depth of its penetration are influenced by the following parameters:
- Current strength.
- Drug concentration.
- Duration of the procedure
- Physiological condition of the skin.
Electrophoresis technique
Electrophoresis is carried out with both stationary and movable electrodes. It is necessary to maintain the same polarity of the electrode and the injected substance throughout the entire course of procedures. It should be remembered that the alternating use of electrodes of different polarities can dramatically disrupt the process of moving charged particles at the tissue and cellular level. Depending on what medicinal or cosmetic preparations are used during electrophoresis, the procedure may have absorbable, drying, tonic and other effects.
To carry out the procedure, two electrodes are always used - positive and negative. The negative electrode is called the cathode. Usually all wires and connections from the negative pole are made in black. The positive electrode is called the anode and is marked red.
The electrodes used in the procedure may be equal or unequal in area. On a smaller electrode, the current density is higher and its effect is more pronounced. The smaller electrode is called the active electrode.
An active electrode is applied to the problem area. Passive (indifferent) - electrode with a larger area. It is usually held in the patient's hand or attached to the body. The passive electrode can also carry a therapeutic load. Bipolar electrophoresis can be carried out - negatively charged ions will enter the skin from the negative electrode, and positively charged ones from the positive electrode. If the electrodes are equal in area, more pronounced sensations occur under the negative electrode.
The polarity of a substance is the charge of its active particles. Ions of the same name are repelled from the electrode and go deep into the tissues. Therefore, negative ions are introduced from the negative electrode.
Three main types of electrodes are used for procedures: labile, stationary and electrodes for galvanic baths.
Labile electrodes are used for sliding treatment of the skin of the face, neck, and décolleté. These are metal electrodes of different shapes. The form is selected for ease of use. A conical electrode is usually used to treat the area around the eyes. Spherical or roller electrode - for cheeks, neck and décolleté. Labile electrodes must slide over a gel or aqueous solution. Drying of the solution reduces skin conductivity and the patient feels an unpleasant tingling sensation.
Stationary electrodes are conductive plates that are attached to the skin. Stationary electrodes come in metal (lead or other metal plates), rubber (conductive latex) and graphite (disposable graphitized paper plates). The stationary electrode is on the skin for 10-30 minutes. Therefore, under the electrode there must be a pad of fabric or paper 0.5-1 cm thick. The pad is moistened with water or saline solution. When performing electrophoresis, the pad is moistened with a solution of the medicinal substance. The purpose of the gasket is to improve the conduction of current and protect the skin from irritating substances that accumulate under the electrodes. The gasket must be washed or disinfected after each procedure. It is more convenient to use disposable pads.
Electrodes for galvanic baths are graphite plates that are placed in a container of water. In this case, all the water or solution behaves like an electrode. Absorption of medicinal substances into the skin occurs from water.
Current dosing
It is necessary to familiarize the patient with the nature of the sensations during the procedure. Usually a uniform, non-painful tingling sensation is felt. During procedures on the face, a slight metallic taste appears in the mouth. The current strength during the procedure must be selected according to subjective sensations, achieving their clarity and comfort. In physical therapy, current is usually measured in milliamperes (mA). Before performing the procedure, the target current range is usually set. For procedures on the face, a range from 0 to 5 mA is used, on the body - from 0 to 50 mA. The sensitivity of facial skin to current varies in different areas. The neck, nose, and eyelids are usually more sensitive than the cheeks and forehead. The sensitivity threshold varies from person to person and may change throughout the day. If the sensations become painful, you should gradually reduce the current strength. When carrying out the iontophoresis procedure, it is important to take into account the electrical conductivity of tissues. It depends on the concentration of ions and the intensity of fluid exchange. The stratum corneum of the skin is the main barrier to the passage of current. Its resistance is not as high as that of electrical insulation, but it is also significant. Skin conductivity largely depends on the condition of the stratum corneum.
The above information is applied in practice as follows:
- Before the procedure, it is necessary to degrease the skin;
- areas of skin with microtraumas may be more sensitive to electric shock;
- getting hairs under the labile electrode, as well as the exit points of nerves, can give unpleasant sensations;
- In different areas of the face (and body), the current strength for the procedure may be different.
Contraindications to galvanization.
When prescribing electrical procedures, you need to take into account the patient’s health status, since there are a number of contraindications to such procedures.
Contraindications to electrophoresis are all contraindications for galvanization, as well as intolerance to the administered substance.
Procedure methods
The technique using labile electrodes is used for both electrophoresis and galvanization. Features of the use of labile electrodes are as follows:
- large coverage area - the entire face and neck can be treated in one procedure;
- precise dosage of current for different areas of the face;
- visual control of the vascular reaction during the procedure;
- simplicity and ease of use;
- introduction of a smaller amount of substance compared to stationary electrodes.
Before the procedure, you should remove makeup and degrease your facial skin with tonic or lotion. The polarity of the active electrode is selected in accordance with the polarity of the injected substance. The type of electrode is chosen depending on the area of influence. A conical electrode is usually used around the eyes, a conical electrode for the cheeks and neck, and a roller electrode for the neck and décolleté area.
The passive electrode can be fixed on the body, but more often the patient holds it in his hand. The patient is asked to remove jewelry from his hands. It is necessary to wrap the cylindrical electrode with a damp cloth with a layer of 0.5-1 cm; after the procedure, the cloth must be changed or thoroughly rinsed and disinfected. Electrolysis products accumulate in the tissue. Therefore, if the layer thickness is insufficient or the napkin is not treated after the Previous procedure, the patient may experience unpleasant tingling and irritation at the site of contact with the passive electrode.
The active electrode is moved over problem areas with small circular movements. It is necessary to ensure that the area under the electrode is well moistened. In a small area, the labile electrode “works” for 1-2 minutes until the first signs of skin redness. The total exposure time on the face and neck is 10-15 minutes. After the procedure, it is advisable to make a mask that matches your skin type. The effect of the mask after electrophoresis is more pronounced, since the tissues are more active. In addition, skin with minor redness from exposure to electric current has time to calm down within 15-20 minutes.
There are several ways to apply a medicinal substance to the skin when working with labile electrodes. First of all, this is due to ease of use. Gels and aqueous solutions dry quickly on the skin. To avoid unpleasant sensations and use medications more economically, the following is recommended:
- Substances in the form of gels can be applied to half the face or in parts
- It is recommended to apply aqueous solutions to the face drop by drop. To do this, the contents of the ampoule can be transferred to a syringe without a needle. The solution is applied to small areas during the procedure.
- Galvanization with labile electrodes can be carried out over a damp gauze mask moistened with an active ampoule concentrate.
A similar procedure is carried out on collagen sheets.
Application of stationary electrodes.
Ionic mesotherapy.
Features of using this technique:
- long-term exposure to the problem area (30-15 minutes, as opposed to 1 minute with the labile technique);
- greater, compared to the labile technique, depth of penetration and amount of medicinal substances;
- limited area of influence.
To carry out the procedure, reusable or disposable stationary electrodes are used. Under the electrode there must be a protective hydrophilic gasket about 1 cm thick. Basic requirements for the gasket; it must correspond to the shape of the plate and protrude beyond its edges by at least 0.5-1 cm on each side. The purpose of the gasket is to protect the skin from burns and irritation from acidic and alkaline electrolysis products. Before the procedure, the hydrophilic pad is well moistened with warm tap water or a solution of the drug used. After each procedure, the pad is washed with running water and sterilized by boiling. It is more convenient to use disposable gauze or paper hydrophilic pads.
The popularity of the mesotherapy method and many years of experience in using galvanic current in cosmetology have led to a new approach to the use of phoresis of medicinal substances - ionic mesotherapy. In essence, this is electrophoresis of medicinal substances using stationary electrodes.
The advantages of this technique are as follows:
- Fabrics are not damaged or deformed. Therefore, there are never consequences in the form of hematomas, severe swelling or pinpoint scratches.
- Painless procedure. The patient may only experience a slight burning or tingling sensation under the electrodes.
- Substances in an ionized state are more active. Therefore, the dose of the ionized substance can be significantly less than when administered by injection.
- There is no introduction of a solvent into the tissue, unlike the injection method, which eliminates tissue deformation and local circulatory disorders. Allergic reactions, often depending on the degree of purification of the drug, are practically excluded.
The combination of the action of matter and current. Under the influence of galvanic current, the formation of biologically active substances (histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine) is enhanced, oxidative processes in the skin are activated, restoration of epithelial and connective tissues is accelerated, and the permeability of biological membranes changes. The disadvantages of ionic mesotherapy include the limited area of influence and the fact that not all substances can be administered using current. In addition, some patients are contraindicated for electrical procedures.
The combination of ionic and classical mesotherapy - exposure to direct current immediately before injections - seems quite promising. Using this method, it is possible to significantly improve the absorption of substances in the area where electrodes are applied, as well as provide preliminary anesthesia.
When performing ionic mesotherapy, two (less often one) active electrodes must be placed on the skin of the face, and a passive one on the forearm or in the area between the shoulder blades. The area of the passive electrode should be twice the area of the active ones. The first procedure is 10 minutes, the current strength is until minimal pronounced sensations are felt. Subsequent procedures - 15-20 minutes.
The polarity of the active electrodes does not change during the course of procedures. For an active substance that penetrates the body through electrophoresis of 5-10% (10-20%), the concentration of the solution should not be more than 35%.
Facial procedure plan:
- makeup remover;
- milk;
- tonic;
- You can additionally use mechanical or enzymatic peeling (chemical peelings are incompatible with electrical procedures, except for microcurrents);
- disincrustation - (-) electrode using a disincrustation solution;
- electrophoresis for the active substance (the electrode is selected depending on the polarity of the product);
- mask;
- finishing cream
Some patients may experience discomfort during the procedure. The main reasons for these sensations are as follows:
- The current is too high.
- Poor contact between electrode and skin:
- Labile electrodes are not pressed tightly enough to the skin;
- the gel or solution under the labile electrode has dried; for a passive electrode - an insufficiently damp or thin cloth;
- Areas with hairs (for example, near the eyebrow) fall under the labile electrode.
- Violation of the integrity of the skin barrier:
- microtraumas (after cleansing, mesotherapy, areas of very dry skin with microcracks);
- zones of inflammation (inflamed elements of acne, ultraviolet burns and allergic reactions);
- thinning of the stratum corneum of the skin (after superficial and medium peeling, active casting, film mask).
- Accumulation of electrolysis products:
- for a passive electrode - a thin or untreated napkin;
- for the active electrode - too long an effect on one zone; in a small area, the labile electrode “works” for 1-2 minutes or until the first signs of redness of the skin.
Preparations for electrophoresis
Currently, the cosmetic industry offers various preparations for electrophoresis. These can be ampoules, gels and solutions. Polarized medications are marked (+) or (-) on the packaging. This means that they should be entered from the appropriate pole. If there is no polarity marking, you must consult the table of substances for electrophoresis.
In cosmetology, ampoule solutions of collagen, elastin, and herbal preparations are actively used. These substances do not have mobility in an electric field. Electrophoresis, for example, of collagen does not occur. It is recommended to use a collagen solution as a conductive substance during galvanization.
Substances that cannot be introduced using current are successfully used in galvanization procedures. The cosmetic effect of such procedures is much higher than the effect of simply applying the substance to the skin due to the activation of blood vessels and increased permeability of cell membranes. When conducting ionic mesotherapy (as well as classical), you can use one ready-made drug (monotherapy) or create cocktails. When administered simultaneously, the substances often have a more pronounced effect. This effect is called potentiation.
There are certain rules for creating cocktails for ion therapy:
- in the form of aqueous, saline, and less commonly, drugs are used in weak alcohol solutions;
- the solvents in the cocktail must be the same;
- the concentration of the substance in each solution does not exceed 10%;
- the cocktail is made up of ions of the same polarity.
The main substances used include the following:
- Lidase is a drug containing the enzyme hyaluronidase.
- Hyaluronidase causes an increase in tissue permeability and facilitates the movement of fluids in the interstitial spaces. The main indications for the use of lidase are scars after burns and operations, hematomas; scars, adhesions, fibrous changes in tissues.
- Biogenic stimulants used in medical practice are preparations from:
- plants (aloe extract);
- animal tissues (placenta suspension);
- liman mud (PhiBS, peloidin, humisol).
- Ascorbic acid. One of the important physiological functions of ascorbic acid is its participation in the synthesis of collagen and procollagen and in the normalization of capillary permeability.
- Nicotinic acid (vitamin PP). Has a stimulating and vasodilating effect. Hyperemia helps to enhance regeneration processes and resorption of tissue decay products. Reserve capillaries open, the permeability of their walls increases.
- Salicylic acid. Used as an antiseptic, distracting, irritating and keratolytic agent. Used to treat seborrhea
- Inorganic iodides - potassium and sodium iodide. Absorbable agent. Promotes the resorption of infiltrates and scars.
- Zinc. Used as an antiseptic and astringent.
Every year medicine becomes more and more developed. And today she can present many procedures that help maintain our health at the proper level. One such procedure is galvanotherapy. We will tell you about what this interesting procedure is in this article.
What is galvanization and what is the essence of the procedure
Galvanization is a relatively new procedure in medicine. During it, with the help of a special apparatus, weak direct current impulses are applied to the body. The procedure received its name in honor of the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. He studied the basics of electrophysiology. It was his teachings that formed the basis of galvanotherapy.
This procedure is becoming more and more popular every day. And this is not surprising. After all, with its help you can get rid of many diseases. The essence of the procedure is very simple. The human body is exposed to constant, continuous pulses of low voltage current (up to 80 V). This current passes through the tissues of the body and causes physical and chemical reactions. Each of us knows that the human body contains various solutions of salts and colloids, which are part of glandular tissues, fluids and muscles. The current splits the molecules of these substances into electrically charged ions. Due to this, a change in ionic concentration occurs, which subsequently leads to irritation of skin receptors. The receptors, in turn, transmit impulses to the central nervous system. This leads to the occurrence of general and local reactions in the body, which in the case of galvanotherapy have a positive effect.
The galvanic current causes the blood vessels to dilate, thereby accelerating blood flow. In the area where the current is actively exposed, there is a strong production of bioactive substances: histamine, serotonin and others. Galvanic discharges also stimulate the production of internal secretion, normalize the functioning of the central nervous system and increase the functionality of the heart muscle.
After galvanotherapy procedures, tissue regeneration processes are accelerated and the protective properties of the immune system are increased. Today, doctors recommend galvanic therapy to their patients not only for treatment, but also for the prevention of such diseases:
-
acute inflammation of the joints;
disorders of the cardiovascular system;
radiculitis;
gastritis and ulcers;
nerve damage;
neuralgia;
hypertension;
-
myositis;
-
bronchial asthma.
rheumatism;
Galvanotherapy has a wide effect on the body. It is prescribed for diseases of the genital organs, for women's diseases, for migraines, for cerebrovascular accidents, for skin problems, for scars. Some doctors believe that this procedure will also be beneficial for eye diseases, dental problems, fractures, trophic disorders, and the like.
However, no matter how useful galvanotherapy is, it, like all procedures, has some contraindications. The procedure cannot be done with: pustules, inflammation on the body, with wounds and cuts, with atherosclerosis, with cancer, with fever, intoxication, cachexia, problems with blood circulation, with individual intolerance, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.
Before undergoing the procedure, you must consult your doctor. Only a doctor will be able to prescribe the required number of procedures and determine the intensity of the applied current. Also, before undergoing the procedure, you need to carefully examine the body for wounds, pustules and other defects. If there is damage to the skin, the procedure can harm the body.
How is galvanotherapy performed?
The procedure is very simple and does not take much time. One session can last from ten minutes. The duration of the session will directly depend on the diagnosis and well-being of the patient. A course of galvanotherapy treatment consists of ten to twenty procedures. The interval between sessions is 1-2 days. The entire procedure must be carried out under the supervision of a doctor. To carry out galvanization, a special apparatus is used. The device emits a weak direct current, which is supplied to the human body using special wires that are connected to metal plates and electrodes. Metal plates are attached to the human body.
In order not to cause harm to the body, a thin fabric pad that absorbs water must be placed between the metal plate and the body. When all the plates are placed in the desired areas of the body, the doctor turns on the current. Throughout the entire procedure, the current strength is either reduced or increased for a more positive effect.
A small vascular reaction should appear in the places where the plates were located. It looks like skin hyperemia and may not go away for a couple of hours. This reaction is completely normal and there is no need to worry.
The effectiveness of galvanotherapy
Galvanization can have different effects on the human body. It all depends on the duration of the procedure, as well as on the strength of the incoming current. It is very important to undergo this procedure only in a specialized clinic with a competent doctor. Because if the procedure is carried out incorrectly, this can cause serious harm to your body.
If the procedure is carried out correctly, even after the first session a positive effect will be noticeable. Galvanotherapy helps speed up the healing of damaged tissues; it stimulates blood circulation and the functioning of the nervous system. The procedure is very useful after injuries, because it will not only speed up healing, but also help eliminate pain. In addition, thanks to galvanotherapy:
water-salt metabolism accelerates;
joint mobility improves;
chronic swelling disappears;
protein synthesis and circulation in the body is activated;
muscle atrophy is prevented;
absorption mechanisms are stimulated;
the intestinal muscles are strengthened;
fecal and urinary incontinence is cured;
neuromuscular dysfunction is cured.
Many people have been cured of many ailments with the help of galvanization. Today, thanks to this procedure, it is possible to cure even those diseases that require surgical intervention. One of the advantages of the procedure is that it is safe for health.
The procedure is safe even for children. It has a positive effect on the children's body. Many studies have proven that current improves metabolic processes in a child’s body, so that the baby grows healthy. Today, many children's sanatoriums have installed galvanotherapy devices.
Galvanotherapy can be used not only for treatment, but also for the prevention of many diseases. Usually, for preventive purposes, doctors prescribe no more than ten such procedures. Upon completion of a course of galvanotherapy, a person’s overall body tone increases and the body’s condition improves. A person feels cheerfulness and a surge of strength. Insomnia and apathy disappear, appetite and metabolic processes in the body improve.
Galvanization in physiotherapy is a therapeutic technique that uses continuous direct electric current with low current (less than 50 mA), low voltage (30-80 V). The current is supplied by local exposure to special electrodes. Exposure to current can cause an increase in the biophysical and biochemical reactions of the body, which has a positive effect on the affected area.
The galvanization procedure is used in the treatment of various diseases. The technique can only be used during the recovery period, according to indications. WHO also takes into account the possibility of its use in the complex treatment of pathologies.
The concept of galvanization, the effect on the body
The physiotherapy procedure of galvanization is a therapeutic method that is based on the use of weak direct current, which has a healing effect on tissue. Galvanic current has a very small amperage and voltage, which explains its safety and effectiveness. The procedure does not cause pain, the patient only feels a slight tingling or crawling sensation. During physiotherapy, 2 electrodes are used: the cathode and the anode. They have different charges, which allows the movement of ions in the tissues of the body.
Human tissues and organs have different electrical conductivity, so the current does not pass directly through them, but overcomes resistance. It passes through the spaces between cellular structures, through vessels carrying blood and lymph. The action of current causes the movement of ions with different charges. These ions are found in biological fluids (blood, lymph, intercellular fluid).
Positively charged ions always tend towards the cathode. It has a negative charge. Negatively charged particles always move towards the anode. It has a positive charge. This movement of particles is explained by elementary physical mechanisms: plus is attracted to minus and vice versa.
The electrodes are made of metal. When charged particles reach the electrode, they lose their polarity due to oxidative processes (electrolysis). Substances begin to react with water molecules, due to which electrolysis products are formed on the metal electrodes.
Acid begins to form at the anode, and alkali begins to form at the cathode. These chemical compounds can cause damage to the skin or mucous membrane on which the electrode is applied, so the metal plates must be wrapped in gauze or other cloth. This helps prevent burns.
In the tissues located between the electrodes, the polarity of the cell membranes changes. This leads to an increase in the permeability of membrane structures. The transport of substances by osmosis and diffusion increases. Metabolic processes in cells are accelerated.
In the area of the negative electrode, the concentration of tissue histamine and acetylcholine increases. The function of the enzyme cholinesterase begins to decrease. This provokes excitation in the nerve fibers (mostly innervating the muscles). Hyperemia of the skin increases.
At the anode the effects are reversed. The concentration of biological mediators decreases, the work of cholinesterase increases, and tissue excitation decreases. The permeability of cell membranes decreases. This phenomenon is taken into account when installing electrodes in order to eliminate the occurrence of pain.
The effect of current begins to stimulate the skin's receptor apparatus. The impulses enter the brain and then reflexively return.
Against the background of this reflex action, the blood vessels of the skin dilate. The skin at the site where the electrodes are applied turns red. Redness persists for half an hour or more after completion of the physiotherapy procedure.
Galvanic current can have an effect not only locally, but also systemically. When electrodes are applied to the collar area, the work of the cervical sympathetic nodes is stimulated. The cardiovascular system is reflexively involved in the process. Blood flow increases in organs that are innervated by the cervical and upper thoracic segments of the sympathetic trunk. Metabolism in tissues increases.
If electrodes are placed on the scalp, the work of various analyzers is stimulated: visual (the appearance of phosphenes), gustatory (the patient feels a metallic taste in the mouth). When electrodes are installed on the temples, vestibular disorders may occur, which are provoked by stimulation of the balance apparatus.
The galvanization technique in physiotherapy is aimed at regulating the functioning of the nervous and endocrine systems, it improves the secretion of glands, increases the motility of the digestive tract, stimulates metabolism, and immune defense. With the general effect of galvanic current in the bloodstream, the concentration of white blood cells increases, ESR increases, hemodynamic parameters improve, bradycardia occurs, and the metabolism of glucose and proteins accelerates.
Low current intensity can increase coronary blood flow, accelerate the absorption of oxygen molecules, and the accumulation of glycogen in the heart muscle. At high current levels, the opposite effect is observed, which negatively affects the functioning of the heart.
Current dosages during galvanization
In physiotherapy there is the concept of “current density”. Current density (CD) is a measure of current divided by electrode area. The unit of current density is mA/cm2. 1 mA/cm2 refers to the current strength, which is equal to 1 mA. It acts on an electrode area equal to 1 cm2.
Therapeutic current density implies the use of small values of 0.01-0.1-0.2 mA/cm2. When using a PT equal to 0.5 mA/cm2, irreversible consequences may occur.
In medicine, three types of therapeutic current density indicators are used:
- A small current strength is 0.01-0.04 mA/cm2 (prescribed for acute pathologies, severe pain in children under 4 years of age).
- Average PT - O.04-O.08 mA/cm2.
- Large PT - 0.08 to 0.1 (0.2) mA/cm2. It is used topically for protracted or chronic forms of various diseases.
The duration of the physiotherapy procedure can be 10-30 minutes. The most beneficial effect on tissue is observed with a duration of physiotherapy of 10 minutes.
Types of physiotherapy techniques, indications, restrictions on use
Galvanization has 3 main methods of influence.
Physiotherapy methods:
- General (a small therapeutic dosage of current is used, an example of such treatment is a four-chamber hydrogalvanic bath).
- Segmental (using low or medium intensity current, endonasal galvanization, physiotherapy on the spinal area).
- Local (all types of therapeutic dosages).
Galvanization has its indications and limitations. When prescribing a technique, the doctor must take them into account.
Indications and restrictions
| Indications | Restrictions |
| Pathologies of internal organs and blood vessels, skin (hypertension of 1st and 2nd severity, bronchial asthma, inflammation of the pancreas, gastritis, ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract, scleroderma). Diseases of the nervous system (radiculopathies, neuromyositis, head injuries, damage to peripheral nerve fibers, neurosis-like conditions, migraine headaches, spinal pathologies, neuritis). Pathologies of the genital organs in women. Diseases of the visual apparatus. Skin diseases and others. |
Poor tolerance to current of any strength. Damage to the skin (inflammation, scratches, wounds, increased hair growth at the site of electrode application, eczematous skin damage). Severe manifestations of autonomic dysfunction. Oncopathology. Hypertension more than 180/100 mmHg. Art., regular hypertensive crises in the anamnesis. Atrial fibrillation, extrasystoles. Blood flow deficiency of 2-3 degrees. Hyperthermia. Pregnancy. |
Galvanic current during pregnancy should not be used in the first trimester. In the latter stages, therapy is sometimes prescribed, but only if the benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the fetus.
Equipment for carrying out the technique, places for galvanic procedures
Direct current is produced by special devices. The most common devices are AGN-1, AGN-2, Potok-1, Potok-01M, Potok-Br, Elfor-Prof. A very good device is Elfor-Prof. It allows both galvanization and electrophoresis. This is an improved device created on the basis of the Potok-1 apparatus.
Treatment with galvanic current can be carried out in hospitals with a physical department. Physiotherapeutic departments are available at clinics and sanatorium-resort institutions. If the patient is in a hospital, he does not need any additional documents to undergo treatment. The doctor will write on the prescription sheet the number of physiotherapy procedures, the current strength, and the time of one session. When undergoing therapy at a clinic, the patient will need a referral from the attending physician or physiotherapist, an extract from the card or medical history.
Galvanization can be done in sanatorium-resort institutions. To do this you need to get a health resort card. The doctor will indicate the presence of chronic diseases, laboratory test results, and the presence of allergies. Using the map, the sanatorium doctor will determine the course of therapy, current strength, and time of one session.
If it is not possible to undergo treatment for free, then you can come to a paid clinic. To carry out therapy, you need to undergo an examination at the clinic or bring an extract from your outpatient card. Based on the examination data, the doctor will decide on treatment tactics.
The procedure can be carried out at home. To do this, you should purchase a galvanizing device. You can buy the device at any medical equipment store or online store specializing in medical products.
Before galvanization, you must undergo a full examination and consult your doctor or physiotherapist. The doctor will help you decide on the choice of device, treatment tactics, and the number of physical procedures.
Rules for conducting physical therapy
Preparation for the procedure consists of cleansing the skin, examining the skin for scratches and inflammatory changes. If there is minor damage to the integrity of the skin, then apply Vaseline to the scratches and cover them with cotton pads, strips of rubber, or oilcloth. Before the manipulation, the doctor must familiarize himself with the chart or medical history and make sure there are no contraindications. If the patient has a tendency to severe peeling of the skin, then the area where the electrodes are applied is lubricated with Vaseline.
During the physiotherapeutic method, the patient may experience a slight tingling sensation at the site of the electrodes. There shouldn't be any pain. If pain occurs, you need to tell the nurse or doctor about it. The doctor will reduce the intensity of the current or stop treatment.
The treatment procedure usually lasts 10-30 minutes. At the initial stage of therapy, you can reduce the session time. If no unwanted reactions occur, you can increase the time to 20-30 minutes. You cannot sleep during therapy. During sleep, the patient may not notice the occurrence of a skin burn if the device was not configured correctly.
Electrodes can be applied to the cervical-collar area, upper back, calf muscles, head, lower back, eye sockets and other areas of the body. Before installing the electrodes, they are wrapped in gauze soaked in a medicinal solution. After applying the electrodes, the device is set up and turned on. After the session, the electrodes are removed and the skin is wiped with a napkin if Vaseline was used. Course therapy consists of 10-20 procedures. If necessary, treatment can be repeated after a few months.
Conclusion
Experts recommend using galvanic effects on the body during rehabilitation and therapeutic measures. The therapy has a positive effect on restoration processes in damaged tissues, increases immunity, and helps improve blood flow in tissues. You can be treated at home, in a hospital, clinic, or sanatorium. The purpose of galvanization is: reducing the frequency of exacerbations of chronic diseases, recovery after an acute illness.
Galvanic current is a direct current characterized by a constant direction and amplitude in an electrical circuit. It was named after the physiologist Luigi Galvani, who observed an electrical discharge in the muscle of a frog when it came into contact with two dissimilar metals (1789). Soon, physicist Alexandro Volta discovered that a similar process occurs in the case of two dissimilar metals immersed in an electrolyte solution, and is the result of a chemical reaction between the metal of the electrodes and the solution. On this basis, Volta developed a source of electromotive force, which he named a galvanic cell in honor of the discoverer of the Galvani phenomenon. Since then, for many decades, the current of a galvanic cell has been used in medicine for physiological research and for medicinal purposes under the name "galvanization". This term has been preserved in medicine to this day, despite the fact that this type of current is already obtained from machine generators or by rectifying alternating current.
One of the common methods of using galvanic current is the method medicinal electrophoresis, proposed by V. Rossi in 1801.
Direct electric current in biological tissues causes the following physicochemical phenomena: electrolysis, polarization, electrodiffusion, electroosmosis.
Under the influence of an external electromagnetic field applied to human tissues, conduction current. Cations move towards the negative pole - the cathode, and anions - towards the positively charged pole - the anode. Directly approaching the metal plate of the electrode, the ions lose their charge and turn into atoms with high chemical activity (electrolysis). An alkali (KOH, NaOH) is formed under the cathode, and an acid (HCI) is formed under the anode.
Human skin has high resistance (low electrical conductivity), so current enters the body mainly through the excretory ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, intercellular spaces of the epidermis and dermis. The maximum density of conduction current is observed in the liquid media of the body: blood, lymph, urine, interstitium, and neural spaces. The electrical conductivity of tissues increases with shifts in acid-base balance, which can occur as a result of inflammatory edema and hyperemia.
Most of the current energy is spent on overcoming the epidermis. Therefore, during galvanization, the skin receptors are irritated first, and the most pronounced changes are noted in it.
After overcoming the resistance of the epidermis and subcutaneous fatty tissue, the current further spreads along the path of least resistance, mainly through blood and lymphatic vessels, intercellular spaces, nerve sheaths and muscles, sometimes significantly deviating from the straight line, which can conditionally connect two electrodes.
Body tissues contain large amounts of electrolytes, mainly in the form of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and other metal ions. As the number of monovalent potassium and sodium ions increases, tissue excitability increases in the corresponding areas; with the predominance of two valence ions, calcium and magnesium, it is inhibited.
Galvanization is characterized by increased activity of ions in tissues, which is due to their transition from a bound state to a free one. An important role among the primary mechanisms of direct current action is played by the phenomenon electric polarization, that is, accumulations of oppositely charged ions near membranes with the formation of additional polarization currents having a direction opposite to that from the outside. Polarization leads to changes in cell hydration, membrane permeability, and affects the processes of diffusion and osmosis.
Depending on the current parameters, the functional state of the patient and the galvanization technique, local, segmental - metameric or generalized reactions occur in the body. Physico-chemical changes that occur in the tissues of the body lead to the formation of a complex set of reactions that develop according to the neurohumoral mechanism. As a result, there is a change in the functional state of the nervous system, an improvement in blood and lymph circulation, trophic, metabolic and regenerative processes, and an increase in immunological reactivity.
Indications for galvanization
Indications for galvanization: consequences of injuries and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system; vegetative dystonia, neurasthenia and other neurotic conditions; diseases of the digestive system (chronic gastritis, colitis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, peptic ulcer); hyper- and hypotensive diseases, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis in the initial stages; chronic inflammatory processes in various organs and tissues; some dental diseases (periodontal disease, glossalgia, etc.); eye diseases (keratitis, glaucoma, etc.); chronic arthritis and periarthritis of various origins, bone fractures, chronic osteomyelitis.
Contraindications
Contraindications: individual intolerance to current, skin sensitivity disorders, violation of the integrity of the skin at the sites where electrodes are applied, acute purulent inflammatory processes, eczema, neoplasms or suspicions of them, systemic blood diseases, pronounced atherosclerosis, cardiac decompensation, fever, pregnancy, cachexia.
130. Electrophoresis medicinal a method of physiotherapy that involves simultaneous exposure of the body to a direct electric current and ions of medicinal substances administered to it (through the skin or mucous membranes). With E. l. the sensitivity of receptors to medicinal substances increases, which fully retain their pharmacological properties.
Main features of E. l. - pronounced and long-lasting therapeutic effect of small doses of medicinal substances due to the creation of a kind of skin depot of the drugs used, as well as the ability to provide a local effect in certain pathological conditions (for example, local vascular disorders) that make it difficult for the drug to enter the pathological focus from the blood. With E. l. simultaneous use of several drugs is possible. In some cases for E. l. They also use pulsed current in a constant direction, which increases the therapeutic effect of the method. For E. l. both electrodes with pads moistened with a solution of the medicinal substance are placed on the skin, or one of them is placed in the nasal cavity, ear, vagina, etc.; in some cases, instead of a gasket, a bath with a solution of a medicinal substance is used, into which a carbon electrode is lowered. E. l. used for diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, musculoskeletal system, gynecological diseases, etc.
readings
Neurology: neuromyositis, radiculitis, neuritis, neuralgia, neurasthenia, migraine, neuroses, organic diseases of the central nervous system. Cardiology: heart disease (ischemic, chronic) without exacerbation, hypertension of both stages I and II. Therapy: chronic and acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia. ENT: tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis. Gynecology: cervical erosion, endometriosis, colpitis, endometritis, cervicitis. Urology: prostatitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis. Gastroenterology: ulcers, colitis, gastritis with decreased and increased secretion, cholecystitis. Surgery: consequences of burns, postoperative wounds. Dermatology: acne scars, seborrhea
contraindications
Inflammatory processes; - Acute dermatitis; - Purulent processes; - Current intolerance; - Malignant tumors; - Fever; - Bronchial asthma (severe form).
Ultraphonophoresis is a medical procedure based on the introduction of anti-inflammatory drugs into a certain area of the patient’s body using ultrasound.
The use of ultraphonophoresis makes it possible to achieve an increase in the activity of cellular metabolic processes and improves blood and lymph circulation. With its help, stimulation of the cells of the deep layers of the skin is achieved, enriching them with oxygen, improving the structure of collagen. In addition, this method allows you to normalize the pH of the skin, stabilize metabolic processes and cell functioning mechanisms.
Thanks to ultrasound, increased skin permeability to drug molecules is achieved. During prolonged exposure, the required volume of the active substance penetrates the skin to a specified depth, where it accumulates. Thus, after the procedure is completed, the drug acts on the problem area for a long time, providing a lasting therapeutic effect.
Advantages.
Ultraphonophoresis allows you to introduce vitamins (A, D, E, B), antibacterial agents, hormonal (hydrocortisone) and anti-inflammatory agents into the skin. The advantage of this procedure is the possibility of contactless transport of medicinal substances to the lesion, bypassing the bloodstream and ensuring a minimal likelihood of developing side effects.
Indications for use.
Inflammatory skin diseases;
Overgrowth of connective tissue in the area of scars after surgical interventions, cellulite, stretch marks on the skin;
Diseases of the muscular system;
Arthritis and other joint diseases;
Acne;
Contraindications.
In general, ultrasonic phonophoresis is a non-traumatic procedure and has almost no contraindications or side effects. However, patients should avoid this procedure if they have:
Eczema, herpes;
Facial nerve paralysis;
Infectious diseases in the acute stage (including viral);
Benign and cancerous skin diseases;
Neuralgia of the facial and trigeminal nerves, as well as other superficial nerves at the site of the proposed intervention;
Expansion of the saphenous veins in the area of influence;
Systemic and autoimmune skin lesions and connective tissue diseases.
Due to the lack of research, ultraphonophoresis is contraindicated in pregnant women and during breastfeeding.
This method should be used with caution in diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as in the first three months of the rehabilitation period after major surgical interventions and after any maxillofacial operations.