The puma is the second largest cat in North America. She has many names: panther, cougar, leopard, el tigre, mountain or Mexican lion - just how they called her. The first Europeans who arrived in the New World gave her the names of all the big cats of the Old World, more or less similar and even not at all similar to her.
Unlike their formidable relatives, puma does not show ferocity towards humans. Of all the cats, this beast was perhaps the most peaceful. But this did not save the cougar from brutal persecution by white settlers.
The Indians did not hunt the puma - they revered it. If you believe the stories, cougars used to be so peaceful and trusting that, when they met a person, they would jump up to him, offering to play!
And the white man, as a rule, responded with a shot. In addition, the puma was mercilessly destroyed by cattle breeders, considering it the most dangerous enemy of livestock
The peaceful nature of pumas, alas, did not save them from extermination.
Puma belongs to the same genus Felis, as well as the lynx, the steppe cat, and the domestic cat.
So, the largest of the small cats, in appearance it resembles a panther, but has a more elegant and graceful build.
The color of the puma is always monochromatic - gray or reddish. Hence the full Latin name of the species Felis concolor, which translates to “solid-colored cat.”
The puma's muzzle is white from the front, making it even more like a domestic cat.
The puma lives alone. Prefers wild, undeveloped areas with dense thickets, caves and canyons, where there are many natural obstacles that help in hunting.
Each animal occupies an area of 15-40 square meters. miles and does not allow rivals there, with the exception of partners during the mating season.
In North America, the puma has no serious enemies, except that occasionally there are conflicts with grizzlies over prey.
The “younger” relative of the lynx is inferior to the puma in both strength and agility. A pack of wolves, of course, poses a danger, but a puma always has the opportunity to escape from them by climbing up a tree or climbing into rocks.
Only a puma that is wounded, hunted by dogs, or protecting cubs is capable of attacking a person. In all other cases, she avoids him.
It’s a different matter in South and Central America, where the puma has a very dangerous enemy - the jaguar, its “elder” relative. Where the ranges of these cats overlap, they have an instinctive hatred for each other. The jaguar is much stronger, but the puma is lighter and more agile, and can usually avoid collisions.
At the beginning of the 20th century, cougars were exterminated in many central regions of the United States. Driven by man into the gloomy forests of Canada and the gorges of the Rocky Mountains, they lost their former gullibility and themselves became somewhat gloomy.
Pumas generally survived precisely because their shelters in the mountains of the West, Canadian forests and the South American countryside were inaccessible to humans. At the same time, pumas actively resisted destruction
In some states, populations of aggressive cougars have appeared, prone to attacking the person pursuing them. Mostly such incidents were observed in the states of Montana, Idaho, Colorado, British Columbia of Canada and the Rocky Mountains of the United States, where pumas were hunted especially intensively.
1. Identify the island from the description. The fourth largest in the world, this island is washed by - page No. 1/1
7th grade. District tour
Olympiad participant code:
1. Identify the island from the description. The fourth largest ocean in the world, this island is bordered by the third largest ocean by surface area on Earth. The fauna is distinguished by a large proportion of endemics.
A) New Guinea
B) Madagascar
B) Cuba
D) Sumatra
2. This famous English navigatorXVIII century, geographer, cartographer and astronomer, was the leader of three expeditions around the world. He has made numerous discoveries in Australia and Oceania, including New Caledonia, the strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand, and South Georgia. During his second expedition, the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time.
A) Abel Tasman
B) Ferdinand Magellan
B) James Cook
D) James Ross
3. The mouth of a river in the shape of a funnel, expanding towards the sea is called:
A) estuary
B) delta
B) estuary
D) fjord
4. Atoll is:
A) a stable space of clean water among motionless ice
B) a chaotic accumulation of ice resulting from the pressure of ice fields on each other or on the shore
C) shallow rounded depressions with a flat bottom, occupied by lakes
D) a low-lying ring-shaped coral island surrounding a shallow lagoon
5. Among the types of the earth's crust, there are two main ones: continental and oceanic. The main difference between them is that:
A) oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust
B) the structure of the continental crust contains a granite layer
C) there is no basalt layer in the structure of the oceanic crust
D) the structure of the oceanic crust contains a basalt layer
6. Fold mountains include:
A) Ural
B) Appalachia
B) Alps
D) Great Watershed Range
7. Match the type of vegetation and continent:
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A |
Llanos |
Eurasia |
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B |
savannah |
South America |
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IN |
scrub |
Africa |
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G |
maquis |
Australia |
Answer:
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A |
B |
IN |
G |
8. If on the map a straight section of a road 10 km long occupies 10 mm,
then the map scale is:
9. Geysers can be found in the following areas:
A) Congo basin
B) Yellowstone National Park
B) Kruger National Park
D) Deccan plateau
10. In the composition of atmospheric air, gas is in second place in terms of volume:
A) oxygen
B) ozone
D) carbon dioxide
11. In the list of names of sea currents, indicate the one that is warm:
A) Gulf Stream
B) Labrador
B) Peruvian
D) Western Winds
12. Determine the type of climate from the description. Air temperature in July from –5 C to –20 C, water from –1.5 to –1.9°C. In January, the temperature of water and air is about 1 C. Precipitation averages 500 mm/year, snowstorms, fogs, and high clouds are frequent.
A) Arctic
B) Subarctic
B) Antarctic
D) Subantarctic
13. Correlate the instruments and parameters that measure them
help.
Answer:
|
A |
B |
IN |
G |
14. Choose the only true statement:
A) Cape Naturalista and Geographa Bay are located in the same part of the world
B) Lake Poopo and the Moonsund archipelago belong to the same ocean basin
B) The Appalachians and Apennines are located in the eastern hemisphere
D) The Nubian Desert and the Namib Desert form a single desert massif
15. Choose the correct statement:
A) panda and platypus can meet in natural conditions
B) armadillo and capybara can meet in natural conditions
C) under natural conditions, the spectacled bear and the grizzly bear are found in different parts of the world
D) under natural conditions, okapi is found in tropical deserts
16. Select the group in which the rivers of Africa are correctly collected:
A) Congo, Senegal, Chad, Niger
B) Victoria, Nile, Orange, Limpopo
B) Okavango, Zambezi, Kagera, Lualaba
D) Zambezi, Nyasa, Shari, Congo
17. Choose a peninsula located in the fifth largest part of the world by territory, washed by the saltiest ocean and one of the saltiest seas in the world, in the north of which are the mountains of the same name as the peninsula. Most of its territory is occupied by an arid (poorly moistened) plateau, and most precipitation falls in the cold season.
A) Iberian
B) Florida
B) California
D) Apennine
18. Select the correct list of Australian endemics:
A) Echidna, rhea, koala, dingo
B) Koala, wombat, okapi, skunk
B) Panda, echidna, platypus, kangaroo
D) Koala, dingo, kangaroo, emu
19. Identify the Nordic countries based on the following characteristics:
Country 1. The capital of the country is located on an island. The country is famous for dairy products. Homeland of G.H. Andersen. This___________________________________________
Country 2
It is believed that the residence of Santa Claus is located in this country. Country of 180,000 lakes. Manufacturer of Nokia phones. This______________________________________________
20. Crossword puzzle “CITIES OF ITALY”
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AND
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City on the Tiber River
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Capital of the Winter Olympics in 2006 |
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A
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The city at the foot Mount Vesuvius
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Capital of the Tuscany region |
L
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AND
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"Capital of Fashion" |
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City of islands and canals |
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All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in geography
7th grade District tour
Moscow, 2011/2012 academic year
Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the questions:
This is how one American journalist describes his impressions of the experience:
“I ran outside and saw that the house in which I lived was swaying from side to side, writhing and groaning. The ground heaved, tall trees fell as if cut down... Pieces of earth of incomprehensible shape moved up and down, tilting at all sorts of angles. The dilapidated house suddenly crawled towards me... A new crack opened beneath me, and I fell into it. When it was all over, I climbed to the surface and saw a strange landscape around me that reminded me of primeval chaos.”
What is the name of this natural phenomenon? What are its reasons? What science studies this phenomenon? In what units is its strength measured? Is there a pattern to where it appears on Earth? Name 5 countries that suffered from this natural phenomenon in the 21st century?
Task 2. The modern science of GEOGRAPHY includes many different areas. Some of them are presented in the table. Identify the objects of study in these areas. Distribute the concepts from the list according to these directions:
Iceberg, riffle, sapropel, cyclone, trilobite, geoid, stalagmite, plateau, tundra, subduction, anemometer, spreading, fossils, oxbow lakes, plain, low water, glacier, ellipsoid, floodplain meadow, stalactite.
|
Scientific discipline
|
Object of study |
Terms and concepts |
|
Synoptics | ||
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Limnology | ||
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Geomorphology | ||
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Hydrology | ||
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Glaciology | ||
|
Paleontology | ||
|
Tectonics | ||
|
Geodesy | ||
|
Landscape science | ||
|
Speleology |
Task 3. Define geographical latitudes of two settlements and the distance between them in degrees and kilometers, if it is known that they are located on the same meridian. Moreover, on December 22 at noon, the Sun in one of the cities rises above the horizon by 70° (the shadow of objects falls to the south), and in the other - by 30° (the shadow falls to the north).
Be sure to provide calculations and write down your reasoning!
Task 4. These water spaces ensure the integrity and unity of the World Ocean. Many of them bear the names of their discoverers. Label 10 similar objects on the map. What do you know about the sailors after whom they are named? (Map included.)
Z 
assignment 5.
1. Look at the map, complete the tasks and answer the questions.
Construct a profile along the line P - R. Leave the horizontal scale as on the map, and the vertical scale 1: 500.
Determine the absolute height at which the spring is located.
Determine the azimuth and direction along which the profile will be built and the distance on the ground between points P and R.
In which direction will you cover the route faster - from the dam to the spring, or back if you follow the profile line? Justify your answer.
What are the names of the landforms along which the profile passes?
Nature populated the Earth with various animals and birds, insects, plants and other living creatures. Some of them are quite common and numerous, others are very rare and live only in certain parts of the planet. They are usually called endemics. They are found on absolutely every continent. North America is no exception. In this article we will look at the endemics of North America.
Meaning of the term
Endemics are those representatives of the animal or plant world that are found only in a certain place and nowhere else on the planet. As a rule, such exclusivity has been formed over thousands of years of evolution and is often explained by the geographical remoteness of the continent or its separate part. For example, the rainforests of the Galapagos Islands are rich in endemic species. Some plants and animals native to North America are also exceptional species found nowhere else. Amazing representatives of flora and fauna amaze the imagination. Only nature can invent and create such shapes and sizes. 
Endemics of North America: plants
Sequoia - America's national treasure
Sequoia evergreen has a limited range. It grows on the Pacific coast of the mainland. Its main qualities that surprise you are its size (height is more than 100 meters), its age, which exceeds one thousand years, and its enormous trunk diameter. At a certain period, these trees were subjected to the destructive influence of humans, they were cut down en masse, some were simply destroyed, for example, by cutting a passage through them for cars. Now the evergreen sequoia is a national treasure.
Endemic animals: examples
- Puma. She is also very often called a cougar. She lives in North and South America. A fairly large representative of predators belonging to the body length ranges from 100 to 180 centimeters (including tail). You can meet them both in the mountains and on flat terrain. The number is quite large, but still endangered due to the reduction of their habitats and hunting by local residents. Some subspecies are protected by law.
- Endemic to North America include the wood bison. This is the northern subspecies of the fairly common American bison. Despite some external similarities, they also have significant differences. The subspecies has a small population (mainly due to extermination by humans), and therefore is under protection. Its habitat is the taiga forests of Alaska and several other northern states.
- Striped skunk. The animal has a very colorful appearance and a very bad character. The black and white color with two large light stripes on the back is very noticeable. The skunk has specific glands that produce an oily fluid. It has an extremely unpleasant, pungent and persistent odor. In case of danger, the skunk sprays it in the direction of the enemy. Its color is also considered a warning sign. The habitat is quite large, but still the species is endemic to North America, since it is not found anywhere else in the world.
- This rare species belongs to the American vulture family. Its habitat is limited to three states (the mountains of California, Arizona and Utah), and is also found in Mexico. Its numbers declined to a point of extinction in the 20th century, but, fortunately, it was restored with the help of special programs.
Interim certification
by geography
7th grade
2015-2016 academic year
Explanatory note
Materials for intermediate certification in geography, grade 7, are compiled in accordance with the program for grades 5-9 "Geography. Earth and People. Grade 7, authors V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva, taking into account the requirements for the level of training of primary school students. Final intermediate control is represented by a form of comprehensive testing of students' knowledge and skills in geography lessons in a primary school. The structure of the tests is similar to the structure of tests in the OGE format, which will gradually prepare students for working with similar material.
Used Books
Notebook - examiner. Geography. Land and people. V.V. Barabanov, S.E. Dyukova
You have 40 minutes to complete the tests.
Response evaluation criteria
For each correctly completed task C 1-5, 7-21, 1 point is awarded. For completing task No. 6 – 2 points
The maximum number of points that a student who correctly completes the test can receive is 21 points.
Grading criteria
100% - 90% (21-19 points) - from the maximum amount of points - score “5”;
89 - 70% (18 - 15 points) - score “4”;
69 - 50% (17 - 11 points) - score “3”;
49 - 0% (10 - 0 points) - score “2”.
2015 – 2016 academic year
7th grade
Option 1
Which of the following continents is crossed by the equator and washed by the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans?
A) Africa B) North America
B) Australia D) South America
2. Which of the following continents includes two parts of the world?
A) Africa B) Eurasia
B) North America D) Antarctica
3. Arrange the oceans in order of increasing area. Write down the resulting sequence of letters.
A) Atlantic B) Arctic C) Indian
4. Establish a correspondence between the tectonic structure and the shape of the relief:
Landform
African-Arabian platform
Cenozoic folding
Hercynian folding
Guiana shield
A) Guiana Plateau
B) East African Plateau
B) Andes
D) Great Watershed Range
In which part of the world does most of the world's population live?
Africa B) America
B)
Asia D) Europe
Describe the climatic conditions of the Labrador Peninsula.
Answer:_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Which continent is the driest on Earth?
A) North America B) Australia
B) Africa D) South America
8. Where do earthquakes not occur?
A) in Africa B) in Antarctica
C) in Australia D) in North America
9. Establish a correspondence between the ocean and the peninsulas and islands located in it.
Atlantic OceanPacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
A) Bermuda, Labrador Peninsula
B) o. Madagascar, Hindustan Peninsula
B) o. New Guinea, Alaska Peninsula
10. Identify the ocean by its brief description
This is the oldest and deepest ocean on Earth. It has the warmest surface waters. The highest wind waves and the most destructive tropical hurricanes form here.
Answer:____________________________________________________________
11. Identify the continent based on its brief description
This is an amazing and mysterious continent. A third of the continent is occupied by impenetrable forests - selva. A young mountain range stretches along the western coast. On the mainland there is the deepest river on Earth.
Answer:__________________________________________________________
12. Establish a correspondence between the continent and representatives of flora and fauna:
1. South America2. Australia
3. Antarctica
4. Africa
A) baobab
B) Victoria-Regia
B) Eucalyptus
D) mosses and lichens
C) kangaroo
D) penguins
E) zebra
F) anaconda
13. Which statement correctly characterizes the geographical location of Africa?
A) Africa is separated from Eurasia by the Mozambique Strait
B) The western coast of Africa is washed by the Indian Ocean.
C) The southernmost point of the continent is located in the subtropical climate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.
D) Africa is separated from the Arabian Peninsula by the Red Sea.
14. Which natural zone occupies most of the Amazonian lowland?
A) deciduous forests B) savannas and woodlands
B) steppes and forest-steppes D) moist equatorial forests
15. Which of the following animals is endemic to Australia?
A) armadillo B) echidna
B) tapir D) lemur
16. From the list, select the extreme point of the continent of Antarctica?
A) Needle B) Murchison C) Sifre D) York
A) The cordillera was formed by the collision of lithospheric plates
B) The highest peak on the continent is in the Appalachians
B) Large highlands are located in the northeast
18. On which continent is the largest tropical desert located?
A) Africa B) South America C) North America D) Australia
19. The indigenous people of South America include:
A) Indians B) mestizos C) mulattoes D) sambo
20. In which part of Antarctica does the mountain fold belt pass?
A) northern B) southern C) western D) eastern
Answer table
Intermediate certification in geography
2015 – 2016 academic year
7th grade
FI__________________________________________________________Date:_____________________
Option 2
Which of the following continents is crossed by the equator and washed by the waters of the Indian and Atlantic oceans?
A) Africa B) Australia C) North America D) South America
What part of the world includes two continents?
A) Africa B) America C) Australia D) Eurasia
Arrange the oceans in order of decreasing area. Write down the sequence of letters
A) Indian B) Pacific C) Atlantic
Establish a correspondence between landform and tectonic structure
Tectonic structure
Cordillera
Amazonian lowland
Atlas Mountains
Great Dividing Range
A) South American platform
B) Hercynian folding
B) Mesozoic folding
D) Cenozoic folding
In which part of the world is the world's largest country by population located?
A) Asia B) America C) Africa D) Europe
Describe the climatic conditions of the Somali Peninsula
Answer:_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Which continent on Earth is the wettest?
Which continent is not characterized by volcanic eruptions?
A) Australia B) North America C) South America D) Africa
Establish a correspondence between the ocean and the peninsulas and islands located in it.
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
A) Canadian Arctic archipelago
B) o. Cuba, Florida Peninsula
B) Somalia Peninsula, o. Sumatra
Identify the ocean based on its brief description
It is the second largest ocean on Earth. It is the most studied and mastered by people. The ocean stretches from subarctic latitudes to Antarctica and has many seas and bays. The longest mountain structure on Earth is located here.
Answer:___________________________________________________________
Identify the continent based on its brief description.
This is the second largest continent on Earth. It has the smoothest coastline of all the continents. Most of it is occupied by plateaus and plateaus. It is home to the world's greatest desert and the largest land mammals.
Answer:___________________________________________________________________
12 . Establish a correspondence between the continent and representatives of flora and fauna:
1. South America2. Australia
3. North America
4. Africa
A) velvichia
B) ceiba
B) sequoia
D) bottle tree
C) skunk
D) ostrich rhea
E) ostrich Emu
F) armadillo
13. Earthquakes occur in eastern Africa because:
A) here the East African Rifts stretch from north to south
B) at its base lies an ancient platform
C) a lot of sedimentary rocks have accumulated here, which put a lot of pressure on the ancient rocks of the platform.
D) ancient mountains are being destroyed quickly and intensively here
14. Which natural area predominates in Patagonia?
A) deserts and semi-deserts B) steppes and forest-steppes
C) savannas and woodlands D) moist equatorial forests
15. Which of the following plants is endemic to Australia?
A) sequoia B) eucalyptus C) quebracho D) ceiba
16. From the list, select the extreme point of the South America continent:
A) Almadi B) Byron C) Gallinas D) Mariato
17. Which statement correctly characterizes the topography of North America?
A) Most of the continent is occupied by vast highlands.
B) The highest part of the continent is the northeastern
C) At the base of the Central Plains lies a young plate.
D) High mountains stretch along the western coast.
18. On which continent is the world's largest tract of equatorial rainforest located?
A) Africa B) North America C) South America D) Australia
19. Which ancient continent included the platform that lies at the base of Antarctica?
A) Laurasia B) Tethys C) Gondwana D) Panthalassa
20. Maps of which continent should be used to study the nature of the Amazonian lowland?
A) North America B) Africa C) Australia D) South America
Answer table
Answers
1 option
1B, 2B, 3G, 4A
Most of the Labrador Peninsula has a temperate monsoon climate. In winter and summer, UVM dominates. Winter temperature - - 24 0 C, summer temperature from +8 to +16 0 C. Precipitation amount from 500 to 1000 mm. With summer maximum precipitation.
1A, 2B, 3B
QUIET
SOUTH AMERICA
1B F, 2BC, 3G D.4 A E
Option 2
1B, 2A, 3G, 4B
Most of the Somali Peninsula is located in the subequatorial climate zone. In winter the computer dominates, in the summer - TVM. Winter temperature - + 24 0 C, summer temperature + 32 0 C. The amount of precipitation is from 100 to 250 mm, in the western part up to 1000 mm. Precipitation occurs in winter.
1B, 2A, 3B
ATLANTIC OCEAN
AFRICA
1B F. 2G E, 3B C, 4A D