October 2, 1917. Consequences of the October Revolution

, Russian Civil War 1918-20 – chronology.

October 10, 1917 – The Bolshevik Central Committee decides on an armed uprising.

October 12– Creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet ( VRK) to guide the seizure of power.

Mid October – Kerensky is making an attempt to bring part of the Petrograd garrison to the front. This pushes the garrison, who does not want to fight, to the side of the Bolsheviks, becoming the main condition for the success of the October Revolution.

October 23– Trotsky dispatched Military Revolutionary Committee commissars to most of the Petrograd military units of the garrison. The Peter and Paul Fortress (where there are cannons and an arsenal with 100 thousand rifles) goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

October 24– Under the guise of defense against the “counter-revolution,” the Military Revolutionary Committee begins a systematic, silent capture of the capital by small groups of soldiers and Red Army soldiers.

Pre-Parliament actually denies Kerensky the authority to suppress the Bolshevik rebellion, so as not to “provoke a civil war.”

Deputies gather in Petrograd " II Congress of Soviets" Its composition was rigged in advance by the Bolsheviks: representatives of only 300 (according to other sources, only 100) of the 900 existing in the country gather at the congress Soviets- and predominantly members of the Leninist party (335 out of 470 deputies, while the true proportion in local councils is completely different).

On a front completely destroyed by the communists, it is almost impossible to gather troops to help the Provisional Government. Kerensky accidentally finds a general's detachment near Pskov Krasnova, in which there are only 700 Cossacks. Krasnov agrees to lead him against the Bolsheviks to Petrograd (where there is a 160,000-strong garrison of reserve regiments who refused to go to the front, not counting the sailors).

29th of October– The Bolsheviks begin to disarm the Petrograd cadets. They resist. The result is fierce battles with artillery around the Pavlovsk and Vladimir schools; There were twice as many casualties as on Bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905.

Reinforcements arrive at Krasnov in the evening: another 600 Cossacks, 18 guns and an armored train. However, his forces are still insignificant for further movement towards Petrograd.

The cowardly Colonel Ryabtsev negotiates a daily truce with the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. During these days, the Bolsheviks are pulling reinforcements to Moscow from everywhere.

October 30– Krasnov is organizing an attack on the Pulkovo Heights. The garrison soldiers and workers flee in fear from a group of Cossacks, but the sailors resist and fight off the attack. In the evening, Krasnov retreats to Gatchina. Vikzhel, in the hope of success in negotiations with the Bolsheviks on a homogeneous socialist government, prevents the transportation by rail of reinforcements still collected at the front to Krasnov.

In Moscow in the evening, the Military Revolutionary Committee violates the truce. Bloody battles between Bolsheviks and cadets on Tverskoy and Nikitsky boulevards.

Fights with the Bolsheviks in Kyiv, Vinnitsa, and some other cities.

October 31- The All-Army Soldiers' Committee at Headquarters declares that the front considers the Bolshevik coup illegal and opposes any negotiations with them.

Bolshevik agitators arrive in Gatchina, persuading Krasnov’s small Cossacks not to defend who had already betrayed them in July and August Kerensky, and return to the Don.

The Moscow Bolsheviks begin shelling the Kremlin and cadet schools from Vorobyovy Gory and Khodynka with heavy artillery.

Nov. 1- Flight from Gatchina of Kerensky in disguise. Trotsky brings large Bolshevik detachments to Gatchina, and Krasnov has to stop further actions. Indecisive Commander-in-Chief Dukhonin orders from Headquarters to stop sending new troops to Petrograd.

November 2– Having got rid of the danger from Krasnov, Lenin orders to stop negotiations on a homogeneous socialist government. A group of influential Bolsheviks (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Nogin), who do not believe that their party will retain power alone.

the 3rd of November- By morning the cadets surrender the Moscow Kremlin, terribly mutilated by red artillery. Ruthless reprisals against cadets and the looting of Kremlin churches begin.

Consequences of the Bolshevik coup in Moscow. Documentary newsreel

November 4– Bolshevik supporters of a homogeneous socialist government leave the Central Committee (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin, Nogin) and the Council of People’s Commissars (they soon return, unable to withstand Lenin’s pressure).

November 7 – Left Social Revolutionaries They form a party separate from the right and begin negotiations with the Bolsheviks about joining the Council of People's Commissars.

November 8– Lenin removes Dukhonin from his post as commander-in-chief, replacing him with a Bolshevik ensign Krylenko. Lenin's radiogram: let all soldiers and sailors, regardless of their superiors, enter into negotiations on a truce with the enemy - the final surrender of Russia to the mercy

On November 7, 1917 (October 25 according to the Julian calendar), an event occurred, the consequences of which we are still seeing. The Great October Socialist Revolution, as it was commonly called in Soviet historiography, changed Russia beyond recognition, but did not stop there. It shocked the whole world, redrew the political map and for many years became the worst nightmare of capitalist countries. Even in remote corners their own communist parties appeared. The ideas of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, with certain changes, are still alive in some countries today. Needless to say, the October Revolution was of enormous importance for our country. It would seem that such a grandiose event in the history of Russia should be known to everyone. But, nevertheless, statistics say the opposite. According to VTsIOM, only 11% of Russians know that the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government. According to the majority of respondents (65%), the Bolsheviks overthrew the Tsar. Why do we know so little about these events?

History, as we know, is written by the winners. The October Revolution became the main propaganda weapon of the Bolsheviks. The events of those days were carefully censored by the Soviet government. In the USSR, disgraced political figures were mercilessly deleted from the list of creators of the October Revolution (Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, etc.), and the role of Stalin during his reign, on the contrary, was deliberately exaggerated. It got to the point that Soviet historians turned the revolution into a real phantasmagoria. Today we have all the data for a detailed study of this period and everything that preceded it. On the eve of the centennial anniversary of the October Revolution, it's time to refresh your memory or learn something new. To understand how everything really happened, we will restore the chronology of the events of 1917.

How 1917 began

The First World War (1914-1918) was the main reason for the spread of revolutionary sentiment throughout Europe. By the end of the war, 4 empires fell at once: Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian and a little later Ottoman.

In Russia, neither the people nor the army understood the war. And even the government could not clearly communicate its goals to its subjects. The initial patriotic impulse quickly faded away amid the spread of anti-German sentiment. Constant defeats at the front, retreat of troops, huge casualties and a growing food crisis caused popular discontent, which led to an increase in the number of strikes

By the beginning of 1917, the state of affairs in the state had become catastrophic. All layers of society, from ministers and members of the imperial family to workers and peasants, were dissatisfied with the policies of Nicholas II. The decline in the king's authority was accompanied by political and military miscalculations on his part. Nicholas II completely lost touch with reality, relying on the unshakable faith of the Russian people in the good Tsar-Father. But the people no longer believed. Even in remote provinces, everyone knew about the harmful influence of Rasputin on the imperial couple. In the State Duma, the tsar was directly accused of treason, and the autocrat's relatives seriously thought about eliminating Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, who constantly interfered in state affairs. In such conditions, radical left parties launched their propaganda activities everywhere. They called for the overthrow of the autocracy, the end of hostilities and fraternization with the enemy.

February Revolution

In January 1917, a wave of strikes swept across the country. More than 200 thousand people went on strike in Petrograd (St. Petersburg in 1914-1924). The government's response to everything was sluggish. On February 22, Nikolai generally left for the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in Mogilev.

On February 17, in response to interruptions in food supplies, a strike began at the Petrograd Putilov plant. The workers spoke out with slogans: “Down with war!”, “Down with autocracy!”, “Bread!” Popular unrest intensified, strikes became larger and larger. Already on February 25, not a single enterprise was operating in the capital. The reaction of the authorities was slow, measures were taken very late. It looked as if the officials were deliberately inactive. In this situation, the words of Nicholas, who wrote from Headquarters, are sincerely surprising: “I command you to stop the riots in the capital tomorrow.” Either the tsar was really so poorly informed and naive, or the government underestimated the situation, or we are dealing with treason.

Meanwhile, the Bolsheviks (RSDLP (b)) actively agitated the Petrograd garrison, and these actions were successful. On February 26, soldiers began to go over to the side of the rebels, and this meant only one thing - the government lost its main defense. We should not forget that the February Revolution was carried out by all segments of the population. The parties that were members of the State Duma, the aristocrats, officers, and industrialists did their best here. The February revolution was general or bourgeois, as the Bolsheviks would later call it.

On February 28, the revolution achieved complete victory. The tsarist government was removed from power. The leadership of the country was taken over by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, headed by Mikhail Rodzianko.

March. Abdication of Nicholas II

First of all, the new government was concerned with the problem of removing Nicholas from power. No one had any doubt that the emperor must certainly be persuaded to abdicate. On February 28, having learned about the events that had taken place, Nikolai went to the capital. The revolution, which quickly spread throughout the country, met the monarch on the way - the rebel soldiers did not allow the royal train to Petrograd. Nicholas did not take any decisive steps to save the autocracy. He only dreamed of being reunited with his family, who were in Tsarskoe Selo.

The Duma deputies went to Pskov, where the Tsar’s train was forced to turn. On March 2, Nicholas II signed a manifesto of his abdication. Initially, the Provisional Committee intended to preserve autocracy by transferring the throne to the young Tsarevich Alexei under the regency of his younger brother Nicholas, but this could have caused another explosion of discontent and the idea had to be abandoned.

Thus fell one of the most powerful dynasties. Nikolai went to Tsarskoe Selo to his wife and children. The last years of the imperial family's life were spent in captivity.

At the end of February, simultaneously with the creation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was formed - a body of democracy. The creation of the Petrograd Soviet was initiated by the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries. Soon such Councils began to appear throughout the country. They were engaged in improving the situation of workers, regulating food supplies, arresting officials and police officers, and repealing tsarist decrees. The Bolsheviks continued to remain in the shadows. In the newly formed Soviets they were inferior in number to representatives of other parties.

On March 2, the Provisional Government began its work, formed by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Dual power was established in the country.

April. Lenin in Petrograd

Dual power prevented the ministers of the Provisional Government from establishing order in the country. The arbitrariness of the Soviets in the army and in enterprises undermined discipline and led to lawlessness and rampant crime. The question of Russia's further political development remained unresolved. This problem was approached with reluctance. The convening of the Constituent Assembly, which was supposed to decide the future fate of the country, was scheduled only for November 28, 1917.

The situation at the front became catastrophic. The soldiers, supporting the decision of the Soviets, withdrew from the subordination of the officers. There was no discipline or motivation among the troops. However, the Provisional Government was in no hurry to end the ruinous war, apparently hoping for a miracle.

The arrival of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Russia in April 1917 was a radical change in the course of the events of 1917. It was from this moment that the Bolshevik Party began to rapidly increase in size. Lenin's ideas quickly spread among the people and, most importantly, were close and understandable to everyone.

On April 4, 1917, Lenin announced the program of action of the RSDLP (b). The main goal of the Bolsheviks was the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of full power to the Soviets. Otherwise, this program was called “April Theses”. On April 7, the theses were published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. Lenin outlined his program simply and clearly. He demanded to end the war, not to provide support to the Provisional Government, to confiscate and nationalize the landowners' lands, and to fight for the socialist revolution. In short: land to the peasants, factories to the workers, peace to the soldiers, power to the Bolsheviks.

The position of the Provisional Government weakened even more after Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov announced on April 18 that Russia was ready to wage war to a victorious end. Anti-war demonstrations of many thousands took place in Petrograd. Miliukov was forced to resign.

June July. No support for the Provisional Government!

With the arrival of Lenin, the Bolsheviks began active activities aimed at seizing power. To achieve their political goals, members of the RSDLP (b) willingly took advantage of the government’s mistakes and miscalculations

On June 18, 1917, the Provisional Government launched a large-scale offensive at the front, which was initially successful. It soon became clear, however, that the operation had failed. The army began to retreat, suffering huge losses. Large-scale anti-war protests began again in the capital. The Bolsheviks took an active part in inciting anti-government sentiments.

Trying to restore order, the Provisional Government persecuted the RSDLP (b). The Bolsheviks were forced to go underground again. The attempt to eliminate his main political opponent, however, did not bring the desired effect. Power was slipping from the hands of the ministers, and confidence in the Bolshevik Party, on the contrary, was strengthening.

August. Kornilov mutiny

In order to stabilize the situation in the country, the new chairman of the Provisional Government, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, was vested with emergency powers. To strengthen discipline, the death penalty was reintroduced at the front. Kerensky also took measures to improve the economy. All his efforts, however, did not bear fruit. The situation continued to remain explosive, and Alexander Fedorovich himself understood this very well.

To strengthen the position of his government, Kerensky decided to enter into an alliance with the military. At the end of July, Lavr Georgievich Kornilov, popular in the army, was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

Determined to fight left-wing radical elements (mainly the Bolsheviks), Kerensky and Kornilov initially planned to join forces to save the Fatherland. But this never happened - the chairman of the government and the commander-in-chief did not share power. Everyone wanted to lead the country alone.

On August 26, Kornilov called on troops loyal to him to move to the capital. Kerensky was simply cowardly and turned for help to the Bolsheviks, who had already firmly captured the minds of the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison. There was no clash - Kornilov’s troops never reached the capital.

The situation with Kornilov once again proved the inability of the Provisional Government to lead the state and the mediocrity of Kerensky as a politician. For the Bolsheviks, on the contrary, everything turned out as well as possible. The August events showed that only the RSDLP (b) was capable of leading the country out of chaos.

October. Bolshevik triumph

In September 1917, the moribund Provisional Government entered its last phase of life. Kerensky continued to frantically change ministers and convened a Democratic Conference to determine the future composition of the government. In reality, it again turned out to be stupid demagoguery and a waste of time. The Kerensky government, in reality, cared only about its own position and personal gain. Lenin expressed himself very precisely about those events: “Power was lying under your feet, you just had to take it.”

The Provisional Government failed to solve a single problem. The economy was on the verge of complete collapse, prices were rising, and food shortages were felt everywhere. Strikes of workers and peasants in the country grew into mass protests, accompanied by pogroms and reprisals against representatives of the wealthy strata. Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies throughout the country began to go over to the Bolshevik side. Lenin and Trotsky advocated an immediate seizure of power. On October 12, 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee was created under the Petrograd Soviet - the main body for preparing a revolutionary uprising. Through the efforts of the Bolsheviks, about 30 thousand people were put under arms in a short time.

On October 25, the rebels occupied strategically important sites in Petrograd: the post office, telegraph office and train stations. On the night of October 25-26, the Provisional Government was arrested in the Winter Palace. According to one of the Soviet legends, Kerensky, dressed in a woman’s dress, fled from the capital. Immediately after seizing power, the Bolsheviks held a Congress of Soviets, at which they adopted the main documents - the “Decree on Peace” and the “Decree on Land”. All local power was transferred to the hands of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies. Kerensky's attempts to seize power with the help of troops were unsuccessful.

The events of October 25, 1917 were the natural end of a period of virtual anarchy in the country. The Bolsheviks proved by deeds that only they were capable of taking over the government of the state. And even if you do not sympathize with the communists, it is worth recognizing that their superiority in 1917 was obvious.

We all know very well what happened next. The Soviet state lasted a full 68 years. It lived the life of an average person: it was born in pain, matured and hardened in constant struggle, and eventually, having grown old, fell into childhood and died at the dawn of the new millennium. But even after his defeat in Russia, Lenin’s cause still lives on in some places. And so far we have not gone that far, continuing to live on the ruins of Vladimir Ilyich’s major experiment.

October Revolution(full official name in the USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, alternative names: October Revolution, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution listen)) - a stage of the Russian revolution that occurred in Russia in October of the year. As a result of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government was overthrown, and the government formed by the Second Congress of Soviets came to power, the majority in which, shortly before the revolution, was received by the Bolshevik party - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), in alliance with part of the Mensheviks, national groups, peasants organizations, some anarchists and a number of groups in the Socialist Revolutionary Party.

The main organizers of the uprising were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and others.

The government elected by the Congress of Soviets included representatives of only two parties: the RSDLP (b) and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries; other organizations refused to participate in the revolution. Later, they demanded the inclusion of their representatives in the Council of People's Commissars under the slogan of a “homogeneous socialist government,” but the Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries already had a majority at the Congress of Soviets, allowing them not to rely on other parties. In addition, relations were spoiled by the support of the “compromising parties” of the persecution of the RSDLP (b) as a party and its individual members by the Provisional Government on charges of treason and armed rebellion in the summer of 1917, the arrest of L. D. Trotsky and L. B. Kamenev and leaders of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, wanted notices for V.I. Lenin and G.E. Zinoviev.

There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some, it is a national catastrophe that led to the Civil War and the establishment of a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death of Great Russia as an empire); for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which made it possible to abandon capitalism and save Russia from feudal remnants; Between these extremes there are a number of intermediate points of view. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.

Name

S. Lukin. It's finished!

The revolution took place on October 25 of the year according to the Julian calendar, which was adopted in Russia at that time. And although already in February of the year the Gregorian calendar (new style) was introduced and the first anniversary of the revolution (like all subsequent ones) was celebrated on November 7, the revolution was still associated with October, which was reflected in its name.

The name “October Revolution” has been found since the first years of Soviet power. Name Great October Socialist Revolution established itself in Soviet official historiography by the end of the 1930s. In the first decade after the revolution, it was often called, in particular, October Revolution, while this name did not carry a negative meaning (at least in the mouths of the Bolsheviks themselves), but, on the contrary, emphasized the grandeur and irreversibility of the “social revolution”; this name is used by N. N. Sukhanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, D. A. Furmanov, N. I. Bukharin, M. A. Sholokhov. In particular, the section of Stalin’s article dedicated to the first anniversary of October () was called About the October Revolution. Subsequently, the word “coup” became associated with conspiracy and illegal change of power (by analogy with palace coups), and the term was removed from official propaganda (although Stalin used it until his last works, written in the early 1950s). But the expression “October revolution” began to be actively used, already with a negative meaning, in literature critical of Soviet power: in emigrant and dissident circles, and, starting with perestroika, in the legal press.

Background

There are several versions of the reasons for the October Revolution:

• version of the spontaneous growth of the “revolutionary situation”
• version of a targeted action by the German government (See Sealed Car)

Version of the “revolutionary situation”

The main prerequisites for the October Revolution were the weakness and indecisiveness of the Provisional Government, its refusal to implement the principles it proclaimed (for example, the Minister of Agriculture V. Chernov, the author of the Socialist Revolutionary program of land reform, pointedly refused to carry it out after he was told by his government colleagues that expropriation landowners' lands damages the banking system, which lent to landowners against the security of land), dual power after the February Revolution. During the year, the leaders of radical forces led by Chernov, Spiridonova, Tsereteli, Lenin, Chkheidze, Martov, Zinoviev, Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, Kamenev and other leaders returned from hard labor, exile and emigration to Russia and launched extensive agitation. All this led to the strengthening of extreme leftist sentiments in society.

The policy of the Provisional Government, especially after the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets declared the Provisional Government a “government of salvation”, recognizing for it “unlimited powers and unlimited power,” led the country to the brink of disaster. The production of iron and steel fell sharply, and the production of coal and oil decreased significantly. Railway transport came to almost complete disarray. There was a sharp shortage of fuel. Temporary interruptions in the supply of flour occurred in Petrograd. Gross industrial output in 1917 decreased by 30.8% compared to 1916. In the fall, up to 50% of enterprises were closed in the Urals, Donbass and other industrial centers; 50 factories were stopped in Petrograd. Mass unemployment arose. Food prices rose steadily. Real wages of workers fell by 40-50% compared to 1913. Daily war expenses exceeded 66 million rubles.

All practical measures taken by the Provisional Government worked exclusively for the benefit of the financial sector. The provisional government resorted to money emission and new loans. In 8 months, it issued paper money worth 9.5 billion rubles, that is, more than the tsarist government did in 32 months of the war. The main burden of taxes fell on workers. The actual value of the ruble compared to June 1914 was 32.6%. Russia's national debt in October 1917 amounted to almost 50 billion rubles, of which the debt to foreign powers amounted to over 11.2 billion rubles. The country was facing the threat of financial bankruptcy.

The provisional government, which did not have any confirmation of its powers from any expression of the people's will, nevertheless declared in a voluntaristic way that Russia would “continue the war until the victorious end.” Moreover, he failed to get his Entente allies to write off Russia’s war debts, which had reached astronomical amounts. Explanations to the allies that Russia is not able to service this public debt, and the experience of state bankruptcy of a number of countries (Khedive Egypt, etc.) were not taken into account by the allies. Meanwhile, L. D. Trotsky officially declared that revolutionary Russia should not pay the bills of the old regime, and was immediately imprisoned.

The provisional government simply ignored the problem because the grace period for loans lasted until the end of the war. They turned a blind eye to the inevitable post-war default, not knowing what to hope for and wanting to delay the inevitable. Wanting to delay state bankruptcy by continuing an extremely unpopular war, they attempted an offensive on the fronts, but their failure, emphasized by the “treacherous”, according to Kerensky, surrender of Riga, caused extreme bitterness among the people. Land reform was also not carried out for financial reasons - the expropriation of landowners' lands would have caused a massive bankruptcy of financial institutions that lent to landowners against land as collateral. The Bolsheviks, historically supported by the majority of the workers of Petrograd and Moscow, won the support of the peasantry and soldiers (“peasants dressed in greatcoats”) through the consistent implementation of the policy of agrarian reform and the immediate end of the war. In August-October 1917 alone, over 2 thousand peasant uprisings took place (690 peasant uprisings were registered in August, 630 in September, 747 in October). The Bolsheviks and their allies in fact remained the only force that did not agree to abandon their principles in practice to protect the interests of Russian financial capital.

Revolutionary sailors with the flag "Death to the Bourgeois"

Four days later, on October 29 (November 11), there was an armed revolt of the cadets, who also captured artillery pieces, which was also suppressed using artillery and armored cars.

On the side of the Bolsheviks were the workers of Petrograd, Moscow and other industrial centers, land-poor peasants of the densely populated Black Earth Region and Central Russia. An important factor in the victory of the Bolsheviks was the appearance on their side of a considerable part of the officers of the former tsarist army. In particular, the officers of the General Staff were distributed almost equally between the warring parties, with a slight advantage among the opponents of the Bolsheviks (at the same time, on the side of the Bolsheviks there were a larger number of graduates of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff). Some of them were subjected to repression in 1937.

Immigration

At the same time, a number of workers, engineers, inventors, scientists, writers, architects, peasants, and politicians from all over the world who shared Marxist ideas moved to Soviet Russia to participate in the program of building communism. They took some part in the technological breakthrough of backward Russia and the social transformation of the country. According to some estimates, the number of Chinese and Manchus alone who immigrated to Tsarist Russia due to the favorable socio-economic conditions created in Russia by the autocratic regime, and then took part in building the new world, exceeded 500 thousand people. , and for the most part these were workers who created material values ​​and transformed nature with their own hands. Some of them quickly returned to their homeland, most of the rest were subjected to repression in the year

A number of specialists from Western countries also came to Russia. .

During the Civil War, tens of thousands of internationalist fighters (Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Serbs, etc.) who voluntarily joined its ranks fought in the Red Army.

The Soviet government was forced to use the skills of some immigrants in administrative, military and other positions. Among them are the writer Bruno Yasensky (shot in the city), administrator Belo Kun (shot in the city), economists Varga and Rudzutak (shot in the year), special services employees Dzerzhinsky, Latsis (shot in the city), Kingisepp, Eichmans (shot in the year), military leaders Joakim Vatsetis (shot in the year), Lajos Gavro (shot in the year), Ivan Strod (shot in the year), August Kork (shot in the year), the head of the Soviet justice Smilga (shot in the year), Inessa Armand and many others. The financier and intelligence officer Ganetsky (shot in the city), aircraft designers Bartini (repressed in the city, spent 10 years in prison), Paul Richard (worked in the USSR for 3 years and returned to France), teacher Janouszek (shot in the year), can be named. Romanian, Moldavian and Jewish poet Yakov Yakir (who ended up in the USSR against his will with the annexation of Bessarabia, was arrested there, went to Israel), socialist Heinrich Ehrlich (sentenced to death and committed suicide in the Kuibyshev prison), Robert Eiche ( executed in the year), journalist Radek (executed in the year), Polish poet Naftali Kohn (twice repressed, upon release he went to Poland, from there to Israel), and many others.

Holiday

Main article: Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution

Contemporaries about the revolution

Our children and grandchildren will not be able to even imagine the Russia in which we once lived, which we did not appreciate, did not understand - all this power, complexity, wealth, happiness...

• October 26 (November 7) is L.D.’s birthday. Trotsky

Notes

1. MINUTES of August 1920, 11-12 days, judicial investigator for particularly important cases at the Omsk District Court N.A. Sokolov in Paris (in France), in accordance with Art. 315-324. Art. mouth corner. court., inspected three issues of the newspaper “Obshchee Delo”, submitted to the investigation by Vladimir Lvovich Burtsev.
2. National Corpus of the Russian Language
3. National Corpus of the Russian Language
4. J.V. Stalin. The logic of things
5. J.V. Stalin. Marxism and issues of linguistics
6. For example, the expression “October revolution” is often used in the anti-Soviet magazine Posev:
7. S. P. Melgunov. Golden German Bolshevik key
8. L. G. Sobolev. Russian Revolution and German gold
9. Ganin A.V. On the role of General Staff officers in the Civil War.
10. S. V. Kudryavtsev Elimination of “counter-revolutionary organizations” in the region (Author: Candidate of Historical Sciences)
11. Erlikhman V.V. “Population losses in the 20th century.” Directory - M.: Publishing house "Russian Panorama", 2004 ISBN 5-93165-107-1
12. Cultural Revolution Article on the website rin.ru
13. Soviet-Chinese relations. 1917-1957. Collection of documents, Moscow, 1959; Ding Shou He, Yin Xu Yi, Zhang Bo Zhao, The Impact of the October Revolution on China, translation from Chinese, Moscow, 1959; Peng Ming, History of Sino-Soviet Friendship, translated from Chinese. Moscow, 1959; Russian-Chinese relations. 1689-1916, Official documents, Moscow, 1958
14. Border sweeps and other forced migrations in 1934-1939.
15. "Great Terror": 1937-1938. Brief chronicle Compiled by N. G. Okhotin, A. B. Roginsky
16. Among the descendants of immigrants, as well as local residents who originally lived on their historical lands, as of 1977, 379 thousand Poles lived in the USSR; 9 thousand Czechs; 6 thousand Slovaks; 257 thousand Bulgarians; 1.2 million Germans; 76 thousand Romanians; 2 thousand French; 132 thousand Greeks; 2 thousand Albanians; 161 thousand Hungarians, 43 thousand Finns; 5 thousand Khalkha Mongols; 245 thousand Koreans, etc. For the most part, these are descendants of colonists from tsarist times, who have not forgotten their native language, and residents of the border, ethnically mixed regions of the USSR; some of them (Germans, Koreans, Greeks, Finns) were subsequently subjected to repression and deportation.
17. L. Anninsky. In memory of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Historical magazine "Rodina" (RF), No. 9-2008, p. 35
18. I.A. Bunin "Cursed days" (diary 1918 - 1918)

In the Middle Ages, alchemists mixed a lot of components in retorts, waiting for the long-awaited crystallization, when a new wonderful mineral would be born from the solution. Its symbol combines destruction and creation. This is a phoenix burning and being reborn from the ashes. This is a Revolution.

The Russian Revolution, for all its atheism and denial of any inexplicable influence, was essentially akin to the actions of medieval alchemists. Red "magicians" They tried to get something new from the spontaneous boiling of the masses, they tried to crystallize a new shining eternal power. It is known that the revolution was financed by many foreign members of secret orders: Rosicrucians, Freemasons, descendants of the Templars.

“The Bolsheviks generally adopted from the giant Western clans that financed (we must understand that the same Rothschild helped Herzen, the Bolsheviks, cunningly, but helped), they adopted esotericism, they were all mystics. Mysticism differs from religion in that in mysticism there is no concept of good and evil. Therefore, today the struggle against traditional religions (Christianity, Islam) is carried out by mystics, and this includes all the Rothschild and Rockefeller clans who profess mysticism, so all this is beyond good and evil, there are no such concepts there. The Bolsheviks did not have them either. Everything that is useful for the revolution is possible, these are Lenin’s words. The concept of good and evil does not exist,” explains writer Alexander Myasnikov.

The process of transforming society is like alchemical "Great Work". The leaders of the revolution, Lenin, who was a famous atheist, was in fact a social alchemist. He threw slogans into the seething cauldron of the masses and saw what would come of it. “Land for the peasants!”, “Factory workers!”, “Peace for the peoples!” - these pinches of a bright future fascinated the revolutionary masses and forced them to crystallize around the party.

Another leader of the revolution, the frantic Leon Trotsky, studied the texts of the Freemasons for a long time, comprehending the secrets of this mystical teaching. The combination of these two leaders, the armchair theorist Lenin and the fiery tribune Trotsky, gave an amazing result. Trotsky later remarked: “If neither Lenin nor I had been in St. Petersburg at that time, there would have been no October Revolution.” The Rosicrucians considered such a union of two elements to be an alchemical wedding.

“Lenin and Trotsky created a unique tandem, where both leaders organically complemented each other. What is a revolution? What does it require? For a revolution, firstly, you need a cohesive organization that can lead the masses, and secondly, you need these masses themselves, who would believe that the revolution will give them everything. Lenin had the organization - the Bolshevik Party, but with the masses here the situation was somewhat worse. But the true tribune of the people was Leon Trotsky. He had a phenomenal gift as an orator. He was applauded by the left-wing intelligentsia, workers and soldiers listened to him spellbound, he was idolized by the sailors of Kronstadt, who did not obey anyone at all. Trotsky enjoyed enormous popularity in Russia. But he had one minus - Trotsky did not have his own party. Lenin and Trotsky were necessary to each other: the party followed Lenin, the revolutionary people followed Trotsky. And this unification gave birth to the energy from which the Great October Socialist Revolution grew,” explains writer and culturologist Andrei Stolyarov.

On the night of October 25-26, 1917, an event occurred that changed the entire history of the world, which is still being studied by experts to understand how a handful of Bolsheviks were able to turn the history of a huge country around, leading it along an unknown path. Why exactly on October 25, not 24 or 26, did the historical revolution take place? Modern astrologers compiled an hourly horoscope of the October Revolution and came to an amazing conclusion. The stars aligned, promising great changes at this very point and on this very day.

“There are strong suspicions that Vladimir Ilyich had a good astrological consultant, because it’s almost impossible to choose the time like this. It is no secret that Lenin said a significant phrase: “Yesterday it was early, tomorrow it will be late.” This phrase was included in all textbooks, but for some reason they forgot to include the astrological subtext there. Who is this astrologer? We do not know. But without an astrologer, I simply don’t believe in seizing the moment for such an incredible coincidence to happen,” says astrologer Diana Khorsand.

Photo: wikipedia.org

By the evening of October 25, 1917, everything was ready for the seizure of power. The rebels had post office, train stations, telegraph and telephone in their hands. The bridges were guarded by detachments of revolutionary sailors. At exactly 21:40 a blank salvo was fired from the cruiser Aurora, which served as the signal for the assault on the last stronghold of the Provisional Government - the Winter Palace. According to the observations of astrologers, it was the 23rd lunar day, associated with the uncontrollable behavior of people, their manifestation of the instinct of violence and destruction. The moon in astrology appears in two forms.

“What's amazing? The fact that the idea of ​​the Third Rome was replaced by the idea of ​​a bright future under this illusory Neptune. Note, not a well-fed, not secure, nor a fair future, but a bright future. And no one understands what it is, but everyone shouts “Hurray!” They rushed to build a bright future, for which it turned out that they had to sacrifice themselves, their present and everything that follows from this. When the provisional government was arrested and power passed into the hands of the rebels, a very interesting structure appeared in the sky. There is such a concept in astrology: the White Moon and the Black Moon, these are the apogee points of the lunar orbit. But for us it is like a guardian angel and a tempter demon. So at this time, the White Moon, the guardian angel, was exactly at sunset, and the Black Moon was exactly at sunrise. That is, instead of the path of light and good, the path of lies and evil was chosen.”, - emphasizes astrologer Khorsand.

Any great upheaval, such as a revolution, certainly causes the activation of various occult forces. There are many blank spots in the history of the October Revolution of 1917. And there is reason to believe that behind them are hidden mystical mysteries, which no researcher has yet been able to solve. For example, numerologists noticed that exactly two hundred years before the Russian Revolution in 1717, the Grand Lodge of England was formed in London and a Grand Master was elected. Coincidence? Or something more? And another ominous coincidence. Why did the revolution take place on the night of October 26? Few people know that he was born on this day "Red Lion of the Revolution" Lev Davidovich Trotsky, who in fact was the true leader of the uprising. The Bolshevik Masons, initiated into the sacraments, celebrated the birthday of their leader in this way.

“The provisional government led by Kerensky for quite a long time did not understand at all what was happening. They began to guess about the coup only when first the telephone and then the electricity were turned off in the Winter Palace. Next, the Winter Palace itself was taken, and the assault was led by Antonov-Ovseenko, an ally of Trotsky, who with him went over to the Bolshevik side. This is the plot of October. Even Stalin wrote in his early publications that all the work on the practical preparation of the uprising took place under the direct leadership of the Chairman of the Petrosoviet, Comrade Trotsky.”, says writer, cultural scientist Andrei Stolyarov.

There are many mystical secrets hidden in the October Revolution. Let's take, for example, occult symbolism, to which the Bolsheviks attached great importance. The destroyed temples and broken crosses were replaced by five-pointed stars - an analogue of the magical pentagram, and the sickle is a symbol of death in the tarot arcana...

Photo: wikipedia.org

“In the first years of Soviet power, in the era of global bloody chaos, astrologers, soothsayers, esotericists, occultists, and philosophers felt relatively free. And then the leash was very well held and tightened. As far as I remember, at the end of the 20s there was a large congress, gathering, conference, meeting of Soviet, Russian esotericists and occultists, almost all of which went to Kolyma and beyond.”,” notes tarologist Tatyana Demyanenko.

Revolution is always associated with the occult. Before the French Revolution of the late 18th century, occult mysticism swept through almost the entire kingdom. In this era, a lot of magicians, soothsayers, and fortune-tellers appeared. It is known, for example, that the famous “Black Maria”, the famous card fortune teller Madame Lenormand, accurately predicted the Great French Revolution. Its leaders wanted to know their fate and the fate of the revolution. The maps showed that all three would die violently. Marat will die first, he will be stabbed to death. He will be killed in the bathroom by Charlotte Corday. The owner of the salon predicts execution by the guillotine for Maximillian Robespierre and Louis Antoine Saint-Just. That's exactly what happened.

“She predicted the death of Marat and told his comrades, everything came true. She was the personal fortune teller of Napoleon and his wife Josephine, and she was the first to predict that Bonaparte would become emperor when he was just at the beginning of his military career. But she used a different system, and in fact those cards that are now called “lenormand”, not exactly the same ones that she used in her work, in her fortune telling» ,” explains tarot reader Elena Yudina.

Many soothsayers predicted the terrible fate that the October Revolution would bring to life. Confusion gripped the intelligent strata of society, everyone was expecting some unprecedented shocks, but strangely enough, the coup itself passed quietly and almost unnoticed. Trams were also moving along the bridges, people were walking, only near the Winter Palace there was active traffic and rare shots were heard. But a thunderstorm hung over the city. In numerous salons, mystics predicted the phenomenon of the “red boor”; fortune tellers scattered tarot cards to find out the future. And almost everyone had terrible cards.

“I suppose the Tower, the 13th lasso, Death as a change of the old regime and the emergence of a new one, perhaps Peace as a court or reorganization of the country, that is, literally fragmentation and the subsequent restoration of its borders. Probably, of the major arcana, these are the most indicative, the most important. It would be possible to add several minor ones here, say, the Five of Swords, the Ten of Swords. Of course, sword cards would play a big role here - cards of crisis, conflict, discord, experiences, various tragic events,” says tarot reader Elena Yudina.

Officially, the Bolshevik leaders denied God and were atheists, but in fact many of them were secretly mystics, prone to magical rituals. This mysticism especially manifested itself after the death of the leader of the revolution, Ulyanov-Lenin. The decision to preserve Lenin's body was dictated by purely magical considerations. And not just magical, but rituals of black magic and necromancy. By preserving the corpse, necromancers attract the spirit of the deceased creature to the earth. Let us remember that after Lenin’s death, occultists from the Bolshevik leadership will decide to mummify and preserve his corpse in order to use Lenin’s spirit for their own purposes. Even the tomb will be built in the likeness of the ancient pyramids.

“They built a stone mausoleum, and then people who understood what mysticism was, I think, immediately latched onto it. If you look at the Mausoleum directly, then on the right side there will be a very incomprehensible thing - there is a niche made there, and in the wall itself and the stelebat, the lower foundation, there is a completely incomprehensible recess. However, people who are associated with mysticism and esotericism are absolutely convinced that this is the same thing that absorbs the energy of those who walk along Red Square. Therefore, the more people on Red Square, the more energy this incomprehensible structure accumulates. And the one who stands on the Mausoleum is fueled by this energy. Therefore, you can stand there for hours, not faint, and generally wave your hand to passing tanks and people,” says writer Alexander Myasnikov.

The mausoleum in Tarot cards is associated with the “tower” lasso. By the way, all predictors working with Tarot cards believe that this particular lasso symbolizes the revolution. In general, the arcana in Tarot cards allow you to find out the future of both a person and a country.

“The Arcanum “Tower” may indeed be a harbinger of some kind of global catastrophe. And in this regard, the revolution, of course, became a global catastrophe: it was destroyed absolutely quickly and suddenly, like the uprising of the Bolsheviks, who captured almost all of St. Petersburg at the same time, disrupted all communications, and planned everything very competently. Therefore, this sudden destruction, which entailed the expansion of borders, completely changed the whole world. This is the “tower” lasso in its purest form.”, says the artist, esotericist Kristina Sindalovskaya.

Photo: wikipedia.org

Astrologers and stargazers carefully studied the opposition of the planets on the night of October 26. The revolution took place on the 21st day of the Solar cycle. This day is characterized as a new beginning and the destruction of the past. Inscribed in the zodiac circle, the revolution carried within itself not only renewal, but also destruction.

“Pluto, in conjunction with a certain point in the horoscope, spoke precisely about mass popular unrest, because it was possible to shake up the entire country, but the worst thing is about erasing history and cutting down roots. And the latter was not limited to the destruction of the royal family, because they destroyed nobles, intellectuals, merchants - almost everyone based on class. It was on November 7, 1917 that the Saturn period began, which lasted until 1989, until the destruction of the Berlin Wall. So, in classical astrology, Saturn is the planet of great misfortune; death, destruction, famine and all the misfortunes that one can imagine are associated with it,” says astrologer Diana Khorsand.

2017 is the centenary year of the October Revolution. No matter how we feel about this event, it radically changed the course of human history and, of course, had a profound impact on the fate of people and states on the planet. Researchers seek and find the occult roots of the October Revolution, the mysterious phenomena that accompanied the night marked by Aurora's shot.

“People who go for a coup are putting their lives on the line. After all, when deciding on a coup d’état, and especially an armed coup, a person must clearly realize that in case of failure he will be killed. This suggests that Lenin was not only confident of his victory, first of all, he was a very courageous man to whom we must pay tribute.”, says artist Nikolai Kopeikin.

Mystical coincidences and phenomena associated with the October assault will occupy the minds of historians for many years to come.

Russia between two revolutions. Dual power

After the overthrow of the autocracy during the February Revolution, dual power was established in the country. Official power belonged to Provisional Government(Prince G. Lvov, P. Milyukov, A. Guchkov, A. Konovalov, M. Tereshchenko, A. Kerensky). Under the Provisional Government, a Legal Conference was created to monitor the legality of the measures being taken. The imperial state apparatus underwent partial reorganization, and some ministries were destroyed. During the crises of the Provisional Government, its composition and leadership changed several times. In 1917, the government was headed by A. Kerensky.

Local power was divided between bodies that arose on the initiative of the Provisional Government and the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies created during the first Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. and became active again during the February Revolution of 1917. The most important of them was Petrograd Soviet and its Executive Committee. A few months before the October Revolution of 1917, the number of local Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies increased from 600 to 1429. The majority of them belonged to the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. In May 1917, the first All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies was held, at which the policy of the Provisional Government was approved and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) was elected.

In the first months of the revolution, the tsarist administration was replaced by provincial, city and district commissariats of the Provisional Government. On the initiative of the Provisional Government, elected temporary committees of public organizations (city and zemstvo self-government) were created. Since April, district self-government bodies (dumas and councils) have been established in large cities. In plants and factories, on the initiative of the Soviets, factory committees (factory committees) arose, electing leadership from the workers and dealing with issues of rationing the working day and wages, introducing an 8-hour working day, creating a workers' militia, etc. In Petrograd, at the beginning of the summer of 1917, the Central Council of Factory Committees of Petrograd was elected.

Policy of the Provisional Government

Transformative activities were aimed at satisfying democratic demands, attempting to resolve the national question and some socio-economic transformations.

The first steps were to implement a number of democratic transformations. On March 3, 1917, the Declaration on civil liberties, amnesty for political prisoners, the abolition of national and religious restrictions, freedom of assembly, abolition of censorship, gendarmerie, hard labor, etc. was adopted. Instead of the police, the militia was created. By decree of March 12, 1917, the government abolished the death penalty and also established military revolutionary courts. In the army, military courts were abolished, commissar institutions were created to monitor the activities of officers, and about 150 senior commanders were transferred to the reserve.

IN national issue The Provisional Government was forced to make some concessions to the national outskirts and grant them self-determination. On March 7, 1917, Finnish autonomy was restored, but the Finnish Diet was dissolved. In March-July, a struggle unfolded over the granting of autonomy to Ukraine. On June 10, 1917, the Central Rada (formed on March 4, 1917 in Kyiv from representatives of the Ukrainian Socialist Federalist Party, the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party, and the Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party) proclaimed the autonomy of Ukraine. The Provisional Government was forced to recognize this step and adopt the Declaration of Autonomy of Ukraine (July 2, 1917).

Socio-economic the problems were hardly addressed. A struggle ensued in resolving the land issue. Most parties agreed that the land should go into the hands of the peasants, but the Provisional Government insisted on a ban on the seizure of landowners' lands. In March-April 1917, the Provisional Government established land committees to develop agrarian reform. Acts were issued against unauthorized seizures of landowners' lands, which became widespread throughout the country. However, these steps did not lead to any significant changes. The implementation of agrarian reform, as well as other fundamental socio-economic reforms, was postponed until the election of the Constituent Assembly.

The provisional government tried to decide food issue and lead the country out of the food crisis that arose back in 1915. To overcome the crisis situation, food committees were created in early March 1917, and on March 25, a food card system and a grain monopoly were introduced: all grain was to be sold at fixed prices to the state. However, these measures did not normalize the supply, and the shortage of bread led to the fact that the government was forced to double the price of bread, but this did not help either. Of the 3502.8 million poods of grain collected in 1917, the state received only 280 million poods according to the allocation.

Has not been resolved the task of Russia's exit from the war. A huge increase in expenses due to Russia’s participation in the First World War, a difficult situation in industry, which could not cope with its tasks due to a shortage of raw materials, the collapse of the structure and the dispersal of the administration, an increase in indirect taxes, a depreciation of the ruble due to the release of unsecured paper money led to a severe economic and then political crisis.

Crises of the Provisional Government

First - April crisis(April 18, 1917) - was caused by the statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P. Miliukov about the national desire to bring the world war to victory. This sparked anti-war demonstrations in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. The Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District, General L. Kornilov, ordered troops to be sent against the demonstrators, but officers and soldiers refused to carry out this order. In the current situation, the Bolsheviks began to gain increasing influence, especially in factory committees, trade unions and Soviets. The Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, accusing the Bolsheviks of conspiracy, sought to ban anti-war demonstrations organized by the Bolsheviks. The Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, trying to defuse the situation, demanded an explanation from the Provisional Government, which led to the resignation of P. Milyukov and a change in the composition of the government. But despite these steps, it was not possible to stabilize the situation.

The failure of the offensive of the Russian army (June-July 1917) on the fronts caused July crisis. The Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), deciding to take advantage of the situation, proclaimed the slogan “All power to the Soviets!” and began preparations for a mass demonstration to force the Provisional Government to hand over power to the Soviets. On July 3, 1917, demonstrations and rallies began in Petrograd. Armed clashes occurred between demonstrators and supporters of the Provisional Government, during which more than 700 people were killed and injured. The provisional government accused the Bolsheviks of treason. On July 7, an order was given for the arrest of Bolshevik leaders - V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, L. Kamenev and others. Under pressure from the cadets, the death penalty was restored on July 12, 1917. On July 19, instead of General A. Brusilov, General L. Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief. On July 24, 1917, there was another reshuffle in the Provisional Coalition Government.

Third crisis was associated with a military uprising and an attempted military coup under the command of L. Kornilov. General L. Kornilov, a supporter of a hard line, developed demands for the Provisional Government (to ban rallies in the army, extend the death penalty to rear units, create concentration camps for disobedient soldiers, declare martial law on the railways, etc.). The demands became known to the Bolsheviks, who began preparing for the removal of Kornilov. The remaining parties (monarchists, cadets and Octobrists) came out in support of him. Under such conditions, the Provisional Government tried to use Kornilov to eliminate the Soviets. Having learned about this, the Bolsheviks began preparing an armed uprising.

However, the general had his own plans. After Kornilov put forward his demands, full power was transferred to him and the Provisional Government was dissolved. A. Kerensky demanded that the general surrender his powers as commander-in-chief. Kornilov refused to obey and accused the Provisional Government of colluding with the German command and tried to send troops to St. Petersburg. After this, the government declared the general a rebel. On September 1, Kornilov was arrested, and Kerensky took over as commander-in-chief. Thus, the Provisional Government managed to avoid such an alternative as the military dictatorship of Kornilov. Instead of the discredited Provisional Government, a Directory was created that proclaimed Russia a republic.

October Revolution 1917

The unresolved nature of the most important problems, the passivity of reform activities, political crises, and ministerial leapfrog led to a decline in the authority of the Provisional Government. An alternative to him were the Bolsheviks, who advocated more radical reforms.

In the face of constantly emerging government crises, the Bolsheviks, who carried out anti-government and anti-war agitation, were in opposition to the new regime. Supporters of the Bolsheviks advocated the transfer of power to the Soviets. V. Lenin demanded that members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), the Moscow and Petrograd committees of the Bolshevik party immediately begin an armed uprising. This provoked the government - trying to get ahead of the Bolsheviks, Kerensky began to gather troops towards Petrograd. The Executive Committee headed by L. Trotsky and the Presidium of the Petrograd Soviet (13 Bolsheviks, 6 Socialist Revolutionaries and 7 Mensheviks) supported Lenin’s course towards armed uprising.

To lead the uprising, a Politburo was created, which included V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, I. Stalin, A. Bubnov, G. Zinoviev, L. Kamenev (the last two denied the need for an uprising). On October 12, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) was created to develop a plan for the uprising; it included F. Dzerzhinsky, Y. Sverdlov, I. Stalin, and others. Preparations began with the appointment of Bolshevik commissars in military units and at a number of important facilities. The agitation was intensified and measures were taken to discredit the government. In response to this, the government ordered the destruction of Bolshevik printing houses that printed leaflets and the arrest of members of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. Confrontation broke out again between supporters of the Bolsheviks and Kerensky. On October 24, an armed uprising began. Drawbridges across the Neva, Nikolaevsky Station, Central Telegraph, State Bank were captured, Pavlovsk, Vladimir infantry and other military schools were blocked. On the night of October 25-26, 1917, the Provisional Government was presented with an ultimatum; after its rejection, the storming of the Winter Palace began, the signal for which was the volleys of guns from the cruiser Aurora. The provisional government was overthrown.

At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Mensheviks and Right Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the actions of the Bolsheviks and proposed to peacefully resolve the situation, but finding no support, they left the congress. The Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries who remained at the congress accepted decrees. The Congress adopted the Decree on Power, an appeal written by V. Lenin “To Workers, Soldiers and Peasants,” which announced the transfer of power to the Second Congress of Soviets, and locally to the Councils of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. On October 26, the congress adopted the Decree on Peace without annexations and indemnities. The Decree on Land adopted at the congress proclaimed the abolition of private ownership of land, the confiscation of landowners' lands, and its redistribution among peasants with the help of local peasant committees and county councils of peasant deputies.

At the congress, a temporary government body was created - Council of People's Commissars(SNK), which was supposed to act until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was completely Bolshevik, since the Left Socialist Revolutionaries refused to participate in it, believing that the government should be multi-party and coalition. As a result, the Council of People's Commissars included: Chairman ~ V. Lenin (Ulyanov), People's Commissars: A. Lunacharsky, I. Teodorovich, N. Avilov (Glebov), I. Stalin (Dzhugashvili), V. Antonov (Ovseenko), etc. The Congress elected the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which included Bolsheviks, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, and Mensheviks. L. Kamenev was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and on November 8, 1917, after his resignation, Ya. Sverdlov became the chairman.

Results and significance

The October Revolution was a natural stage, prepared by many prerequisites. The first alternative, the military dictatorship of Kornilov, was destroyed by the Provisional Government, which did not want to allow the restoration of the monarchy or the rule of one leader. The second alternative, represented by slow democratic development within the framework of the policy of the Provisional Government, was impossible due to its failure to fulfill the most important demands and tasks (exit from the war, resolution of their economic and political crisis, solution of land and food issues). The victory of the Bolsheviks was facilitated by such factors as skillfully organized propaganda, their policy of discrediting the Provisional Government, the radicalization of the masses, the growing authority of the Bolsheviks, which allowed them to use the most favorable situation to seize power. The bulk of the population supported the new government, since the first steps were the announcement of the immediate transfer of land for the use of peasants, the cessation of the war and the convening of the Constituent Assembly.

Oct. Revolution 2 version (Wikipedia)

October Revolution(full official name in USSR - Great October Socialist Revolution, other names: October Revolution, Bolshevik coup, third Russian revolution) - one of the largest political events of the 20th century, which influenced its further course, occurred in Russia in October 1917. As a result of the October Revolution, it was overthrown Provisional Government, and a government formed II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the absolute majority of whose delegates were Bolsheviks ( Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)) and their allies left socialist revolutionaries, also supported by some national organizations, a small part Mensheviks-internationalists, and some anarchists. In November 1917, the new government was also supported by the majority of the Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Deputies.

The provisional government was overthrown during an armed uprising on October 25-26 ( 7 - November 8 according to the new style), the main organizers of which were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Y. M. Sverdlov and others. Direct leadership of the uprising was carried out by Military Revolutionary Committee Petrograd Soviet, which also included left socialist revolutionaries.