All human qualities. What kind of characters does a person have? List and their meaning

The moral qualities of a person are a combination of his internal foundations, values and worldview, which determine his self-sufficient personality. These characteristics inherent in every person are expressed externally through actions, actions and attitudes towards everything that surrounds a person in this world. Society accepts everyone based on their moral qualities, evaluating them based on specific criteria.

Types of moral qualities:

"allowed";
"forbidden";
"necessary".

The “allowed” type includes those qualities of a person that are characterized by the correspondence of his internal foundations and rules with certain norms of behavior and attitude towards the individual. Such moral norms, approved and encouraged by society, are even reflected in many laws of various states. This type of moral qualities includes: conscience, dignity, honor, justice.

The “forbidden” type is characterized by a negative and, in many cases, negative reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group of individuals. Society does not accept such behavior because it is dangerous for everyone: both the individual and society. Violation of such orders and rules is subject to certain restrictions and even imprisonment specified in the laws of the countries. Negative personality characteristics are: deception, anger, envy, arrogance.

The “necessary” type includes moral traits that do not correspond to a person’s internal rules, but which force him to act in some special way, highly valued by society. Sometimes it happens that some moral principles in society force a person to act contrary to them, which leads to condemnation of his actions or punishment for such actions. This type includes such qualities as responsibility, accuracy, duty.

Basic moral qualities of a person

Every person in life has to make his own moral choice: do something good or do something wrong, but achieve some result. This is a constant struggle between social values and the inner world of each individual. All the most basic moral qualities are laid down in a person from birth, when he begins to understand and feel the attitude of his parents, then friends, peers and educators, teachers, when watching films, reading books, and so on.
Thanks to all this variety of information sources, everything that is complex and multifaceted in human behavior that he builds for himself throughout life accumulates. There are no identical people, each has their own character, attitude to life, its values, and each has their own individual view of the world around them.

Despite the fact that each person has his own character traits and temperament, there are still certain moral qualities by which people are assessed by society.

Positive character traits:

Bad moral personality traits

Conclusion and conclusions

The list can be continued endlessly; we have considered only those moral qualities of a person that should characterize him as a full-fledged person.

Despite all the diversity and complexity of a person’s character and behavior, the society in which he lives leaves its mark on him. Many values, customs and traditions are passed down through generations, preserving and complementing the image of an ideal person from a moral point of view. And yet, the standard of a person with high moral principles will not be the one who has no bad character traits, but the one who knows how to distinguish real good from evil and live in harmony with society, its values and, above all, in peace and agreement with oneself, preserving precisely those high human character traits for which a real, strong and unique personality is famous.

In the behavior and activity of a person, all his individual characteristics and qualities are manifested, which in their totality determine the character of the individual. In psychology, character is understood as a mental property of a person, which finds its manifestation in his subjective relationships to society, activities, himself, his life, and other people. This system of properties is constantly realized in a person’s actions, his lifestyle, and is also not only a prerequisite, but also a result of his real behavior in certain life situations.

Despite the fact that in all systems of a person’s relationships his character finds its individual manifestation, the presence and combination of certain traits makes it possible to predict his reaction in a certain situation or to a specific stimulus. This can be done most easily thanks to the so-called typical characters identified in psychological science, which make it possible to predict the behavior of people belonging to a specific type. For example, people who have internal character traits ( according to K.G. Jung) in many life situations will behave very similarly (typically) - balanced, silent, thoughtful, since they are very restrained in their emotional expression.

Character types - difficult to define

All existing character types are formed through the combination and subsequent synthesis of distinctive (but at the same time typical) characters. It should be noted that a character type is a formation that is much more complex than typical traits. In order to be able to determine a specific type of character, it is necessary to identify its typical and most significant features, namely:

typical orientation of a person (interests, needs, attitudes, ideals, beliefs, etc.);
typical manifestation of activity in various spheres of life (social, labor, cognitive, etc.);
typical emotional-dynamic manifestation.

All of the listed features clearly cannot accurately determine a person’s character types. This is possible only in the complex relationship of all these features. Here it is also necessary to clarify that, despite all the stability of the character type as a complex formation, it is also quite dynamic and plastic. This is explained by the fact that under the influence of various life circumstances, upbringing, living conditions, the cultural and historical level of development of a given society, as well as the presence of demands on oneself, all existing personality types develop and undergo some changes.

Classification of character types

The study of various character types led psychology to the creation of its classification, that is, science faced the need to systematize existing types. The classification of character types became possible thanks to the search and establishment of natural connections in their formation and manifestation. Scientists-psychologists from various countries have made many similar attempts, and often they have had to face quite difficult obstacles along the way. It is precisely because representatives of many psychological schools and directions tried to create their own classification of character types that today there are a huge number of them. But we must remember that it is impossible to find a universal classification that could unite all existing types of characters (from different countries, times and peoples).

The first attempts to identify and describe the main types of character were made by ancient Greek philosophers. Thus, Plato proposed to distinguish types of character according to ethical principles, and Aristotle believed that a person’s character is determined by the structure and shape of a person’s face. The philosopher established the following pattern: people with a rude character have a nose shape that resembles an onion, a hot-tempered person has a pointed nose, and noble and powerful individuals have a hooked nose. Aristotle also paid special attention to the similarity of character between a person and an animal (this similarity was determined by appearance), for example, a person with a thick nose like a bull showed laziness, and if the nose resembled a pig’s snout (wide, flared nostrils) - stupidity. But, of course, Aristotle’s theory never found a scientific basis.

Constitutional theories of character

The most significant influence on the emergence of many character classifications was exerted by constitutional theory, the most prominent representatives of which are W. Sheldon and E. Kretschmer. Their typology was based on the relationship between the type of physical constitution of a person’s body and the characteristics of the manifestation of his character (the table shows the relationship between the constitution of the body and the types of character according to the constitutional theory).

Character types according to W. Sheldon and E. Kretschmer

Determining the type of character, referring to the constitution of the body, the shape of the face or the state of the endocrine glands, could not find support from other psychological directions. Therefore, the constitutional theory was subjected to significant criticism, which in turn led to the emergence of new ideas and, accordingly, new types of character.

Typology of character by F. Polan

Among other attempts to create a new typology of character, it is worth highlighting the work of Frederic Polhan. He proposed a typology based on the laws of human mental activity, as well as on the study of certain personality tendencies (forms and content). Polan identified two typological lines, the first of which was based on the laws of combination of trends and their features. In this line, the scientist distinguished two sections. The first includes character types with predominance:

systematic association (intact, balanced individuals);
systematic delay (people are reasonable and capable of self-control);
associations of the opposite (nervous, quite restless, contradictory people);
associations by similarity and contiguity (a person acts depending on the situation).

The second section of Polan’s first typological line was based on the formal features of human tendencies, which were based on:

latitude (small, wide/narrow);
purity (clean, calm/restless);
strength (emotive, passionate, enterprising, courageous/cowardly);
stability (stubborn, wayward, weak, constant/changeable);
flexibility (flexible, harsh, soft/hard);
sensitivity (active, impressionable, soft-bodied, cold).

The second line of Polan's typology was based on the predominance of certain trends, namely:

which relate to life (organic, spiritual);
relating to individuals;
public;
synthetic (combine both social and individual);
superpersonal (religious, philosophical and aesthetic tendencies);
impersonal (focus on obtaining pleasure, fulfilling duties and achieving certain advantages in a particular society).

There were enough shortcomings in Polan’s typology, but he tried to fight against functionalism and schematism, which were flourishing at that time (this was in the 19th century), pointing out the complexity and contradictions of human character.

Character types according to K.G. Jung

Modern psychology widely welcomes the typology of character proposed by the famous neo-Freudian Carl Gustav Jung. He suggested that all people can be divided into certain types, depending on their orientation: internally oriented (introverts) and externally oriented (extroverts). This is how extroverted and introverted personality types appeared (the table provides a brief description of these types).

Types of human character according to C. Jung

Each of the types presented in the table can be rational or irrational (depending on the role of the orientation of the mind). In turn, all irrational and irrational extra- and introverted types, depending on the predominance of a certain mental function, K. Jung divided into the following types:

thinking;
emotional;
sensory;
intuitive.

Thus, Jung proposed only eight types: extroverted (thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive) and introverted (thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive character types).

Character types in Russian psychology

The typologies of character proposed by P.F. have won the greatest popularity in Russian psychological science. Lesgaft and A.F. Lazursky. Quite an interesting classification of child character types by Lesgaft, who said that the manifestation of a certain type depends primarily on the influence of the family environment on the developing personality. The scientist identified two categories of character types, which are presented in the table.

Character typology of P.F. Lesgafta

As for the typology of A.F. Lazursky, the basis of his theory was the principle of active adaptation of the individual to the environment. The very same classification of character types, scientist, which includes three groups, was based on the differences between the endopsyche (basic mental and psychophysiological functions) and exopsyche (the relationship of the individual to the objects of the surrounding reality), and their subsequent interaction. The Lazurskys were offered three groups of characters.

Character typology of A.F. Lazursky

Lazursky's character typology was built on his use of “floating” criteria (they changed when moving to another level). Thus, as the level increased, the greatest importance for the formation of a certain type was attached to spiritual and worldview characteristics and, accordingly, the role of the biological foundation of the personality decreased.

Types of social characters by E. Fromm

The very concept of “social character” in psychology appeared thanks to the teachings of Erich Fromm, the founder of humanistic psychoanalysis. By character, Fromm understood human energy (or rather, its specific form), which appears in the process of dynamic adaptation of the individual’s various needs to a specific way of life in society. As for the social character itself, it, according to the scientist, includes a certain set of those traits that are manifested in the majority of representatives of a certain social group and that appeared as a result of their common experiences and a similar way of life.

E. Fomm believed that the interaction of people with the environment occurs in two directions:

through assimilation (the acquisition of various things and their subsequent use, and this is an unproductive path);
through socialization (an individual’s knowledge of himself and other people, which is a productive way).

The types of social characters were identified by From specifically among non-productive orientations (their characteristics are presented in the table below).

Types of social characters according to E. Fromm

As opposed to unproductive strategies, Frome identified only one productive one - conventionally called “adequate self-realization”, which has three dimensions (or hypostases): work, love and thought. Thus, a productive (or) fruitful orientation is an indicator of a mature and healthy personality, which is capable of self-realization and full understanding (and acceptance) of oneself.

Basic character types in modern psychoanalysis

The first psychoanalytic typology of characters was proposed by S. Freud, who identified the following types: oral, anal, phallic and genital (their characteristics are presented in the table).

Types of human character according to S. Freud

Types	Types of psychological protection	Typical character traits
oral	projection, denial, introjection	optimism/pessimism, gullibility/suspicion, admiration/, manipulativeness/passivity
anal	intellectualization, formation of reactions, isolation, destruction of what has been done	stinginess/generosity, tightness/expansiveness, neatness/uncleanliness, scrupulousness/absent-mindedness
phallic	crowding out	vanity/self-hatred, elegance/excessive simplicity, chastity/viciousness
genital	sublimation	socialization, adaptation and efficiency in activities

The classification of character types proposed by the modern American psychoanalyst Alexander Lowen is most famous in the world in psychological circles. The psychotherapist identified the following personality types:

oral character type (high dependence on others, mood swings, feelings of emptiness, need for support, fear of rejection, increased sensitivity, tendency to depression, etc.);
masochistic character type (constant need for suffering, increased sensitivity, insight, passivity, uncertainty and constraint);
hysterical character type (ambitiousness, realism, high control over one’s own behavior, arrogance, high emotionality with simultaneous restraint);
schizoid character type (weak connection between thoughts and feelings, difficulty in spontaneous actions, low self-esteem, individualization, presence of affective disorders, that is, inadequacy of emotional reactions);
psychopathic character type (dominance, increased anxiety, concern for image, concern for control over the situation);
phallic-narcissistic character type (self-confidence, ambition, arrogance, energy, expressiveness, flexibility and perseverance).

Character types and temperament

The formation of a person’s character is significantly influenced by temperament, which plays the role of the basis on which an individual personality pattern emerges - his character. Depending on the predominant type of temperament, four types of character are respectively distinguished: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

The first and most striking type of character - a sanguine person - has the following traits: sociability, activity, openness, energy, optimism, positive attitude, high performance and good lability. The phlegmatic type of character manifests such traits as restraint, rationality, diligence, diligence, poise, calmness, reliability, and peacefulness.

The choleric character type has predominantly the following traits: hot temper, touchiness, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, activity, excitability, harshness and activity. The most characteristic features of the melancholic type are: passivity, anxiety, isolation, imbalance, sentimentality and sensitivity.

In conclusion, it should be noted that among the variety of character typologies, each of them should primarily serve not for their schematization or typification, but for a deeper understanding of the characteristics of various character types and the study of their individual manifestations.

We can safely call every person unique to one degree or another. What makes him such? It’s all very simple, a combination of external data and character traits with the help of which a person appears before you in his usual state. The list of qualities can be continued ad infinitum; they provide a person’s individuality, allowing him to be different from other people. In fact, it is not so easy to take and count the number of characteristic traits that a particular person possesses. Is it necessary to consider only good qualities? Maybe we should put bad characteristics at the forefront? It is very important to adequately characterize a person, give him an assessment and understand at the same time that a person cannot have only a good set of qualities or only a bad one.

List of human qualities

Why make all these lists and lists at all? Psychologists say that thanks to all these lists it is possible to conduct an analysis and highlight a number of aspects. When compiling a list of the qualities of another person, we ourselves will, in one way or another, strive to analyze ourselves, although this happens completely unconsciously, but still. You can find weaknesses and turn them into strengths, gradually get rid of shortcomings and continue to confidently work on yourself.

Positive character traits

It is impossible to list all the advantages, there are a lot of them. In fact, more than you might imagine. Some characteristics allow you to interact with people, while others allow you to do a great job when asked by your boss at work. Let us outline a number of key positive qualities of a person:

kindness. This quality lives in each of us, but in modern society there is a stereotype that it is not possible to meet a kind person. The problem is the crazy pace of life, which dictates its own conditions and quite often locks a person into boundaries. Look around, what do you see? There are only egocentrics around who believe that the world should revolve only around them. But you can always find this quality in yourself and try to develop it;
sense of humor. One great classicist called the quality called "gaiety" outstanding. Its peculiarity is that a person can lift the mood of people who are nearby, relieving them of depressing thoughts. It’s nice to be in the same room with such people, they charge you with positivity and set the right mood for life, which allows you to simply enjoy life without paying attention to what is happening around you;
determination. Thanks to this quality, you can feel like an independent person, because many people associate determination with the absence of a sense of fear;
determination. It is important to set a goal and confidently move towards achieving it, so the owners of this quality can safely be called lucky;
feeling of compassion. This quality is valued in our time, because if a person knows how to empathize and support a loved one in difficult times, he will greatly alleviate his suffering and solve his problems;
politeness. This character trait in the eyes of others represents a person as tactful, balanced and not prone to conflict. It is very important to always maintain composure and look dignified;
communication skills. If a person knows how to quickly establish contacts and make friends, then he is a sociable person who will achieve a lot in life and go far;
punctuality. In a world where everyone is late and doesn't follow orders, this quality allows you to stand out from the crowd. Such people know how to plan their time, they value in people the ability to do everything on time and follow the rules;
self-criticism. Each of us must adequately assess the situation and be able to laugh at ourselves. This characterizes you as a strong and confident person who is not afraid to admit her mistake and say publicly that she did something wrong;
modesty. A person who does not exalt himself and does not put himself above everyone else looks decent. And this is even despite the fact that he has something to brag about and stand out from the crowd. It’s always nice to communicate with people who have achieved a lot and at the same time do not try to talk about themselves at every turn;
confidence. A quality that every person strives for. It’s so important to be 100% sure that you are doing everything right. Such people are not afraid to express their opinions publicly; they know how to manage emotions and make the only right decision in stressful situations.

Negative human character traits

At different ages, a person is able to exhibit, along with positive qualities, also bad ones, which characterize him from the other side. Why do these qualities arise?

The parents could have made mistakes in raising the child, or the person has always shown a tendency towards unseemly behavior. Despite this. Even bad heredity can and should be fought; now we will look at a number of negative qualities of human character:

hot temper. Usually people who have this quality do not know how to control their emotions, they are unrestrained and cause problems to everyone around them. You must try to restrain your emotional manifestations and keep your promises;
envy. It is not for nothing that this quality is called one of the worst character traits that harms the development of a person as an individual. Someone is more beautiful, richer, smarter - this means that the person is definitely worth envying, and some people even try to do everything possible to poison the life of the object of their envy. You should not pay attention to the successes of other people, you need to confidently work on yourself;
arrogance. It is very difficult to contact such people in everyday life; they consider themselves better than others and do not get tired of repeating this. If you don’t stop in time and try to get rid of arrogance, your family and friends may turn away from you forever;
selfishness. Such persons are doomed to die in splendid isolation, and all because they think only about themselves and care exclusively about themselves. Sooner or later, friends and relatives will turn away from you, who are simply tired of constantly taking care of you;
arrogance. Such persons are always looked down upon and therefore no one likes them. If you do not stop behaving arrogantly and live in splendid isolation, without friends and girlfriends, without support from others;
hypocrisy. A person who says one thing to his face and another behind his back will sooner or later compromise himself with something, and then a scandal will definitely not be avoided. It is necessary to make every effort to eradicate this bad quality in yourself;
pessimism. Often such people complain to others about life, they are constantly dissatisfied with something, and the nerves of those around them lose their nerve very quickly. No one will like the fact that they are always telling you their problems and trying to blame the whole world for your failures. Remember one very important rule: if you initially set yourself up for failure, be prepared for it to stay with you for a long time;
laziness. Nobody likes lazy people, and no one will definitely work for you either. After all, such a person will definitely find a million excuses for doing nothing. If you don’t stop spending all your free time on the couch, you will remain an unsuccessful person who will achieve nothing in life;
impudence. Achieving a goal for such people will not be difficult; you can always go over your head, not paying attention to other people’s principles and ambitions. Nobody likes arrogant people, and everyone around them treats them with characteristic aggressiveness;
infantilism. It is very convenient in our society to be a capricious, spoiled person who shows his immaturity in making even the most banal decisions. People around them avoid such people so that they don’t have to solve their problems again;
cruelty. One of the worst human qualities, because such people are capable of any actions and deeds. It all starts in childhood, when a child deliberately tortures an animal, then teases classmates and, in adulthood, behaves cruelly towards work colleagues.

Everyone has the right to decide for themselves which qualities to develop in themselves and which ones need to be eradicated as soon as possible. One thing is clear, if you stand still and take absolutely no action, your unpleasant baggage of personal qualities and characteristics will remain with you. You need to work on yourself every day, because depending on the circumstances, certain characteristics appear and it is not always possible to control them in moments of overwhelming emotions. On the other hand, you should definitely make every effort if you realize that you are behaving incorrectly. Positive character traits should be developed, negative ones should be actively combated - it’s all very simple. If you don't like something, you can always correct it or fix it altogether. You cannot characterize a person as “bad” or “good” or give him some other assessment, because everything in this world is relative. A person who is engaged in self-development will never be guided by someone else's opinion and consider it the only correct one. Remember that everything in this life depends only on you and the decisions you make. There are bad and good qualities in each of us, but we have the right to dose them, revealing the facets of our character every day from a new side.

For those who do not like their own “psychological portrait”, there is consolation: deficiencies in temperament can be compensated for by positive character traits.

It is the understanding that one can change oneself for the better that is the most attractive feature of science.

So, if temperament is an innate personality trait, then a person develops character himself. Every time we perform an action, we strengthen or weaken some of its features.

In this way, even the worst disposition can be corrected.

Regarding temperament, we can only recall that Hippocrates divided it into four types, which are still used today:

Phlegmatic people are unhurried and unperturbed;
Cholerics are hot-tempered and unbalanced;
Melancholic people are impressionable and vulnerable;
Sanguine people are lively, active and cheerful.

Recording the results

It is better to write down the results of your struggle. You can make a table and record successes and failures there every day. Or do this: mark two cities on a geographical map. One will conditionally indicate your current state, the second will indicate your goal.

Every time you do something to improve your character, put a new point on the path between these cities. And if you miss something, go back to the point.

It seems very interesting in terms of plan. Be sure to read about this great man, whose experience can be of invaluable help to you.

Surely the reader may have a question: do the formation of personality and its individual traits influence?

It is quite difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. A certain connection in the inclinations and characteristics of behavior between children and parents can certainly be traced.

However, to claim that “I’m like this and I can’t be different, because this is my mom or dad”, for an adult, at least not serious.

It is believed that it is impossible to change temperament, but character traits are within the power of anyone. You just need to have the determination to do this.

Accentuation of character

Accentuation of character is a character trait that is within the clinical norm, in which individual character traits are excessively enhanced, as a result of which selective vulnerability to certain psychogenic influences is revealed while maintaining good resistance to others.

The definition of accentuation may seem a little complicated to you, but in fact it is quite simple.

The word “accentuation” itself (from the Latin accentus - emphasis) means a pronounced emphasis on something.

In other words, this feature consists in the fact that some character traits are unusually developed, which causes the inferiority of other, less developed traits.

Probably everyone has seen how small children, at the sight of strangers, warm up to some and begin to smile, but at the sight of others they frown and run away.

This is due to the fact that facial features are very closely related to our character traits. Children intuitively feel this, “scanning” the face of a stranger.

Yes, and adults, on a deeply subconscious level, can “feel” whether a person in front of them is good or bad. This also happens because our brain can “read” information from the characteristic features of a person’s face.

It is important to understand that a person’s character largely determines how his life will turn out and whether he will achieve success.

The 19th century English writer William Thackeray wrote:

“Sow an action and you will reap a habit; sow a habit and you will reap a character; sow a character and you will reap a destiny.”

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“As many people as there are so many characters,” you can often hear. And this is actually true, there are no two absolutely identical people on earth. People have different worldview systems, principles, hobbies and values, and react differently to certain external stimuli and events. determines his personal actions, from which his whole life is composed.

Scientists and psychologists call a person’s character an individual combination of certain personality traits that determine his attitude towards the entire environment and are manifested in his actions.

Character(Greek χαρακτηρ - sign, distinctive feature, omen) is a structure of persistent, relatively permanent mental properties that determine the characteristics of a person’s behavior and relationships.

In the scientific literature on psychology, there are several criteria that determine a person’s character types. We will only consider the main ones.

The most popular character typology proposed by the famous German psychologist E. Kretschmer, therefore person's character depends on his physique. Kretschmer described the main three types of human physique and the corresponding character types:

Jung's character classification

Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Gustav Jung developed his own, which is based on dominant mental functions (sensations, intuition, feeling and thinking). He classified all people according to the predominance of the internal or external world (introverted and extroverted types).

An introvert is a closed, internally focused thinker, turned inward, a person fenced off from the entire world around him, carefully analyzing all events, while suspecting everyone of contradictory actions. He has very few friends, because it is very difficult for him to make new contacts, he is closer to loneliness, and he does not change his own habits. An introvert is a very suspicious person with a high degree of anxiety; he listens to his feelings and values his health.
An extrovert is a direct, open person, extremely sociable, active and understandable to everyone, he has many acquaintances and friends, he cannot stand loneliness, has little interest in his own health, loves to travel, and tries to get the most out of life. He becomes the life of the party, initiates various meetings and parties, loves to tell jokes, and in everyday life is guided not by subjective opinion, but by circumstances.

The connection between human character and temperament

Peculiarities of different temperaments can help a person understand character traits if they are pronounced, however, people with pronounced certain temperaments are quite rare; most often, mixed temperament is found in varying degrees of severity. But the predominance of any type of temperament can help determine person's character type.

There is a huge amount classifications of character types a person, it’s even better to say, attempts to systematize all the knowledge and psychology of his behavior, but none of them can be so deep and so effective. Because every person, going through periods of developing certain characters in his life, collects them all in himself in order to live as an individual for the rest of his life.

If you find it difficult to determine your character type, then various ones that are designed just for this can help you.