Reflexive participle. Types of participles in Russian

On views on the nature of participles. For adults and high school students. For others.

Interpretations of gerunds vary. Some authors believe that gerunds are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if you get a textbook in which you see a characteristic that is unusual for you. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to adhere to:

1. How many parts of speech are there in Russian?
2. Which form - the indefinite form of the verb or the gerund - is considered the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of the verb word, how many and what forms does the verb have?

§2. General characteristics of the participle

1. Meaning: additional action. Remember, extra. So there is also the main thing? Yes. And both actions are carried out by one person or group of persons.

2. Morphological characteristics. The peculiarity of gerunds is that they have the characteristics of both a verb and an adverb.
The morphological features of a verb are constant features: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity.

Signs of an adverb: immutability and adverbial role in a sentence.

For more information about the morphological features of the verb, see Chapter 11. Morphology. Verb

3. Syntactic role in a sentence- circumstance.

Ivan sat thinking.

§3. Formation of gerunds

Only finite verbs have participles.
The participles are NSV and SV.

NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs: decide - deciding, read - reading, think - thinking.
NSV gerunds are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -a-, -я-: breathe → breathing, draw - drawing.

SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs: decide - having decided, buy - having purchased.
SV gerunds are formed with the help of suffixes: -v-, -louse-, -shi-: shout →krikniv, kriknuvshi. The suffixes -v- and -louse- are synonymous, the suffix -louse- is colloquial. Bring → having brought.

They do not have gerund endings. Therefore, the syntactic connection between the gerund and the predicate is adjacency.

§4. Participial turnover

A participle with dependent words is called a participial phrase.

He sat with his legs dangling. He sat (how?, doing what?), dangling his legs. He sat with his (what?) legs dangling.

For punctuation of sentences with participles and participial phrases, see A20. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. How many actions performed by the same person must be named in a sentence with a gerund?

   • At least 2
   • A lot of

2. Is it correct to consider the gerund as an inflected form?

3. What are the constant signs of gerunds: verbal or adverbial?

   • Verbal, i.e. characteristic of verbs
   • Narochny, i.e. characteristic of adverbs

4. Are gerund forms possible for impersonal verbs?

5. From what verb stem are the NSV gerunds formed?

   • From the base of the present tense
   • From the stem of the infinitive form of the verb

6. From what verb stem are the gerunds SV formed?

   • From the base of the present tense
   • From the stem of the infinitive form of the verb

7. What is the syntactic connection between a gerund and a verb as a predicate?

   • Coordination
   • Control
   • Adjacency

8. Do the gerunds retain constant verbal features?

9. From what verbs are the NSV gerunds formed?

   • From verbs НВС
   • FROM SV verbs

Participle and gerund are nothing more than special forms of the verb. This article describes in detail the grammatical and syntactic features, methods of formation, and characteristic features of participles and gerunds. For better understanding of the material, examples and important points are given.

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do? Participles denote an additional action and answer questions Doing what? What did you do?

Rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

	Participle				Participle
	Rules			Examples	Rules		Examples
Grammatical features	An unchangeable part of speech, has the grammatical features of an adverb and a verb				Variable part of speech, has the characteristics of an adjective and a verb
	adverb sign: immutability	verb features: · transitivity; · repayment	having decided to a meeting, playing with kids, reading book, noticing announcement		signs of an adjective: · availability of full and short forms;	verb features: · transitivity; · repayment	decided to a meeting; playing with children, advise readable book, advertisement noticed passers-by
How is it formed	-and I(NSV); -v/-lice/-shi ( SV)		drawing, mining, lying,having done, responded, broken		From verbs using suffixes: -ush-/-yush-/-ash-/-box-(actual participles NV); -vsh-/-sh-(actual participles PV); -eat-/-om-/-im-(passive participles NV); -nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).		drawing, mined, lying, made, answered, broken
Syntactic features	In a sentence refers to a verb. The syntactic role is adverbial.		Replying, he returned to his place. The girl was walking down the street smiling.		In a sentence, it refers to a noun or personal pronoun and agrees with them in gender, number, and case. Syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.		Arrived the birds greedily pecked the grains(definition). There was bread baked just yesterday(part of SIS).

Note! Participles in Russian vary according to gender, number and case. Participles do not change and have no endings.

Features of participial and participial phrases

Participial and participial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ in their overall meaning and function in a sentence:

• Participial turnover is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverbial (set off on both sides with commas) and denote an additional action.

  Examples: The man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over the barrier, the puppy ran to the owner.

• Participial– participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-isolated (usually if it stands before the word being defined) or a separate (if it stands after the word being defined) definition.

  Examples: Came to visit a friend brought delicious cakes. Vita needed to go out to the street, crossing the central square.

The Russian language, in addition to independent and auxiliary parts of speech, is also rich in so-called special forms. These include the reflexive participle and all types of participles in general. Many linguists still cannot come to a consensus about this part of speech. Some argue that this is an independent part of speech, while others argue that the role of the verb in the formation and use of the gerund is too great to talk about its independence.

Definition

First, let's remember: This is an independent part of speech or it is also called a special form of the verb, which means an action during the main action. Answers the questions “Doing what?”, “Having done what?”

Similar verb forms exist in many languages, except Russian: in Latin, French and others and are called gerunds.

By origin, the gerund belongs to the inarticulate form, in other words, to the short form of the participle in the nominative case. And it arose due to the loss of the declension form of the inarticulate participle.

Dual nature

A gerund of any kind is often confused with a verb or an adverb. And all because this part of speech has a dual nature.

Let's look at what features the verb and adverb have given to the gerund:

Verb marker		Adverb mark
Availability of the species		Immutability; Depends on the verb - predicate; The type of subordinating connection is adjacency.
Perfect	Imperfect
What matters is an action that has already happened before the one pointed to by the predicate; Answers the question “Having done what?”; Suffixes: -v, - lice, -vsh. Example: overcoming, building, smiling.	It will have the meaning of simultaneously performing an additional action with the one indicated by the predicate; Answers the question “Doing what?”; Suffixes: -a Example: overcoming, building, smiling.
Transitional	Intransitive
Has a dependent word in the accusative case without a preposition. Example: exploring the area	Does not have a dependent word in the accusative case. Example: walking, enjoying
Repayment
Returnable	Non-refundable
The reflexive form of gerunds is formed from a reflexive verb; Suffixes: - s. Example: bathing (from swimming), bathing (from having bathed)	The irreversible form of gerunds is formed from ; Suffixes: - I, Example: opening (from open), having built (from build)
Syntactic role
In a sentence it is a circumstance of the manner of action. Example (irreflexive participle): I listened without interrupting. Without thinking about anything bad, the travelers moved towards the rocks. Example (reflexive participle): Returning, I found only my father at home.

Spelling with "not"

In frequent cases, gerunds with the particle “not” are written separately (because everyone remembers the well-known rule: “not” with verbs is written separately).

Example: without reading, without deciding.

But, as you know, there are exceptions to the rules. The reflexive participle and other types of this part of speech with the particle “not” will be written together if:

1. The participle is formed from verbs that are not used without “not” (indignant, underestimating, having not seen enough);
2. The participle is formed from verbs with the prefix “nedo-” (not enough salt, not enough sleep).

In addition, any word and its spelling must be looked at in context. The insidious Russian language can bring surprises; even guidelines for the suffixes of reflexive and non-reflexive participles cannot help.

Example: “not eating enough” and “not eating enough.”

My sister leaves for university without finishing her breakfast. - Here the word is used in the context of “does not eat the whole thing.”

During the war, people could live without food for months. - Here the word is used in the context of “they didn’t eat enough, they were almost hungry.”

Syntactic role

The reflexive participle, as well as other types of participles, have the following features:

• They adjoin the predicate verb, being a circumstance.
• They don't conjugate.
• Rarely adjacent to a nominal predicate, which is a noun or short adjective.
• Adjacent to the predicate, denoting an additional action that accompanies the main action expressed by the predicate;
• It is possible to replace it with the conjugated form of the verb.

In written speech there are those that are separated by commas.

Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as an independent part of speech or as a special form of the verb. We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verbal form.

Participle is a special form of the verb that has the following characteristics:

1. Indicatesadditive action , answers the questions of what to do? or having done what?

2–3. It hasgrammatical features of verbs and adverbs .

The features of a verb includeview ( reading - NSV,after reading - SV),transitivity ( reading book - transitional,sitting on a chair - intransitive) andrepayment ( washing - non-refundable,washing my face - return). In addition, the gerund is characterized by the samecontrol , like other verb forms:reading/reading/reading/reading a book, but reading a book.

Adverbial features of gerunds includeimmutability (gerunds do not have morphological signs of mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of conjugated forms of the verb, and are not declined, unlike participles); syntactic function of the gerund -circumstance ; In a sentence, the gerund depends on the verb.

Imperfect participles kind answer the question what to do? and denote an action that is simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate):Standing on a stool, he took out books from the top shelf.

NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs from the present tense stem using the formative suffix -a(-я).

In the verb to be, the gerund is formed using the suffix -uchi from the stem of the future tense:be-learn . The same suffix is ​​used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs:game-i - game-yuchi .

Not all NSV verbs have imperfective participles; Thus, the NSV gerunds are not formed:

- from verbs ending in -ch:bake - baking ( oven );

- from verbs ending in -nut:wither - withering ,;

- from some sibilant verbs based on the present tense:write , write - writing , lick - licking (but adverb lying);

- from verbs with a present tense stem consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them:drink , drinking (pj-ut) -pb I.

At the verbgive The participle is formed from a special stem:Giving (davaj-a).

Perfect participles kind of answer the question what have you done? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb:Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.

SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs from the past tense stem using suffixes

In from verbs with a vowel stem:done-in ,

Lice from reflexive verbs with a vowel base (or outdated, stylistically non-neutral gerunds likehaving seen, having looked etc.): mind the lice,

Shi from verbs with a consonant stem: baked-shi .

Some verbs have variable forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other by adding the suffix -а(-я) to the stem of the future tense:frown - lice - frown - I - frown .

Verbsread, find do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are usedI read it, I found it , formed from the base of the simple future tense using the suffix -я.

Bi-aspect verbs may have two gerunds, formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and SV, for example:

promise: promise-i - NSV,promise-in - SV,

marry: wife - NSV,marry-in - SV.

The gerund must indicate the action of the object (person) that is named as the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the gerund. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like:

? I got a headache when I left the house (gerunds and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).

? Lost, the puppy was soon found by his owners (the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).

The participle can nameadditional action attributed to the main member a one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence expressed by an infinitive, participle or other gerund. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example:When crossing the street, you should look around.

Morphological analysis of gerunds

We will conduct a morphological analysis of the participle according to the following plan:

I.Part of speech (special form of a verb). General meaning. What verb is it derived from?

II.Morphological characteristics: a) appearance, b) recurrence, c) transitivity.

III.Syntactic role

Sample morphological analysis of gerunds

Sipping sour wine, squinting from the pipe smoke, he gloomily listened to what Zoya was telling him. Having finished, she cracked her fingers (A.N. Tolstoy).

I.Sipping (doing what?) - gerund;

II.Fast. signs: NSV, non-return, transition, unchangeable;

non-post signs: none;

III.Listened (how?) while sipping (circumstance)

I.(doing what?) - gerund;

II.Fast. signs: NSV, return, non-transition, unchangeable;

non-post signs: none;

III.Listened (how?) squinting (circumstance)

I.Having finished (doing what?) - gerund;

II. signs: NE, non-return, transition, unchangeable;

non-post signs: none;

III.Crunched (when?) after finishing (circumstance)

Term "gerund" appeared in the 17th century. It consists of two parts: action (action) and participle. That is, this form “involved” in action. And the truth: participle denotes the additional action of a verb in a sentence, combining grammatical features of verbs and adverbs, therefore this form is sometimes called verbal adverb.

The formation of gerunds has its own characteristics that must be taken into account.

1. From the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs are formed imperfective participles. Suffix used -and I). They start - starting, do - doing, play - playing.

Some imperfective verbs form participles using a suffix -uchi (-yuchi): walking, driving, being, playfully, regretting, sneaking.

But in the literary language the forms are -uchi (-yuchi) are not widely used. Most often these forms are used by us d To stylize folk and ancient speech and are perceived as outdated.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that how forms of gerunds are formed from some verbsV: sprinkle - rash(allowed - rash), swim - swimming, climb - climbing, suffer - suffering(in the artistic style of speech you can find - suffering), listen - listening And listening(obsolete), waving - waving(allowed - Masha), pinching - pinching.

Some imperfective verbs cannot have a gerund form. As a rule, gerunds are not formed from verbs that do not have vowels at the base of the present tense (for example, drive - bend - bend). Form gnya- dissonant, therefore not used in modern Russian.

These verbs include: sew, beat, rub, twist, weave, lie, sleep, bend, send, eat, tear, reap b (hand), drink, reapь (rye), crush, wait, pour, burn, lie.

From verbs with alternating consonants h–f, s–sh In the stems of the present tense and infinitive, it is impossible to form gerundial forms, or these forms are rarely used (for example, scratch - scratch - scratch). Form scratching is not grammatically correct.

This applies to verbs such as scratch, weigh, cut, knit, dance, appear, lick, mow.

From imperfect verbs to -no and on -whose forms of participles are not formed.

These are verbs pull, protect, sink, burn, smell, might, get wet, bake, freeze, whip, strengthen, guard, stall, cut, go out, flow, wither.

Also imperfective participles should not be formed from the following verbs: want, arrest, freeze, run, be born, stab, sing, climb, plow.

2. From the stem of the past tense or the infinitive of perfective verbs are formed perfect participles. The suffix usually used -V: sold - sold, made - done.

Suffixes can also be used -and I) or - lice, - shi (divided - dividing, enter - entering; fall in love - having fallen in love, turn around - turning around).

In the vast majority of cases in literary language forms with the suffix are used -V because they are more concise and euphonious. M. Gorky spoke out against the excessively frequent use of forms with suffixes - lice, - shi, comparing these suffixes to “lice” that crawl across the page, and strongly advised to avoid such forms. However, it must be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - looking around, thinking. Suffix -shi used instead of a suffix -V when forming participles from many verbs with a consonant stem: grow up - grown up; graze - graze.

In the XIX–early XX in the suffix -and I) used quite often for education perfect participles(noticing - noticing, tilting - tilting, putting - putting). In modern Russian, many of these forms have fallen out of use, but they can be found in literary texts of that era, for example, in M. Gorky.

3. When forming participles, one of the main mistakes is using one suffix instead of another.

Let's consider the proposal. Putting the forks on the table, she went to see if the hot food was ready. Form used putting with suffix -A instead of the correct form, putting it with a suffix -V.

Quite often errors of this kind occur when using phraseological units. In some phraseological units we can find outdated forms of gerunds ( headlong, hand on heart). And here they often make an incorrect form, saying “ outlining the heads y" or " putting your hand on your heart».

Also in colloquial speech one can regularly observe grammatically incorrect formation of gerunds from verbs, from which it is generally impossible to form gerund forms in a literary language ( While sleeping, the puppy seemed to be running somewhere).

4. And, of course, we cannot forget about the topic of using participial phrases in speech.

How much has already been written about the fact that a gerund denotes an additional action, Means, the main and additional actions must be performed by the same object, but errors still occur with alarming regularity.

Read the following examples. Each of them contains the same mistake: incorrect use of the participial phrase.

While reading, I was interested.(Who read? There is no pronoun “I” in the sentence, and the form “me” is not the active person)

Sitting by the window, a sparrow flew into the room.(Sparrow was sitting by the window?)

While studying with the teacher, he was very hungry(Who was doing? There is no pronoun “he” in the sentence, and the form “him” is not the active person)

While rushing home, he lost his mitten.(Mitten was in a hurry to go home?)

While working on the machine, he had a headache.(Did the head work on the machine?)

I hope you smiled after reading these sentences, and you yourself will not make mistakes when forming and using gerunds.

Good luck to you and the beautiful, rich, correct Russian language!

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