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Presentation on the topic: History of Voronezh

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Voronezh Voronezh is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the region of the same name. Voronezh is located on the banks of the Voronezh reservoir of the Voronezh River, 8.5 kilometers from its confluence with the Don River, 586 km from Moscow. The city's population is 840.7 thousand inhabitants (2007), the 16th largest population in Russia. While not a million-plus city, Voronezh forms an agglomeration with a population of 0.98-1.0 million people (2005) (21st place in Russia). For heroic resistance to the German invaders during the Great Patriotic War, Voronezh was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.

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The first mention of Voronezh took place in 1177 in connection with the battle of the Vladimir and Ryazan princes and the escape of Yaropolk of Ryazan to Voronozh. Here is what the chronicles say about this - the Laurentian Chronicle: “And according to Yaropolk, the ambassador said to Ryazan: you have our enemy, or I will come to you. Ryazanzi zdumasha, rekushe, our prince and our brothers perished in someone else’s prince, traveling to Voronezh, eating him themselves and bringing him to Volodymer” and the Nikon Chronicle, but with some additions: “prince Yaropolk Rostislavich fled to Voronozh, and there he passed from hail to hail... And so they went to Voronozh, seizing it, and leading it to Volodymer.” Some historians suggest, based on excerpts from these chronicles, that Voronezh (Voronozh) existed as a settlement back in the 12th century. But according to the most common version, Voronezh was founded in 1585-1586. In ancient times, the Khazars lived here, the last tombs of which were seen by de Bruin in 1702. Voronezh was one of the first fortified cities, advanced at the end of the 16th century deep into the Don steppes to protect the state from raids by “driving out various Horde predators.” In 1590, Voronezh was destroyed by the Kanev Cherkassy, ​​but was immediately restored. Being located on such a busy trade route as the confluence of Voronezh and the Don, then still quite navigable rivers, Voronezh could not remain an exclusively military city for long. By the middle of the 17th century, trade here reached large proportions. Soon, however, new, more southern fortified cities began to emerge, built mainly by the Ostrogozh Cherkassy people who arrived in 1652. The latter received new rights and benefits, including the right to duty-free trade and rent-free shredding. This dealt a strong blow to the trade of Voronezh, which was deprived of privileges.

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The most brilliant era of the city begins in 1695 - with the arrival of Peter to build a fleet here. From time immemorial, Voronezh served as a shipyard where “plows suitable for seafaring” were built. But Voronezh was destined to be the cradle of not only the military, but also the Russian merchant fleet. In 1772, on the initiative of the government, the first “joint-stock trading company for navigation” in Russia was formed in Voronezh, with the highest approved charter and the right to order seaworthy vessels from military admiralties. The military shipyard in Voronezh did not exist for long; Due to the gradual shallowing of the rivers, it was first moved to Taurus, then further south, at the mouth, and finally, beyond the shallow waters, it was completely abolished. At the turn of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, Voronezh was one of the most beautiful provincial cities. He owned 38,271/3 acres of land, of which up to 800 acres were under the city, and almost all the rest was under forest. There were over 5,500 houses, more than half of them were made of stone. There were 61,053 inhabitants, including 28,360 women. The number of births in 1890 reached 2,281, the number of deaths - 1,998 of both sexes. City revenues amounted to 309,385 rubles, reserve city capital - 3,175 rubles. City expenses in 1890 were 312,627 rubles 28 kopecks. The city had a debt to the state bank in the amount of 1,010,831 rubles. The once extensive and flourishing trade of Voronezh had by that time greatly declined as a result of the cessation of shipping; however, at that time there were 47 factories and factories in Voronezh, the value of production of which reached the amount of 1,248,548 rubles (in 1862, Voronezh’s trade turnover exceeded another 3,500,000 rubles). During the Great Patriotic War from 1942 to 1943, Voronezh was under German occupation for 212 days and suffered significant damage. 30 thousand people out of the city's 350 thousand population died during this period, many were forcibly taken to concentration camps. After the war, the city was restored again, including the St. Nicholas Church and the Potemkin Palace - architectural monuments of the 18th century. Since the late 90s of the 20th century, manifestations of neo-Nazism have become more frequent in Voronezh. According to anti-fascist Alexei Kozlov, an average of 50-60 attacks on foreigners occur in Voronezh per year

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History of Voronezh: There are few cities in Russia that, at various stages of its historical development, would play such a prominent role as Voronezh. More than once it was subjected to enemy invasions and barbaric destruction, but it was always revived and became one of the most significant social, economic, scientific and cultural centers of Russia. According to archaeological excavations in the area of ​​the village of Kostenki, on the right bank of the Don, the first settlements on the territory of the modern Voronezh region appeared approximately 30 thousand years ago. For many centuries, our region was the southern outpost of the Russian state, protecting it from the Khazars, Pechenegs and Polovtsians. Hundreds of years later, the region again became a border region, but its southern borders with independent Ukraine serve not as a shield from raids, but as a gateway of friendship and a corridor of cooperation. The official birth of Voronezh is considered to be 1585, when a fortress was erected on the site of ancient settlements. The city experienced a rebirth in 1696, when, by order of Peter I, the first Russian fleet was built at the Voronezh shipyards, surprising Europe and frightening Asia. Tsar Peter received the blessing for the construction of the fleet and the founding of St. Petersburg from his close friend and spiritual mentor, the first bishop of Voronezh, St. Mitrofan. Having become the center of Russian shipbuilding, Voronezh turned into a large city with specialized plants, factories, manufactories and workshops. For some time, Voronezh actually played the role of the capital. It was the center of the most important events, Tsar Peter and his court lived here, there were representations of European countries: diplomats, generals, shipwrights. In Voronezh, as in Moscow, there was a German settlement. The city grew and became a large populated area - a population of 40 (according to other sources - 60) thousand people at that time, not every European capital could boast of. In 1711, Voronezh became the administrative center of the Azov province. In 1725, this province received the name Voronezh, its territory extended to the Volga in the northeast and to the Sea of ​​Azov in the south. In 1928, Voronezh became the center of the Central Black Earth Region, which united the Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk and Oryol provinces. The Voronezh region as an independent administrative-territorial unit was created in 1934. On May 6, 1975, Voronezh was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, for courage and heroism during the Great Patriotic War and labor successes.

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Time zone The city of Voronezh, like the entire Voronezh region, is located in a time zone designated by the international standard as Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). The offset from UTC is +3:00 (MSK, winter time) / +4:00 (MSD, summer time) due to daylight saving time in that time zone. Voronezh time differs from standard time by one hour, since maternity time is in effect in Russia.

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Geographical location The city of Voronezh is located on the border of the Central Russian Upland and the Oka-Don Plain. Naturally, the city is located in the south of the Central Russian forest-steppe zone. Voronezh is located on both banks of the Voronezh River, 12 km from its confluence with the Don River. Voronezh is located 587 km southeast of Moscow

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Voronezh TRZ Voronezh Diesel Locomotive Repair Plant (Voronezh TRZ) is a plant in the city of Voronezh that repairs diesel locomotives of the 2TE116, TEP70 series. The plant was founded in 1868 as the railway workshops of the South-Eastern Railways. Since 1928, the plant received the name steam locomotive repair plant. Since 1960 it has been called diesel locomotive repair. During the Great Patriotic War, the plant, while evacuated, repaired steam locomotives, built armored trains, and produced small arms and anti-tank gun carriages. Over its history, the plant repaired steam locomotives of various series, diesel locomotives TE3, 2TE10M, 2TE116, TEP70. In addition, the plant repaired mobile power plants produced by the Kolomna Diesel Locomotive Plant and the Lugansk Diesel Locomotive Plant; repaired diesel engines 2D100, 10D100, D49, repaired and formed wheel sets of different series of diesel locomotives, repaired traction engines, traction generators and auxiliary electric machines.

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Railway In Voronezh there are two railway stations at the railway stations Voronezh I (on Chernyakhovsky Square), Voronezh II. A left bank transit railway station is being designed. Road communication The M4 Don highway passes through Voronezh along the bypass road. There are two bus stations and one bus station: Central Bus Station, Left Bank Bus Station, South-Western Bus Station

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City transport City transport is represented by buses, trolleybuses and trams. By the end of the 19th century there were running water and a horse-drawn railway; a tram appeared in 1926, and a trolleybus was launched in 1960. The left and right banks of the reservoir are connected by three road bridges and one railway bridge. The most important of them is the Chernavsky Bridge, connecting the Left Bank district with the city center; The most interesting in design is the North Bridge. It has two floors: the first is for cars, the second is for trams. The city operates a small number of municipal buses and more than two thousand minibuses and commercial buses. In Voronezh, trolleybus traffic is under threat; there are only 30 working trolleybuses in municipal ownership. There are 36 trams in the city (of the 21 routes that existed in the city in the 1990s, 4 remain, and two of the three city tram depots are closed). The state of the city's transport system was recognized by the editors of the transport publication "Pantograph" in 2005 as one of the worst in Russia; It was noted that the abundance of commercial minibuses and the almost complete destruction of urban electric transport are the causes of high accident rates on the roads and poor ecology in the city. At the end of the socialist period, it was assumed that in a few years the city's population would reach one million people, and a metro would be built in the city. In post-Soviet times, the city's growth changed, and the draft new master plan provides for the creation of only a light metro using the railway route within the city. The city is currently considering a light rail project.

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Education The sphere of education was represented by a theological seminary, one men's and two women's gymnasiums, men's and women's pro-gymnasiums. There were also: a real school, a cadet corps and schools: theological, district, railway, diocesan, paramedic; teacher's seminary; up to 40 city schools and colleges. Today the city has 36 higher educational institutions and 53 secondary specialized educational institutions. Preschool children attend 116 kindergartens. In Voronezh there is one cadet school (Voronezh Cadet School named after A.V. Suvorov (VKSh)) and one Mikhailovsky Cadet Corps. Previously, in Voronezh there was the Suvorov Military School (SVU), now the continuation of the SVU is the VKSh. VKSH appeared on November 27, 2001. The banner was presented on May 5, 2007. At the moment, 122 cadets are studying at the High School. There is also the Voronezh Military Aviation Engineering Institute (VMAI), which is a higher educational institution in the city of Voronezh

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Culture Frequent fires that occurred in Voronezh during the 18th century destroyed many monuments of Peter the Great's time. The following have survived to this day: Peter's Palace with the citadel, later turned into a wool mine and so forgotten that until recent years they were considered lost in a fire; The Zeichgauz on the island, also first turned into a wool mine, but by the Highest Decree was purchased from private hands and donated to the city, with the condition of responsibility for the integrity of the precious monument. At the end of the 19th century, it housed Peter's yacht club. The sights of Voronezh at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries were: monuments to Peter I, Koltsov and Nikitin (the last two were local natives), the Mitrofanievsky Monastery, with the relics of St. Mitrofan, a museum at the statistical committee and at the public library. Currently, 310 Voronezh cultural heritage sites are under state protection. Among them are more than 80 monuments and busts and (since 1990) an area of ​​759 hectares. Monuments to Peter I, Ivan Nikitin, Alexei Koltsov have been preserved, and monuments to Ivan Bunin and Andrei Platonov have been added to them. More than 100 memorial plaques. Many architectural monuments of antiquity are in the process of examination and registration. In Voronezh, diocesan and provincial bulletins, private newspapers: “Don” and “Voronezh Telegraph”, and two special magazines: “Philological Notes” and “Medical Conversation” were published. There were public libraries and clubs with reading rooms. In Voronezh, there was a project for the construction of the administrative building “House of Soviets”, but in the 50s the architect of the building was replaced, and it was deprived of the tower. Now the administration of the Voronezh region is located on this site. Currently, the city has 51 libraries, 5 exhibition halls, 15 palaces of culture and clubs, 6 museums, 13 creative associations, 5 cinemas, 5 theaters, a philharmonic society, and a circus. State Voronezh Academic Drama Theater named after A. Koltsov

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Stone Bridge Stone Bridge in Voronezh is a “humpbacked” bridge in the center of Voronezh on Karl Marx Street, built in 1826. The length of the bridge does not exceed 10 meters, below is a hilly road to the embankment of the Voronezh reservoir. The bridge forms a mini-interchange with this road. The bridge has become a traditional wedding venue for the townspeople. Newlyweds come here on their wedding day, break a bottle of champagne on the bridge and hang locks with their names. It is believed that after such a ritual the marriage will be strong and happy. The bridge is otherwise called "Lovers' Bridge". Now its condition is deplorable: the arch is broken; The slabs from the partitions were broken off, there was rubbish everywhere

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Chernavsky Bridge Chernavsky Bridge is a road bridge in Voronezh. The bridge has 6 supports. The length of the bridge is 364 meters. The bridge was put into operation in 1959 instead of the concrete bridge built in 1909, destroyed in June 1942, and became one of the symbols of the city, and the first mention of the construction of a wooden bridge across the Voronezh River dates back to 1768. However, in 1972 the Voronezh Reservoir appeared, which became a serious problem for the bridge. The supports began to collapse, since salt plasticizer additives were used in the construction of the bridge supports, and the increased water level sharply accelerated the destruction process, and in 1989 the condition of the bridge was declared emergency. By 1996, it was dismantled and a temporary bridge was erected. Since then, its restoration began, which was supposed to end in 2003, but due to funding problems, it was not completed. Currently, the temporary bridge's service life has been extended until 2008. Now work on the restoration of the bridge is actively underway. The new bridge is planned to be put into operation either in December 2008 or 2009.

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Severny Bridge Severny Bridge is a car-tram bridge in Voronezh across the Voronezh Reservoir. The bridge is two-level, modern in design. Built in honor of the 400th anniversary of the city of Voronezh. Length - 1800 meters. The bridge connects the Left Bank district of Voronezh in the area of ​​Ostuzheva Street and the right bank of the Voronezh Reservoir in the area of ​​Dynamo Park. On the right bank of the bridge there is a two-level road-railway interchange to Tambov. Currently, tram No. 7 (Gazovaya-Ostuzheva) does not cross the bridge due to the emergency condition of the tracks. The bridge was laid with the prospect of building a metro in Voronezh. In the master plan of Voronezh, it is planned to run a light metro across the bridge.

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Orthodox Temples of Voronezh Alekseevsky Monastery The monastery owes its name to Saint Alexy, Metropolitan of Moscow (1300-1378). He ruled the Russian Church from 1354 under the Grand Dukes Ivan Ivanovich and Dmitry Donskoy. During these years, the “process of gathering Russian lands torn apart by civil strife and weakened by the Mongol-Tatar invasion began.” Through their activities, Metropolitan Alexy and his famous comrade-in-arms, St. Sergius of Radonezh, who became the spiritual mentors of the Moscow Grand Dukes, contributed to the consolidation of Rus' and its liberation from the yoke. During his lifetime, Alexy became famous as a miracle worker. Alekseevsky Monastery dates its history back to 1620 and, it turns out, is only a few decades younger than Voronezh itself

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City (Pervomaisky) Garden Was established back in the 1840s. between the current streets of F. Engels and Feoktistov. The garden was surrounded by a brick fence, folded with gaps in the shape of a cross, and the main entrance was emphasized by four brick pillars, imitating fortress towers with battlements. There were many small buildings in the garden: a restaurant, a summer theater with 600 seats, bowling alleys and a billiard hall, a rotunda for a brass band and a koumiss establishment. The garden was a favorite place for city residents to hang out. City holidays and events, charity lotteries, exhibitions were regularly held here, and in winter a skating rink was filled. Since then, with the passage of history, the garden has changed. The buildings all burned down during the Great Patriotic War, the stone lattice was replaced in 1950 with an elegant metal one... Currently, the city garden retains its previous rectangular configuration. It is crossed diagonally by alleys leading to the corner entrances. On the main alley, maples from the early 20th century have been preserved. Since 1999, the building of the Annunciation Cathedral has been erected along the axis of the garden.

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Monument to Peter the Great Located in the middle of Petrovsky Square, facing the avenue. This is the first monument, which was erected in 1860 with public donations. The general design of the monument belonged to D.I. Grimm, realized by sculptor A.E. Schwartz (1818-1892). The layout of the square and the design of the pedestal were made by the architect A. A. Cui. The bronze statue was cast in St. Petersburg; The pedestal is made of red granite, delivered from the Pavlovsk district of the Voronezh province. During the occupation of Voronezh in 1942, the bronze statue was taken to Germany for melting down. In 1956, the monument was restored on the same pedestal. The author is Moscow sculptor N.P. Gavrilov, who restored the monument from photographs and descriptions, preserved its height and composition. Some details were changed, in particular, Peter I is depicted as young, as he came to build the fleet in Voronezh, and not in adulthood as originally

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At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. Russia was a country of underdeveloped capitalism. And although, according to some data, from 1861 to 1913 it increased the volume of industrial production 12 times, its lag behind the leading capitalist countries in industrial production per capita remained enormous. The people did not feel the positive social consequences of the government's socio-economic policy. This was largely explained by the peculiarities of Russian capitalism. The traditional point of view about the entry of Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. into the imperialist stage of development is currently being revised by historians. Scientists come to the conclusion that by the beginning of the 20th century. Russian capitalism, due to its underdevelopment, has exhausted its progressive capabilities. The country was gradually approaching a crisis, and this, naturally, created growing social tension in all segments of the population.

What were the main features of Russian capitalism? In terms of total industrial production, Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. was one of the five largest capitalist powers in the world. But capitalism in Russia
this was not similar to Western European. There it was already a stable social system, based on the principles of self-regulation, with more than one century of experience behind it. In Russia, capitalism was largely created by the state under the conditions of maintaining semi-feudal relations in agriculture and a semi-feudal military-bureaucratic system - autocracy. Russian capitalism was state-owned, and although “natural” monopolization existed, it, in the figurative expression of historian V.P. Buldakov, went on in the shadow of state capitalism. In general, capitalism in Russia, which was only a few decades old at the beginning of the 20th century, practically did not know the stage of free competition. The presence of “military-feudal” features in Russian capitalism hampered the development of the country and preserved backward forms of economic management and the previous social structure of society. By 1917, out of 160 million people in Russia, more than 130 million lived in the countryside. V.I. Lenin wrote about this: “The contradiction between comparatively developed capitalism in industry and the monstrous backwardness of the countryside is becoming flagrant.”

The most radical attempt to overcome this growing contradiction could be the Stolypin agrarian reform. But the result of the reform, as we know, did not lead to the desired result. Agrarian overpopulation in the country has persisted. The issue of land became even more acute. Workers continued to live mainly in large cities in central Russia. The layer of “labor aristocracy” was insignificant. The living standards of workers fell sharply. Social tension grew.

A convincing example of this is the socio-economic development of the Voronezh province at the beginning of the 20th century. A characteristic feature of Voronezh industry at this time was the creation of capitalist associations. They were called partnerships or companies.

The center of industrial production in the Voronezh province, as before, was Voronezh. This is where the largest partnerships and companies were located. In competition with small entrepreneurs, they usually emerged victorious. Thus, with the creation of the “Partnership of Steam and Roller Mills” in Voronezh at the beginning of the 20th century. Almost all Voronezh cereal shops have closed. —

The largest capitalist association in Voronezh was the Stoll and Co. Partnership. With the increase in demand for agricultural machinery, the Stoll plant was not limited to repair work. He began producing plows, winnowing machines, and threshing machines. A joint stock company is being organized. Foreign capital is attracted for production activities. The plant grew. Over the last 10 years of the 19th century. the number of factory workers increased 5 times, reaching 500 people by 1900. The commercial affairs of the Stoll & Co. Partnership developed so widely that it was able to open its own branch in Chelyabinsk for the manufacture of plows and threshers. In the cities of Barnaul, Tashkent, Omsk and Ekateri-Nodar (now Krasnodar), trading warehouses of the Partnership arose. The range of manufactured goods has expanded even further. Oil and kerosene engines, metalworking machines, and, under the conditions of the outbreak of the First World War, shells, grenades and other military equipment began to enter the market under the brand name “Stoll & Co.” By 1917, the Stoll & Co. Partnership retained a leading role among all Voronezh industrial enterprises. At this time there were about a thousand workers at the plant.

Other Voronezh enterprises also developed. Veretennikov joined the company with Ivanov. The Ivanov and Veretennikov Partnership was formed. Their steel and iron foundry transitioned from repairing farm implements to producing m ashi of these parts and cast iron. In 1903, 164 workers worked at the plant. IN

Fig 24 Ivanova Factory Drawing from the late 19th century

Bukhonov joined the company with Gausman. The iron foundry "Partnership of Buhonov and Gausman" arose. The plant manufactured equipment for sugar and oil mills and fulfilled orders for railway transport. Especially many workers were employed in the railway workshops. In 1901 they employed 1,400 workers. The printing industry was developed quite widely in the Voronezh province. On the eve of the First World War, in Voronezh alone there were 12 printing houses and lithographs, which employed 570 workers, the newspapers “Voronezh Provincial Gazette”, “Don”, “Voronezh Telegraph”, periodicals “Memorable Books”, “Voronezhskaya Antiquity”, etc. In 1915, due to the threat of the capture of Riga by Germany, the Richard-Pole machine-building plant (now the Comintern plant) was evacuated from it to Voronezh. Some of the workers were evacuated along with the plant. The plant produced steam engines, woodworking machines, and equipment for tanneries. In general, on the eve of the October Revolution, there were about 9,500 industrial workers in Voronezh.

And yet, the activities of Voronezh industrial enterprises did not change the overall agrarian character of the province. At the beginning of the 20th century. it continued to belong to the number of provinces that made the Russian economy predominantly agricultural. Only 7% of the inhabitants of the province at the beginning of the 20th century were not associated with agriculture, which, as before, was distinguished by its underdevelopment. It was dominated by manual labor. The main assistants of the peasants were still a wooden plow and a horse. Constant shortages, malnutrition and hunger strikes were the companions of Voronezh peasants, especially the poor. The owner of the village, as before, was the landowner. He owned huge land holdings; land-poor and horseless peasants went into bondage to him.

Studying the sanitary and economic condition of the peasants of two villages: Novozhivotinny and Mokhovatka in the Voronezh province at the beginning of the 20th century, the zemstvo doctor, head of the sanitary department of the Voronezh provincial zemstvo government A. I. Shingarev came to the conclusion “about the degeneration of the population” of the province on the basis of “striking economic insolvency” and "progressive ruin." Chronic malnutrition, poverty and mass mortality sometimes drove peasants to mental breakdown. This is the case, for example, recorded by A.I. Shingarev in his book “The Dying Village.” “It was during one of the years of poor harvest after 1903. The father of the family was overworked by working in a quarry and sat at home sick, upset. There was no bread or any savings. The mother went to neighboring villages to collect alms. It was winter, she got lost in the field from the road and almost froze. Her children and her sick husband waited for a long time and in vain. There was nothing to eat, the neighbors had almost no bread either... Hungry little children cried and pestered their father, asking for bread... The unfortunate man could not stand it and decided to burn his children and burn with them himself! He tried to do this by carrying straw and brushwood into the hut, and only neighbors who accidentally came in prevented a terrible misfortune. When the half-frozen mother was brought from the nearest village, where she somehow made it, she found her husband already mentally ill ...

And all this took place on the basis of the chronic poverty of the landless village."

The situation of the workers was no better.

Since 1900, a new upsurge began at once - on the eve of the first revolution of the revolutionary movement in Russian ‘Russia. Social-democratic organizations were particularly active in the revolution at this time, but among their members, however, there was no unity. On the one hand, Russian social democracy at the beginning of the 20th century. were represented by supporters of V.I. Lenin, who advocated the political struggle of the proletariat and the overthrow of the autocracy. On the other hand, there are economists who call on the proletariat to wage only an economic struggle and take a conciliatory position.

V.I. Lenin then led an active struggle for the creation of a Marxist party that could become the head of the working class and lead it along. The most important component of Lenin’s plan for building a Marxist party was the organization of an all-Russian political newspaper. It was supposed to eliminate confusion and vacillation in the ranks of the social democrats and unite the Marxists. Lenin's plan for the revolutionary struggle at the beginning of the 20th century. was well known to the comrades of V.I. Lenin. Among them were revolutionaries who subsequently actively participated in the creation of the Iskra organization in Voronezh. This is primarily O. A. Va-rentsova, S. P. Nevzorova-Shesternina, S. P. Shesternin and V. K. Kurnatovsky.

Convicted for participation in revolutionary events, S.P. Nevzorova-Shesternina was brought to Bobrov, Voronezh province in March 1899. Here at that time she worked as a judge

husband S.P. Shesternin, and was allowed to serve his term of exile at her husband’s place of service. The Shesternina spouses knew Voronezh and the Voronezh revolutionaries well and maintained relations with them. O. A. Varentsova came to Bobrov at the invitation of S. P. Shesternin. They knew each other from working together in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Social Democratic Circle. From Bobrov O.A. Varentsova left for Voronezh, where she took direct part in organizing the first Iskra group here. V.K. Kur, a NATO member, provided great assistance to the Voronezh Marxists. He lived in Voronezh from September 19 to October 19, 1900, and then in October the Voronezh Marxist group took shape. It included N. N. Kardashev, A. I. Lyubimov, L. Ya. Karpov, V. A. Noskov and others. Members of the Voronezh Marxist group declared themselves supporters of the Leninist newspaper Iskra.

The Voronezh Marxist group established contact with the editorial board of Iskra, sent it their correspondence, sought advice, and provided all possible material support. The activities of the Voronezh Iskraists were not limited to Voronezh and the Voronezh province. The Voronezh group of Marxists initiated the creation of the “Northern Union of the RSDLP” (1900 - 1901), which led the labor movement in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Vladimir provinces.

The leaders of the Voronezh “economists” were Voronezh residents V. Akimov (V. P. Makhnovets) and V. P. Ivanshin. They were also members of the editorial board of the main publication of economists, the magazine Rabocheye Delo. Economists of Voronezh at this time had a great influence on Voronezh workers, youth, as well as on some supporters of V.I. Lenin. The direct supervision of Voronezh economists was carried out by V. Akimov’s sister Yu. Makhnovets. Yu. Makhnovets maintained contacts with the leaders of Rabocheye Delo and received literature from them for distribution in Voro -

than the Voronezh province. She often traveled abroad for personal meetings with Rabocheye Dyelo members.

There was a struggle between supporters of the Leninist newspaper Iskra and economists. It was essentially a struggle between representatives of different political views not only for influence among the masses, but also for the choice of the path of the revolutionary movement in the country. However, the first Iskra organization in Voronezh did not exist for long. On the night of March 30 to 31, 1902, N. N. Kardashev, A. I. Lyubimov, D. V. Kasterkin, V. A. Rutkovsky, a total of 16 people, were arrested. In October 1902, another Iskra organization arose in Voronezh, which was called the “Voronezh Social Democratic Struggle Fund.” The “Struggle Fund” was already operating in new socio-political conditions. The working class increasingly moved from economic demands to political strikes and demonstrations. The slogan "Down with autocracy!" has become commonplace.

After the second congress of the RSDLP, the Struggle Fund took the side of the Bolsheviks. The most active revolutionaries in Voronezh at this time were F. I. Krivobokov (party pseudonym V. I. Nevsky), I. E. Rossolovsky, D. G. Bolshakov, I. Ya. Zhilin and others. By 1905, the Voronezh Bolshevik The organization created its own party groups at almost all large enterprises in Voronezh and had influence among Voronezh workers.

After the Second Congress of the RSDLP, economists merged with the Mensheviks. The Voronezh Rabocheye Dyelo Menshevik Committee opposed the decisions of the congress. The struggle between the Iskraists and economists gave way to the struggle between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. At the same time, the movement that emerged in the early 90s became a serious trend in the liberation movement of Russia. movement of socialist-revolutionaries (SRs).

In the history of revolutionary events of 1905 - 1907. In the Voronezh province (as well as in the country as a whole), two main stages can be distinguished. The first stage covers 1905 and is characterized by the development of the revolutionary movement along an ascending line. The second stage begins in January 1906 and ends with the events of June 3, 1907. This is a time of gradual decline of the revolutionary movement.

A feature of the second stage of the revolution of 1905 -1907. in the Voronezh province there is a high level of peasant uprisings in the winter - spring of 1906.

The Voronezh Bolsheviks, having learned about the bloody events of January 9 in St. Petersburg, launched energetic explanatory work in support of the workers of the capital. They issued a series of appeals and leaflets, one of which said: “On January 9 in St. Petersburg, a bloody river forever separated the executioner Tsar from the Russian people... the earth itself is saturated with our blood... But enough is enough. It’s time to end. Our blood is just as red...” “First the fortress that stands in our way and which we must destroy is the tsarist autocracy; our first victory is the Russian republic,” called the Voronezh Bolsheviks.

The Voronezh Mensheviks, whose influence among the workers of the city was then significant, responded differently to the events of the outbreak of the revolution. Speaking at meetings and in the press, they discouraged live citizens of Voronezh and the Voronezh province from revolutionary uprisings. In their opinion, the political struggle should have been carried out by the liberal bourgeoisie. As for the workers and peasants, including the Voronezh province, they are not yet ready for revolution, and therefore cannot speak out in support of the workers of St. Petersburg and Moscow. In the context of the growing revolutionary movement in the country, the Voronezh Mensheviks

They considered it more correct to appeal to the tsar with a request “not to interfere” with freedom of speech, assembly, press, strikes, and the convening of the Constituent Assembly.

However, it was no longer possible to stop the fight that had begun. Following the workers, it included office workers, soldiers, and peasants.

The biggest events in Voronezh and the Voronezh province at the first stage of the revolution were the February strike, the uprising of soldiers of the disciplinary battalion in the suburban settlement of Pridacha and the December political strike. The February strike began on the 4th in the railway workshops. By this time, workers and employees of the South-Eastern Railway had developed demands that consisted of 20 points and related to the proclamation of freedom of speech, press, meetings, an 8-hour working day, increased wages, etc. On February 4, all work on the railway stopped. The demands were forwarded to the road manager.

The next day, workers from Voronezh factories joined the railway workers. A large meeting took place, at which the Bolsheviks spoke. A.G. Antonov, I.Ya. Zhilin and others. The police began to disperse the crowd. The fight began. The strike continued for several more days and stopped only when the administration of the railway and factories promised to reduce the working day to 9 hours and allowed the introduction of elected worker representatives into the management bodies of enterprises.

A new wave of revolutionary events in the Voronezh region dates back to the period of the All-Russian October political strike. The workers of Voronezh again stood on a par with their class brothers. The first to speak, as usual, were the workers of the railway workshops. They were joined by workers from other industrial and food enterprises, and then by employees of institutions that taught

All seminaries, high school students, real school students. To unite the forces of the strikers and lead the strike, then, in October 1905, the Delegates' Assembly was created. This was the Voronezh Council of Workers' Deputies - one of the first bodies of people's power in the country. It included 150 delegates - representatives from workers and employees of Voronezh enterprises and various political organizations.

In an atmosphere of general revolutionary upsurge, the tsarist government was forced to make concessions. On October 17, 1905, Tsar Shkolai II issued a Manifesto in which he promised to “grant to the population the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of real inviolability of the individual, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association.” The Tsar also promised to convene a Duma, in whose work “those classes of the population that are now completely deprived of voting rights” would participate.

After the publication of the Tsar's Manifesto in Voronezh, as in other cities of Russia, there was a sharp division of social forces. Liberals began to openly support the government, demanding the suppression of the revolutionary movement in the country. The Voronezh City Duma “to maintain order in the city” flooded the city streets with military units, and reinforced Cossack guards were posted everywhere. On October 21-22, the Black Hundred pogrom took place in Voronezh. The cause of the pogrom was a shot allegedly fired at the portrait of the Tsar. Residents of Voronezh tried to stop the pogromists, but to no avail. In one of the courtyards where the pogrom took place, student N. Taranchenko called on the police bailiff to restore order. In response to this, one of the Cossacks jumped up to the unarmed student and, swinging his saber, cut off his head.

However, the Black Hundred terror did not stop the revolutionary movement in Voronezh and the Voronezh province. In October, the Voronezh Bolsheviks established contact with the military

mi units of the Voronezh garrison, including the disciplinary battalion of the suburban settlement of Pridacha.

The ferment in the Voronezh disciplinary battalion began a long time ago. The Social Democrats, who were among the disciplinary officers, carried out underground agitation work. From the Voronezh Bolsheviks they knew about the revolutionary events in the country and the Voronezh region, and told the soldiers about them. In October 1905, trying to prevent an explosion among the disciplinary officers, the battalion leadership disarmed the soldiers. However, the measures taken did not produce the desired results. On November 18, an uprising began in the Voronezh battalion. The reason for the performance was poor quality food. The soldiers refused to eat and began to demand other food. The officers on duty came to the noise and began to force me to eat what they gave me. Captain Davydov killed two soldiers. After this, the soldiers rushed into the courtyard, destroyed the armory, dismantled the rifles and began shooting at the officers. The bulk of the rebels, about 800 people, moved towards Voronezh to unite with the workers and soldiers of other units. Suddenly, at the Chernavsky Bridge, the rebels were met by a squadron of cavalry and Cossacks. The path to the city was blocked. Confusion began in the ranks of the disciplinarians. They took a position on the dam, which became, in the words of the famous Voronezh writer

O. K. Kretova, “a springboard for either parliamentary negotiations or armed clashes.” Only by the evening of November 19, 1905, the uprising was suppressed.

Having crushed the uprising, the military authorities arrested over 200 soldiers of the battalion. The case of the uprising was tried in February 1906 in Voronezh by the military court of the Moscow Military District. Of the 200 arrested, 58 people were brought to trial, of whom 28 were sentenced to hard labor for a period of 4 to 12 years, 17 people were sentenced to imprisonment in correctional detention units for up to 5 years. 11 people had their terms of stay in the disciplinary battalion extended, two were acquitted.

In the fall of 1905, the performances of Voronezh peasants became noticeably more active. If in January - August 1905 74 peasant protests were registered in the Voronezh province, then in September - December there were already 169. The peasants of Bobrovsky, Valuysky, Zemlyansky, Korotoyaksky and Novokhopersky districts were especially active. For example, when in Valuysky district the gendarmes arrested one of the leaders of the peasant movement, Meretskogo, and sent him to prison in the city of Valuyki, about 7 thousand peasants of the district and townspeople gathered there to free Meretsky. Meretzky was released from prison. In the village In the sands of the Novokhopersky district, the rebel peasants arrested the volost foreman, the guard and the village elders and seized power into their own hands. In case of an attack, patrols were posted on the outskirts of the village. To suppress the uprising in the village. Sands, the district authorities sent 37 Cossacks and 2 cavalry platoons there. Then in the village. Sands arrived 3 more platoons of Cossacks. The peasants retreated. Mass floggings and arrests began in the village. 41 people were put on trial. In general, the peasant movement in the Voronezh province assumed such proportions that the local authorities - the governor and the leader of the nobility - turned to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Witte and the Minister of Internal Affairs Durnovo with a request to send additional military units to Voronezh. On November 27, by order of Durnovo, the Voronezh province was declared in a state of enhanced security.

The December political strike of 1905 in Voronezh was the last major revolutionary event in our region at the first stage of the first Russian revolution. It had a pronounced political character and proceeded in an organized manner. On December 7, 1905, a telegram was received in Voronezh from Moscow calling for a general political strike to be declared. By decision of an emergency meeting of the Delegates' Assembly and the South-Eastern Railway Committee, a general strike in Voronezh began on the morning of December 8. On December 12, when a telegram was received about the beginning of the Moscow armed uprising, a rally was held in Voronezh, which attracted 7 thousand people. Events took a dangerous turn for the local authorities. The general political strike threatened to develop into an uprising. Slogans “Long live political freedom!”, “Long live the democratic republic!” never left the lips of the Voronezh residents who rose to fight. The Voronezh governor was forced to take urgent measures. Contact was established with Tambov, from where a punitive expedition rushed to the rescue. On December 16, Voronezh was declared under martial law, and on December 17, government troops managed to capture the central railway telegraph, Voronezh station, railway workshops and adjacent streets. The district towns of the Voronezh province were subjected to police destruction. In total, by the end of 1905 - beginning of 1906, 2,799 participants in revolutionary events were arrested in the Voronezh province.

In the winter - spring of 1906, the Voronezh province took first place in the number of peasant uprisings among the 17 provinces of Russia, in which agrarian “unrest” occurred at that time. Since August 1906, the revolutionary movement in the province began to decline.

In Russian historiography, the history of the emergence and development of representative democracy, which determined the party-political structure of Russian society by 1917, has not yet been fully studied.

Scientists abandon the traditional division of political camps into bourgeois and proletarian, and try to comprehend the activities of each political party in Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, and to understand their historical role.

It has been established that all Russian political parties of the capitalist era were created not “from below” on the basis of any established communities, but, as it were, “from above”, by the forces of the so-called heterogeneous intelligentsia. Organizations of representative democracy in Russia, including in the Voronezh province, began to emerge on the eve of and during the first Russian revolution. Most members in 1905 - 1907. consisted of Russian Black Hundred organizations. Their program was distinguished by a pronounced reactionary-monarchist orientation.

Next in number were the Socialist Revolutionaries. By the way, in the Voronezh province it was the largest party - 2027 people (for comparison: the Union of the Russian People numbered 680 people, the RSDLP - 523 people). In Russia, at the beginning of 1907, the Socialist Revolutionary Party consisted of 63 thousand people, which was 5 thousand more people than the Bolsheviks at about the same time.

The rise of the peasant movement at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. awakened representatives to political activity

left wing of the populists. They created in a number of cities, including Voronezh, groups and circles that began to be called Socialist Revolutionaries, and the members of these groups - Socialist Revolutionaries, or socialist revolutionaries. In the fall of 1901, representatives of individual Socialist Revolutionary organizations created a single Socialist Revolutionary Party. The Social Revolutionaries believed in Russia's special path to socialism - through the countryside. In the political field, the Socialist Revolutionaries advocated the destruction of autocracy, the establishment of a republic, democratic freedoms, and the convening of a Constituent Assembly. The axis of their programmatic demand was the socialization of land, which they understood as the unconditional and gratuitous confiscation of landowners, state and church-monastery lands with the aim of transferring them for “equal use to the peasants without redemption.” In Russia, a country with a predominantly peasant population, the demands of the Social Revolutionaries found support.

After the Socialist Revolutionaries, the parties of the Cadets and Mensheviks came in number. The cadets numbered in 1905 - 1907. in Russia as a whole there are up to 50 thousand people, in the Voronezh province - 535 people. They put forward the idea of ​​a long-term bourgeois evolution of the country according to the Western model on a parliamentary basis. But since, the Cadets said, the historical conditions in Russia have not yet matured for fundamental changes, it is necessary to preserve the monarchy. The initiative of the masses was completely ignored by them. A certain part of the population of Voronezh and the Voronezh province, including peasants and workers (not counting industrialists, traders and liberal intelligentsia), was sympathetic to their program. By February 1917, representatives of the Cadet Party largely comprised the Voronezh City Duma, the Zemstvo Union and some other institutions.

The Menshevik Party in 1907 had 45 thousand members. They connected the prospects for the political development of Russia with hopes for the leaders of the Second International. They were characterized by factional discord. Sometimes they consisted of pain

Shevite organizations. By 1917, the Mensheviks had brought to the fore the tactics of compromise with the Cadets.

Despite the turbulent events of the beginning of the 20th century, the social and cultural life of Voronezh and the Voronezh province continued to develop. In October 1910, at the Voronezh hippodrome, one of the first Russian aviators I. M. Zaikin, in the presence of numerous spectators, made several demonstration flights on an airplane. In the same year, the most detailed plan of the city of Voronezh was drawn up, showing government and public buildings, churches and gardens. The plan was imprinted with pain shi m format. It was accompanied by a specially compiled explanatory book. For modern local historians, the plan of Voronezh in 1910 is a valuable historical source. It shows the former names of Voronezh streets, memorable places, and the old city layout has been preserved.

In 1910, the Bristol Hotel was built on the main street of Voronezh. The author of the hotel project was engineer M. Furmanov. Now this is the Central Hotel on Revolution Avenue.

October 16, 1911 The Voronezh and Russian public celebrated 50 years since the death of the democratic poet I. S. Nikitin. On this day in Voronezh, on Teatralnaya Square, a monument to the poet was solemnly unveiled. The author of the project for the monument to I. S. Nikitin was the sculptor I. A. Shuklin. Theater Square was renamed Nikitinskaya. The monument to I. S. Nikitin was made with voluntary donations from ordinary Voronezh citizens. In 1933, due to an increase in traffic along Revolution Avenue, the monument to I. S. Nikitin was moved to Koltsovsky Square, where it remained until 1973. From 1973 to the present day, it again adorns Nikitin Square.

Fig. 26 City Duma Building

In 1913, on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya Street, according to the design of the architect M. N. Zamyatnin, the building of the Music School was built (now Revolution Avenue, 41). Before this, there were music classes in Voronezh. They were considered the Voronezh branch of the famous Russian Musical Society. By the beginning of the 20th century. The musical life of Voronezh and the Voronezh region has developed its own traditions. The luminaries of Russian musical art often came here, gave concerts, and met with the Voronezh public. From 1899 to 1901, the great Russian composer, pianist and conductor S.V. Rachmaninov lived in the village of Krasnoe, Novokhopersky district, Voronezh province. Here, on the Raevsky family estate, S. V. Rachmaninov composed the Second Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 18; Cello Sonata, Op. 19; Suite for two pianos, Op. 17, as well as a number of romances: “It’s good here”, “Lilac”, etc.

In 1913, the first higher educational institution, the Agricultural Institute, opened on the northern outskirts of Voronezh. The design of the main building of the institute belongs to the famous architect A.I. Dietrich. While the building was under construction
nie (until 1916), the institute was temporarily located in the premises of the private Morozova gymnasium on the corner of Malaya Dvoryanskaya Street and Tulinovsky Lane. Now this building houses a middle school shk ola No. 28 (corner of Friedrich Engels and Komissarzhevskaya streets). The first rector of the institute was soil scientist K. D. Glinka. Until 1917, the Voronezh Agricultural Institute was named after Peter the Great. Now it is the Agrarian Academy named after Academician K. D. Glinka.

In the summer and autumn of 1915, extensive work was carried out in Voronezh to build a new city power plant. The site for it was chosen near the river, on Bolshaya Uspenskaya Street (now Sofia Perovskaya Street; thermal power plant building). By the end of 1915, the power plant building was completed and two generators delivered from England were installed. However, it was not possible to put the power plant into operation, since the project required not two, but four generators. Their delivery to Voronezh was delayed due to the First World War and was carried out through Arkhangelsk only at the end of 1916. The power plant was launched only in 1917.

About the February Revolution of 1917, he received news by telegraph about the victory of the uprising in Petrograd, but did not want to believe that the Tsar was no longer in Russia. Having obliged the district police officers to prevent the dissemination of information about the events in Petrograd, M. D. Ershov began to wait for news of the suppression of the uprising in the capital. At the same time, the governor ordered the head of the military garrison of Voronezh, General Timkovsky, to put his troops on combat readiness.

Following the Voronezh governor, representatives of various bourgeois organizations in our region were among the first to learn about the revolution in the country

Voronezh: Zemstvo Union, City Duma, Union of Cities and others. On March 1 (14), 1917, they created a “committee of public organizations”, which declared itself the local government.

Rumors about the overthrow of the Tsar and the victory of the uprising in Petrograd also reached Voronezh workers and soldiers. However, they managed to obtain accurate information only on March 3 (16), 1917, when central newspapers with reports about the revolution were brought by train from Moscow. The Voronezh governor never received the desired news. A stream of people flooded the city streets. The city police and gendarmerie were disarmed, and political prisoners were released. But it was not easy for Voronezh workers to understand the situation. The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries convinced them of the need to participate in the work of the “Committee of Public Organizations,” and the Bolsheviks convinced them of the need to create their own working body of power—the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies. On March 4 (17), 1917, a citywide rally took place on Nikitin Square. At the call of the Bolsheviks and following the example of the workers of Petrograd and Moscow, on the same day the Council of Workers' Deputies was created in Voronezh, which soon included representatives from the soldiers of the Voronezh garrison. Councils of Peasant Deputies were created in the districts. By the summer of 1917, there were already 64 Councils of Peasant Deputies in different districts of the Voronezh province. The old local authorities were destroyed everywhere. However, this did not mean that after the February events of 1917, the workers and peasants of Voronezh and the Voronezh province immediately sided with the Bolsheviks. On the contrary, small groups of Bolsheviks were dispersed throughout
individual enterprises. There was no citywide, much less provincial, Bolshevik organization. The total number of Voronezh Bolsheviks at the beginning of March 1917 was only 50 people. Overwhelming pain shi The majority of Voronezh workers and peasants at that time followed the Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. The Socialist Revolutionaries had especially great support. Just as in the center, in the Voronezh province after February 1917, the Socialist Revolutionaries were actually masters of the situation. The City Duma, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, and the peasant Soviets of the province were predominantly Socialist-Revolutionary in composition. Essentially, the Socialist Revolutionaries were in power; the fate of the revolution fell into their hands.

The Voronezh bourgeoisie and landowners, frightened by the revolutionary elements, hastened to create their own provincial executive committee. Later, the Provisional Government appointed the chairman of the Provincial Zemstvo Council, V.N. Tomanovsky, to head the committee. So in the Voronezh province, as well as in Russia as a whole, after the February Revolution of 1917, a dual power was established - the Councils of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies and the provincial executive committee, supported by the Provisional bourgeois government.

In the current situation, the Voronezh Bolsheviks considered their priority tasks to be the restoration of the citywide Social Democratic organization and the creation of factory party cells. Unlike the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, who focused their concrete practical activities on the bourgeoisie, officers and intelligentsia, the Bolsheviks focused on workers, soldiers and peasants. The Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks supported the Provisional Government and called on the workers and peasants not to take any decisive measures until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks, with all their energy and persistence, exposed the “betrayal” of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, sought to isolate them from the workers and win the trust of the latter.

Already at the beginning of June 1917, the majority of workers in Voronezh enterprises and soldiers of the local garrison followed the Bolsheviks. The chairman of the regimental committee of the 58th reserve regiment in Voronezh, Socialist Revolutionary A. Sysoev, in a telegram to the Minister of War and Navy, reported in July 1917: “Everyone has only one thought on their mind, how to end the war as soon as possible,” and that “Lenin’s ideas, or "Bolshevism, as we usually call it, is taking on menacing proportions."

Questions and assignments for Chapter 9

1. What new has appeared in the socio-economic development of the Voronezh province at the beginning of the 20th century?

2. Tell us about the activities of the Voronezh Social Democrats on the eve of the revolution of 1905 -1907.

3. How did the first Russian revolution develop in Voronezh and Voronezh province?

4. What new appeared in the social and cultural life of Voronezh at the beginning of the 20th century?

5. Tell us about the February events of 1917 in Voronezh and Voronezh province.

Documents and materials for Chapter 9

From the "Basic provisions of the program of the Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries" of Russia

"1) We are Socialist-Revolutionaries. Our main goal, our ultimate ideal is the reorganization of society on socialist principles. We are convinced that only under such conditions will the complete liberation of the working masses be achieved, that only the socialist system will make it possible for the ideals of freedom to be embodied in the life of mankind , equality and fraternity...

2) ... Without looking into the distant future, without trying to give a very definite answer here: does the same picture await us?

changes in capitalist forms that the West has experienced and is experiencing, or whether our economic future is not devoid of certain features created by unique historical conditions, we, while denying revolutionary doctrinairism, consider ourselves entitled to pose only one question: what is the task of Russian socialist-revolutionaries at the present time, and , in accordance with all of the above, answer it as follows: whatever the economic future of Russia, we, in the name of the ideal of socialism, must prepare conditions for accelerating the triumph of this ideal, must introduce socialist consciousness among the working masses, must help them organize to fight against exploiters, in a word, must prepare the ground for a future social revolution...

3) ... we must ... begin the fight against absolutism, concentrating all our forces on this, and continue it until we achieve a political system that would ensure the individual’s right to self-determination, would not put obstacles in his social activities, and for us socialists he would be guaranteed the opportunity to openly propagate our ideas, to freely organize the Russian socialist party broadly and to act in the future political life of Russia to fight for our further political and economic rights...

The most significant of our further political demands will be:

1. Universal suffrage without any class or property restrictions.

2. Permanent popular representation in the supreme legislative assembly and broad regional and community self-government, ensured by the election of all positions.

3. Federation of Independent Nationalities (Finland, Poland, Great Russia, Little Russia, the Caucasus, etc.).

4. Revision of our entire criminal and civil code.

5. Universal and equal education for all.

6. Replacement of the standing army with the people's militia.

In the economic field we will fight for the implementation of those radical reforms that are aimed at gradually improving the position of the factory class and peasantry and bringing about the social revolution:

1. Establishment of a progressive income tax.

2. Broad factory and agricultural legislation (shortening the working day, increasing wages, legislative regulation of relations between employers and workers in all branches of industry, agriculture, etc.).

3. State assistance to productive (industrial and agricultural) cooperatives.

4. A system of measures aimed at transferring all factories and factories into the hands of workers in the future.

5. Nationalization of the land..."

(Basic provisions of the program of the Union of Socialist Revolutionaries // Spiridovich A.I. Party of Socialist Revolutionaries and its predecessors. 1886 - 1916. Applications. Pch., 1918.2nd ed. pp. 552 - 557).

From the correspondence of the Bolshevik newspaper "Forward" about the difficult working conditions of Voronezh workers

FROM THE LABOR MOVEMENT Voronezh. The largest work center here is the workshops of the South-Eastern Railways - up to 1,500 people. Then there are mechanical factories: Stoll - about 500 workers, Ivanov - up to 200 workers and Gausman - more than 100. Then there are oil mills, steam mills, a state-owned wine factory (where more women work), workshops of the Kiev-Voronezh railway. and many small establishments. In mechanical production itself there are up to 3,000 workers.

The situation of the workers is difficult and almost the same in all factories. Only a few who have their own houses are placed in somewhat better conditions. The wages are miserable. At Stoll, minors receive 10 kopecks for 12 hours of work, adult mechanics receive 40-50 kopecks. In the workshops of the South-East. and. from 60 kopecks, and you need to work for 5 years to earn up to 1 ruble a day. At Ivanov’s the driver receives 1 ruble. In steam mills and small workshops the wages are even lower. Add to this the cramped space, poor ventilation, and rough treatment. The picture is bleak! Stoll has useless premises, in the workshops. d. endless fines.

At the oil mill of the Voronezh Partnership, headed by N. Alekseev, the head of the mechanical part, Rybakov, hits the workers in the teeth, scolds them with vulgar language and punishes the disobedient for the slightest protest...”

(Voronezh in documents and materials. Voronezh, 1987. pp. 71 - 72).

Architecture of Voronezh XIX-early XX centuries.

Prepared by preschool teacher

Litmanova Marina Evgenievna

Former Grand Hotel building Architectural monuments

The history of this building begins in 1859, when it was built by tradesman A.S. Shukhmin. Then it was just a wooden house and a brick outbuilding. The estate was used as an inn. In 1875, it was decided to complete the house, and this was carried out by the widow of A.S. Shukhmina. The outbuilding became a tavern. But the reconstruction of the house did not end there - under the son of A.S. Shukhmin, the outbuilding became one floor higher and joined the house, which was also lined with brick, like the outbuilding itself. In 1893, on the site of the estate, the Grand Hotel grew up, which was considered one of the best in the city; it even had baths and a telephone connection. A year later, the inn in the outbuilding was magically transformed into a restaurant.

World War I

Veretennikovs' mansion Architectural monuments

This building has a rich history. In the 19th century, on Bolshaya Devitskaya Street it was the richest house and it belonged to the Veretennikov family. The family was a merchant, and they were able to build a house with income from the grain trade and keeping horses at stud farms. In the 60s of the same century, the house passed to the Voronezh doctor K.V. Fedyaevsky, who married the daughter of the merchant Veretennikov. But soon the house was acquired by the Mariinsky Gymnasium, although almost immediately it returned to the Veretennikovs - the heir to a wealthy merchant family did not want to put up with this state of affairs and bought the house back. After the ruin of Veretennikov, the building was occupied by the Community of Sisters of Mercy, and it became a hospital.

Manor Bystrzhinsky Architectural monuments

This house was built in the 19th century, or more precisely, in its first half. History has not preserved the surnames of the first owners, but it has preserved the surnames of the next ones. Around the middle of the century, the house passed to the Pazhetnov family, who set up an inn in it. A few years later it was bought by A.F. Moskalev, who rented out the house for military units. And now the most interesting part of the history of this building: in April 1894, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy visited his friends when he came to Voronezh to visit his friends. The great Russian writer visited V.G. Chertkov and the Rusanov family in the city, and his daughter M.L. Tolstaya wrote about this trip in a letter to L.F. Annenkova.

House with an owl

Guests of the city are very lucky - the building was recently restored and now you can see its beauty not from old photographs, but with your own eyes. In addition, on the facade of the house under the balcony in a niche there is a sculpture of an owl sitting on a spruce branch. It was this owl that gave the house its name, although officially it is considered the house of M. N. Zamyatnin, a Voronezh architect of the early 20th century, who built this house for himself. The facade of the building also has decor with antique motifs: floral patterns and bas-reliefs of figures in Greek clothes. When you first look at the building, you immediately feel that it has something to do with classicism.

House Vigel This attraction will be of interest to those who are tired of the standard tourist set of architectural monuments and want to see truly ancient buildings, which for a number of reasons are not told to city guests - mainly due to their disrepair. This is Wigel's house. If you look closely at it and do not pay attention to the general terrible state of this mansion, you will notice that the house has a bizarre, but at the same time harmoniously combined Baroque, Gothic and Empire style. An unknown architect of the 18th century was able to do this. Yes, this house is already about 300 years old. The estate was built by the wealthy manufacturer Maxim Tulinov, and under his grandson and great-grandson the estate, which had previously been rich and beautiful, became luxurious

Hotel Voishcheva Architectural monuments

Voronezh, st. Srednemoskovskaya, 10 on the map

(387 m to city center)

There are 22 hotels nearby

Voronezh is rich in architectural monuments. One of them is located away from the main streets of the city - this is the hotel of the merchant Voishchev. He was not the first owner - the house was erected by the Krivosheins merchants, who built it around the middle of the 19th century. The building then had only one floor - in those days, houses higher than two floors were rarely found. In the 1870s, the house passed to the merchant M. M. Klochkov, who added another floor and connected this house with a two-story brick shop designed by V. N. Shebalin. Until 1916, the building was the property of the merchant M.A. Voishchev, who added a third floor and turned the resulting structure into a hotel.

Gerasimov Estate In the 19th century, a resident of Voronezh, bearing the surname Gerasimov, built two buildings in 1872 - a brick house and a wooden outbuilding. He lived and did not grieve, but after his death his heirs decisively rebuilt the main house, and the wooden outbuilding also became brick. All this was accomplished already in 1902-1904, and the design of the new buildings belonged to Ya. I. Streltsov. The house was surrounded by a brick wall. There were houses under the famous Stone Bridge. Then a lot happened in the life of the two buildings, and now next to the dilapidated houses No. 48 and 48 B there is a huge high-rise building that houses tax services. Gerasimov's house itself survived the vicissitudes of the war, and there is a sign with a number on the wall that allows you to recognize it.

St. Mary's Church This church is one of the oldest buildings in the city. It was built in 1811-1819. In the 19th century in Voronezh, St. Mary's Church was a large religious community. Its construction is due to the fact that at the beginning of the 19th century in Voronezh there were many Germans who wanted to have their own Lutheran church. Now St. Mary's Church is the only Lutheran church that has survived from that time, and three centuries ago there were two, thanks to the fact that the Germans came to Voronezh at the beginning of the 18th century to build a fleet. The church flourished for a long time - even at the end of the 19th century, when there were fewer and fewer Germans in the city due to the “Russification” of their descendants, it had a permanent large parish (or, in German, “Kirchspiel”).

House Accordion A strange house stands on Karl Marx Street. At first you see only one unremarkable, shabby facade, but suddenly another facade appears from behind the trees, and another... And only then do you realize that all these small houses are actually one building. Residents call it “accordion”. The house is not very old, but now it looks like it needs another century. However, it was built shortly before the Great Patriotic War, in 1929. According to the recollections of the architect N.V. Troitsky himself, he saw in the Izvestia newspaper an announcement about a competition for residential building designs. Troitsky became interested and took the most difficult section, which was formed by the intersection of two streets.

Book House Architectural monuments

Voronezh, Revolyutsii Ave., 33 on the map

(910 m to city center)

There are 24 hotels nearby

This tall house on Revolution Avenue, like many other houses here, has its own little history. This building is especially notable for the fact that Evgeny Dubrovin, the future editor of the satirical magazine “Crocodile,” once worked in it. But before that, the building had other owners and a different life. In the 1870s, on the site of this house stood a mansion with a mezzanine, owned by F. S. Kurilchenkova. In 1903, a small house was added to the building, which housed a photographic studio, and later an art studio. In the 1930s, on the site of all these small buildings and extensions, the Book House suddenly appeared - almost a skyscraper against the backdrop of other buildings.

Pharmacy building Nowadays, in this almost unremarkable building, among all the other shops, there is a pharmacy. However, an amazing thing is that there was a pharmacy in this house 150 years ago! But let’s go even further into the past - once upon a time, on the site of this house stood the estate of A.I. Shele. In the 1870s, the estate with its outbuildings was sold to V. A. Venevitinov, but he did not particularly need the house, so the estate quickly ended up in the hands of the enterprising merchant F. I. Adler, in which he set up a confectionery, a notary office and a pharmacy - this is how the pharmacy history of house number 48 began. After the death of the merchant, the house went to his wife, and then little changed in it - except that a printing house was established and the owner of the pharmacy changed.

Sundial The sundial, which now stands in Petrovsky Park very close to the monument to Peter, was installed recently. But the history of the Voronezh sundial began in the 19th century. Once upon a time, in 1850, where the monument to I. S. Nikitin now stands, there was a Sundial Square in honor of the fact that such a clock actually stood there. This name was not official, but it took root among the townspeople. The clock was installed by the City Duma in order to decorate the square and at the same time be useful - after all, there were no wristwatches then, not everyone had a watch on a chain, and they often wanted to know the time! So it’s not surprising that Voronezh residents are so fond of sundials.

Meshchanskaya police station The Meshchansky police station was built in 1825, and at first it was a complex of buildings of three buildings, of which only one has survived to this day. Next to these buildings stood a wooden fire tower. In the 1870s, a water pipeline was laid on Staromoskovskaya Street, which is now called Karl Marx Street, and the police department was the first to recognize the advantages of an underground water supply system. It was soon noticed that the fire tower was excessively dilapidated and began to sway, which is why it was decided to remove it. In its place appeared a stone tower, built by the architect D. S. Maksimov. The Renaissance was discernible in its forms; it was four-tiered, with an observation deck on the top level

Provincial Zemstvo Hospital These three similar buildings, representing the main building and two wings, designed in the same classicism style, are a complex of medical buildings that together made up the provincial zemstvo hospital. In 1826, almost two centuries ago, these buildings were built specifically for the Order of Public Charity. They built it with money allocated by St. Petersburg specifically for this purpose. The design of the building complex belonged to the architects I. Charlemagne and A. Shchedrin. In addition to the hospital, the buildings also contained an almshouse, a restraining house, a nursing home and other charitable institutions. In 1837, a major fire occurred in the main building at night - so large that only the walls survived.

House of Prince A.A. Volkonsky The inconspicuous house No. 5 is often not noticed by passers-by, but in vain: it is one of the oldest houses on an avenue rich in ancient buildings. It is located very close to the house of I. A. Bunin. The lack of decoration on the building, even the slightest, is explained by the fact that the building was intended for soldiers - why would there be barracks with pretensions to beauty? The building could be attributed to Peter Karlovich Arnoldi, a major general who lived at that time, but everything was a little different. The house in the 1780s was the residential apartments of Prince A. A. Volkonsky. At the beginning of the 19th century, the prince sold the house to the administration, and various people lived in the house for several years: from vice-governors to the spouses of a colonel and captain.

Socio-economic development
In the first half of the 19th century, the appearance of the city changed. The city streets are now illuminated. By decree of the governor of 1804, Voronezh residents were ordered to place lamp posts next to their houses and light candles in the lamps in the evenings. A total of 143 such pillars were installed. It was only in 1899 that the city’s power plant, which opened on Bolshaya Bogoyavlenskaya (now October 25), provided the city center with electric lighting. Since 1822, the construction of sidewalks began on the central streets. The city streets began to be paved with stones in 1824. In 1858, the highway from Voronezh to Zadonsk was opened. The name "Zadonskoe Highway" has survived to this day. Since 1860, Voronezh has been included in the national telegraph communication system. Citizens could send telegrams to many cities in Russia, not only in Russian, but also in German and French.
The Voronezh zemstvo, which began operating in 1865, received government permission to build the Kozlov-Voronezh railway. Voronezh was considered as its final destination. In 1867, the first train arrived in Voronezh. Thousands of Voronezh residents came to see this technical achievement of the 19th century. In the future, construction continued. In 1868, the construction of railway tracks from Moscow to Voronezh was completed.
In 1869, the first city water supply system, built with money from the millionaire merchant S.L., went into operation. Kryazhova. In 1891, the city's first power plant began operating, serving the needs of railway workshops. In the same year, a horse-drawn railway (“horse horse”) opened on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya.
The transition to capitalist relations in the Russian economy led to rapid growth in industrial production. So, immediately after the laying of railway tracks passing through Voronezh, railway workshops began work, which were later transformed into a plant named after. Dzerzhinsky. In 1869, a mechanical plant by manufacturer V.G. was opened on Sadovaya Street (now K. Marx Street). Stoll. Now it is the Voronezh Machine-Building Plant. In 1873, a tile factory began operating. In addition to tiles, he produced refractory bricks and alabaster. In 1899, the Ivanov and Veretennikov Mechanical and Iron Foundry Plant was opened, producing forging and pressing equipment, now Tyazhmekhpres. At the beginning of the twentieth century (1912), railway workshops began operating at the Otrozhka station. Now the Voronezh Car Repair Plant is located here. Telman, who specializes in the repair of passenger cars and refrigerated trains. Modern excavator plant named after. Comintern - the former Riga machine-building plant "Richard Pole" was evacuated to our city from Latvia in 1915 due to the outbreak of World War I.
Culture and education
In 1836, the Mitrofanovsky Monastery was opened for men. Shortly before this event, in 1832, the relics of Voronezh Bishop Mitrofaniy were placed in the Annunciation Cathedral for veneration. after the founding of the Mitrofanovsky Monastery they were moved here.
Since 1838, the newspaper "Voronezh Provincial Gazette" began to be published in Voronezh. One of the editors of the newspaper was A.S. Afanasiev. He laid down the local history traditions in this publication.
In 1849, adviser to the Voronezh provincial government, historian, ethnographer and public figure N.I. Vtorov organizes a circle of history and literature lovers. Vtorov studied the history of the Voronezh region. He owns many works on this topic.
In 1859 I.S. Nikitin opened a bookstore, which soon became a kind of literary club (now TSUM Voronezh is located in its place). The first public library was opened in 1864. The current address of its building is Revolution Avenue, 30. Its successor is the regional scientific library named after. I.S. Nikitin, located on Lenin Square. And in 1894 and 1897, branches of the Central Library were opened - Koltsovsky and Nikitinsky. In 1860, the first popular magazine in the history of the city, Philological Notes, was published in Voronezh.
In 1894, the provincial museum opened. Now there is a regional writers' organization, the editorial office of the magazine "Podem", and on the ground floor there is a literary museum (Plekhanovskaya, 3).
The first sports organization in the history of the city was the yacht club, which arose in 1875.
In the 19th century The first monuments appeared on the streets of Voronezh. In 1860 - to Peter I, authors: sculptor A.E. Schwartz, architect A.A. Cui. In 1868, a monument to the poet A.V. was erected. Koltsov. Its author is Pyatigorsk sculptor Augustin Triscorni. The monument has survived to this day and is located in Koltsovsky Park. Monument to I.S. Nikitin was opened on voluntary donations in 1911. it was created according to the project of I.A. Shuklina. It was located on Teatralnaya Square, now the square has been renamed Nikitinskaya.
In 1911, the famous collector of Russian folk songs, a native of the Voronezh province M.E. Pyatnitsky organized the first folk peasant choir in Russia, which later gained all-Russian fame
Many famous names are associated with Voronezh in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In this century A.V. lived and worked. Koltsov and I.S. Nikitin. In 1817, K.F. visited Voronezh for the first time. Ryleev as a young officer heading a horse artillery company. Soon he married the daughter of an Ostrogozh landowner and lived in the Voronezh region for several subsequent years. M.Yu. visited Voronezh at different times. Lermotov (1841), V.A. Zhukovsky (1837), V.G. Belinsky (1837), actor P.S. Mochalov (1840, 1846, 1848), A.N. Ostrovsky (1860), American dramatic actor A. Aldridge (1863), M.P. Mussorgsky (1879), actress M.N. Ermolova (1890), A.M. Peshkov, future writer Maxim Gorky (1891), A.P. Chekhov (1892), L.N. Tolstoy (1894). In 1901, the famous circus artist and trainer A.L. moved to Voronezh for permanent residence. Durov. His house now has the status of a museum and is located on modern Durova Street.
Since the 19th century. The education system is actively developing. New economic relations required qualified personnel, so the number of educational institutions was growing. A provincial gymnasium was opened in 1809, although it received its own premises in 1822. In 1859, the provincial gymnasium occupied a new building on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya Street opposite the city garden (modern Pervomaisky Square). Currently, this is one of the buildings of the Voronedsk Academy of Technology. In 1845, the Voronezh Cadet Corps was opened. In the 70s, a number of educational institutions were opened in the city: primary, secondary, general education and special, which made it possible for a wide range of the population to receive education. The first higher educational institution is the Agricultural Institute named after. Peter the Great was opened in 1913. The first rector of this educational institution was K.D. Glinka, after whom the modern agricultural university is named.
In the 19th century, many architectural monuments were created. For example, the famous Stone Bridge was built in 1826. It was designed by I.A. Blitsyn. In 1882, the Central Hotel, now the Bristol, opened. In 1916, the building of the cinema "Crippled Warrior", the modern "Proletary", was built.
Wars
We can name two wars of the period under study that had the greatest impact on the lives of Voronezh residents. The first half of the 19th century is characterized by an upsurge in the socio-political life of Russia in connection with the outbreak of the Patriotic War on June 24, 1812. The entire Russian people rose to defend their homeland. Regiments of recruits were formed everywhere. In Voronezh, in particular, the 3rd and 4th Jaeger regiments were recruited. Among the Voronezh officers who participated in the war was A.N. Marin, noted for his courage and fortitude by Bagration himself.
In 1914, in connection with the outbreak of World War I, about 380 thousand people were mobilized in the Voronezh province, which amounted to approximately half of the working-age male population.

Literature

1. Zagorovsky V.P. Voronezh: historical chronicle. - Voronezh: Central-Chernozemnoe book. publishing house, 1989. - 255 p.

“The beginning of the Second World War” - Lesson plan Using primary sources, determine what were the military plans and the balance of forces of Germany and the USSR on the eve of the Second World War. The reasons for the defeat of the Red Army in the first months of the Second World War. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War and the reasons for the defeat of the Red Army. Based on the study and analysis of documents, find out the reasons for the military defeats of the Red Army in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

“Voronezh region of Russia” - Coat of arms of the city of Liski. Climate. Relief of the Voronezh region. Historical and Archaeological Museum in the village. Kostenki - “pearl of the Paleolithic.” The average annual maximum temperature is +34...+36°C, minimum - -27...-31°C. Population. Livestock farming is quite well developed: pig farming and cattle breeding. Novovoronezh NPP. R. Don.

“The beginning of the First World War” - - Flamethrowers - aviation. The British established a naval blockade of Germany. Emperor Franz Joseph. Gavrilo Princip. Germany. Archduke Franz Ferdinand. King George V. German troops are in position. After. Light cruiser Brimingham against the German submarine U-15. 4 August 1914 Great Britain declares war on Germany.

“The Beginning of War” - 1.Eve of War. Strengths and plans of the parties. 2. The beginning of the war. 3. Military actions at the beginning of the war. Directive No. 21 Plan "Barbarossa". Version No. 2. Homework. Tests for consolidation. August 10 – October 16, 1941. The ratio of German troops (and troops of Germany’s allies) and the Red Army in the main directions. Romania entered the war against the USSR on July 2.

"Voronezh Reserve" - ​​Voronezh Reserve. The activity of the reserve is limited to the protection of beaver, elk and forest. One of the oldest nature reserves in Russia - Voronezh - is located forty kilometers from Voronezh. Scientific research is carried out on the territory of the reserve from year to year. In the very first spring, the beavers ran away and settled in the dense alder lining.

“Architecture of the early 20th century” - Neoclassicism. The former house of Ryabushinsky (architect F.O. Shekhtel). Beginning of the 20th century. Yaroslavl Station (architect F.O. Shekhtel). Historical Museum (built according to the design of the artist Sherwood). Architecture of Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. House of the Racing Society (architect I.V. Zholtovsky). 1830-1890 – The dominance of the “Russian style”.