Difficult to subordinate is a complex sentence whose parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or relative (conjunctive) words. The subordinating relationship between the parts of a complex sentence is expressed in the syntactic dependence of one part on the other.
A part of a complex sentence that is syntactically dependent on another, subordinating part is called subordinate clause. The part of a complex sentence that subordinates a subordinate clause is called main.
The dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one is a syntactic, structural, and not semantic phenomenon. Quite often, it is the subordinate parts of a sentence that have great semantic significance. For example: It is known that elephants are a curiosity among us (Kr.); “After all, the main thing that such people do not understand,” said the lady, “is that marriage without love is not marriage (L. T.). This, of course, does not exclude the coincidence of the main part of the sentence and the semantic center of the statement.
The subordinating relationship is expressed in certain formal indicators - subordinating conjunctions and relative (conjunctive) words. For example, from two sentences He felt stuffy and went out onto the porch And He went out onto the porch because he felt stuffy Only the second, which contains a subordinating conjunction, is complex because, although in both cases cause-and-effect relationships are expressed.
Structure-wise, undivided NGNs are divided into three types: 1) pronominal-correlative; 2) substantive-attributive (terms of N.S. Pospelov); 3) explanatory (term by V.A. Bogoroditsky and N.S. Pospelov).
Pronominal correlative SPPs. Based on the name of this variety of SPP, demonstrative pronominal words act as contact words in the main part, which correlate with allied words in the subordinate part, forming together with them integral and stable connective structures: that - that, that - who, such - which, that - which, as much - as, as much - as much, there - where, so - as, then - when, etc., and also: so - that, such - what, it's as if etc. For example: What a person forgets to do, nature will make up for him (Brodsk.); Where there was rye last year, now mown oats lay in rows (Ch.); He who has talent within himself must be the purest of souls (G.); I only love the flower that has its roots rooted in the ground (Her).
Pronominal contact words in the main part of the NGN perform the function of a specific member of the sentence. The subordinate part, which explains the demonstrative word, seems to duplicate its syntactic function.
The general grammatical meaning of pronominal correlative SPPs is a relationship of explanation, which is determined using the question “namely?”
Substantive-attributive SPP. The subordinate part in such SPPs refers to one word in the main part, and this word is a noun that can perform any syntactic function in the main part and occupy any place in it: The room where Ilya Ilyich was lying seemed at first glance to be beautifully decorated (Gonch.); Chichikov: saw a lady whom he had not noticed at all: (G.); I approach phenomena that I do not understand cheerfully and do not submit to them (Ch.). The subordinate part is connected to the contact word by changeable and unchangeable allied words. In this case, the modified allied words agree with the contact noun in number and gender: The shallow swampy lake, along the shore of which (it is impossible along the shore of which or along the shore of which) we made our way, was still white between the trees (B). The connection between unchangeable allied words and a contact noun is weakly expressed: The place where they could meet was the forest, where women went with sacks to get grass for the cows (L.T.).
In the subordinate clause, the modified allied words perform the function of certain members of the sentence: along the bank of which (gender) - an inconsistent definition; thought about which (prev. p.) - addition; which led (name) - subject. The secondary members of the adverbial type are conjunctive words in the subordinate part - pronominal adverbs: converge where, went where, performing the function of adverbs of place.
Explanatory sentences. The structure of explanatory SPP is determined by the need to “spread” contact words, including not only verbal forms (says, asks, thinks, hears, assures, asks, etc.), but also verbal nouns (thought, rumor, assurance, request, news, etc. .), as well as predicatives (known, understandable, pleasant; confident, glad, surprised, etc.).
As part of a complex sentence, the compatibility of contact words of “expository” semantics is realized using the subordinate clause: It’s easy to imagine (what?) what impression Alexey must have made among our young ladies (P.); Suddenly a rumor spread (about what?) that the master was returning (T.).
The objective meaning of the subordinate clause is expressed by explanatory conjunctions that, as, as if, so that, whether. The choice of conjunction is determined by the features of its semantics. The main conjunction is that it has a general explanatory meaning and is stylistically neutral. The conjunctions “as if” and “as if” evaluate object relations differently (which indicates their reality, and “as if” indicates doubtfulness, unreliability, conjecture): There were rumors in the military environment that Kornilov had found himself in an adventurous environment (Sh.) - cf.: rumors that...; It only seemed to Napoleon that the whole thing was happening according to his will (L.T.) - cf.: it seemed as if...; There are rumors about him that he got involved in the grain trade and became very rich (T.) - cf: rumors that...
A common feature of complex sentences with a dissected structure- the attribution of the subordinate part to the entire main sentence or to its predicate.
Depending on the nature of the connection between the components, complex sentences of a dissected structure are divided into two types: sentences with a determinant connection and sentences with a correlation connection.
1. Complex sentences with determinant connection They have semantic conjunctions as means of communication and are classified according to the type of syntactic relations created by the conjunctions. Types of sentences with a determinant connection: sentences with temporary relations, sentences with the meaning of conditionality, which are divided into causal, target, conditional, concessional and meaningful consequences; sentences with comparative relations and sentences with correspondence relations.
Proposals with temporary relationships are formalized by a variety of temporary unions, each of which expresses one or another particular type of temporary relationship. The most common and neutral temporary conjunction is When. It expresses relations of simultaneity or sequence of situations. A subordinate clause with this conjunction can be in any position in relation to the main one: preposition, postposition, interposition: When the children are healthy, I am calm. I am calm when the children are healthy. When the children are healthy, I am always calm. Unions Bye, until they denote not just time, but the time limit before which some situation existed (exists, will exist). For example: While I was sick, friends visited me. Until you call, I won't go anywhere. The position of the subordinate clause with these conjunctions is also free. Other temporary conjunctions: numerous compound conjunctions expressing various manifestations of temporary relations: after, before, before, while, since (It got boring after you left); conjunctions correlative with particles and adverbs, denoting an instant change of actions and situations: as soon as, only, only, barely, barely (On the blue waves of the ocean). Another temporary conjunction, of an obsolete nature, but used in modern colloquial speech, is How(But they decided to bury it as soon as dawn broke - K. Simonov).
Sentences with conditional relations are expressed by several conjunctions, the main of which are if, if. Other unions: if, if, if, when, provided if, provided that. The condition, as a rule, has the character of an unreal situation, which is most clearly manifested when using forms of the subjunctive mood and conjunction with the particle “would”: If we had met earlier, our lives would have been different.. The meaning of unreality also exists in the indicative mood: If you arrive early, warm up your lunch. If you don't read Russian classics, you are impoverishing your life. Other conditional conjunctions are less common than “if” and are obsolete or colloquial in nature.
Sentences with causal relations are formalized by a variety of conjunctions, each of which has specificity - semantic, pragmatic or stylistic. Among them there are conjunctions that are neutral in all respects, conveying the meaning of the cause without any additional meanings: because, since, due to the fact that, since. The positional feature of the conjunction “because” has already been noted earlier: a subordinate clause with this conjunction cannot be in preposition in relation to the main one. Other conjunctions (compounds) are bookish in nature and therefore stylistically limited: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that.
Sentences with target relationships are formalized by unions so that, in order to, in order to, then in order to, as well as particles in the union function if only, if only. Subordinate clauses are freely positioned in relation to the main clause - in preposition, postposition, interposition. For example: The mother woke up her son early so that he would not be late for school. I am ready for anything, if only my mother gets better. In order not to think, Samghin forced himself to listen to the words of Spivak (M. Gorky). Composite target conjunctions, like causal ones, have the property of dismemberment: Nikolai usually comes to me on holidays as if on business, but more to see each other (A. Chekhov).
Offers with concessional relationships are formalized by unions although (though, although...but), despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, even though, even though, for nothing. A concessional meaning is the meaning of an unrealized condition; a subordinate clause expresses a condition that contradicts the content of the main part. The location of the subordinate part is free: Although it was still early, the gates were locked (V. Korolenko).
A special group of complex sentences with concessional relations consists of sentences with allied words "how", "how much" and a particle "neither": No matter how hard he tried to convince us, no one believed him. No matter how much he thought, he could not come up with anything.
Sentences with consequence relations are formalized by a single special union So. The subordinate clause with this conjunction is always in postposition, which is explained by the specific meaning of the conjunction: effect after cause. For example: The snow became whiter and brighter, so that it hurt my eyes (M. Lermontov).
Sentences with comparative relations. There are a number of comparative conjunctions in the Russian language. Unions as and similarly as express a reliable comparison, the speaker chooses a situation similar to the main one expressed in the main clause: Each sound gave birth to some sparks and vague smells, just as a drop gives rise to trembling water (Yu. Kazakov). Unions as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if express an unreliable comparison. For example: Small leaves turn bright and green, as if someone had washed them and applied varnish to them (I. Turgenev). The comparison in these sentences is presumptive in nature and is combined with the meaning of the alleged (unreliable) reason. Replace conjunctions “as if”, “as if” and similar to the union "How" impossible.
Sentences with correspondence relations are formalized by unions as, with what. For example: As the clock hand approached seven, Bulanin’s melancholy increased (A. Kuprin).
In complex sentences with correlations the means of communication is the K-word, which is focused on the predicative center of the main part and is its repeated reproduction. V.A. Beloshapkova named such proposals relatively widespread. The first part of the word-term indicates the means of communication (relative word), and the second - the semantics, syntactic relation, which has the nature of distribution (cf. in other classifications - subordinate clause). If the means of communication is a pronoun "What" in any case form, then the relations are purely distributive. For example: The dew fell, which foreshadowed a good pagoda. Father came late, which had not happened to him for a long time. If pronominal adverbs are used as a means of communication "why", "why" or prepositional case forms “after which”, “for what”, “as a result of which”, then the main part has the meaning of cause, purpose or effect. For example: She had to catch the train, which is why she was in a hurry(in the main part - the reason; cf.: She was in a hurry because she had to catch the train).
Complex sentences can have several subordinate clauses.
In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, two types of relations between the combined parts are possible.
1. All subordinate clauses relate directly to the main part of the sentence: to a separate word or to the entire main part as a whole. Depending on the meaning of the subordinate clauses and their relationship to the main part, they can be homogeneous subordinate parts or heterogeneous ones.
Homogeneous are subordinate clauses of the same name (identical in semantics), referring to the same word of the main part of the sentence or to the entire main part as a whole. These subordinate clauses are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions and are called subordinate clauses subordinate.
In a sentence She[Anochka] went with him, glad that she had pleased him and that she could stay on the shore and take a break from the babysitting of the bored Pavlik(Fed.) two subordinate clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction And, refer to one word of the main part satisfied. There can be several subordinate clauses. Yes, in a sentence You could hear the creaking of runners in the street, the passing of coal trucks to the factory, and the hoarse shouting of half-frozen people at their horses.(M.-S.) three explanatory clauses.
Heterogeneous are subordinate clauses of different names, i.e. different in semantics, as well as subordinate clauses of the same meaning, but relating to different words of the main part.
For example, in the sentence After the frozen streets of Moscow, where even at the crossroads I did not meet a single policeman, everything that happened in the district committee gave me hope(S. Bar.) two subordinate clauses, both of them relate to the main part, but, firstly, they are not the same in semantics, and secondly, they refer to different words of the main part: the attributive part where even at the crossroads I did not meet a single policeman refers to a substantive combination Moscow streets, and the subordinate explanatory clause - to the pronoun All, filling it with specific content.
In sentence (second) Myasnitskaya her(street) called before. And yet the point is not what it was called, but that it is an amazing street!(S. Bar.) two subordinate clauses. They have one meaning - explanatory, perform the same function - they specify the meaning of the demonstrative pronoun, but refer to different pronouns of the main part.
2. Subordinate parts form a chain: the first refers to the main clause, the second to the first subordinate clause, the third to the second subordinate clause, etc. Such subordination is called sequential, and subordinate clauses are called subordinate clauses of the first degree, subordinate clauses of the second degree, etc. Each of the subordinate clauses, when subordinated sequentially, acts as the main part in relation to the next subordinate clause.
In a sentence He reached the last flight of stairs and saw someone sitting on the steps below the landing onto which his door opened.(Pan.) the explanatory clause, relating to the verb of the main part, in turn has with it a attributive clause.
Complex sentences may have two (or more) main parts, which have one common subordinate clause. The main parts in this case are connected by coordinating conjunctions (a non-union connection is also possible). The general subordinate clause can refer to individual words in the main clauses: ...Lelya slept so peacefully and such good dreams seemed to be swarming in her eyelashes that Natalya Petrovna did not dare to wake up her daughter(Paust.), and to the two main ones in general, for example: When Anya was escorted home, it was already dawn and the cooks were going to the market(Ch.). In the first case, the subordinate part, as well as in verb structures, being attached to individual words of the main words (two at a time), specifies their meaning, in the second - when referring to the main parts as a whole, as in non-word structures, it indicates certain circumstances , in which what is indicated in the main parts is accomplished.
A complex sentence, consisting not of two, but of several parts, can be organized in a special way and represent period(periodos - circle; figuratively - closing speech). The special organization is as follows: the subordinate and main parts of the sentence in it are grouped separately, in the order of sequential listing. This is a polynomial complex sentence, harmonious in its syntactic structure.
In a period, the main part (or main) is usually preceded by a listing of homogeneous subordinate clauses. For example: Justthe night will cover the tops of the Caucasus with its cover,justthe world, bewitched by the magic word, will fall silent,justthe wind over the withered rock will stir the grass, and the bird hidden in it will flutter more cheerfully in the darkness, and under the grape vine, greedily swallowing the dew of heaven, a night flower will bloom,justThe golden moon will quietly rise from behind the mountain and glance at you furtively - I will fly to you, I will visit you until the day of the morning and bring golden dreams to your silk eyelashes(L.).
The construction of a complex sentence in the form of a period is not only a structural and syntactic phenomenon, but also a stylistic one. The period is characterized by emotional richness, lyrical or journalistic tension and therefore is usually characterized by upbeat speech, regardless of whether it is prosaic or poetic.
Complex sentence - This _________________________________________
___
The subordinate relationship between parts of the dictionary is expressed in the syntactic dependence of one part on the other. A part that is syntactically dependent on another is called subordinate clause . A part that subordinates another is called main .
It should be borne in mind that the dependence of the subordinate part on the main part is a syntactic, structural, and not semantic phenomenon. The main part is not always decisive in terms of the semantic significance of the sentence. For example: It's good that he's back– the main part only expresses an assessment of the fact indicated in the subordinate part.
Differential features of SPP:
1) ________________________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3) ________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 2. Means of communication of predicative parts:
1) subordinating conjunctions;
2) allied words - relata;
3) demonstrative (correlative) words, correlates;
4) support (contact) words;
5) the order of predicative parts;
6) intonation;
7) paradigm (the relationship between aspectual-temporal and modal plans of predicates);
8) typed lexical elements;
9) parallelism of structure;
10) incompleteness of one of the parts.
1. Subordinating conjunctions – ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Subordinating conjunctions stand at the beginning of the subordinate clause, defining the boundaries of the main and subordinate clauses, and are part of the subordinate clause.
They are characterized by:
1) by structure: _____________________________________________________________________
2) by place in the sentence: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3) by value:
A) __________________________________________________________________________________
We'll go out of town, ... because / if / although / so.
b) ___________________________________________________________________________________
I didn't know he was back.
So sad that I want to cry.
The girl cries that the dew is falling.
TO:
I asked not to interfere.
I turned off the phone so as not to be disturbed.
2. Conjunctive words – ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Conjunctive words should be distinguished from conjunctions in several respects (see manual, p. 42).
It should be borne in mind that some types of subordinate clauses are joined only by allied words: attributives, adverbial clauses and adjuncts.
3. Demonstrative (correlative) words, correlates – ____________________________
We will work in places where no one has gone before.
The demonstrative word can also be the word to which the subordinate clause refers:
And the one whom I consider a teacher passed away like a shadow and left no shadow(Akhmatov).
Correlates are usually expressed _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Support (contact) words – ______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We are now leaving little by little to that country where there is peace and grace ( Yesenin ).
5. Order of predicative parts:
1) fixed__________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
2) unfixed ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Intonation - ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3. Types of positions of subordinate parts of parts; flexible/inflexible structures.
Types of subordinate clause positions:
1) ___________________________________: It is known that elephants are a curiosity among us.
2) ___________________________________: When it got dark, we began to get ready to go home.
3) ___________________________________: The house that stood on the shore recently burned down.
Flexible called structure, _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Inflexible called structure, _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LECTURE No. 4. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES.
PLAN
1. The main classifications of SPP: 1) functional classification, 2) formal-grammatical classification, 3) structural-semantic classification.
2. Functional classification of NGN.
Literature:
1. Valgina N.S. Modern Russian language. Syntax. - M., 2003.
2. Russian grammar. - M., 1954 (1960). - T. II, part 2, § 1411-1540.
3. Gvozdev A.N. Modern Russian literary language, part 2. - M., (any edition).
4. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. Textbook for grades 5-9. - M., 1993.
5. Modern Russian language. At 3. Part 3. Syntax. Punctuation / V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov. – M., 1987.
6. Modern Russian language. Analysis of linguistic units / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. At 2 hours. Part 2 - M., 2001.
8. Russian language. Textbook for 9th grade. / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M., 1999.
QUESTION 1. Basic classifications of SPP.
SPP components are unequal: one is the main one ( main part), the other is dependent ( subordinate clause). The means of connecting parts of NGN are subordinating conjunctions and allied words (relative pronouns or adverbs). In addition to conjunctions and allied words, the identification and differentiation of semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence usually involves the forms of predicate verbs of the main and subordinate parts, as well as some lexical elements, not only as part of the main, but also the subordinate part.
Submission ( hypotaxis, subordination) – a syntactic connection of grammatically unequal units of language, which has its own system of means of expression (subordinating conjunctions and allied words). The term “complex sentence” was introduced by N.I. Grech in the book “Practical Russian Grammar” (1834).
Complex sentence - This is a sentence whose grammatically unequal parts are connected using a subordinating connection.
The connection between the parts of a complex sentence is two-way: not only does the subordinate part explain the main part, but the main part is not independent, since it almost always needs to be extended.
Issues of classification of NGN. Depending on the general theoretical guidelines of different linguistic schools, SPPs were understood differently. There were three directions in the classification of SPP:
1) logical-grammatical;
2) formal;
3) structural-semantic.
The most popular was logical-grammatical direction, based on the likening of subordinate parts to members of a simple sentence. This direction was put forward by A.Kh. Vostokov in “Russian Grammar” (1831) and N.I. Grechem in “Practical Russian Grammar” (1834). This direction is developed in detail in the book.
P.E. Basistov “System of Syntax” (1848). He identified five types of subordinate clauses in accordance with the five types of sentence members: subject, predicate, attributive, additional, adverbial. The classification of I.I. is based on the same principle. Davydov, who added conditional, concessional and target subordinate clauses. Ten years later, a book by F.I. was published. Buslaev’s “Experience in the Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” (1858), in which Basistov’s classification was reproduced. Buslaev only excluded predicate clauses from this classification, since he considered the predicate to be the center of the sentence, which cannot be replaced by a subordinate clause. Subsequently, Buslaev recognized their presence and added subordinate measures and counts and subordinate comparisons to the classification. This classification did not take into account the semantic criterion. In addition, there was no single basis for identifying subordinate clauses, since adverbial clauses were allocated according to questions, and all others - according to the syntactic function of the word to which they referred.
Criticism formal direction intensified after the publication of A.A. More interesting than the book “From Notes on Russian Grammar,” where he indicated that sentences should also be studied from the point of view of their grammatical structure. Point of view of A.A. Potebnya was supported by D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky, M.N. Peterson, A.B. Shapiro.
In accordance with the formal classification, all NGNs are divided into 2 types:
1) sentences with allied words (relative subordination);
2) sentences with unions (union subordination).
But the further distribution of SPP was reduced to the distribution of conjunctions and allied words. The main drawback of this theory is
in a one-sided approach to the description of the NGN, since the means of connecting the parts is not always the determining factor in qualifying the proposal.
At the core structural-semantic classification lies in taking into account structural and semantic criteria. The beginning of this direction can be found in the works of V.A. Bogoroditsky, his views were further developed in the works of N.S. Pospelova, L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, V.I. Kodukhova and others.
N.S. Pospelov put forward the principle of one- and two-term sentences, which differ in what the subordinate part refers to. If the subordinate part refers to one word in the main part, complements and specifies it - this is a one-member structure, if the subordinate part refers to the entire main part or several words of the main part, it is a two-member structure. Subsequently, single-term SPPs were called sentences of an undifferentiated structure, and two-term ones - of a dismembered structure.
Dissected and non-dissected structures differ in the following:
1. The degree of cohesion of the parts: a closer connection in undivided sentences, less close connection in dismembered sentences.
2. The nature of the relationship between the main and subordinate parts: morphological-syntactic relations in undivided and syntactic relations in dismembered structures.
3. In undivided sentences there are syntactic conjunctions, in dismembered sentences there are semantic conjunctions.
4. The role of the index word in undivided structures is important, but in dissected structures it is not necessary.
The school classification does not use the terms “divided” and “undivided”, although it does indicate that a subordinate clause can refer to the entire main part or to one word in the main part.
Complex sentences
undivided structure dismembered structure
– with explanatory – temporary;
– with determinatives – conditionals;
– with spatial – target ones;
relationships between parts. – investigative;
– causal;
- concessive;
– comparative;
– comparative
relationships between parts.
Grammatical means of subordinating the subordinate part of the NGN:
1. Subordinating conjunctions. The nature of the alliances can differentiate between dismembered and undisaggregated NGNs. In undivided dictionary sentences, the general grammatical meaning is determined not so much by the conjunction, but by the ability of the attaching word to form phrases. Unions in undivided NGNs are purely functional. The grammatical meaning of dissected NGNs is determined precisely by the conjunction.
2. Conjunctive words. These are pronouns and pronominal adverbs, which are members of the subordinate clause.
3. Correlative words. These are some pronouns and adverbs that are in the main part of the SPP and attach to themselves a subordinate part that specifies their meaning. Usually used in combination with allied words and form correlative pairs with them.
4. Order of parts. It can be strictly fixed or free, which depends on the semantics and structure of the sentence as a whole.
5. Correlation of verb forms. The aspectual forms of the predicate verbs of the first part (main or subordinate) always determine the forms of the predicate verbs of the second part.
6. Lexico-morphological character of the attaching word. For example, a noun requires an attributive clause, and a verb, a short adjective, or a state category requires an explanatory clause.
7. Special lexical items. These are structural elements of the type as for... well, the thing is that and under. There are words in them concerns And case lose their lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements.
8. Intonation distinguishes parts of a statement according to their semantic significance. Intonation is in close relationship with the syntactic means of forming a statement. It can act simultaneously with these drugs, enhancing their effect, or compensate for the absence of some of them (for example, unions).
Complex sentences of an undivided structure with explanatory relationships between parts. The explanatory clause refers to the main part and extends it. The main part is not finished and requires completion. The word being explained can belong to various parts of speech that have the ability to be controlled and have certain meanings (speech, thought, emotional, cognitive, volitional or evaluative activity): I don’t believe that stars fade away...(Sharp)
An explanatory clause is attached to the main part using conjunctions or allied words.
Unions are divided into 3 groups:
1) belonging to the sphere of narration: union What– the most common; its main meaning is a report of a fact, the reliability of which the reporter does not doubt; union as if used in NGN when an unreliable fact is imagined; union How found in SPP, where in the main part there is a word with the meaning of perception, sensation, observation; Such SOPs not only report the phenomenon, but also specify how it occurs. In sentences with a conjunction How particles can be consumed as if (as if), as if, exactly and others, who indicate that the situation described in the subordinate clause is constructed by similarity to something: I must admit that I was not sorry to leave Bagrovo(Ax.);
2) belonging to the sphere of expression of will - such unions are found in SPP, where object relations are complicated by the meanings of motivation or desirability: union to introduces the meaning of objective desire or the meaning inherent in the imperative; so as not to, no matter how– attach a subordinate clause to the main part, which contains words like to be afraid, to be afraid, fear and under.: We need all people to be happy (March);
3) belonging to the sphere of interrogative speech. Key words in the main part of such SPPs denote misunderstanding, reflection, cognitive activity, transfer of knowledge: union whether used after the first word of the subordinate clause, refers to it in meaning and emphasizes it; such sentences express the meaning of doubt, uncertainty; when creating an alternative question, it can be combined with a conjunction or: I don’t know whether this decoding will bring you any practical benefit (Usp.).
Conjunctive words Due to their lexical meaning, they introduce the following additional shades into the sentence: what, which, what– shade of quality, attribute, variety of objects, order of selection of objects; whose– shade of belonging; where, where, where– a shade of spatiality; When– temporary shade; How– shade of character, method of action; how much, how much– indication of measure or degree; For what– target shade; why, why– shade of reason: Nobody understood why Korchagin was kicked out of school(Acute); I grew up not knowing how the slow sunset drowns in rivers(Drun.).
Complex sentences of undivided structure with determinative relations between parts. The attributive clause refers to a noun or other substantivized word and defines it in terms of the measure and degree of manifestation of something, property and quality, external manifestation or mode of action.
In connection with the degree of completeness of the main part, they are distinguished:
1) SPP, in which the main part does not express a complete thought and must be distributed: There are people who have a popular library instead of a soul(M.G.);
2) SPP, in which the main part is relatively complete, and the subordinate part contains additional information: Tanya has a delicate, expressive face that will be remembered for a long time(Seraph.).
The attributive clause is attached to the main part using the following allied words:
which– has a purely definitive meaning; agrees in gender and number with the word being defined, and its case depends on which member of the sentence this word is;
whose– adds a hint of belonging; agrees in gender, number and case with the noun of the subordinate clause, which denotes an object belonging to the person or thing in the main clause;
Which– introduces a shade of comparison;
What– used in I.P. with attributive relations only in I.p. and direct V.p.; in a sentence it functions as a subject and a direct object; its use in other functions is contrary to the literary norm;
whoa– not used in I.p. and V.p. units m.r. and f.r. (archaic forms); used in modern journalism;
where, where, where– complicate the attributive meaning with a shade of place and characterize in the main part a noun with a spatial meaning or a pronoun;
When– adds a subordinate clause to a noun with a temporary meaning and to words like case, phenomenon, condition and under.
The attributive clause cannot appear before the main clause. All conjunctive words except which, are usually found at the beginning of the subordinate clause. To implement attributive relations, one substantive is sufficient, to which a subordinate clause is attached. Therefore, a attributive clause can be used in a nominative sentence, in an address, and in a Nominative presentation.
The group of NGNs with definitive relationships between parts includes sentences with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, as if, exactly and so on, as well as with unions What And to when indicating an investigation. The supporting elements in such SPPs are nouns, adjectives, adverbs, category of state, quantitative-nominal combinations and even verbs. In the syntactic literature, such sentences are usually considered as SPPs with subordinate clauses of comparison, measure and degree, image and mode of action.
Complex sentences of an undivided structure with spatial relationships between parts. In such NGN, the subordinate part indicates the place where what is said in the main part is located or occurs.
Conjunctive words where, where, where often form a pair with correlative pronominal adverbs, which usually adjoin the predicate in the main part.
Such subordinate parts may contain an indication of the direction of action of the main part: direct ( with a correlative word there) and the reverse (with a correlative word from there): The sky there was purple, warm and gentle and beckoned to where it seemed to be the edge of the dark green meadows(M.G.); From where the river was, it smelled damp(Paust).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with temporary relationships between parts. The subordinate part with the value of time serves as a guide for determining the time of the action or state indicated in the main part. Events named in the main and subordinate parts can occur either simultaneously or at different times.
The means of communication between units in such SPP are the following unions: When– expresses the meaning of simultaneity and sequence; stylistically neutral; bye (while, for now) – expresses the relation of limited simultaneity; How– can introduce into sentences a temporary construction that has lost its predicative nature; since– shows that at the initial stage the actions in the main and subordinate parts coincide; after– adds a hint of following; as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, barely, just, barely– express a relationship of close following; before, before, before– show that the action of the main part precedes the action of the subordinate part: I'll go to bed and whisper poems until I fall asleep(M.G.). In NGN with temporary relationships between parts, the subordinate clause can occupy any place, but is more often in preposition.
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with conditional relationships between parts. In SPP with conditional relationships between parts, as a rule, the subordinate part contains a condition, and the main part contains a consequence predetermined by this condition. There are two types of such offers:
1) with a real (possible) condition;
2) with an unrealistic condition.
When pointing to real conditions conjunctions are used If(may be complicated by words in case, in that case) – expresses the condition to the greatest extent; if– colloquial, introduces an additional shade of reason; will– outdated, introduces a touch of irony; When– combines conditional and temporary meaning; once– introduces an additional shade of reason; if- outdated, colloquial; How– introduces an additional shade of time: A fish would sing a song if it had a voice(Last.).
Unions if, if, if, as if, if only point to unrealistic conditions: It would be nice if one of the gentlemen took pity and took the orphan into education(Grieg.).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with target (final) relationships between parts. In NGN with goal-oriented relationships between parts, the subordinate clause indicates the purpose of what is said in the main part. Target relationships are expressed using conjunctions so that, in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to, yes. WITH union to used both in colloquial and literary speech; in order to, in order to, then in order to characterized predominantly by bookish speech; so that and yes have an archaic connotation: In order not to get lost in the forests, you need to know the signs(Paust.).
Composite target unions can be divided into union to and demonstrative words for that, that and then followed by a subordinate clause. Such division is obligatory if the conjunction is preceded by an introductory word or particle: The driver stopped the car in front of the gate just to make people go away.(Fad.).
A special feature of SPP with target relationships between parts is the following fact: if the subjects of action of the main and subordinate parts coincide, then the subordinate part is a one-part infinitive, but if they do not coincide, then the subordinate part will be two-part with a predicate with the form of the subjunctive mood.
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with investigative relationships between parts. In NGN with investigative relationships between parts, the subordinate clause indicates the result or outcome of what is reported in the main part.
The subordinate part is attached to the main part by indivisible union So: The soldiers thought this was completely reasonable, so I lost nothing in their eyes, but only gained(Cat.).
The main and subordinate parts can be connected by prepositional combinations as a result of which, by virtue of which, in view of which, in connection with which, and then the sentence takes on the additional meaning of joining: Rows of chairs were also placed in the arena, as a result of which spectators could also look at the screens(Olesha).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with causal relationships between parts. In NGNs with causal relationships between parts, the subordinate clause indicates the reason or justification for what is said in the main part. The following conjunctions are used in such sentences: because attaches a postpositive subordinate clause; in case of dismemberment of the conjunction, interposition of the subordinate clause is possible; because And because the a pre-, inter- or post-positive clause is added; for attaches only a postpositive clause, stylistically colored; due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that predominantly postpositive clauses are added; their meaning is determined by the meaning of the prepositions included in them; especially since they attach a postpositive clause and have a connotation of attachment; then what And How archaic; good used in colloquial speech; once add pre- and postpositive clauses: Varvara knew everyone very well, as she constantly washed their clothes(Grieg.).
Complex sentences of a dismembered structure with concessional relations between parts. In SPP with concessionary relations between parts, the subordinate part indicates that the action of the main part is performed contrary to the conditions of the subordinate clause. Concessional relations are close to the comparative ones found in the SSP, so some of these sentences may represent a transitional type from composition to subordination.
The meaning of a concession is expressed using conjunctions, conjunctions, and particles in the conjunction function: Although used in all styles of speech; although And no matter what used mainly in book speech; let him, let him express concession when confronted; for nothing that used in colloquial speech; Truth in the function of a conjunction it expresses concessive-conjunctive relations and is always combined with an adversative conjunction But: Despite the fact that I didn’t have a single free minute, I kept something like a diary(Kav.).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with comparative relations between parts. In SPPs with comparative relations between parts, the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause by comparative conjunctions. The shade of the meaning of the subordinate clause is determined by the lexical meaning of the conjunction: How expresses direct comparison, correspondence, sameness of comparative phenomena; similar to And What equal in meaning to the union How; as if, as if, exactly, as if express an unreliable comparison; as if, as if have a comparatively conditional meaning: In the yard, an acacia tree bent and tossed, as if an angry wind was ruffling its hair.(A.T.).
In a comparative construction, the predicate may be omitted, since it is named in the main part. If this construction contains minor members from the predicate, it can be restored, therefore, we have before us the comparative clause of a complex sentence: The Volga today flows differently than in the times of the Polovtsians(Usp.). If in a comparative construction there are no minor members that depend on the predicate, then we have a simple sentence with a comparative phrase: A crazy thought suddenly flashed like lightning in Andrey’s brain(Cupr.).
Comparative relations can be conveyed by constructions containing comparative forms (comparative). The means of communication in such complex sentences are conjunctions than, rather than: A passerby is recognized later than he passes, diving into the fog(Past.) .
Analysis of SPPs with comparative relations shows that to express such relations, both sentences of dismembered and undivided structure are used (in the second case they are qualified as sentences with determinative relations between parts).
Complex sentences of a dissected structure with comparative relationships between parts. In such SPPs, two real-life situations are compared. Such proposals are close to BSC with comparative relations. Parts of the WBS can be compared in temporal, quantitative, qualitative and other terms. Matching relationships involve two basic values: matches and non-matches.
Communications: union if... then can denote both compliance and inconsistency; while, whereas indicate a temporary comparison of different, but somewhat similar situations; as make comparisons of similar situations; than... the, as much... as, as in modern Russian they are mainly used in an undivided form; conjunctions than...that, since...insofar as...so much emphasize proportional correspondence, which is supported by comparative forms: The deeper the wells are dug, the clearer the water.(Drun.).
Comparative relationships can be complicated by additional shades of concession or opposition.
An IPP is a sentence whose predicative parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. The combined parts are different in their syntactic functions, namely: one part is the main part, and the other is the dependent part. A semantic question is asked from the main part to the subordinate part; in the main part there is a means of communication, but in terms of meaning it does not always contain the main content: It is known that elephants are a curiosity among us.
In the SRY there are three main principles of classification
· by value,
· in form,
· in meaning and form.
The first principle of classification is called semantic or logical-semantic. A classification based on this principle took shape by the mid-nineteenth century. (F.I. Buslaev, A.N. Gvozdev). According to this classification, the predicative clause is likened to a member of a sentence. Accordingly, SPPs with subordinate clauses, predicates, modifiers, etc. are distinguished: The one who laughs is cheerful(SPP with subject clause). The subordinate part is determined on the basis of the semantic question that is asked to it from the main part. This classification is quite harmonious, but it does not cover all types of SPP. Thus, the characteristic of NGNs is problematic, the subordinate part of which does not answer any question ( consequences, accessions, comparative).
The classification of NGN on a formal basis dates back to the twenties of the twentieth century. (L.A. Bulakhovsky, A.B. Shapiro). In accordance with this classification, all SPPs are divided into SPPs with subordinating conjunctions and SPPs with allied words. The main attention is paid not so much to the study of a complex sentence, but to the study of conjunctions or allied words and their functionality. This classification did not last long, until the early sixties, and was replaced by a structural-semantic one.
Structural-semantic classification takes into account not only the semantics and form of SPP, but also the peculiarities of combining predicative parts with each other (Bogoroditsky, Pospelov). In accordance with this classification, all SPPs are divided into two large types: SPPs of a single-member structure (undivided) and SPPs of a two-member structure (dismembered). In the first type, the subordinate predicative part refers to one word or phrase of the main part: I know he will come. In the second type, the subordinate part refers to the entire main part: He didn't come because he was sick.
In an SPP of a single-member structure, a contact frame is formed between the main and subordinate parts. The contact frame includes a word or phrase of the main part, which requires clarification with the help of a subordinate part, as well as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main part. Depending on the nature of the contact word, SPPs of a single-term structure are divided into conventional and pronominal-correlative.
· in conventional SPPs, the subordinate clause refers to a word or phrase that has an incomplete lexical meaning. Proverbial SPPs are divided into substantive-definitive, comparative, and explanatory.
· pronominal-correlative SPPs, the subordinate part refers to pronouns that have only demonstrative sign -
meaning: He's where we were just now.
· in substantive-definitive SPP, the subordinate part specifies the contact word of the main part (substantive)
· joins this substantive with the help of conjunctive words
which, which, whose, where, where, from, when and etc.: There was a noise coming from the street that only happens during the day..The subordinate part always follows the main part and answers questions of definition. When using allied words where, where, from, when defining relations are complicated by circumstantial (spatial, temporal): Before them lies a plain where spruce sprouts sprout up occasionally. The moment came when I realized the full value of these words.
· of comparative SPPs, the subordinate predicative part refers to the comparative of the main part (the comparative degree form of an adjective, adverb or state category), explaining or expanding its meaning. The subordinate part denotes what the attribute named in the main part is compared with; it does not answer any question and is connected to the main part using conjunctions how And than: Flying by plane is faster than traveling by train.
· explanatory SPP, the subordinate part is attached to the contact word of the main part (verb, adjective, state category word) that requires explanation, and answers case questions: We didn't know he was back. The means of communication are unions ( what, to, as if etc.) and allied words ( who, what, whose etc.) The subordinate clause is usually located after the main clause.
· pronominal correlative clauses, the subordinate part is connected with the correlative pronoun of the main part using conjunctions ( so that, what, as if etc.) and allied words ( Who,
What is where and etc.): He said that he would not come. He asked me who I am.Pronoun-correlative SPPs are divided by meaning into explanatory and adverbial. In explanatory sentences, the subordinate part reveals the meaning of the pronominal correlative word of the main part and answers case questions: Whoever you hang out with, that's how you'll gain. In adverbial SPPs, the subordinate part clarifies the meaning of the correlate of the main part, which has adverbial meaning. These sentences are divided into quantitative-adverbial ones (the subordinate part answers the questions How many? how much? and are joined to the main part using allied words how much, how much or using a union What(in school grammar they are called SPP with a subordinate clause of measure and degree), adverbial-temporal (a pronominal correlative word generally indicates the time of the action of the main part, which is specified in the subordinate part that answers the question When? and connected to the main one using the union When) and adverbial-local (a pronominal-correlative word with the meaning of place in the main part is specified using a subordinate clause attached by conjunctions where, where, where): He took as many books as he could lift. When you arrive, then you will do it. He lived where his father lived.
· depending on the nature of the relationship between the main and subordinate parts, pronominal correlative SPPs are divided into identifying, phraseological and containing. Identifiable SPPs include stably reproduced means of connecting predicative parts: repeated words, forms of words, the same word order in predicative parts.
verses: As it comes back, so will it respond. In phraseologized SPPs, the form of the pronominal correlative word of the main part is closely connected only with a certain subordinating conjunction of the subordinate part, with the conjunction What: I love her so much that I'm even afraid of my love.In containing SPPs, the subordinate part, with its content, completely fits into the pronominal correlative word of the main part, revealing its meaning: The goal was to speed up the processing of parts.
Depending on the semantic and grammatical connections between the parts, SPPs of a binomial structure are divided into nine types: SPPs of time, place, conditions, causes, concessions, consequences, goals, comparisons and additions.
· NGN tense subordinate clause answers questions When? how long? since when? Joins the main part of the aid unions when, while, while, before etc. In the subordinate part of the SPP time, the action or manifestation of the sign is indicated, which is correlated in time with the action or manifestation of the sign, which is mentioned in the main part. The action of the main part can occur simultaneously with the action of the subordinate part, precede it, or occur after it: Every time I came, Sveta greeted me me.Before you take the exam, prepare for it. As soon as the gendarmes began the search, Kirill returned from the theater. Time WBS can have either a flexible or inflexible structure.
· NGN places subordinate part answers questions Where? Where? where? and contains an indication of the place, direction, space where what is said in the main part takes place. The subordinate part is connected with the main conjunction where, where, from where.These sentences usually have an inflexible structure: Look for happiness where you lost it.
· SPP conditions, the subordinate part names a phenomenon during the implementation of which the action of the main part becomes possible. The subordinate clause answers the question under what condition?, connects with the main one using conjunctions if, once, if, if and is usually located after the main one. SPP conditions are divided into SPP with a real condition: If the air temperature drops below zero, the water in the river freezes;and NGN with unrealistic condition: If I had seen even a single light somewhere in the distance, I would have stopped.Conditional WBS usually have a flexible structure.
· SPP reasons, the subordinate part contains an indication of the reason for the action of the main part, answers questions Why? from what? for what reason? and communicates with the main one using communication
call because, because, for and etc.: At about three in the morning I woke up because I was cold.Most causative compound conjunctions can be used either compactly, only in the subordinate part, or dismembered, that is, simultaneously in the main and subordinate parts. SPP reasons usually have a flexible structure.
· IPP purpose subordinate part contains an indication of the purpose or the meaning of what is said in the main part; answers the questions For what? For what? for what purpose? and is attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions so that, in order to and etc.: To live well, you have to work.Compound target conjunctions can be used either compactly or dissected. WBS goals have a flexible structure.
· SPP assignment subordinate part contains instructions on an action that prevents the action of the main part. And yet, despite the obstacle, the action of the main part is accomplished. The subordinate clause answers the question no matter what? and joins the main part with the help of conjunctions although, even though, even though and etc.: Even if he did not glorify himself, he made himself stronger.
It is very rare to find intensifying-concessive SPPs, in which the obstacle indicated in the subordinate part is brought to the limit, and yet the action of the main part is carried out. The means of communication in such sentences are allied words whoever, whenever, wherever, whatever etc.: Nothing went well for him, no matter what he did.Concessional PPAs have a flexible structure.
· IPP consequences subordinate part indicates a consequence that follows from the content of the main part. The subordinate part does not answer any question and is connected to the main part using a conjunction So: The house stood on a slope, so the windows into the garden were very low to the ground.SPP investigations have an inflexible structure.
· SPP comparison subordinate part explains the content of the main part through comparison based on any associations. The subordinate clause answers questions How? how? and connects with the main one using comparative conjunctions
as if, as if, exactly, as if and etc.: The whole room suddenly went dark, as if the curtains had been drawn..Comparative SPPs can have a purely comparative meaning (the attribute or action of the main part is clarified by comparing it with the attribute or action of the subordinate part) and comparative-conditional (the subordinate part names only the intended attribute with which the action of the main part is compared): He laughed as if steel rang. They worked throughout all the days of the war,
as if it were one day.These offers cannot be mixed
· simple sentences, complicated by comparative expression. Comparison WBS can have a flexible or inflexible structure.
· SPP accession subordinate part contains a message, an explanation of what is said in the main part. The subordinate part does not answer any question and is connected to the main part with allied words what, why, why and etc.: He wasn't home, that's why I left a note..SPP accession has an inflexible structure, the subordinate part is always located after the main one.
Learning syntax causes certain difficulties, which is primarily due to the variety of structures and concepts. differs by the presence of several predicative parts that can be independent. This is a compound sentence. Or they can be dependent and main - this is a complex sentence. The article deals with IPPs with attributive clauses.
Complex sentence with subordinate connection of parts
Sentences, where one part is main and the other dependent, can be different in their structure and in the meaning of the subordinate parts. If the subordinate part of the NGN responds to cases, then this is an explanatory part. For example:
- Peter claimed that he was not at the meeting.
- Catherine understood why they were doing this work.
- The cat knew that she would be punished for her antics.
In cases where a question of circumstance is asked to the subordinate clause, this is a sentence. Eg:
- They met in the park after the demonstration ended.
- Since the storm began, the boat trip had to be postponed.
- Maxim was where his friends lived.
For SPPs with attributive clauses, the question “which” is asked. For example:
This bird, which has flown over the sea several times, is called a loon.
The boy, whose parents worked at a facility in Sochi, showed excellent results in sports.
The estate, which is located within the reserve, is a museum.
Punctuation in NGN
What punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence? In Russian grammar, it is customary to separate the main clause from the subordinate clause with commas. In most cases, it precedes a conjunction or is a member of a sentence; you can ask a question to it): " The tourists stopped for the night in a tent camp because they still had a long way to go to the mountains."
There are many examples when a comma is placed at the end of the main part, but not before a conjunction/conjunctive word (this is especially often observed in SPPs with attributive clauses): " The path to the source lay through a gorge, the location of which was known to few."
In cases where the subordinate clause is located in the middle of the main clause, commas are placed on both sides of the dependent clause: " The house they moved into was larger and brighter."
Punctuation marks are placed according to the same syntactic rules: after each part there is a comma (most often before conjunctions/conjunctive words). Eg: " When the full moon rose, the children saw the mysterious splashing of sea waves, the sounds of which they had heard for a long time."
Subordinate clause
- The attributive dependent part reveals some characteristics of the word indicated in the main part. Such a subordinate clause is comparable to a simple definition: " It was a wonderful day"/ "It turned out to be a day that we had been dreaming about for a long time." The difference is not only syntactic, but also semantic: if definitions name the object directly, then the subordinate part draws the object through the situation. With the help of allied words, SPPs with subordinate attributive clauses are added. Example sentences:
- The car that Maria bought in Japan was reliable and economical.
- Misha brought apples from the orchard, where pears and plums also grew.
- The father showed tickets to Venice, where the whole family will go in September.
At the same time, there are allied words that are basic for such sentences: “which”, “whose”, “which”. Others are considered non-essential: “where”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “from where”.
Features of the subordinate clause
Having briefly described the main characteristics of the structures, we can make a short summary of “SPP with a subordinate attributive”. The main features of such proposals are revealed below:
Pronominal-defining sentences
From SPPs with subordinate attributives, where the dependent part refers to a noun with a demonstrative pronoun, it is necessary to distinguish those that depend on the demonstrative pronoun itself. Such sentences are called pronominal attributive sentences. For comparison: " Anyone who has not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test."/ "Those students who have not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test." The first sentence is pronominal-definitive, since in it the subordinate part depends on the demonstrative pronoun “that”, which cannot be removed from the sentence. In the second sentence, the dependent clause refers to the noun “students”, which has a demonstrative pronoun “those” and can be omitted, therefore it is a attributive clause.
Exercises on the topic
The “SPP with subordinate attributive” test will help to consolidate the theoretical information presented above.
- Which sentence contains an IPP with a subordinate clause?
a) Yegor was informed about what had happened late, which he did not like.
b) Due to the fact that the meeting was delayed, the lawyer was late for the meeting.
c) The grove, where many birches grew, attracted mushroom pickers after the rain.
d) The sea was calm when they reached the shore.
2. Find a pronominal attribute among the sentences.
a) He has not yet been seen as he was yesterday at the meeting.
b) The city that appeared on the horizon was Beirut.
c) Everyone liked the idea that came into his head.
d) The school her sister went to was in another city.
3. In which answer option does the subordinate part break the main part?
a) He will not understand Pushkin who has not read him with his soul.
b) The water in the river, which was located on the outskirts of the city, was cold.
c) His friend, whom he met at the conference, was invited to his birthday.
d) Vasily called the doctor, whose number was given by Daria Nikolaevna.
4. Indicate the subordinate clause.
a) He knew where the cargo was delivered from.
b) The country where he came from was in the center of Africa.
c) Where Mikhail came from was known only to his father.
d) She went to the window from where the voices were coming.
5. Indicate a sentence with a pronominal clause.
a) The street that ran parallel to the avenue was the oldest in the city.
b) The one in the yellow suit turned out to be Ipatov’s wife.
c) The girl that Nikolai met in the park was a friend of his sister.
d) Lydia was attracted by the song that the children performed on stage.