Education Committee
Administration of the municipality
"City of Maykop"
MBOU "Secondary School No. 6"
Pedagogical readings
Section “Revolutions in Russia of 1917”
Literary living room
"A Word about Revolution"
Kindsfather Tatyana Anatolevna,
Teacher of Russian language and literature of the highest category.
Maykop, 2017
Introduction.
Disputes about the meaning and role of the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution, which occurred in Russia in the fall of 1917, are still ongoing. Some believe that the revolution became a real tragedy for Russia, plunging the country into the chaos of a bloody civil war. Others, on the contrary, argue that the revolution was a genuine leap forward for our country and gave it the opportunity not only to survive in the difficult conditions created by the First World War, but also to subsequently turn into one of the strongest states on the planet. The topic of the 1917 revolution is very multifaceted and complex - to look at it from one side means to be deliberately mistaken.
In our literary living room, we tried to present different views (of course, not all) on the 1917 revolution of poets and writers of that era.
Literary drawing rooms appeared in the 19th century and were very popular as a form of artistic and creative evenings.
Modern schoolchildren also like to attend such events and participate in them. Our literary lounges are not only a deepening of the school curriculum in history, literature and art, a closer acquaintance with writers and poets, but also attracting students to the art of words, to working with text, expanding their horizons, the opportunity for each student to express themselves, to show , develop your talent and abilities. The participation of schoolchildren in our literary lounges also helps to solve another very important task, which has become especially relevant in the age of information technology - developing students’ speech.
Our literary lounges at school are great opportunities for the comprehensive development of children: we create conditions for students for their successful self-improvement and motivate them for further self-development and self-knowledge. In addition, the equally important skill of reading fiction for a modern schoolchild is formed and improved, which also contributes to the formation of general humanitarian knowledge and humanitarian education. It is known, unfortunately, that in the 21st century the problem of negative attitudes of children and adolescents towards reading is very acute. Modern computer technologies have for some time taken a leading place in the list of priorities of modern teenagers. However, recently we have seen an increase in interest in reading, regardless of the form of the book, be it a book in a traditional printed publication or an e-book that young people prefer to read using their modern “gadgets”. That is why we pay great attention to holding literary lounges in our school and attracting more and more of our students into the ranks of their active participants.
During the literary lounge, slides with portraits of poets and writers and excerpts from their poems and sayings are shown.
When preparing the literary lounge, literary sources were used (see Appendix No. 1).
Literary lounge “The Word of Revolution”.
Slide number 1
Goals and objectives:
To acquaint students with historical facts related to the revolutions in Russia of 1917;
Reveal the originality of the literary process of the early 20th century;
To convey to students the atmosphere of anxiety of the era of the early 20th century;
To form culturally responsive thinking of students based on the integration of knowledge of history and literature;
Enrich the spiritual world of students, correct their emotional sphere;
Create a creative environment;
Develop reading interest;
Develop students' creative abilities.
Decor: posters, photographs from the 1917 era
Presentation.
The target audience:students in grades 9–11.
Participants: students in grades 9–11 as leading and “guest” writers. Poets and writers of the early 20th century are invited to the living room: Mikhail Prishvin, Zinaida Gippius, Nikolai Berdyaev, Ivan Bunin, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Maxim Gorky, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva, Sergei Yesenin, Mikhail Bulgakov, Alexander Fadeev, Maximilian Voloshin.
The recording of the anthem of pre-revolutionary Russia “God Save the Tsar!”
Presenter 1. (slide No. 2)Doomland, icy,
Cursed by iron fate -
Mother Russia, oh evil Motherland,
Who made fun of you like that?
Presenter 2. These lines from the poem “Motherland” by the poet Andrei Bely convey the acute feelings of all thinking people in Russia about the fate of their homeland at the beginning of the 20th century.
Presenter 3. “The wolfhound age is throwing itself on my shoulders,” the poet Osip Mandelstam said in one of his poems, and he was prophetically right.
Presenter 1. The 20th century was marked by three revolutions in Russia: in 1905 (“Bloody Sunday”) and two in 1917, the centenary of which we celebrate today, in 2017.
Presenter 2. Today we have gathered in our living room to once again turn to the history of these events of the distant past.
Presenter 3. The end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Russia was a period of powerful crisis that gripped almost all aspects of Russian life. This is what Mikhail Prishvin wrote in his Diaries on March 30, 1917.
Mikhail Prishvin: (slide number 3)“The Tsar’s close associates have long since sucked up the Tsar like candy and left only a piece of paper for the people. But the whole state proceeded as if the king was somewhere. That part of the people that called for loyalty to the king did not believe in anything. There was no time, and one could recognize its speed only in the rapid change of ministers and rising prices. In the silence of timelessness, everyone had long ago begun to turn away from the concerns of state and lived with personal interest: everyone was robbed. This led to a shortage of food in the cities and the army. The lack of bread caused a riot..."
Presenter 1. The year 1917, with its two revolutions - the February and the October - determined the path along which Russian history and culture would develop for many decades. Through works of Russian literature, one can hear the voices of a bygone era, and become a participant in the debates that took place in all layers of Russian society.
Presenter 2. It all started with the bread crisis. At the end of February 1917, due to snow drifts, the schedule for freight transportation of bread was disrupted and rumors began to circulate about an imminent transition to bread rationing. Queues formed at the bread shops, and then riots began. On February 21, a crowd with the slogan “Bread, bread!” began to destroy bakery shops.
Presenter 3. (slides No. 4 and No. 5) Almost simultaneously with the grain riot, a strike arose among the workers of the monitor-stamping workshop of the Putilov plant, which was spontaneously joined by workers from other plants and factories. By February 23, about 100,000 workers from 50 enterprises were already on strike in the capital. The demonstrators demanded not only bread and an end to the war, but also the overthrow of the autocracy.
Presenter 1. This is what Zinaida Gippius wrote in her diary.
Zinaida Gippius: (slide number 6)February 23, 1917: “Today there are riots. Nobody, of course, knows anything for sure... so far no picture of an organized protest has been observed, but it very much seems that this is an ordinary hungry riot, the kind that happens in Germany. True, parallels cannot be drawn, because here we must take into account the enormous fact of the self-decomposition of the government... as if in water, and even muddy water, we look and do not see how far we are from collapse. It is inevitable."
Presenter 2. Telegram M.V. Rodzianko Nicholas II O situation in Petrograd February 26, 1917: " The situation is serious. There is anarchy in the capital. The government is paralyzed. Transport of food and fuel was in complete disarray. Public discontent is growing. There is indiscriminate shooting in the streets. Troop units shoot at each other. It is necessary to immediately entrust a person enjoying the confidence of the country to form a new government. You can't hesitate. Any delay is like death. I pray to God that at this hour the responsibility does not fall on the crown bearer.”
Presenter 2. On February 24, power was transferred to the commander of the Petrograd Military District, Lieutenant General Khabalov. He receives a telegram from the emperor: “I command you to stop the riots in the capital tomorrow, which are unacceptable during the difficult times of the wars with Germany and Austria. NICHOLAY." But Khabalov’s military dictatorship failed: most of the troops refused to obey him.
Presenter 3. (slide 7) Following Petrograd, Moscow also went on strike. By March 2, train stations, arsenals and the Kremlin were captured. On the same day, at about 15.00 hours, Nicholas 11 decided to abdicate the throne in favor of his heir, Tsarevich Alexei, under the regency of his younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, but during the day he decided to abdicate also for the heir.
Presenter 1. Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov also abdicated the throne and issued a Manifesto, calling on everyone to submit to the authority of the Provisional Government until the convening of the Constituent Assembly.
Presenter 2. Ex-Emperor Nicholas 2 reacted to this news with an entry in his diary: “God knows who advised him to sign such a nasty thing!” This was the end of the February Revolution.
Presenter 3. Dual power arose in Russia: the Provisional Government and the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Disputes arose between them not only over issues of government, but also over the issue of the national anthem. The Provisional Government approved the “Workers' Marseillaise” with the words of Pyotr Lavrov,(the music of “La Marseillaise” is heard in the recording)but the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies proclaimed the "International" as its anthem.
Sounds in the recording "Internationale".
Presenter 1. Nikolai Berdyaev, Russian religious and political philosopher, author of the original concept of the philosophy of freedom, said...
Nikolay Berdyaev: (slide No. 8)“He who was no one will become everything” - this principle of the revolutionary revolution, proclaimed by the “International”, is edited by life: “Who was no one has become nothing.” The revolution denies not only the individual, but also the connection with the past, with the fathers; it professes a religion of murder, not resurrection.” I see the reason for the revolution in the fact that “those in power did not fulfill their purpose... There was no creative development from above, no light was emitted... there were no creative spiritual forces to reform society... and therefore darkness broke through from below.”
Presenter 2. In the book “Cursed Days” the writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin writes.
Ivan Bunin: (slide number 9)“...the Satan of Cain's malice, bloodthirstiness and the wildest arbitrariness breathed on Russia precisely in those days when brotherhood, equality and freedom were proclaimed... A monkey awakens in a person... Blok hears Russia and the revolution like the wind... O verbiage! Rivers of blood, a sea of tears, but they don’t care.”
Presenter 3. In the same book, Bunin tried to explain the cause of the revolution.
Ivan Bunin: “They were terribly indifferent to the people during the war, they criminally lied about their patriotic upsurge, even when even an infant could not help but see that the people were fed up with the war. Where does this indifference come from? By the way, and from our inherent carelessness, frivolity, lack of habit and unwillingness to be serious in the most serious moments. Just think how carelessly, carelessly, even festively all of Russia reacted to the beginning of the revolution, to the greatest event in all history, which happened during the greatest war in the world!”
Presenter 1. In Russia, the state symbols also changed: the double-headed eagle was temporarily left, but without the attributes of royal power and without St. George the Victorious on the chest. The symbol of the February Revolution was a red bow and red banners. The word “comrade” was included in the speech.
Presenter 2. Writer Mikhail Prishvin wrote in “Diaries”...
Mikhail Prishvin: “Today, February 26, all the newspapers were not published. The whole city is filled with troops. “And who are you guarding here!” - the woman says to her soldier. And it’s clear that he doesn’t know who he’s guarding: his enemy.” March 3: “Time. It’s rare that anyone can talk about events with an exact definition of time; so many things happen in an ordinary hour. It’s a wonderful day – sunny and frosty. March. And the growing joy of the people. There is a huge movement on Nevsky, the illuminated imperial emblems are removed, piled up, lit, and an announcement about the abdication of the Tsar is shown in the windows. Processions of worker-soldiers with: “socialist republic” - “get up, rise up” (“God save the Tsar” does not exist).”
Presenter 3. The sentiments of the poet V.Ya. Bryusov in the first days of the February Revolution were in tune with the sentiments of millions of Russians. Tsarism has collapsed! Many believed that the victims, the shed blood, the suffering were left behind. The whole country held a stormy rally, as if in a hurry to make up for lost time during the long centuries of forced silence.
Valery Bryusov: (slide number 10)
Age-old dreams come true
All the best, all living hearts.
Transformed Russia
Finally free!
Presenter 2. The February Revolution of 1917, which was greeted with enthusiasm, although it put an end to the absolute monarchy in Russia, very soon disappointed the revolutionary-minded “lower strata” - the army, workers and peasants, who expected it to end the war, transfer land to the peasants, ease working conditions for workers and democratic power devices.
Presenter 3. The country has developed a powerful system of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which has become an alternative to the bodies of the Provisional Government.
Presenter 1. In July 1917, the Provisional Government carried out mass arrests of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet, and at the same time, demonstrations took place in Petrograd under the slogan “All power to the Soviets!”
Presenter 2. The Bolsheviks headed for an armed uprising in August 1917. Events developed rapidly.
Presenter 1. (slide number 11) At 10 a.m. on October 25, the Military Revolutionary Committee issued an appeal in which it announced that all “state power had passed into the hands of the body of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies.” At 21:00, a blank shot from the Baltic Fleet cruiser Aurora signaled the start of the assault on the Winter Palace, and at 2 a.m. on October 26, the Provisional Government was arrested.
Presenter 2. The attitude towards the revolutionary events of 1917 was ambiguous and contradictory: from “My revolution, I went to Smolny” by Mayakovsky to “Cursed days” by I. Bunin. This is how the poet Alexander Blok reacted to them.
Alexander Blok: (slide number 12)The revolution of October 25... greeted joyfully, with a new faith in the cleansing power of the revolution... I walked around young, cheerful, vigorous, with shining eyes and listened to that “music of the revolution”, to that noise of the fall of the old world, which was constantly heard in my ears .
Presenter 3. Mayakovsky was also enthusiastic about the revolution, and this attitude runs like a red thread through all the poet’s work. However, the author is well aware that a change of power is a serious social upheaval, which brings not only freedom to the common people, but also devastation, hunger, disease and drunken revelry. “Ode to the Revolution” is a landmark poem in this regard.
Vladimir Mayakovsky:(slide number 13)
You,
Booed
Laughed at by batteries
You,
Ulcerated by the slander of bayonets,
I exalt with enthusiasm
Over the swearing rheema
Odes solemn
"ABOUT!"
Oh, bestial!
Oh, children's!
Oh, cheap!
Oh, great one!
What other name did you have?
How else will you turn around, two-faced?
Presenter 1. “How will you turn around, two-faced?” the poet wonders, and there is no idle curiosity in this question, since in a very short period of time Mayakovsky saw not only the achievements of the new government, but also its shamelessness, rudeness, and inconsistency. Therefore, the author is at a loss as to what exactly these changes, frightening in their mercilessness, promise for his homeland.
Presenter 2. At the same time, Mayakovsky is delighted with the changes, therefore, turning to the revolution, he enthusiastically exclaims “Oh, glory four times, blessed one!”. And there is no pathos in this line, since the poet sincerely believes in a new society, not suspecting that the dual essence of the revolution that he glorifies will manifest itself more than once, turning into deprivation and humiliation for the people.
Presenter 3. Mayakovsky is sincerely convinced that revolution and poetry need each other; he believes in the effectiveness of the word.
Vladimir Mayakovsky.(see Appendix No. 2)
Presenter 1. But the writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin had a sharply negative attitude towards both the February and October revolutions.
Ivan Bunin: (slide number 14)
Stop, sun!
The flashing knitting needles fly and shine,
I'm sad and trembling,
And all forward from a flying chariot,
And I keep looking ahead.
What's ahead? Cliff, failure, abyss,
Bloody trail of dawn?
Oh, if only for the power and the imperious cry of Navin:
“Stop, sun! Stop, freeze!
Presenter 2. Bunin experienced the tragedy of the Russian people to the point of pain in his heart. He expressed his hatred of the Bolsheviks in his diary “Cursed Days.” The writer was also accused of hatred of Russia. In "Cursed Days" he writes.
Ivan Bunin. “There are two types of people. In one, Rus' predominates, in the other, Chud and Merya. But in both there is a terrible changeability of moods, appearances, “unsteadiness,” as they said in the old days. The people themselves said to themselves: “From us, like from wood, there is both a club and an icon,” depending on the circumstances, on who processes this wood, Sergius of Radonezh or Emelyan Pugachev. If I hadn’t loved this “icon”, this Rus', hadn’t seen it, why would I have gone so crazy all these years, why have I suffered so continuously, so fiercely?”
Presenter 2. Zinaida Gippius, brought up in the old Christian morality, believed that Russia was visited by the Antichrist. Gippius and Dmitry Merezhkovsky, her husband, accepted the 1917 revolution as the event that buried Russian culture.
Zinaida Gippius: (slide number 15)
Devils and dogs laugh at slave fights,
The guns laugh, mouths open,
And soon you will be driven into the old stable with a stick,
People who do not respect sacred things.
Presenter 3. The words of Zinaida Gippius are saturated with deep bitterness...
Zinaida Gippius:
Everything is in vain: the soul has gone blind,
We are devoted to the worm and the aphid,
She didn't even have ashes left
From Russian truth on earth.
Presenter 1 . The writer Maxim Gorky perceived the February and October revolutions ambiguously. In his pre-revolutionary works, he expressively reproduced the dark sides of Russian life: peasant savagery, bourgeois indifferent satiety, unlimited arbitrariness of power (the novel Foma Gordeev, the plays Bourgeois, At the Lower Depths). He tried (albeit not very convincingly) to find a force capable of resisting this life, first among the rebels - tramps ("Chelkash"), then among the revolutionary proletariat (the novel "Mother").
Presenter 2. And then came Untimely Thoughts. In this book, Gorky appears as a critic of Lenin, an exposer of the revolution, Soviet power, a predictor of future national disasters, because... There was a clash of ideals, in the name of which Gorky called for revolution, with the realities of revolutionary reality.
Maxim Gorky: (slide number 16) “Our revolution gave full play to all the bad and brutal instincts that had accumulated under the lead roof of the monarchy, and, at the same time, it threw aside all the intellectual forces of democracy, all the moral energy of the country... the main moral goal of the revolution is to turn yesterday’s slave into personality. But in reality, the October revolution provoked the release of the darkest, basest – zoological instincts. And if initially I tried to perceive the revolution as retribution to the former ruling class, now I believe that we must experience painful and severe retribution for the sins of the past - for our Asian, for this passivity with which we tolerated violence against us.
Presenter 3. Gorky is concerned about the fate of Russian culture, because... the revolution turned into anarchy, destruction, rampant cruelty and hatred.
Maksim Gorky. “They rob and sell churches, military museums... they rob the palaces of former grand dukes, they plunder everything that can be sold, they sell everything that can be sold... - nothing like this happened even in the era of the Great French Revolution.”
Presenter 1. Gorky laments the disappearance of “good, honest books” from the book market, and “the book is the best instrument of enlightenment.”
Presenter 2. He opposes the decision of the Council of People's Deputies on the issue of sending artists, painters, and musicians to the front, because he is afraid of “what will we live with, having used up our best brain?”
Presenter 3. Gorky accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. Revolution for him is a rebellion, an unprepared experiment of the Bolsheviks, a general catastrophe.
Maksim Gorky. “The Russian people will pay for this with lakes of blood...”
Presenter 1. Osip Mandelstam clearly did not accept the revolution and from the very beginning had no illusions about what was happening. The poem “Cassandra” is unusually topical and straightforward for Mandelstam with his metaphorical poetic thinking. It contains pictures - “a square with armored cars” - and calls - “freedom, equality, law” of those days. The image of Cassandra means catastrophe and the blindness of people who do not know what they are doing: according to the myth, no one believed the prophecies of Cassandra, the daughter of the Trojan king Priam, and in particular they did not believe the prophecies about the destruction of Troy.
Presenter 2 . And in the poem “Will-o’-the-wisp at a terrible height!..” the poet perceives the revolution as the dying of culture.
Presenter 3. The poem “A Century” is already an understanding of one’s era as a time of mortal breakdown, a break in traditions, and the collapse of culture. Mandelstam creates images that are terrible in their physiological nakedness: a “beast” eyelid, blood gushing from the throat, a broken spine of centuries, a sacrificed “crown of life.”
Osip Mandelstam. (slide number 17)(see Appendix No. 3)
Presenter 2. 1917 was a difficult period in the life of Marina Tsvetaeva. Carefree, quickly rushed times, when you could afford to live what you wanted, receded further into the past. “You can’t jump out of History” - these words she said later came true, one might say, at every step. Marina Tsvetaeva wanted to live an exclusively personal, private life, and Time tirelessly invaded this life.
Presenter 3. Marina Tsvetaeva did not accept or understand the October Revolution. It would seem that it was she, with all her rebellious nature, her human and poetic character, who could find a source of creative inspiration in the revolution. Even if she would not have been able to correctly understand the revolution, its goals and objectives, she should have at least felt it as a powerful and boundless element.
Marina Tsvetaeva.(slide number 18)
From a strict, slender temple
You came out into the screeching squares...
- Freedom! - Beautiful lady
Marquises and Russian princes.
A terrible rehearsal is taking place, -
Mass is still to come!
- Freedom! - Walking girl
On the naughty soldier's chest!
Presenter 1. And more lines from Marina Tsvetaeva’s poem.
Marina Tsvetaeva.(see Appendix No. 4)
Presenter 2. The revolution of 1917 had a huge impact on Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. The image of this event became firmly established in his work. Bulgakov, who did not accept the revolution, was in tense relations with the Soviet government. His works, imbued with hostility to the new reality, aroused strong fears among the country's top leadership, so his plays, novels and stories were almost constantly banned.
The song from the movie “Heart of a Dog” is playing in the recording.
Presenter 3. And really, how could it be possible to miss the story “The Heart of a Dog” in sadness, in which Bulgakov, through the mouth of Professor Preobrazhensky, says:
Mikhail Bulgakov: (slide number 19)“What is this destruction of yours? Old woman with a stick? The witch who broke all the windows and put out all the lamps? Yes, it doesn’t exist at all. What do you mean by this word? This is what it is: if I, instead of operating on everyevening , I’ll start singing in chorus in my apartment, I’ll be in ruins. If, entering the restroom, I start, excuse the expression, urinating past the toilet and Zina and Daria Petrovna do the same, devastation will begin in the restroom. Consequently, the devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads.”
Presenter 1. And in a conversation with Dr. Bormental, he advises...
Michael Bulgakov: « Never read Soviet newspapers before dinner.”
Presenter 1. But it was Sharikov from the novel “Heart of a Dog” who found himself in the revolution. He settled in, felt at home, at ease. The symptom of spiritual catastrophe in Soviet Russia is obvious - the writer concludes with his work. The sixty-year ban on the publication of this story in Russia is explained, for example, by the recall of L.B. Kamenev.
Presenter 2. “This is a poignant pamphlet on modernity; under no circumstances should it be printed.”
Presenter 3. So, having discovered the Sharikov phenomenon in society, M.A. Bulgakov guessed the grassroots figure that was necessary for the Stalinist bureaucracy to exercise its power over all social groups, strata and classes of the new state without exception.
Presenter 3. The revolution, which turned the entire way of life upside down, also affected the work of Sergei Yesenin. In his autobiography, the poet wrote: “I accepted the revolution, but with a peasant bias.”
Presenter 1. It couldn't be any other way. Yesenin is not just a lyricist, he is a poet of great intelligence and deep philosophical reflection.
Presenter 2. S. Yesenin responded to the revolution with “Small post-revolutionary poems”, among which the works “Comrade” and “Jordan Dove” should be noted. With the help of allegorical images, Yesenin tries to comprehend the revolutionary events, to understand what the revolution will lead to. The poems have a high proportion of conventions, which allows Yesenin to convey the general atmosphere of the revolutionary years. This is what the poet writes in the poem “Comrade”.
Sergey Yesenin. (slide number 20)(see Appendix No. 5)
Presenter 3. In the poem “Jordan Dove” Yesenin admits... Sergey Yesenin. (see Appendix No. 6) Presenter 1. The revolution divided poets and prose writers not according to the degree of talent, but according to their ideological orientation. Alexander Fadeev characterized the left wing of Russian literature this way... Alexander Fadeev. (slide number 21)We entered literature wave after wave, there were many of us. We brought our personal life experience, our individuality. We were united by the feeling of the new world as our own and love for it. Presenter 2. The most prominent representatives of the left wing were A. Serafimovich, K. Trenev, V. Vishnevsky, E. Bagritsky, M. Svetlov and others. Presenter 3. Among the writers who captured the image of October 1917 are John Reed (“Ten Days That Shook the World”), A. Serafimovich (“Iron Stream”), A. Fadeev (“Destruction”). In their works they captured the heroic greatness of the era of the October Revolution. Of course, the era of revolutionary transformations gave birth to Pavka Korchagin in N. Ostrovsky’s novel “How the Steel Was Tempered”, Sasha Dvanov in A. Platonov’s “Chevengur” and other heroes. Presenter 2. Maximilian Voloshin was not included in the literature of the left front. His poem “Civil War” is dictated by a Christian view of events and a great love for Russia. Maximilian Voloshin:(see Appendix No. 7) Presenter 3 . According to Voloshin, both the Reds and the Whites are to blame, as they considered their truth to be the only true one. These lines are also interesting because of the poet’s personal attitude towards the warring parties: both of them are apostates, they allowed demons into Russia. Maximilian Voloshin:(slide number 22) The demons danced and ran wild Across Russia up and down... Presenter 1. You need to pray for them, overwhelmed by anger, you need to feel sorry for them. The events in the country were assessed quite differently by the romantic poets E. Bagritsky, M. Svetlov, M. Golodny, N. Tikhonov, convinced that one could come to the sunny land without end through fratricidal bacchanalia and terror. Presenter 3. Since 2015, in accordance with the new concept of studying national history and the historical and cultural standard, there is no division into the February and October revolutions, but there is the Great Russian Revolution, which lasted from February to November 1917. The events of February - March are now called the “February Revolution”, and October - the “seizure of power by the Bolsheviks”. Presenter 2. (slide number 23)How many people - so many opinions. The view on the revolutions of 1917 is very ambiguous. Regardless of assessments and political preferences, every person who cares about the future of his country must remember those distant events of 1917. They can be assessed and interpreted in different ways, but it is important to remember that this is our history and should not be allowed to be mixed with dirt by lovers of sensationalism and political revelations. As we know, whoever owns the past owns the future. Only by studying and understanding this period of our history will we suddenly discover a lot of new things in our present, because the past and the present are inextricably linked, no matter how much they try to convince us otherwise. Remember your history, study it. Thank you for your attention!(slide number 24) |
Appendix No. 1. |
Literature:
- In the world of Yesenin: Collection of articles. - M., 1986.
- Ivanov N.N. The World of Mikhail Prishvin: Textbook. Yaroslavl: Publishing house YAGPU im. K.D. Ushinsky, 2001.
- Koroleva N.V. Z.N. Gippius and A.A. Akhmatova // Zinaida Nikolaevna Gippius: New materials. Research. – M.: IMLI RAS, 2002.
- Lakshin V.Ya. Bulgakiada. M: Pravda, 1987.
- Mayakovsky V.V. Works in two volumes, M.: Pravda, 1987.
- Prishvin M.M. Collected Works in eight volumes. T.8. M., 1986.
- Slivitskaya O.V. "A heightened sense of life." The world of Ivan Bunin. – M.: Ros. State Humanitarian University, 2004.
- Spiridonova L.A. Comprehension of the Russian revolution in the works of Voloshin: in collection. Materials of the Voloshin readings 1991 - Koktebel, 1997.
- Tsvetaeva M. Favorites. M., "Enlightenment", 1989.
- Quote By: Spiridonova L. M.Gorky: Dialogue with history. M., 1994. P. 92.
- Etkind E. Blok’s dual worlds: In the book: There, inside. – St. Petersburg, 1996.
- Etkind E. Osip Mandelstam. Trilogy about the century: In the book: There, inside, St. Petersburg, 1996.
Appendix No. 2.
Vladimir Mayakovsky.
Who you are?
We
Carriers of the new faith,
Beauty sets an iron tone.
So that the frail natures do not defile the public gardens,
We're throwing reinforced concrete into the sky.
Winners,
We walk around the world
Through the angry roar of the old people.
And everyone
The next incident to remember.
Once
To the rainbow
Fist
The policeman raised his hand:
Why, they say, I’m smarter and cleaner! –
And the rainbow
Broke out
And come on
Shine again on the police fist.
Is it a communist?
Spread out
To those who are older?
Preserve the safety of their homes?
This is a revolution
And at the passionate monastery
Drew:
“He who does not work does not eat.”
Revolution
Threw it away
Those who
collapsing
Mourned with a thousand births,
Because he knows:
A new architect is coming -
This is us,
Portholes of tomorrow's cities.
We are going
Unbreakable
Cheerfully.
Appendix No. 3.
Osip Mandelstam.
My age, my beast, who can
Look into your pupils
And with his blood he will glue
Two centuries of vertebrae?
Throat from earthly things,
The backbone only trembles
On the threshold of new days...
Blood - the construction worker is gushing
Throat of earthly things
And splashes with burning fish
The warm cartilage of the seas hits the shore.
And from a high bird's net,
From azure wet blocks
Indifference pours, pours
To your fatal bruise.
Appendix No. 4.
Marina Tsvetaeva.
Obscurantism. - Tornado. - Sodom.
Take care of the Nest and Home.
Duty and Loyalty unleashed,
Young man - don't sleep!
At the gates, like Good News,
Let Honor stand as a white guard.
Circle your house - boundary,
May the Stranger not enter into it.
Protect from the evil of the waves
Son and grandfathers garden hill.
Under the blows of evil fate -
Above are the great-grandfather's oaks.
Appendix No. 5.
Sergey Yesenin.
He was the son of a simple worker,
And the story about him is very short.
The only thing about him was that his hair was like night
Yes, the eyes are blue, meek.
Martin lived and no one knew about him.
The days pounded sadly, like rain on iron.
And only sometimes over a meager lunch
His father taught him to sing the Marseillaise.
“When you grow up,” he said, “you will understand...
You’ll figure out why we’re so poor!”
And his chipped knife trembled dully
Over a stale crust of daily food.
But here under the plank
Window -
Two winds waved
Wing;
Then with the spring flood
Waters
Russian shot up
People...
Appendix No. 6
Sergey Yesenin.
The sky is like a bell
The month is a language
My mother is my homeland,
I am a Bolshevik.
For the sake of the universe
Brotherhood of Man
I rejoice in the song
Your death.
Sturdy and strong
To your death
The bell is blue
I've been hitting for a month.
Lay brothers
My song to you.
I hear in the fog
Good news.
Appendix No. 7.
Maximilian Voloshin:
And the roar of battles does not cease
Across all the expanses of the Russian steppe
Among the golden splendors
Stubble trampled by horses.
And here and there between the rows
The same voice sounds:
He who is not for us is against us.
There are no indifferent people, the truth is with us.
And I stand alone between them
In roaring flames and smoke
And with all our might
I pray for both.
Methodological development of a lesson on the topic:
"February Revolution of 1917 in Russia"
Goals:
To lead students to understand the reasons for the fall of the monarchy in Russia.
Ensure that students understand the idea that the February Revolution is an attempt to implement the bourgeois revolutionary path of development of the country.
Continue to develop the skills to establish cause-and-effect relationships, independently draw conclusions, and analyze historical sources.
Type: learning new material.
Form: lesson-dialogue.
Below are two types of lessons, one of which is conducted using video.
Training equipment:
Video from the series “Russia. XX century", produced by TPO "PIMEN-TV", distributed by video studio "KVART", Moscow. Film 11,12 “February Revolution of 1917 in Russia”, “From February to October 1917”; map "Russia. 1917. February-October"; workbook.
Board design:
topic of the lesson, plan for studying a new topic, new concepts (alternative, amnesty, coalition government), questions for the video, homework.
Literature:
Volkogonov D.A. Lenin is a political portrait. M., 1994
Gerasimenko G.A. People and power. M., 1995
Zlokazov G.I. “Menshevik-SR All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets in 1917. M., 1997
Ioffe G.Z. The seventeenth year: Lenin, Kerensky, Kornilov. M., 1995
Story. Package - a set of documents / edited by D.I. Poltorak M., 1993
Latyshev A. Declassified Lenin. M., 1996
Mensheviks in 1917. M., 1994-1997
Rabinovich A. Bloody days: July uprising in 1917. in Petrograd. M., 1992.
Startsev V.I. Domestic policy of the Provisional Government of the first composition. L., 1980
Sukhanov N.N. Notes on the revolution. M., 1997
Shlyapnikov A.G. Eve of the seventeenth year. Seventeenth year. M., 1992.
During the classes:
Conversation on issues.
Organizing time.
Updating students’ basic knowledge on the topic “The First World War”
How did Russia’s participation in the First World War affect the internal situation in the country?
Why did food shortages begin in Moscow and Petrograd?
III . Studying a new topic.
Plan:
Causes of the February Revolution in 1917 in Russia.
The essence of dual power.
Activities of the new government.
Bolshevik power position. April theses.
Crisis of the Provisional Government. Speech by Kornilov.
October events in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks came to power.
Lesson task for students : What are the causes and results of the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia?
What were the reasons for the Bolsheviks coming to power in October 1917?
Teacher's story about the causes of the February Revolution
(to the extent of the textbook).
Student assignment : Write down in your notebook the reasons for the February Revolution from the teacher’s story.
Checking notes in notebooks.
The reasons for the revolution can be formulated something like this:
The agrarian question was not resolved. The peasantry suffered from poverty and land shortage.
The lack of labor legislation strained relations between workers and business owners.
Crisis of autocracy.
The people's expectation of the end of the First World War.
Fetisov Nikolay Petrovich Krasnodar region
The economic devastation caused by the war led the population to poverty and hunger.
The government's Russification policy gave rise to hatred among national minorities.
3. Working with the textbook text.
Textbook 1, pp. 96-97
4. Conversation on what you read.
What events marked the beginning of the February Revolution?
What slogans did the demonstrators put forward?
What changes took place in the Petrograd Military District?
What measures does the emperor take?
5. The teacher’s story about dual power.
(to the extent of the textbook using the diagram)
6. Students work with historical documents and talk about issues.
A)From the resolution of the Provisional Government on the creation of land committees .
The most important next issue of the country - the land issue - can be resolved finally and correctly only by the Constituent Assembly, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret popular vote.
But for such a decision, it is necessary to first collect widespread information about the new law on land structure. For this purpose, the Provisional Government is forming the Main Land Committee, which will carry out this work with the assistance of local provincial, district and volost land committees...
Fetisov Nikolay Petrovich Krasnodar region
(Anthology on the history of the USSR, 1917-1945:
Textbook for teachers. institutes for special "Story"
Comp. S.I. Degtev et al.; edited by E.M. Shchagin. M.: Enlightenment, 1991.P.12)
What issue did the Provisional Government consider to be the most important solution?
When was the Provisional Government going to solve the agrarian question?
Why does the provisional government create the Main Land Committee?
b)Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies for the garrison of the Petrograd Military District.
To the garrison of the Petrograd district to all soldiers of the guard, army, artillery and navy for immediate and precise execution, and to the workers of Petrograd for information.
The Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies decided:
In all companies, battalions, regiments, parks, batteries, squadrons, and individual services of various types of military departments and on naval vessels, immediately select committees from elected representatives from the lower ranks of the above military units.
In all military units that have not yet elected their representatives to the Council of Workers' Deputies, elect one representative from each company, who will present themselves with written certificates to the State Duma building by 10 a.m. on March 2.
In all its political speeches, the military unit is subordinate to the council of workers' and soldiers' deputies and its committees...
6. Soldiers in the ranks and on duty
must observe the strictest military discipline...
7. ...Rough treatment of soldiers of all military ranks and, in
in particular, addressing them as “you” is prohibited...
(Anthology on the history of the USSR, 1900 - late 1930s: A manual for teachers
Comp. S.I. Martunenkov; Ed. Yu.I. Korableva.
M.: Education, 1988 p. 128-129)
c) From the agreement between the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Petrograd Society of Factories and Factory Owners.
On the introduction of an eight-hour working day, the organization of factory committees and conciliation chambers.
Fetisov Nikolay Petrovich Krasnodar region
An agreement was reached between the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Petrograd Society of Factories and Factories on the introduction of an eight-hour working day, factory committees and conciliation chambers in factories.
Pending the publication of the law on normalization of the working day, an eight-hour working day (8 hours of actual work) is introduced in all factories and factories in all shifts.
On the eve of Sundays, work is carried out within 7 hours.
Reducing work hours should not affect wages.
Overtime work is permitted with the consent of factory committees.
8-hour working day
Factory committees
In all plants and factories, factory committees (councils of elders) are established, elected from among the workers of a given enterprise on the basis of universal, equal, etc. voting rights.
The task of these committees is:... b) formulating opinions on issues of the socio-economic life of the workers of a given enterprise; c) resolving issues relating to internal relationships between the workers of the enterprise themselves...
(Anthology on the history of the USSR, 1917-1945: a textbook for pedagogical institutes on the specialty “History” / compiled by S.I. Degtev and others; edited by E.M. Shchagin. M.: Prosveshchenie, 1991 with 9-10).
What was the significance of Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies?
What conclusions can be drawn based on this document?
What was common in the first steps of the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet?
On what issues did the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet differ in opinion?
Additionally, you can analyze excerpts from the declaration of the Provisional Government, published on March 3, 1917. See textbook pp. 97-98.
7. Students’ work with a historical document.
From an article by V.I. Lenin
"On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution."
Theses
1. ... explain the inextricable connection of capital with the imperialist war, prove that it is impossible to end the war with a truly democratic, non-violent peace without the overthrow of capital.
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Organization of the widest propaganda of this view in the army.
Fraternization.
2. The uniqueness of the current moment in Russia lies in the transition from the first stage of the revolution, which gave power to the bourgeoisie due to the insufficient consciousness and organization of the proletariat, to its second stage, which should give power into the hands of the proletariat and the poorest strata of the peasantry.
This transition is characterized, on the one hand, by a maximum of legality (Russia is now the freest country in the world of all the warring countries), on the other hand, by the absence of violence against the masses and, finally, by their trusting and unconscious attitude towards the government of capitalists, the worst enemies of peace and socialism .
3. No support for the provisional government, no explanation of the complete falsity of all its promises, especially regarding the renunciation of annexations...
4. Recognition of the factor that in the majority of Soviets of Workers’ Deputies our party is in the minority...
Clarifying to the masses that S.R.D. is the only possible form of revolutionary government and that therefore our task, while this government succumbs to the influence of the bourgeoisie, can only be a patient, systematic, persistent, adapting especially to the practical needs of the masses, explaining the errors of their tactics.
While we are in the minority, we carry out the work of criticism and clarification of mistakes, preaching at the same time the need for the transfer of all state power to the Soviets of Workers' Deputies, so that the masses can get rid of their mistakes through experience.
5. Not a parliamentary republic - a return to it from S.R.D. would be a step backwards, - but a republic of Soviets of workers, farm laborers and peasants’ deputies throughout the country, from bottom to top...
6. In the agrarian program, shifting the center of gravity to the Soviets of farm laborers' deputies.
Confiscation of all landowners' lands.
Nationalization of all lands in the country, disposal of land by local Soviets of farm laborers and peasants' deputies. Allocation of Soviets of Deputies from the poorest peasants. Creation of each large estate (in the amount of about 100 dessiatines to 300 according to local and other conditions and as determined by local institutions) into a model farm under the control of farm laborers' deputies and at the public expense.
7. Immediate merger of all banks into one national bank and the introduction of control over it by S.R.D.
8. Not “the introduction of socialism, as our immediate task, but the transition immediately only to control by the S.R.D. for social production and distribution of products...
Fetisov Nikolay Petrovich Krasnodar region
(Lukyanov M.N. Russia. 1917-1941. Documents. Materials. Comments. A book for those who study the history of the Fatherland. Perm, PSU, 1993, pp. 17-18).
8. Conversation on questions regarding the document.
What was the attitude of the Bolshevik leaders towards the war?
What did Lenin see as the uniqueness of the “current moment” in Russia?
What are the main tasks set by Lenin in the political sphere?
What ways to achieve these tasks does Lenin indicate?
What does Lenin propose to do to solve the agrarian question?
What other steps does the Bolshevik leader propose to take to change the situation in the country?
9. The teacher’s story about the October armed uprising.
(in the volume of the textbook)
Assignment for students: independently formulate and write down in a notebook the reasons for the Bolsheviks coming to power.
10. Checking and correcting entries in students’ notebooks.
The reasons for the Bolsheviks coming to power can be formulated as follows:
Economic, social, political crisis in the country in 1917.
Mistakes of the temporary government (delaying resolution of the agrarian issue, continuation of the war).
The desire of the majority of workers, soldiers, and sailors to quickly resolve the main issues of life (the question of peace, of land, of changing the situation in factories).
The energy of the actions of members of the Bolshevik parties (Bolshevisation of the Soviets).
Political will and organizational talent of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party - Lenin and Trotsky (timely promotion of democratic slogans).
IV. Reinforcing what has been learned in the lesson.
Completing tasks from the workbook.
a) worksheet 2, page 48,
b) worksheet 3, page 49, worksheet 8-9, pages 53-54.
V. Summing up the lesson.
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Homework:
2. Prepare oral, detailed answers to the questions:
What are the causes and results of the February 1917 revolution in Russia?
What were the reasons for the Bolshevik Party coming to power in October 1917?
3. Complete the task from the workbook: worksheet 4, page 50; worksheet 6, page 51.
The second option for conducting a lesson using a video film .
Video from the series “Russia. XX century", produced by TPO "PIMEN-TV", distributed by video studio "KVART", Moscow. Film 11 “February Revolution of 1917”.
Questions for the video:
What events gave rise to mass riots in Petrograd in February 1917?
What is the essence of dual power?
Who headed the Petrograd Soviet?
Who headed the Provisional Government?
To whom did Nicholas II transfer power?
What did workers, peasants, and soldiers expect from the revolution?
What events did the Provisional Government plan to carry out?
Why didn’t the Provisional Government approve the regulation introducing an 8-hour working day?
Video from the series “Russia. XX century", produced by TPO "PIMEN-TV", distributed by video studio "KVART", Moscow. Film 12 “From February to October 1917.”
Questions for the video:
What does the term "coalition government" mean? When did the first such government appear?
What course did Lenin proclaim in his famous “April Theses”?
Formulate the main reasons for the April, June and July crises of the Provisional Government?
What is the reason for the popularity of A. Kerensky during the period of dual power in our country?
Fetisov Nikolay Petrovich Krasnodar region
Game lesson option.
To conduct a game lesson, you should inform the students in advance about the game, its rules, assign roles and ask them to prepare for the game, after reading the paragraph. The class should be divided into two groups: “representatives of the Provisional Government” and “representatives of the Petrograd Council of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies.”
A game.
The lesson should have been a debate between two opposing sides about who brings more benefit to the cause of the revolution. Speeches must be reasoned, with references to historical facts. Moreover, speakers should try to speak from the position of their heroes, and not from the position of today. Students should ask questions to the speakers. Speakers can ask questions of each other. The teacher can also intervene in the discussion. The most active and prepared students receive a grade of “five”.
Great Russian Revolution- a radical change in Russian history. The process, which has affected all spheres of public life, has not yet acquired an unambiguous assessment in the historical consciousness of modern Russia, which is experiencing a period of social, cultural and political transformation. Many aspects of this period of Russian history remain undisclosed or disclosed in a biased and politically biased manner.
2017 is the year of the centenary of the 1917 Revolution. The centenary milestone is significant for historical memory. It is now necessary to support the trend of reconciling society with the events of 1917 and promote the popularization of high-quality historical knowledge to draw lessons from them.
Russian Historical Society takes an active part in the preparation and holding of events dedicated to the Great Russian Revolution, guided by the values of science, verifiability and civil solidarity, expressed in a sensitive and objective approach to historical events.
“We approached the topic of the 1917 Revolution prepared. Its wide discussion took place at various venues, as part of the development of the concept of teaching national history at school. Even then, it was proposed to consider the Great Russian Revolution as a complex and dramatic process, including interconnected stages. Events of February and October 1917, the fall of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic, elections to the Constituent Assembly and the Kornilov rebellion, the establishment of Soviet power and a bloody civil war,”
- Chairman of the Russian Historical Society Sergei Naryshkin.
Project news:
The study of the causes and consequences of the Great Russian Revolution will continue - such a statement was made by the Chairman of the Russian Historical Society Sergei Naryshkin at the final meeting of the organizing committee for the preparation and holding of events dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the 1917 revolution in Russia.
An exhibition opened at the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art "Porcelain Revolution. Dream of a New World. Soviet porcelain". The exhibition features hundreds of decorative plates, cups, saucers, and sculptures produced during the first twenty years of the Soviet state, which are traditionally called propaganda porcelain.
The International Historical and Musical Festival of Children and Youth Creativity “The Russian Revolution of 1917: Musical Memory of Generations” was held in the concert hall of the Academic Song and Dance Ensemble of the Russian Army named after A.V. Alexandrov.
A modular exhibition “The Revolution of 1917 on the streets of Moscow in archival documents and photographs” opened on Nikolskaya Street. The exhibition was prepared by the Russian Society of Historian-Archivists and the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities with the support of the Russian Historical Society and the History of the Fatherland Foundation.
A concert at the Mariinsky Theater, a demonstration of unique documents from the archives of the Navy and the laying of a stone at the Admiralty Shipyards in memory of the shipbuilders of the era of the revolution and the Civil War: events dedicated to the centenary of the revolutionary coup in Russia were held in St. Petersburg.
On the eve of the centenary of the Great Russian Revolution Sergey Naryshkin gave an exclusive interview to First Deputy General Director of TASS Mikhail Gusman, in which he spoke about the significance of this historical event for Russian citizens, its assessment in modern Russian society, as well as about the events held throughout the country in anticipation of this date.
In Russia, a memorial to all those who died during the revolution and the Civil War may soon appear. This proposal was made by State Duma deputies at parliamentary hearings “Centenary of the 1917 Revolution in Russia: international aspects”.
The State Historical Museum is preparing to open the exhibition “Energy of Dreams”. It will be the final and largest event in the calendar of events dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Great Russian Revolution.
The International Scientific Conference “Russian Revolution and the Constitution” was held at the House of the Russian Historical Society. It brought together several dozen experts from different countries - historians, lawyers, political scientists, economists, and cultural experts.
The “Week of the Russian Revolution” has started in Paris: in the coming days, several major scientific forums and other events dedicated to the events of 1917 and their impact on the world will be held in the French capital.
Towards the end of 2017 - the year of understanding the tragic events of 100 years ago: “100th anniversary of the revolutions of 1917: myths and facts” - speech by Doctor of Historical Sciences V.M. Lavrov in the Lecture Hall of the Trinity Church on Sparrow HillsWhat kind of “revolution” took place in 1917 and how many there were - Vladimir Mikhailovich began his speech with these questions. From his point of view, the February and October revolutions were two different revolutions, so much so that the October revolution in relation to the February one was even called a “counter-revolution” at first. But at the same time, both revolutions were part of a single historical process: the “red wheel” began to roll in February, and this process ended in the summer of 1918, when a large-scale Civil War began. As for the “form,” Vladimir Mikhailovich noted that the October Revolution was a coup d’etat: the “revolution” took place in such a way that everything in the capital worked as usual, but at the same time they “took the Winter Palace.” A more complex question is what the February Revolution was: the Bolsheviks called it bourgeois-democratic, whereas it was precisely it that ultimately led to the cessation of the existence of both the bourgeois system and democracy. In form, according to the speaker, it represented unrest, a rebellion, only not suppressed, but victorious.
According to Vladimir Mikhailovich, it is very important to remember that since 1861, a “revolution” has been taking place in the country from above - transformations and reforms carried out by the state for several decades in a row, until the beginning of the 20th century. And, judging by all the main indicators of development, it was a successful modernization - starting with the fact that during this period the country held second place in terms of economic development for decades, and under Nicholas II it came out on top. Literally in all sectors, unprecedented scientific and technological progress was observed, and if the natural course of development had not been interrupted, our country would have very quickly achieved amazing results. Here it is appropriate to recall the construction by imperial Russia of its main railway - the Trans-Siberian Railway, without the slave labor of prisoners and those incredible victims that took place on smaller-scale railway construction projects of the Soviet regime. During the First World War, the situation in Petrograd was much better than in the capitals of other states participating in the war: we did not have food cards introduced and there were not even queues for food, while in Germany, for example, there were cards and severe hunger, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Finally, as for the war itself: it is significant that the tsarist troops fought the Germans not in the Volga region or near the capitals, but on very distant borders. Neither Minsk, nor Riga, nor Kyiv were surrendered, unlike the next German war. Russia in 1916 was really on the verge of a great victory; under treaties with Great Britain and France, it was supposed to receive Constantinople, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles and would have become the most powerful military-political power in the world if not for the revolutions of 1917.
The events of 1917 were not the result of an objective and inevitable “revolutionary process”. According to V.M. Lavrov, the revolution was openly provoked by internal forces, external forces, and the press, which created an inadequate negativist atmosphere. What, if not a provocation, were such strange events as the sudden dismissal of 36 thousand workers of the Putilov plant on the very day of the emperor’s departure to Headquarters in Mogilev, and this was preceded by a meeting of the Octobrist conspirator Guchkov with the management of the plant; the emperor's departure to Mogilev itself took place on a strange call from Headquarters, without explaining the reason for the urgent call; At the same time, false rumors were spread about a shortage of bread, the delivery of which was simply delayed due to snow drifts on the railway tracks. The result was that women and laid-off workers standing in lines for bread came out for the first revolutionary demonstration on February 23 (March 8) - and this is an instructive example of how major unrest can be provoked and that all the necessary technologies have long been available for such provocations.
According to V.M., he played a huge role in the country’s slide into revolution. Lavrov, criticism, fueled for decades by the intelligentsia and the press - the only media of that time. Russian magazines of the late 19th and early 20th centuries constantly criticized everything, paying attention primarily to shortcomings and problems and completely underestimating positive processes and major achievements. The censorship was such that everything critical was freely published, from atheistic and Marxist to feminist works. As noted by V.M. Lavrov, the main problem of February was that there was no end to all sorts of claims. However, after October, many intellectuals radically changed their attitude towards both the revolution and pre-revolutionary Russia. In this sense, the revolution truly began in the minds and hearts, not in the streets.
Of course, one of the factors that allowed the revolution to happen and win was the direct influence of external forces. It is important to know that Great Britain and France recognized the coup d'etat on March 1, 1917, before the abdication of the legitimate head of state Nicholas II. But the main external factor was, of course, Germany, which, anticipating its military defeat from Russia, was most interested in blowing it up from the inside. The Germans really allocated a lot of money to the revolutionaries for the so-called “propaganda of peace in Russia” - and the Bolshevik press began to be published in huge circulations. Lenin received funding from the German intelligence services through their agent Parvus, who organized a front company for the sale of medical supplies in Copenhagen; It was Lenin who was the only politician who advocated Russia's immediate withdrawal from the war and the pro-German conditions of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. So, as noted by V.M. Lavrov and Lenin can fully be considered a foreign agent.
Speaking about the lessons that need to be learned from the tragic experience of the revolution, Vladimir Mikhailovich noted that, first of all, it is impossible to overthrow legitimate power: the destruction of legitimate power leads to an increasingly strong slide into lawlessness. This is V.M. Lavrov directly compared it with the events that took place in Kyiv already in February 2014: there were many complaints against President Yanukovych, but as soon as the coup d’état took place and the legitimate government was overthrown, the slide into turmoil and civil war began. Only the path of reform is a civilized version of transformation: legal, gradual, without sacrifice and blood.
But the deepest reason leading to such upheavals, according to V.M. Lavrov, is a spiritual crisis. The tsarist government carried out outstanding socio-economic reforms, but did not keep track of the problems in the spiritual and moral sphere, the formalization and weakening of the Orthodox faith that took place - the core on which everything rests. Formalization and weakening of faith, from the speaker’s point of view, were associated with the very rapid development of capitalism, the massive emergence of consumer values and consumption ideology. An indicative manifestation of the spiritual crisis was the crisis of the traditional family: in pre-revolutionary Petrograd, the majority of the population did not live in families; Let's say, workers left their families in the villages and lived on their own in the capital, which greatly contributed to the loss of moral guidelines and the growth of prostitution. The Bolsheviks gave an ideological justification for the ongoing decomposition: after all, as Lenin directly stated, there is no universal and Christian morality, but what is moral is what serves the socialist revolution, the cause of communism. But still, according to Vladimir Mikhailovich, despite all the spiritual and moral problems of pre-revolutionary Russia, the Orthodox Church retained great spiritual potential, and it is fully revealed in the huge host of new martyrs that emerged as a result of the Bolshevik persecutions; and it was thanks to them, from the speaker’s point of view, that Russia survived the terrible 20th century.
The speech of Vladimir Mikhailovich Lavrov aroused great interest and a lengthy discussion. V.M. Lavrov emphasized that in order to expose the myths about the 1917 revolution, it is very important to know the truth about Nicholas II, pre-revolutionary Russia and the whole truth about Lenin. And for modern Russia, the most important thing is to finally realize that we are the heirs not of Soviet, but of thousand-year-old Russia. And then, when this awareness occurs, spiritual rebirth will also occur!
From modern books exposing myths about the revolution, V.M. Lavrov drew the audience’s attention to the book by A.N. Bokhanov “Nicholas II” in the series “ZhZL” and on the books of P.V. Multituli about the policies of Nicholas II and his role in the First World War.
Lesson developments (lesson notes)
Secondary general education
Russian history
Attention! The administration of the site rosuchebnik.ru is not responsible for the content of methodological developments, as well as for the compliance of the development with the Federal State Educational Standard.
Explanatory note
The class hour is designed for 11th grade students.
The main task of the teacher is to create a “live” informal dialogue, introducing high school students to understanding the facts of modern Russian history. Completing this task is possible only after deep penetration into the essence of the problem. Therefore, the leading principles of organizing the classroom are problem-based research and the understanding that civic position should be formed only on the basis of solid, reliable historical knowledge and humanistic values.
Before class time, preliminary work is carried out. Students are given the task of preparing brief historical notes “The October Revolution of 1917. Chronicle of events”, “Prerequisites for the October Revolution”, “Alignment of socio-political forces during the Civil War”, “Creation of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army”, “White Movement. Monarchists. Octobrists. Cadets. Social Revolutionaries", "Insurgent partisan movement and national movements". In order to actively involve students in the discussion, they are given a proactive task to find material on the topic of the class hour; “Assessment of the Great October Revolution and its consequences. Opinions of scientists and experts.”
The purpose of the class hour: nurturing a sense of patriotism and citizenship.
Tasks:
- Development of historical thinking;
- Formation of humanistic values, moral education;
- Expanding your horizons and knowledge on this topic.
Basic method: an integrated approach to revealing the topic (history and fiction).
Equipment: computer, projector, fragments of the feature films “The Forty-First” (1956, director G. Chukhrai), “Two Comrades Served” (1968, director E. Karelov), “Admiral” (2008, director A. Kravchuk).
Classroom plan
Progress of the class hour
1. Opening speech by the class teacher
The October Revolution of 1917 took place on October 25 according to the old style or November 7 according to the new style. The initiator, ideologist and main protagonist of the revolution was the Bolshevik Party - the Russian Social Democratic Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (party pseudonym Lenin) and Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Trotsky). As a result, power changed in Russia. Instead of a bourgeois government, the country was led by a proletarian government. The Bolsheviks put forward the slogans “Power to the Soviets”, “Peace to the peoples”, “Land to the peasants”, “Factory to the workers”.
The goals of the October Revolution of 1917 were:
- Building a more just society than the capitalist one;
- Eradicating the exploitation of man by man;
- Equality of people in rights and responsibilities;
- Fight against wars;
- World socialist revolution.
It should be noted that the goals were achieved. The Bolsheviks won and the dictatorship of the proletariat was established. The results of the revolution were comprehended and rethought within a century after its completion. But all historians are unanimous on one thing: the Great October Socialist Revolution is the main event of the 20th century; it influenced the subsequent course of events in world history.
2. Student messages
- “October Revolution of 1917. Chronicle of events";
- “Prerequisites for the October Revolution”;
- “The alignment of socio-political forces during the Civil War”;
- "Creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army."
3. Viewing fragments of feature films on the topic followed by discussion
There are different approaches to assessing revolutionary events. If we consider it from a moral aspect, then the revolution (as a change in the political system, a violent change of power) and the subsequent Civil War (the struggle between citizens of one state) are a manifestation of cruelty and hatred. A clear illustration of this position is Russian literature, which has always considered the tragic events of our history from a humanistic point of view. Russian literature as a whole perceived the revolution and civil war as a great tragedy of the people. Remember A.M. Gorky “Untimely Thoughts”, I.A. Bunin “Cursed days”, M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don".
And the roar of battles does not cease
Across all the expanses of the southern steppe,
Among the golden splendors
Horses trampled crops.
And here and there between the rows
The same voice sounds:
“Whoever is not for us is against us.
No one is indifferent: the truth is with us.”
And I stand alone between them
In roaring flames and smoke,
And with all our might
I pray for both.
(M. Voloshin “Civil War”)
Watching a fragment of the film “The Forty-First”
based on the story of the same name by B. A. Lavrenev (the final scene when Maryutka shoots Lieutenant Govorukh-Otrok).
Watching a fragment of the film “Two Comrades Served”
(a fragment of the acquaintance of Koryakin and Nekrasov, Ivan Trofimovich’s reasoning about the importance of the proletarian essence and the noble origin of Lenin).
Watching a fragment of the film “Admiral”
(execution of officers by sailors).
Questions for the class:
- When history is made, do you think one person's life matters?
- Can any end justify the means?
- Is M. Voloshin’s position close to you or do you disagree with this formulation of the question?
- How do you evaluate the action of the Red Army soldier Maryutka?
- Who do you think the revolutionary romantics were?
- Why did Popovich Nekrasov volunteer to serve in the Red Army?
- Is the manifestation of revolutionary cruelty and class hatred a forced necessity or a pattern? Can this be justified?
Conclusions after discussion: Of course, history “thinks” in certain categories, studying the fate of nations, millions of people. Literature explores the fate of one person against the backdrop of events of a specific time. Historical science analyzes complex contradictory processes in society, which are both subjective and objective in nature, and literature, like any other form of art, studies primarily the “life of the spirit and soul,” the inner life of a person. This fundamental difference needs to be understood.
Certain prerequisites have developed for the emergence of a revolutionary situation in Russia. The revolution took place and was ultimately victorious. This is a historical objective reality that we must accept. But we must not forget about the tragic events that accompanied this process: for example, the execution of the Royal Family, the policy of war communism. Stalin's personality cult, collectivization, repressions, which were later condemned in 1956 in the report of N.S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU.
Let's try to understand these difficult historical realities.
4. Analytical conversation
Getting to know the positions of both military-political forces:
“Bolsheviks. Red Army"
A large-scale Civil War was considered a logical continuation of the revolution. The fighting, the purpose of which was to promote the ideas of the revolution, was supposed to consolidate the power of the Bolsheviks and contribute to the spread of the ideas of socialism throughout the world. During the war, the Bolsheviks planned to destroy the bourgeoisie as a class. Thus, based on this, the ultimate goal of the “reds” is world revolution.
"Anti-Bolshevik forces: the White movement and the democratic counter-revolution"
The documents of the Volunteer Army formulated the following program: “Destruction of Bolshevik anarchy, establishment of legal order. Restoration of a united and indivisible Russia. Convening the People's Assembly on the basis of universal suffrage. Decentralization of power through regional autonomy and broad local self-government. Civil liberties, including freedom of religion. Immediate land reform “to eliminate the land needs of the working population.” Immediate Labor Legislation."
Over the course of several months of their existence, all Socialist Revolutionary governments carried out reforms to return the gains of the February Revolution: “Abolition of Bolshevik decrees; denationalization of property and return to its former owners; restoration of zemstvos and city councils; proclamation of democratic freedoms; attempts to create labor legislation; attempts to create their own armed forces; repressive measures against the Bolsheviks and participants in the establishment of Soviet power."
– At the next stage, students show the positive achievements of the revolution, as well as its negative sides. Possibly, proof of thesis with specific examples and arguments from life experience or fiction. For example, “The Pit”, “Descendants of the Sun” by A. Platonov, “The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon” by B. Pilnyak, “Don Stories” by M. Sholokhov, “Heart of a Dog”, “The White Guard” by M. Bulgakov, poems by A. Blok, A Akhmatova, V. Mayakovsky and other works of Russian literature of the 20th century.
Achievements of the revolution
Achievements of the revolution - the elimination of class society and class inequality, the land of the landowners began to belong to the peasants, the nationalization of industry took place, capitalist relations ceased to exist, working conditions at enterprises improved, the principle was put into practice; “From each according to his ability, to each according to his work,” equal opportunities appeared in all spheres of life for citizens, education became available to wide sections of the population, the idea of internationalism was strengthened, and society was built on the principles of social justice. A strong state was built, which subsequently liberated the world from fascism.
Negative sides
Negative aspects - distortion of the ideas of socialism in real life, leveling of personality in conditions of totalitarian state power, emigration, destruction of the intelligentsia, denial of religion, the emergence of a new ruling elite, the death of millions of people in the Civil War and after, Stalin’s cult of personality, the “conventionality” of the ideas of the CPSU, their isolation from real life during the years of late socialism, loss of faith in the ideals of the revolution, the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Sample lists are given; students may expand them.
5. Summing up. conclusions
There are fundamentally opposite assessments of the October Revolution: from perceiving it as a national tragedy to realizing it as the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which had a huge impact on the whole world, and allowed Russia to choose a non-capitalist path of development.
6. Closing remarks from the class teacher
It is impossible to approach the assessment of the past from categorical, unambiguous positions. History must be accepted, respected and known. Knowledge helps to better understand historical processes and avoid repeating mistakes in the future. History and literature turn us to the past from different positions and in different ways. A.S. Pushkin believed that “respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery.” Trying to follow artistic truth, the poet was seriously interested in history, studied documents, and talked with eyewitnesses of the events. The main thing in knowing history is the memory of our ancestors, their glorious deeds, and loyalty to the traditions of our homeland:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us.
The heart finds food in them:
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.
Based on them from time immemorial,
According to the will of God Himself,
Human independence
The key to his greatness.
Life-giving shrine!
Without them, the soul would be empty.
Without them, our small world is a desert,
The soul is an altar without a deity.