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Text content of presentation slides: Strengthening royal power in the 16th – 17th centuries. Absolutism in Europe Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power unrestrictedly belongs to one person – the monarch. Absolutism developed during the period of decomposition of traditional society at the end of the 15th – 16th centuries, and reached its peak in the 17th century. Features of absolutism: Nationwide administrative apparatus consisting of officials; Standing professional army; State tax system; Unified state legislation and administrative structure; Unity of weights and measures; State Church; Unified state economic policy. ONE KING - ONE COUNTRY. Annexation of outlying territories; Suppression of attempts by the old feudal nobility to maintain their independence; Dissolution of feudal troops; Loss of the former importance of class representation (Parliament, Cortes, Estates General); English King Henry VIII. During the 37 years of his reign, parliament met only 21 times. Elizabeth Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII. During the 45 years of her reign, parliament met only 13 times. In France, an absolute monarchy began to take shape by the 16th century. Francis I (1515-1547) of the Valois dynasty never convened the Estates General. From 1614 to 1789, the Estates General never met. UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONENGLANDPRIVY COUNCIL (council members were appointed by the monarch)FinanceDefenseForeign policyDomestic policyUNIFIED SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONFRANCEKINGFinanceDefenseForeign policyDomestic policyCOUNCIL (appointed by the king)The monarch himself decided all issues. JUDICIAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITY ENGLAND Judges appointed by the crown Parliaments - the highest judicial bodies in the provinces Had judicial and political rights. They could appeal against judicial and government decisions. There were 17 such parliaments throughout the country. Justices of the peace (elected) Tried Exposed conspiracies Suppressed rebellions Persecuted vagrants Collected taxes Collected money to help the poor FRANCE OFFICIALS ENGLAND From 1000 to 1500 people 8000 in the 16th century. and 46,000 in the 17th century. The position of an official was inherited and also sold. Not everyone received a salary from the king. It was allowed to take money for the provision of services. FRANCE All activities of the state apparatus had to be based on the fact that the monarchy is a divine institution. Absolutism reached its heyday in the second half of the 17th century. in France under Louis XIV. All European monarchs tried to imitate him. Louis XIV ARMYThe first king to create a permanent guard was Henry VII Tudor, it consisted of only 200 people. In France, by the end of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), a permanent mercenary army was created. In the 16th century In peacetime it numbered 25,000 people TAX SYSTEM FRANCE: Taxes were levied on peasants, artisans and the bourgeoisie. 2 direct taxes: talya - tax on land and property and poll tax. Indirect taxes: gabel - tax on salt, etc. 16th century. – 3 million livres (70 tons of silver) XVII century. 90-100 million livres (1000 tons of silver) LIVRE - silver coin UNITED ECONOMIC POLICY MERCANTILISM - economic doctrine and economic policy, which was based on the belief that the main form of wealth consists of valuable metals and that the prosperity of the state depends on their abundance. For the first time such Henry IV began to pursue policies in France. Early modern times are characterized by the beginning of the formation of strong absolutist states with clear state borders, one dominant religion (the religion of the monarch), and one indigenous nationality.
Attached files
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LESSON PLAN
- Absolutism
- One king - one country
- Limitation of the role of class representation bodies
- Centralization of the state
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1. Formation of centralized states
At the beginning of the New Age, large states emerged in Europe.
How is it different from the Middle Ages?
- England
- France
- Spain
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- Russian state
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1. Absolutism
“He who is born a subject must obey” is the meaning of absolutism. Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power belongs unlimitedly to one person - the monarch.
Absolutism developed at the end of the 15th – 16th centuries.
Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, a permanent professional army, a state tax system, a unified state legislation and administrative structure, a unified state economic policy, etc.
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2. One king - one country
WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?
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After the end of the Hundred Years' War in France, the old rights of the provinces (Normandy, Burgundy, etc.) were eliminated, they lost their independence and came under the authority of the king. In England, the king brought the remote northern counties and Wales under his authority (the Council of the North and the Council of Wales were created).
To prevent the outbreak of new feudal strife, lands were taken away from the old rebellious and wayward nobility, castles were destroyed, and detachments of feudal lords were disbanded. Restrictions on freedoms also affected cities that defended their ancient rights.
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3. Limitation of the role of class representation bodies
During the period of absolutism, the bodies of class representation (the English Parliament, the Spanish Cortes, the French Estates General) lose their importance. Kings seek to get rid of their influence.
During the 37 years of Henry VIII's reign, Parliament met only 21 times, and during the 45 years of the reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings could not get rid of parliament completely, but they significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.
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James I Stuart (1603-1625), who ascended the English throne after Elizabeth, fought against parliament throughout his reign, limiting its role in every possible way.
James I believed that parliament was harmful to the affairs of government. In his speech addressed to parliament in 1604, the king declared that he was the sovereign master of the entire country: “I am the head, and the island is my body, I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.”
James I Stuart
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In France, an absolute monarchy began to take shape by the 16th century. King Francis I of Valois (1515-1547) single-handedly made all the most important decisions; on his decrees he wrote: “For it pleases us so.” The Estates General in France did not become a permanent body, but met only in cases of great need by decision of the king. From 1614 to 1789, the Estates General never met.
Francis I of Valois
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4. Centralization of the state
In England, the central administrative and executive body was the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the king. In France, under the king, there was a council that was considered the government, but its members were also appointed by the king and carried out his will. The members of this government were princes of the blood, high clergy, financiers, lawyers, but the country had the personal rule of the king.
French Estates General in 1614
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In England, most legal cases were conducted by two royal courts. Justice and the rebellious nobility were monitored by the Star Chamber. There were locally elected justices of the peace (from the old aristocracy and the new nobility), but they were elected under the control of the government and the Privy Council.
English lawyer of the 16th century.
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In France, the limitation of royal power was the highest judicial bodies in the provinces - parliaments. They could appeal court and government decisions. Kings were in sharp conflict with parliaments. King Louis XIV, in a dispute with the Paris Parliament, declared: “The State is me!”
Louis XIV
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The government of the country in both England and France was carried out by officials. Official positions were inherited and purchased. Personal merits did not play a role - what was important was the availability of money. Most officials did not receive payment from the state, but lived at the expense of the population (gifts, offerings, bribes).
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2. Monarchy and nobility
- In the emerging centralized states, this principle does not suit the monarchs. They strive for complete subjugation of all classes of society.
- To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their privileges and influence. Kings recruit nobles (a new class whose position depends entirely on their service to the king)
- The old aristocracy - feudal lords (dukes, counts, barons, marquises, baronets) resist these attempts in every possible way.
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3. Absolutism
Monarchs strive for the maximum possible centralization of control, concentration of all levers of power in their hands - an ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
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To substantiate the king’s claims, the theory of ROYAL SOVEREIGNTY is put forward: the king does not share his powers and authority with anyone.
The king unites in his hands all branches of power EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY resolved all major issues of domestic and foreign policy
Sun King
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3. “Bureaucratic” monarchy
Open page 79 and read the section "Bureacratic" monarchy"
1. What is bureaucracy? What functions does it perform?
2. Why were kings forced to endure the stubbornness and red tape of government officials?
3. What was the result of the strengthening of the bureaucratic apparatus in France?
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4. Aristocratic opposition
Henry of Navarre
France became a model of absolutism. Henry IV restored religious peace, acting as supreme judge.
In 1610 he was killed by a religious fanatic. Power passed into the hands of Marie de Medici. Catholic aristocrats demanded the restoration of all their privileges. The Troubles began, which lasted 10 years.
Maria Medici
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Cardinal Richelieu
Under Louis XIII, thanks to Cardinal Richelieu, absolutism strengthened again - the state began to control the situation in the country. He considered the good of the state above dynastic, religious, feudal and other preferences.
He deprived the Huguenots of fortresses, but guaranteed religious freedom, reined in Catholics and banned duels.
Louis XIII
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4. Sun King
Cardinal Mazarin
In 1643, 5-year-old Louis XIV became King. The regent was Cardinal Mazarin. After the death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661. Louis XIV began to rule himself. He declared - “The state is me!” and became completely independent of his subjects. The king single-handedly resolved all issues and stood guard over the rights of all classes.
Louis XIV Palace of Versailles
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The king opposed all free-thinking and therefore he began to persecute the Huguenots. In 1685, the Edict of Nantes was revoked.
The huge expenses for maintaining the royal court, luxurious balls and receptions, the construction of many palaces - royal residences RUINED the country, the royal court was forced to resort to loans.
Palace of Versailles
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5. Beloved King
In 1723 Louis XVI became king. Favorites and favorites who interfered in public administration acquired enormous influence at court. They distributed positions, awards, monetary rewards, appointed and dismissed ministers. The king's reign led the country to further ruin.
Louis XV
In the first half of the 18th century, France continued to be one of the strongest states in Europe. However, the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI saw France gradually lose its leading position in European affairs, world trade and the colonial world.
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Homework
- Study paragraph 3
- Answer the question on page 38 (orally)
- Know and be able to explain basic concepts!
Louis XV
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Problem: Absolutism contributed to the formation of strong states and restrained wars of all against all. But at the same time, in the 16th–17th centuries. revolutions are taking place in Europe, one of the tasks of which is the destruction of the system of absolutism. Why was there a struggle against absolutism in society? Can power demand unconditional submission from an individual? 2
Members of corporations were equal and were responsible for each other. Their actions were based on the right given by God. Another source of law was ancient customs. 1. The concept of ABSOLUTISM.. Absolutism Unlimited supreme power The head of the state is the MONARCH Power belongs to one person form of government
Work on the table “Difference between a centralized state and a feudally fragmented state” 7 Questions for comparison Fragmented Centralized 1. Who owned the power in the country? Feudal lords to the king 1. Rights of the king: A) in relation to the feudal lords; B) in the state. A) B) A) B) 1.Sources of income of the king. 1.What military forces did the king have? 5. Court and laws. 6.Administrative management. 6. Cities in the state system.
Work on the table “Difference between a centralized state and a feudally fragmented state” 8 Questions for comparison Fragmented Centralized 1. Who owned the power in the country? Feudal lords to the king 1. Rights of the king: A) in relation to the feudal lords; B) in the state. A) First among equals. B) Formal law. A) The supreme right of the king (feudal lords are subjects of the king). B) Head of state. 1. Sources of the king’s income. Royal domain. State treasury. 1.What military forces did the king have? Personal squad. Vassals. Standing army. 5. Court and laws. Each region has its own court and laws. Unified court and laws. 6.Administrative management. Governance bodies in each individual area. Local authorities are appointed and subordinate to the central authorities. 6. Cities in the state system. Residences of local rulers. Centers of craft and trade.
2. Characteristic features of absolutism 1. Creation of a national administrative apparatus consisting of officials; 2.Formation of a permanent professional army. 3.Creation of a state tax system; 4. Introduction of uniform legislation and administrative structure, uniform weights and measures; 5. Formation of a state church; 6. Carrying out a unified state economic policy. 10 Check your diagram
Text at 163 Add. material “Etiquette at the court of Louis XIV” Choose a source yourself 12 1. Compose an oral story What did the cult of the monarch - the anointed of God - consist of? Absolutism is a form of government in which power unlimitedly belongs to one person - the monarch. Monarch – “God’s anointed”
The English monarchs assigned Parliament. The French monarchs assigned the States General 14 Find out what place in the system of government... Henry VIII Tudor. King of England Elizabeth I Tudor. Queen of England of England James I Stuart. King of England and Scotland. Francis I of Valois. King of France
Unified system of management (p.29-30) England Privy Council: 1. Foreign policy 2. Domestic policy 3. Finance 4. National defense. kingkingkingkinging FranceGovernment 1. Foreign policy 2. Domestic policy 3. Finance 4. National defense. kingkingkingkinging 15 Compare the activities of the state apparatus of England and France
Unified Judicial Power England Star Chamber judges magistrates judges 1. Conduct trials; 2.Expose conspiracies; 3.Suppress rebellions; 4.Chase tramps; 5.Collect taxes; 6.Collecting money for the poor. FranceParliaments 1.The right to appeal judicial and government decisions; 2. Appointment of a regent; 3. Review of contracts, decrees. 16
Local government England France Officials Salary + payment of the population for services 17 Means of livelihood?
22 Mercantilism is an economic policy based on the idea of the predominance of the export of goods over the import for the purpose of accumulating gold Protectionism - Protectionism is an economic policy of the state, which consists in purposefully protecting the domestic market from the flow of foreign-made goods.
Complete the sentences and write them down: 1. The population of European countries such as _____________________________________ in the era of absolutism develops national identity and centralized states are formed. 2. In Germany and Italy in the 16th – 17th centuries, centralized states did not develop, because there existed ___________________________________ 23
Lesson summary: Absolutism is a form of government in which power unlimitedly belongs to one person - the monarch. Features: 1.Creation of a national administrative apparatus consisting of officials; 2.Formation of a permanent professional army. 3.Creation of a state tax system; 4. Introduction of uniform legislation and administrative structure, uniform weights and measures; 5. Formation of a state church; 6. Carrying out a unified state economic policy. 24
Who owns the words? “I don’t understand how my ancestors could allow such an institution. I have to put up with what I can’t get rid of.” James I Stuart James I Stuart “In my person God has bestowed upon you a blessing. I am the husband, and the whole island is my lawful wife. I am the head, and the island is my body. I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.” (from a speech at the first parliament). James I Stuart “Such is my good will, for so we desire” Louis XV. 25 “Did you think, gentlemen, that the state is you? You are wrong. The state is ME!” Louis XIV Louis XIV
Target: students should gain a general understanding of the state of modern society, a specific understanding of the role of the church and absolutism in the development of nation states; identify the role of representative bodies under absolutism; develop the ability to analyze and make generalizations and conclusions; draw up diagrams (the main features of absolutism), develop the ability to make messages, form a desire for self-education, for self-development.
Basic Concepts: absolutism, monarch, etiquette, mercantilism.
Historical figures: King James I Stuart, Louis XIV, Henry VIII.
Lesson equipment: map "Western Europe in 1648"
During the classes
1.Checking homework (answer the question: What important things did you learn for yourself while studying the topic “The Age of Great Geographical Discovery”, messages about X Columbus, F. Magellan)
2.Learning new material.
Plan for learning new material:
- "He who is born a subject must obey"
- "One king - one country."
- “There will be no more wars of all against all.”
- “How could my ancestors allow such an institution...”
- A unified system of government. Judicial and local authorities under the control of the king.
- God's anointed monarch.
- The army and the tax system are in the service of the king.
- Unified economic policy.
- The creation of national states and a national church.
1. “He who is born a subject must obey”
When the teacher talks about this issue, students draw up a diagram reflecting the main features of absolutism. This provides an opportunity for students to self-assess.
2. “One king - one country.”
Read the text of the textbook independently. 23. Answer the question how students understand “One king - one country.”
3. “There will be no more wars of all against all.”
Within the borders of its state, absolutism was able to restrain the bloody wars of “all against all,” which brought misfortune to all residents of the country. The kings disbanded feudal troops and razed the castles of rebellious feudal lords to the ground. The lands of the rebels were confiscated and transferred to the royal treasury.
4. “How could my ancestors allow such an institution...”
When considering the issue of strengthening the territorial integrity of states during the period of absolutism, it is necessary to use the map “Europe in 1648”.
On this subject it is necessary to reveal the relations between kings and parliaments in England and France. (In England, in order to make parliament obedient, Elizabeth tried to influence its composition (the composition of the House of Commons). At the end of the question, give students the task of answering the question: What place in the system of government did Elizabeth Tudor assign to parliament?
5.Unified system of public administration. Judicial and local authorities are under the control of the king.
In England, the central administrative and executive body was the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the monarch. The Privy Council determined the directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy, dealt with issues of finance and the defense of the country.
In France and England, the head of state was the king, who had full power. He had a council, which was considered the government, but the monarch himself appointed members of the council and decided all issues himself. The organization of the judicial system was also used to strengthen absolutism.
6. God's anointed monarch.
To the contents of the textbook text on p. 27-28 it must be added that in England Elizabeth Tudor sought to achieve popular love and worship, considering this as one of the means of achieving personal security and strengthening state power. For this purpose, the queen endlessly showed herself to the people. Images of the queen were in great demand.
On Louis XIV you can use additional information on p. 30-32 of the textbook “Etiquette at the Court of Louis XIV.”
7.The army and the tax system in the service of the king.
8 Common economic policy.
These questions can be combined and given to students for independent study. After reading the text, answer the question: “How were the army, tax and economic policies organized under absolutism?” Students should become familiar with the term mercantilism and write its definition in their notebook.
9.Creation of national states and a national church.
Within the framework of absolutist states that have clear national borders, one dominant religion, one language and common culture, traditional occupations of the population, centralized national states are formed. The population of such states develops a national identity (England, France). Within the borders of its state, absolutism was able to restrain the destructive wars of “all against all,” which caused suffering to all segments of the population.
Check of knowledge:
1. Absolutism contributed to the formation of strong states and restrained “wars of all against all.” At the same time, in the 16th – 17th centuries. revolutions occur, one task of which is the destruction of the system of absolutism. Why do you think there was a struggle against absolutism in society?
Literature: