Scientists have long known that green spaces. If coal could talk

Scientists have long known that all objects have electromagnetic fields. But for most of them they are so weak that they are not taken into account. Figuratively speaking, the substance is “sleeping”, and the device records only its “faint breathing”. Now, if only we could “wake up” this matter and make it “speak”... As fantastic as the idea is, Russian scientists managed to implement it.

Previously, it had never even occurred to anyone to listen to... the light. The possibility of a miracle was first “said” by the theoretical research of Pyotr Petrovich GARYAEV, Doctor of Biological Sciences, senior researcher at the Department of Theoretical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical and Technical Sciences, member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Recently, his theory was brilliantly confirmed in experiments.

When GARYAEV turned to his department colleague, Candidate of Technical Sciences Georgy TERTYSHNY “to listen to the light,” he laughed good-naturedly in response, because experts know that the light “does not sound.”

But the geneticist GARYAEV was not burdened with prejudices. He continued to insist.

“Okay,” said TERTYSHNY, “let’s try.” - And turned on the laser.

A beam of light fell on a plate on which a preparation of heredity molecules - DNA - was applied. An ordinary radio receiver, which had just recorded a humming background, suddenly produced loud, very strange sounds. They vaguely resembled the trills of a nightingale or the whistling language of the wild tribes of South America.

Not believing his ears, TERTYSHNY put a light-proof cap on the laser. The strange sounds stopped immediately. TERTYSHNY took off the cap - the receiver again produced such overflows and rolls as if they had entered the laboratory from another world.

Scientists repeated the experiment for many months until there was no doubt: laser light reflected from DNA generated sounds. But why?

Many years ago, reports the almanac “It Can’t Be,” GARYAEV was struck by the fact that the surfaces of the internal organs in the dissected corpses shone brightly. They seemed to glow from within. Where does this strange light come from and why is it needed in the darkness of human insides? Even experienced pathologists could not answer these simple questions.

In search of an answer, in one of the academic institutes of Moscow, GARYAEV organized sensational experiments and discovered that DNA absorbed the energy of laser light and then emitted it, as if they themselves had become small lasers. However, why “as if”? Theoretical studies have confirmed that DNA is living lasers. Moreover, with their rays they create three-dimensional images - holograms, in which 99 percent of hereditary information is encrypted. Calculations have shown that light can carry only a small part of information - there must be some other channel for its transmission. What if it is carried by radio waves? That’s how the idea of listening to “live” light was born.

The first to sound was a wave of light, repeatedly reflected from chicken DNA. Convinced of this, scientists began studying the molecule of heredity in other animals and plants. It turned out that they also sound, but everything is different. Each species had its own “melody”, its own “speech”.

Geneticists have long said that DNA contains “texts” of hereditary information. Now it turned out that this word has a literal meaning: GARYAEV and TERTYSHNY managed to voice the genetic texts. All that remained was to decipher them. But this task is extremely difficult; it will only be possible to overcome it in the third millennium.

In the meantime, scientists decided to check whether light reflected from “dead” matter makes a sound. I wrote this word in quotation marks because it is traditionally considered dead only in the West, while in Eastern countries since ancient times any matter has been treated as if it were alive, but possessing different levels of consciousness. It is believed that the level is lowest in minerals, in plants it is higher, animals are slow to think, and people are better... Imagine the surprise of scientists when they received a kind of experimental confirmation of this religious version.

It turned out that laser light sounds, repeatedly reflected from any substance. Melodies vary in complexity. Copper, iron, quartz, glass and other objects produce rhythmic but primitive sounds. They do not have the overflows, roulades and knees that living (in the Western sense) matter generates. The experiments allowed scientists to take a completely new look at genetic processes.

What's going on? But here's what... One “nimble” chromosome in the language of light and electromagnetic waves tells the body: “Read page number three in the fifth volume of the Book of Life and do as it is written there.” All organs and systems begin to unanimously carry out the “order” from above, or rather, from the depths of living matter, the cell nucleus. The next moment, the laser of another chromosome turns on, producing different melodies, and the body begins to carry out the next “order”.

These melodies carry hereditary information illuminated from the chromosomes. They “record” literally all the information about the body - its past, present and future. By the sounds of chromosomes you can find out everything about their cells: whether they are healthy or sick, pure or with the AIDS virus, normal or degenerated, human or some Trichomonas similar to them.

Scientists believe that in the future it will be possible to find out what each of the thirty thousand diseases known to mankind sounds like, and then create computer catalogs of these melodies. Then it will be enough to illuminate a few human cells to give the patient an accurate diagnosis.

Scientists deal with dreams all the time. She also leads them on a path of discovery. And now they reason like this: it is possible, for example, to find out which combinatorics of frequencies causes aging and death of a person by the age of 60, and which gives him the opportunity to live in good health until 120. What if our genetic apparatus hears the melody of longevity? One can also dream that it will be possible to find out at what frequencies cancer cells perform the “melody of death.” After this, you can create some kind of anti-melody that will stop the reproduction of these cells and force them to self-destruct. It is known that such programs exist in the hereditary apparatus: a healthy body destroys thousands of cancer cells every second. And the sounding light can “tell” the patient how to do this.

New spectroscopy in technology opens up very attractive prospects. For example, jewelers spend a lot of time and money to distinguish jewelry from fakes. It is much more “convenient” to illuminate the sample with a laser in order to accurately determine the composition and structure of the substance from the melody. The computer will compare its sound spectrum with reference ones, which include precious stones and metals, as well as glass, alloys and other fakes. And it will immediately give the result of the “musical examination”.

We have already heard how precious stones sound,” says Pyotr Petrovich. - The melodies of diamonds, sapphires, emeralds are simply fantastic - these are real works of art. And the primitive, inharmonious sounds that fakes make cannot be compared with them. It's like comparing the trills of a nightingale and the braying of a donkey.

PS: These studies overlap with the work of the Japanese scientist Masaru Emoto, who studied the influence of spoken words (sound, vibration) on water.

Option No. 3336823

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-26 are a figure (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

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Version for printing and copying in MS Word

Indicate the numbers of sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) According to Robin Canup's hypothesis, the rings of Saturn, consisting of 93% ice, arose as a result of the destruction in orbit of satellites and meteorites consisting of minerals.

2) About four billion years ago, a huge satellite fell onto the surface of Saturn, losing its icy shell during the fall.

3) According to Robin Canup, the cloud located in the orbit of Saturn, which we observe from Earth through a telescope, consists of ice.

4) Robin Canup managed to formulate a hypothesis about the origin of Saturn’s icy rings: they were formed from the icy shell of a satellite that left orbit about four billion years ago.

5) According to Robin Canup's hypothesis, the rings of Saturn were formed approximately four billion years ago as a result of the departure from orbit of a huge satellite with a thick icy shell.

Answer:

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the first (1) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Despite this

For example,

Thus

(1) Scientists have long known that Saturn’s rings are 93% ice; until recently, this fact defied scientific explanation: such rings could not have arisen as a result of the destruction in orbit of satellites and meteorites, which consist mainly of relatively heavy minerals. (2) Only in 2010, Robin Canup put forward a hypothesis according to which the ice rings were formed about four billion years ago as a result of the deorbit of a huge satellite covered with a thick icy shell. (3)Canap’s calculations show: during the fall, the light ice component separated from the heavy minerals that fell on

planet, as a result of which an ice cloud arose, which gradually took the shape of the ring we observe through a telescope from Earth.

Answer:

Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word FORM. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

FORM, -y, w.

1) The mode of existence of content, inseparable from it and serving as its expression. Unity f. and content.

2) External outline, external appearance of an object. The earth has f. ball. Square f. Curved object

3) A set of techniques and visual means of a work of art. Narrative f. F. verse.

4) An established sample of something. Give information by f. Ready-made medicinal forms. (ready-made medicines).

5) A device for giving something. one shape or another. Liteinaya f. Ham in f. (compressed in such a device).

6) Clothes of the same cut and color (for the military, for employees of the same department, for students). Officer f. Front f. School f.

planet, as a result of which an ice cloud arose, which gradually took the shape of the ring we observe through a telescope from Earth.

Answer:

In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

Feedback (ambassador)

tuberculosis dispensary

Answer:

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

As a result of a sociological survey, a rating of BUYER demand was revealed.

The idea of obtaining ARTIFICIAL fabrics was first expressed by the French scientist R. Reaumur back in 1734.

The Romanov Chambers in Zaryadye will be restored for the 400th anniversary of the ROYAL dynasty.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

LIE ON THE FLOOR

Their work

hot SOUPs

SIX HUNDRED students

ENGINEERS

Answer:

Establishment of correspondence between grammatical errors and prepositions, in which they are added: to each position of the first column under the corresponding position from second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

OFFERS

A) change in the construction of the sentence with participatory rotation

B) ru-she-nie in the construction of the pre-lo-zhe-niya with a non-co-gla-so-van-with-no-same

C) the re-establishment of the connection between the under-lying and the spoken word

D) an error in the construction of a complex sentence

D) incorrect use of the pa-de-form of the noun with a pre-log

1) I raised my eyes and saw that you were not in the sky above the village of birds.

2) I successfully coped with the problem, blah-da-rya about the work at home.

3) It took us a long time to get to the person who lived at the other end of the city.

4) Osmat-ri-vaya every bush until the sun goes down, our hunters did not find the snakes.

5) The writer gave great importance to the de-kab-rists’ cause, expressing confidence that it would last then, after all, we can see Russia free.

6) Modern youth for physical fitness centers at the place of residence.

7) The house where we lived in the first years after our arrival in St. Petersburg, we lived on the Krasnaya river bank -na-la.

8) One of the most notable achievements of the Republic of Roman art was the portrait.

9) The main character of the novel by F.M. Do-sto-ev-skogo “Go-o-ta” Prince Mysh-kin is at one time funny and tra- gi-chen, like Don Ki-ho-tu, with whom he associates.

Write down the numbers in response, placing them in a row, corresponding to the letter for you:

A	B	IN	G	D

Answer:

Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

unintelligible..rich

d..differentiate

ut...picky

unique

pr..tend

Answer:

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

be..noisy, be..sounding;

pr..rotation, pr..visual;

by..to, take..to;

pre..put, o..incline;

from..yan, will..come.

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.

meandered...on

taught

exhausted...on

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank?

outlined..outlined

under construction

getting treatment..getting treatment

throw it in..sew

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

Some exercises are (not) completed.

You can take upon yourself the organization of the display of a picture that has not yet been written, but is brilliantly conceived.

The dovecote is (not) painted.

Vyvolochnov was one of Tolstoy’s followers, in whose heads the thoughts of a genius who (did not) know peace were irreparably diminished.

The ice crust cracks, covering the (not) deep but wide swamp, and again it’s quiet.

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

The brothers were left (ALONE) and (C) AT THE BEGINNING they only looked at each other.

Even in his half-asleep existence, Ilya Ilyich could not, in his words, indifferently remember an aria from V. Bellini’s opera, which SAME as merged with the appearance of Olga Ilyinskaya, and ALSO with the dramatic outcome of Oblomov’s love for her.

The seller is JUST responsible to the buyer for damage or breakage of the cargo (DUE to improper packaging), as is the buyer to the seller for timely payment for the goods.

Nikolai (DURING) the entire argument was silent and only IN (HALF) VOICE asked Marina to remove the samovar.

WHAT should I do so that I can count on your favor?

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers replaced by one letter N.

The fragile, precise (1) silhouette depicted (2) in the picture of the girl especially (3) stands out against the background of the white (4) wall along which pearlescent shadows run.

Answer:

Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The fruits of this plant are healthy and tasty and have a wonderful aroma.

2) It became unbearably stuffy and I had to open all the windows.

3) From the window one could see the trunks of cherry trees and a piece of the alley.

4) The study of the growth of unusual crystals has theoretical, practical and general scientific significance.

5) Ancient Spanish craftsmen used either stone or brick masonry when building castles.

Answer:

Having greeted Dmitry (1) and (2) handing him a parcel (3) tightly tied with twine (4), the guest immediately left.

Answer:

Arrange all the not-to-one-hundred signs of pre-pi-na-tion: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).

According to specialists (1) foreign words, entering our language, gradually become as-si-mi-li-ru-ut -sya: for example (2) they are capable of sub-submitting to the sound system of the Russian language, sub-chi-nya-yut -Xia pra-vi-lam of the Russian word-of-ra-zo-va-niya and word-of-me-ne-niya, morning-chi-vaya (3) in the future pen-but (4) features of its non-Russian origin.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Before the traveler’s eyes lay a river (1) on both banks (2) of which (3) small houses were crowded.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Suddenly a thick fog fell (1) and (2) in order not to get lost (3) I decided to return to the path (4) which should have been on the left.

Answer:

Which of your sayings correspond to the text? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

1) In a strange city, the hero said he felt alone.

2) According to the hero’s ma-te-ri, a person is lonely when he doesn’t love anyone.

3) After speaking with mother, the narrator felt joy in his soul.

4) Unselfish love can evoke kindness in people.

5) This was the only letter saved from Ma-te-ri.

(According to I.A. Ilyin.)*

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Specify the number from the ve-tov.

Indicate the numbers in order of origin.

1) Sentences 3-5 contain a description.

2) In pre-lo-zhe-ni-yah 9-10 pre-sta-le-but-news-in-va-nie.

3) In pre-lo-zhe-ni-yah 33-35 pre-sta-le-but-news-in-va-nie.

4) In sentences 17-20 there is a presentation of judgment.

5) In sentences 8-10 there is a description.

(1) This was several years ago. (2) Everyone, getting ready to celebrate Christmas, prepared Christmas trees and gifts. (3) Shop windows and house windows shone with festive lights. (4) Garlands and huge colored balls were hung everywhere. (5) A crowd of townspeople, motley, noisy and cheerful, filled the streets.

(6) And I, a homeless wanderer, was alone in a foreign country - no family, no friend, and it seemed to me that I was abandoned and forgotten by everyone. (7) There was only emptiness and no love around: a distant city, strangers, cold hearts. (8) Once, in melancholy and despondency, I suddenly remembered a bundle of old letters that I managed to save through all the trials of dark days. (9) For the first time in the past year, I took it out of my suitcase, untied it... (10) Then I unfolded the first of the letters - it was a letter from my mother, written twenty-seven years ago.

(11) “My dear child, Nikolenka! (12) You complain to me about your loneliness, and if you only knew how sad and painful your words make me. (13) With what joy I would come to you and convince you that you are not alone and cannot be alone! (14) But you, of course, know that I cannot leave my dad, since he suffers a lot and constantly needs my care. (15) And you need to prepare for exams in order to successfully graduate from the university. (16) Well, let me at least tell you why I never feel lonely.

(17) You see, son, a person is lonely when he doesn’t love anyone. (18) And if he loves, then it never even occurs to him to think about whether he is lonely or not. (19) In love, a person forgets himself, he lives in others. (20) And this is happiness.

(21) I can already hear your objection that happiness lies not only in loving, but also in being loved. (22) But whoever really loves does not count or beg: what will my love bring me?.. (23) Will reciprocity await me? (24) Or maybe I love more, but they love me less? (25) A person who measures and weighs does not love. (26) Let your love go free, let its rays shine and warm in all directions. (27) And you will soon feel that streams of reciprocal love are flowing towards you from everywhere. (28) Why? (29) Because your immediate, unintentional kindness, your selfless love will imperceptibly evoke kindness and love in people in return. (30) And then you will perceive this reverse flow not as hard-won happiness, which you had to demand and achieve, but as undeserved earthly bliss.”

(31) I finished reading my mother’s letter with tears in my eyes. (32) From the distance of the past years, I again heard her warm voice, which brought me love and comfort, like “undeserved earthly bliss.”

(33) And then I thought that our love is the thread with which we are tied to our loved one. (34) Whoever loves, his heart blooms and smells fragrant, and he gives his love like a flower gives its scent. (35) Such a person does not feel lonely.

(According to I.A. Ilyin.)*

Text source: MIOO: Diagnostic work 12/12/2012 option 1.

(3) Garlands and huge colored balls were hung everywhere. (4) A crowd of townspeople, motley, noisy and cheerful, filled the streets.

(5) And I, a homeless wanderer, was alone in a foreign country - no family, no friend, and it seemed to me that I was abandoned and forgotten by everyone.

Answer:

What word is used figuratively in the text? Write it down.

enormous (sentence 4)

noisy (sentence 5)

black (sentence 8)

selfless (sentence 29)

(According to I.A. Ilyin.)*

Text source: MIOO: Diagnostic work 12/12/2012 option 1.

Answer:

Among sentences 31-35, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

(According to I.A. Ilyin.)*

Text source: MIOO: Diagnostic work 12/12/2012 option 1.

Answer:

Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

An excerpt from I. A. Ilyin’s story “Christmas Letter” is distinguished by the confidential simplicity and emotionality of speech. The author widely uses syntactic means of expression in the text, including (A)_____ (sentences 11, 17) and (B)_____ (sentences 22, 23, 24). The text also contains lexical means of expression, for example (B)_____ (“huge” in sentence 4, “times” in sentence 8). In some cases, tropes are used, primarily (D)_____ (“streams of reciprocal love flow” in sentence 27, “the heart blooms and smells fragrant” in sentence 34).

List of terms

1) rhetorical exclamations

2) metaphor(s)

3) row(s) of homogeneous members

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) synonyms

6) appeal(s)

7) comparison(s)

8) interrogative sentences

9) book vocabulary

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(According to I.A. Ilyin.)*

Text source: MIOO: Diagnostic work 12/12/2012 option 1.

Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.

Complete testing, check answers, see solutions.

The question of the origin of the Universe is the most important for any religion; it has been troubling philosophers and scientists for centuries. However, a group of Canadian physicists say they have finally solved the mystery.

Their conclusions are so convincing that they call into question the basis of all world religions - the existence of an omnipotent creator.

Scientists have long known that microscopic particles, called virtual, continuously arise from absolute “nothing” and disappear in very short, experimentally undetectable, periods of time.

But scientists led by Dr. Mir Faizal from the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Waterloo in Canada have successfully applied the theory of these particles to the very creation of the Universe. Express reports this.

“Virtual particles contain a very small amount of energy and last for a very short period of time. However, it is by the example of these particles that the emergence of large universes can be explained,” Faizal said.

The scientist developed his theory based on two recently emerged hypotheses that in infinitesimal quantities, space and time cease to exist and the use of large amounts of energy is available only after the birth of the Universe.

Faizal and a group of colleagues called the results of their work “The Theory of Inflation.” According to it, the tiny energy and lifespan of a virtual particle increases endlessly, as a result of which our 13.8 billion-year-old Universe appeared.

According to the scientist, one should not look for difficulties where there are none. To the question: “How could the Universe be born out of nothing?” there is a simple answer: in fact, our Universe is still this “nothing”.

“In terms of absolute values, there is still nothing in the Universe,” the physicist said, adding that the negative gravitational energy of the Universe and the positive energy of matter in the Universe are basically balanced and the sum of these energies is zero.

Answering the question about the need for the figure of God for the emergence of the Universe, the scientist replied that God as an external supernatural force that violates physical laws is absolutely not needed. Just as it is not needed for the appearance of virtual particles.

“If you mean God as a great mathematician, then perhaps yes,” Faizal added.

The professor explained that the energies in the Universe are absolutely balanced and the Universe itself can be equally considered as absolute “nothing”, since the sum of all the energies in it is zero, or it can be perceived as a virtual particle magnified an infinite number of times.

Professor Mir, who also works at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland, also explained that by “nothing” he meant only the absence of energy, and not the absence of the laws of physics.

He said that for him, the physics of space and time is only an approximation to a purely mathematical theory describing the nature of space and time. In it, all structures must be derivatives of exclusively mathematical quantities.

The professor explained that the laws of quantum mechanics allow for the emergence of a small amount of energy from nothing for a short period of time. The existence of such a particle, created out of nothing and called virtual, has been proven experimentally.

“In order to obtain an object the same size as our Universe from a microscopically small amount of energy, the theory of inflation is precisely what is needed. In theory, a small amount of energy created out of nothing undergoes rapid expansion. This leads to the formation of the Universe as we see today. Moreover, the sum of all energies or the “absolute energy of the Universe” for its existence must be equal to zero or tend to this value,” the scientist noted.

At the same time, according to the physicist, at the birth of the Universe its energy should be quite large and immediately after the Big Bang it should tend to decay. That is, according to Faizal, his theory does not at all disprove the previously existing theories of Einstein and Newton.

Professor Mir summarized: “This means that if you split a stick in half, you cannot continue the process indefinitely. Sooner or later you will be faced with the length of a piece of stick, less than which there is no such thing in space. This length is so small that scientists neglect it when studying most phenomena. But it cannot be neglected when it comes to the origin of the Universe.”

Scientists have long known that various structures and objects buried underground emit a so-called “thermal signature.” They are clearly visible from the air if special equipment is installed on aircraft, but this method is very expensive.

But with the advent of drones, everything has changed - with their help, archaeologists can look into the most remote corners of the world. And drones have already made many valuable discoveries.

1. House of the Dead

England

In July 2017, researchers discovered a 5,600-year-old "House of the Dead" on Salisbury Plain in England. Situated halfway between Avebury and Stonehenge, the site was plowed. Aerial drone photographs revealed a hidden structure beneath the plowed field: a long burial mound.

Dating from the Neolithic era, the ancient burial site may have contained the remains of the ancestors of Stonehenge's builders. The "House of the Dead" was created during the introduction of agriculture and the construction of megalithic monuments in Britain.

Researchers still don't know why so many ancient structures are concentrated on Salisbury Plain. Some believe that the lack of modern settlement in the area prevented their destruction. Others believe that the Avon and Kent valleys were of particular importance to the ancient inhabitants of Britain.

2. Ancient geoglyphs in the Amazon

Brazil

At the beginning of 2017, researchers discovered ancient earthen structures in the Amazon Valley (in the Brazilian state of Acre). Hidden under the ground and trees, the 2,000-year-old structures were only visible thanks to unmanned aerial vehicles. The interior walls and exterior ditch design are essentially the same design as Stonehenge in its early stages of construction.

Researchers suggest that these ancient earthworks had a similar purpose to their European counterparts, serving ritual purposes and serving as public gathering places. So far, 450 earthworks have been discovered.

The discovery casts doubt on the theory that the Western Amazon is a "primordial ecosystem." Researchers now believe that indigenous peoples practiced deforestation long before the arrival of Europeans and their destructive farming practices.

3. The Lost City of Alexandra

Iraq

Declassified photographs of satellites from the 1960s “gave” Kalataga Darband to the world. But this city, lost for centuries, remained inaccessible when it was discovered in 1996 because it was in Saddam Hussein-controlled Iraqi Kurdistan.

However, in 2017, improved security in the region allowed a team of Iraqi and British archaeologists to confirm the location of the lost city of Qalataga Darband, founded in 331 BC. Alexander the Great.

“Drones were critical to locating the ruins,” said project manager John McGinnis. “We obtained images of the entire site of the unique city thanks to the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle.” The abundance of stone presses found suggests that the fortified settlement flourished thanks to the lucrative wine trade in the region.

4. Blue Jay

In June 2013, archaeologists used a drone equipped with thermal cameras to study an ancient Native American settlement in New Mexico. For 1,000 years, the 60 Ancestral Pueblo homes of Blue Jay Village were hidden beneath sand and vegetation. The site was originally discovered in the 1970s and has only been partially explored.

Subsequently, a new team of scientists re-examined Blue Jay and discovered previously unknown, hidden structures based on the resulting heat maps taken from the air by drones (rocks retain heat differently compared to soil).

Inside the excavated walls, researchers discovered a dark circle that may be the remains of a kiva, a circular structure used for rituals and public gatherings. Monumental great houses and underground kivas are hallmarks of Chaco's Puebloan culture.

5. Hidden platform in Petra

Jordan

Located in southern Jordan, the city of Petra is the ancient capital of the Nabateans. It was built in the middle of the second century BC and abandoned towards the end of the Byzantine era. Until 2016, archaeologists didn't know that there was a building twice the size of an Olympic swimming pool hiding in plain sight.

The outline of this structure, carved from sandstone, was spotted in a photograph taken from a drone 0.8 km from the ancient caravan city. The large platform, measuring 56 meters by 49 meters, includes a smaller platform that was once paved with tiles. On the eastern side there were columns crowning a massive staircase.

The inner platform housed a small structure measuring 8.5 square meters, accessed by a staircase from the east. Such structures have never been seen in Petra before and its purpose remains a mystery. Surviving pottery from the mid-2nd century BC. suggests that the building may date from the early period of Petra's construction.

6. Samnites of the Tappino Valley

Italy

Archaeologists have long known about the ancient Italic people of the Samnites, who once inhabited the Apennine Mountains in Italy. However, the rugged and difficult terrain made excavation and aerial photography nearly impossible, and much of their culture remained a mystery, at least until recently.

In September 2016, researchers reported traces of a Samnite community in the Tappino Valley discovered using drones. According to Tesse Stack from Leiden University, “Today scientists have a complete overview of the organization of this settlement, including its location, roads, storage areas, hinterland, etc.”

Researchers were surprised to discover how organized the Samnite settlements were. Previously discovered Samnite “temples” during construction continue to baffle archaeologists. Some theorize that these ancient sites were simply road stations and places where goods and information were exchanged.

7. Moche Maps

Peru

Peruvian Vice Minister of Cultural Heritage Luis Jaime Castillo says drones represent a “turning point in archaeology.” Thanks to Castillo, the country began pioneering excavations using aircraft. Today, drones are being used to collate data about the Moche civilization, which existed from the 1st to 8th centuries along the Pacific coast from San Idelfonso to San Jose del Moro.

The 2D images provided by drones allow researchers to create highly accurate 3D maps that clearly show the remains of walls, roads and settlements. The use of drones to collate Moche data is extremely important as traces of the ancient civilization are now in danger of disappearing.

8. Secrets of the Shakers

Dartmouth archeology professor Jess Kasana is using drones to uncover the secrets of a Shaker village in Enfield, America. The Shakers were an extreme Protestant sect with a lifestyle based on celibacy and communal living. Their name comes from the word “shake”, since it is shaking and convulsions that are accompanied by the expression of ecstasy, which occasionally engulfs believers. Kasana first began experimenting with drones in 2012.

However, in recent years, these devices have become better, more reliable, cheaper and easier to use, after which they decided to use them to explore the former Shaker village. Thanks to this, it became possible to find out the location of the buildings of this settlement, which was unknown until then. In addition, the foundations of buildings, old historical paths and roads through the village and several underground water pipes were discovered from the air.”

9. Castle of the Kings of the Sea Country

Iraq

In March 2017, a British-Iraqi team of archaeologists discovered the ancient city of Tell Khyber using drones. Until recently, the Sea Country, or Littoral, which during the Bronze Age (between 1730 and 1460 BC) subjugated large areas of modern Iraq, was known only through scant written records left by other rulers.

Despite the dominance of these mysterious rulers over the marshy coast of the Persian Gulf, researchers have never found archaeological evidence of their existence until now. Tell Khyber is almost invisible from the ground. Centuries of sedimentation had left the settlement looking like an "inconspicuous bulge" in the brown mud.

However, drone photography has revealed the outlines of ancient settlements, as well as a massive, mysterious structure at their center. The defensive wall, surrounded by closed watchtowers, protected more than 4,400 square meters of territory.

10. Idols of Idumea

Israel

In November 2017, researchers discovered a mysterious structure in the Negev Desert in Southern Israel using drones. Situated on a former military testing site, the structure predates the Hellenistic period by 2,200 years. During the excavations, walls, closed rooms and underground fonts were found.

On many artifacts they found images of bulls - the sacred symbol of the Idumean civilization. If this was truly an Idumean palace or temple, then this is an extremely rare and stunning find. Similar structures of this ancient country can be counted on the fingers of one hand. The Idumeans were a Semitic people from southern Jordan who settled in the foothills of Shephelah.

When the Hasmoneans conquered the area in 112 BC, the Edomites were assimilated into the Judeans. Interestingly, there is evidence of fire and deliberate dismantling of the structure. Experts suggest that this could have happened during the Hasmonean conquest of the region.

The history of one of the most important energy sources in human history - coal. It was he who became the driving force behind the industrial revolution and radically changed life on the planet. Scientists have long known exactly when coal appeared, but the question of why it was formed in such abundance during a certain period is still debated by the scientific community. The publication examines various hypotheses.

Where it all started

The coal was given life by dead wood. It all began approximately 360 million years ago during the period, not without reason, called Carboniferous. The dead trees under the pressure of the swamp masses, experiencing a lack of oxygen and heated by the heat of the earth itself, gradually turned into carbon. Why did coal appear in such quantities at that time, since the forest appeared in the previous Devonian period?

The first hypothesis proposed by scientists is that due to a lack of oxygen in the swamp masses, the activity of wood-destroying organisms slowed down. This seems to be true, but the problem is that swamps existed in other periods. It is believed that it was during the Carboniferous period that plants had a composition that did not allow the microorganisms that existed then to decompose wood. Scientists at Stanford University, Kevin Boyes and his colleagues, are trying to figure out this theory. Their report was recently published by the National Academy of Sciences.

Lignin or not lignin? That is the question

What was so special about the structure of plants at the beginning of the formation of coal? Vessels appeared inside them, which allowed them to grow upward, maintaining access of liquid to all parts of the plant. This provoked a real race among plants to surpass everyone else in light consumption. It lasted throughout the Devonian and led to the formation of massive, tall forests.

Some scientists see the reason for carbon formation in the appearance of lignin molecules in plants. Along with cellulose, it was responsible for the strength necessary for such tall plants. At the same time, lignin, unlike cellulose, was difficult to decompose. Therefore, while more and more dead wood accumulated in the swamps, lignin also accumulated and eventually became coal. However, Dr. Boyce and his colleagues are suspicious of this theory and suggest paying attention to another coincidence.

The massive formation of coal coincided with the heyday of lycophytes. They, unlike their predecessors and successors, did not contain so much lignin. At the same time, according to scientists, they produced much more coal. This clearly shows the lack of connection between the presence of lignin in the plant and the formation of carbon from it.

If not lignin, then what?

Continental shifts, Dr. Boyce and his Stanford colleagues answer. Shifts were common during the Carboniferous period and led to significant continental deformation, during which mountains and lowlands were formed. The latter, obviously, were often flooded, and as a result of the subsidence of the soil at their bottom, the coal was not subject to erosion and has been preserved to this day.

Previously, in the study of the origin of coal, attention was always paid to biological issues. Now scientists from Stanford are focusing specifically on the geological aspect. And if their hypothesis is correct, it turns out, writes The Economist, that we owe the industrial revolution and everything that we now have to the continental shifts in the Carboniferous period.

Anastasia ZYRYANOVA