Slide 1
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov
Mikhailov Mikhail 9 "B"
Slide 2
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828 - 1886) - Russian chemist, creator of the theory of chemical structure, founder of the “Butlerov school” of Russian chemists, beekeeper scientist, public figure.
Slide 3
Scientific contribution
Butlerov first expressed the basic ideas of the theory of chemical structure in 1861. He outlined the main provisions of his theory in a report “On the chemical structure of matter,” read in the chemical section of the Congress of German Naturalists and Doctors in Speyer. The basics of this theory are formulated as follows:
Slide 4
“Assuming that each chemical atom has only a certain and limited amount of chemical force (affinity) with which it takes part in the formation of a body, I would call chemical structure this chemical bond, or the way of mutual connection of atoms in a complex body.”
Slide 5
2. “... the chemical nature of a complex particle is determined by the nature of its elementary constituent parts, their quantity and chemical structure”
Slide 6
All other provisions of the classical theory of chemical structure are associated with this postulate. Butlerov outlines the path for determining the chemical structure and formulates the rules that can be followed in this case. Leaving open the question of the preferred form of formulas for chemical structure, Butlerov spoke about their meaning: “... when the general laws of the dependence of the chemical properties of bodies on their chemical structure become known, then such a formula will be an expression of all these properties.”
Slide 7
Butlerov was the first to explain the phenomenon of isomerism by the fact that isomers are compounds that have the same elementary composition, but different chemical structures. The dependence of the properties of isomers on their chemical structure is explained by the existence in them of “mutual influence of atoms” transmitted along the bonds. Atoms take on different “chemical meanings.” This general position was concretized in the form of numerous “rules” in the 20th century. these rules have received an electronic interpretation.
Slide 8
Of great importance for the development of the theory of chemical structure was its experimental confirmation in the works of Butlerov. In 1864, Butlerov predicted the existence of two butanes and three pentanes and isobutylene. In order to carry the ideas of the theory of chemical structure through all of organic chemistry, Butlerov published in 1864-1866 in Kazan three editions of “An Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry.”
Slide 9
Social activity
In 1882, in connection with the academic elections, Butlerov turned directly to public opinion by publishing an accusatory article in the Moscow newspaper Rus, “Russian or only the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg?”
Alexander Mikhailovich
(1828-1886)
A.M. Butlerov
Russian organic chemist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1874). Created (1861) and substantiated the theory of chemical structure, according to which the properties of substances are determined by the order of bonds of atoms in molecules and their mutual influence. He was the first to explain (1864) the phenomenon of isomerism. Discovered the polymerization of isobutylene. He synthesized a number of organic compounds (urotropine, formaldehyde polymer, etc.). Works on agriculture, beekeeping. Champion of higher education for women.
Family. Years of Butlerov's teaching
A. Butlerov was born on September 15, 1828, in Chistopol, Kazan province.
Butlerov’s father, Mikhail Vasilyevich, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, after retirement with the rank of lieutenant colonel, lived in the family village of Butlerovka; mother, Sofya Alexandrovna, died 4 days after the birth of her son.
Sasha Butlerov spent his childhood on his grandfather’s estate in the village of Podlesnaya Shantala. When, at the age of ten, Butlerov was transferred to a private boarding school, Sasha was fluent
French and German languages. After a big fire in Kazan in 1842, the boarding house was closed.
and Butlerov was identified in
1st Kazan gymnasium.
Years of Butlerov's teaching
Already in the boarding school and gymnasium, Alexander was engaged in chemical experiments (one of them ended in an explosion, and the boarding school teachers sent the offender to the punishment cell, hanging a board on his chest with the inscription “great chemist”), collected collections of plants and insects.
In 1844, Alexander Butlerov entered Kazan University, where he attracted the attention of famous chemists Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin and Karl Karlovich Klaus, on whose advice he created a home laboratory. However, his PhD thesis was on butterflies.
N.N. Zinin
K.K. Klaus
Scientific activity
At Kazan University, Butlerov became interested in teaching chemistry.
Since 1852, after Professor Klaus moved to the University of Dorpat, Butlerov headed the teaching of all chemistry at Kazan University. In 1851 Butlerov defended his master's thesis “On the oxidation of organic compounds”, and in 1854 at Moscow University - his doctoral thesis “On essential oils”. During a trip abroad in 1857-1858, he became close to many prominent chemists and spent about six months in Paris, actively participating in meetings of the Paris Chemical Society. In Paris, in the laboratory of S. A. Wurtz, Butlerov began the first cycle of experimental research. Having discovered a new method for producing methylene iodide, Butlerov obtained numerous of its derivatives; first synthesized hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine) and a polymer of formaldehyde, which, when treated with lime water, turned into a sugary substance. According to Butlerov, this is the first complete synthesis of a sugary substance.
Scientific contribution
Butlerov first expressed the basic ideas of the theory of chemical structure in 1861. He outlined the main provisions of his theory in a report “On the chemical structure of matter,” read in the chemical section of the Congress of German Naturalists and Doctors in Speyer. The basics of this theory are formulated as follows:
“Assuming that each chemical atom has only a certain and limited amount of chemical force (affinity) with which it takes part in the formation of a body, I would call chemical structure this chemical bond, or the way of mutual connection of atoms in a complex body.”
“... the chemical nature of a complex particle is determined by the nature of its elementary constituent parts, their quantity and chemical structure”
All other provisions of the classical theory of chemical structure are directly or indirectly related to this postulate.
Scientific contribution
Butlerov was the first to explain the phenomenon of isomerism by the fact that isomers are compounds that have the same elementary composition, but different chemical structures. In turn, the dependence of the properties of isomers and organic compounds in general on their chemical structure is explained by the existence in them of the “mutual influence of atoms” transmitted along the bonds, as a result of which atoms, depending on their structural environment, acquire different “chemical meanings”.
In order to carry the ideas of the theory of chemical structure through all organic chemistry, Butlerov published in 1864-1866 in Kazan in 3 editions “Introduction to the complete study of organic chemistry”, the 2nd edition of which was published in 1867-1868 in German.
This inspired work was a revelation of Butlerov - a chemist, experimenter and philosopher, who reconstructed all the material accumulated by science according to a new principle, according to the principle of chemical structure. The book caused a real revolution in chemical science.
Pedagogical activity
Butlerov's great merit is the creation of the first Russian school of chemists. A distinctive feature of Butlerov as a leader was that he taught by example - students could always observe for themselves what and how the professor was working on.
During his third trip abroad in 1867-1868, Alexander Butlerov was elected professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg University. In his presentation to the university, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev emphasized the originality of Butlerov’s scientific creativity: “The direction of A. M. Butlerov’s scientific works does not constitute a continuation of the ideas of his predecessors, but belongs to him himself. In chemistry there is a Butlerov school, a Butlerov direction.”
Social activity
In January 1869, Alexander Butlerov moved to St. Petersburg.
He continued his experimental work
improved the theory of chemical structure, a lot of effort
gave to public life. He actively participated in
creation of Higher Women's Courses and
organized chemistry courses. laboratories,
as a member of the Free Economic
society energetically propagated methods
rational beekeeping, in 1886
founded the magazine "Russian Beekeeping"
leaf." In the last years of Butlerov's life
created a real school for
peasant beekeepers. With his book “Bee,
her life and the rules of smart beekeeping"
Butlerov was hardly proud
no more than scientific works.
Interesting Facts
In 1880-1883, Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov became interested in
spiritualism. Later he became close to A.N. Aksakov,
who published the spiritualist magazine “Psychic
research" (in 1889 Aksakov published "Collection of articles
A.M. Butlerov on mediumship").
Despite the condemnation
students and colleagues, Butlerov
defended ardently and seriously
your hobby.
Presentation on the topic "The theory of the structure of chemical compounds by A. M. Butlerov" in chemistry in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren tells about the great Russian scientist Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov and his theory of the structure of chemical compounds.
Fragments from the presentation
Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich (1828-1886)
Russian chemist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (since 1874). Graduated from Kazan University (1849). He worked there (since 1857 - professor, in 1860 and 1863 - rector). Creator of the theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds, which underlies modern chemistry. He substantiated the idea of the mutual influence of atoms in a molecule. Predicted and explained the isomerism of many organic compounds. Wrote “An Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry” (1864), the first manual in the history of science based on the theory of chemical structure. Chairman of the Chemistry Department of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society (1878-1882).
Personal qualities of A. M. Butlerov
- A. M. Butlerov was distinguished by his encyclopedic chemical knowledge, ability to analyze and generalize facts, and make predictions. He predicted the existence of the butane isomer, and then obtained it, as well as the butylene isomer - isobutylene.
- A. M. Butlerov created the first school of organic chemists in Russia, from which brilliant scientists emerged: V. V. Markovnikov, D. P. Konovalov, A. E. Favorsky and others.
- No wonder D.I. Mendeleev wrote: “A. M. Butlerov is one of the greatest Russian scientists, he is Russian both in his scientific education and in the originality of his works.”
Theory of the structure of organic compounds
- The theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds, put forward by A. M. Butlerov in the second half of the last century (1861), was confirmed by the works of many scientists, including Butlerov’s students and himself.
- It turned out to be possible on its basis to explain many phenomena that had not yet been interpreted: isomerism, homology, the manifestation of tetravalency by carbon atoms in organic substances.
- The theory also fulfilled its predictive function: on its basis, scientists predicted the existence of still unknown compounds, described their properties and discovered them.
Basic principles of the theory of the structure of chemical compounds
First position
Atoms in molecules are combined in a specific order according to their valency. (Carbon is tetravalent).
- Tetravalent carbon atoms can combine with each other to form different chains:
- the order of connection of carbon atoms in molecules can be different and depends on the type of covalent chemical bond between carbon atoms - single or multiple (double and triple):
Second position
- The properties of substances depend not only on their qualitative and quantitative composition, but also on the structure of their molecules.
- This position explains the phenomenon of isomerism. Substances that have the same composition, but different chemical or spatial structures, and therefore different properties, are called isomers.
Types of isomerism:
- Structural (carbon skeleton isomerism; positional isomerism; homologous series isomerism)
- Spatial (cis -, trans isomerism)
Structural isomerism
Structural isomerism, in which substances differ in the order of bonding of atoms in molecules:
- carbon skeleton isomerism
- positional isomerism
- isomerism of homologous series (interclass)
Spatial isomerism
Spatial isomerism, in which the molecules of substances differ not in the order of bonding of atoms, but in their position in space: cis-, trans-isomerism (geometric).
Third position
- The properties of substances depend on the mutual influence of atoms in molecules.
- For example, in acetic acid only one of the four hydrogen atoms reacts with an alkali. Based on this, it can be assumed that only one hydrogen atom is bonded to oxygen:
- On the other hand, from the structural formula of acetic acid we can conclude that it contains one mobile hydrogen atom, that is, that it is monobasic.
The creation of the theory of the structure of substances played a crucial role in the development of organic chemistry:
- From a predominantly descriptive science, it turns into a creative, synthesizing science; it becomes possible to judge the mutual influence of atoms in the molecules of various substances.
- The theory of structure created the prerequisites for explaining and predicting various types of isomerism of organic molecules, as well as the directions and mechanisms of chemical reactions.
- Based on this theory, organic chemists create substances that not only replace natural ones, but significantly surpass them in their properties. Thus, synthetic dyes are much better and cheaper than many natural ones, for example, alizarin and indigo, known in ancient times. Synthetic rubbers with a wide variety of properties are produced in large quantities. Plastics and fibers are widely used, products from which are used in technology, everyday life, medicine, and agriculture.
The significance of the theory of chemical structure of A.M. Butlerov for organic chemistry can be compared with the significance of the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev for inorganic chemistry.
Slide 1
Alexander Mikhailovich BUTLEROV
Presentation by Svetlana Viktorovna Pospelova, chemistry teacher at school No. 122 in the Central district of St. Petersburg
Slide 2
A.M.Butlerov
One of the outstanding theorists and brilliant experimental chemists. Created a theory of chemical structure. He was the head of the largest Kazan school of Russian organic chemists.
Slide 3
Childhood and youth
Born on September 15, 1828 in the city of Chistopol, Kazan Province, in the family of a landowner. His mother died suddenly when he was only 11 days old. The boy was raised by his father and aunts. At the age of eight he was sent to a private boarding school in Kazan
Slide 4
Years of study
At the age of 8, Butlerov was transferred to the 1st Kazan gymnasium. In 1844, when Butlerov was 16 years old, he entered Kazan University in the “category of natural sciences,” which he graduated in 1849. After graduating from the university (1849), Alexander Butlerov was involved in teaching and lectured on physics, chemistry and physical geography. In 1854, Butlerov brilliantly passed the exam for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry at Moscow University and defended his dissertation “On Essential Oils.” In 1857, he visited all the best European laboratories, listened to lectures by outstanding scientists and met with the most prominent Western European representatives of chemical science
Slide 5
Butlerov's family life
In Kazan, Butlerov rented an apartment from Sofia Timofeevna Aksakova, an energetic and decisive woman. The young scientist was clearly not indifferent to Nadenka. The girl was really pretty, with a high, intelligent forehead, large sparkling eyes, stern, regular facial features and some kind of special charm. In 1851, Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina, the niece of the writer S.T. Aksakova became the wife of Alexander Mikhailovich. Soon they had a son, Mikhail, and then a second, Vladimir.
Slide 6
Not yet a great chemist, but no longer a botanist and entymologist
Butlerov considered N.N. Zinin his teacher all his life. In 1857 in France he worked in the laboratory of the famous chemist A. Wurtz. In Germany he met the young A. Kekule
Slide 7
Butlerov – experimenter and theorist
Returning to Kazan, the scientist rebuilt the laboratory and began experimental research. In 1861, he was the first to obtain a sugary substance through synthesis. In September 1861, in Germany, at a congress of German doctors and naturalists, he made his famous report “On the chemical structure of matter.” Returning from abroad, he wrote a number of articles where he developed the new teaching in more detail.
“A.M. Butlerov is one of the greatest Russian scientists. He is Russian both in his scientific education and in the originality of his works. A student of our famous academician N.N. Zimin, he became a chemist not in foreign lands, but in Kazan, where he continues to develop the school of chemistry.”
Slide 9
In May 1868, A.M. Butlerov, on the recommendation of D.I. Mendeleev, was elected professor at the Department of Chemistry at St. Petersburg University. At the beginning of 1869, Butlerov moved to St. Petersburg. In 1872-1882. was president of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
Slide 10
At St. Petersburg University, he began giving lectures and got the opportunity to organize his own chemical laboratory. Butlerov developed a new method of teaching students, offering the now universally accepted laboratory workshop, in which students were taught how to work with a variety of chemical equipment.
Slide 11
Butlerov liked to devote his free time to agriculture, gardening, and beekeeping. In January 1886, in St. Petersburg, under the editorship of Academician A. M. Butlerov, the first issue of the magazine “Russian Beekeeping Leaflet” was published. This was an outstanding event in the history of domestic beekeeping.
Pospelova Svetlana Viktorovna
Slide 2
A.M.Butlerov
- One of the outstanding theorists and brilliant experimental chemists.
- Created a theory of chemical structure.
- He was the head of the largest Kazan school of Russian organic chemists.
Slide 3
Childhood and youth
- Born on September 15, 1828 in the city of Chistopol, Kazan Province, in the family of a landowner.
- His mother died suddenly when he was only 11 days old. The boy was raised by his father and aunts.
- At the age of eight he was sent to a private boarding school in Kazan
Slide 4
Years of study
- At the age of 8, Butlerov was transferred to the 1st Kazan gymnasium.
- In 1844, when Butlerov was 16 years old, he entered Kazan University in the “category of natural sciences,” which he graduated in 1849. After graduating from the university (1849), Alexander Butlerov was involved in teaching and lectured on physics, chemistry and physical geography.
- In 1854, Butlerov brilliantly passed the exam for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry at Moscow University and defended his dissertation “On Essential Oils.”
- In 1857, he visited all the best European laboratories, listened to lectures by outstanding scientists and met with the most prominent Western European representatives of chemical science
Slide 5
Butlerov's family life
- In Kazan, Butlerov rented an apartment from Sofia Timofeevna Aksakova, an energetic and decisive woman.
- The young scientist was clearly not indifferent to Nadenka. The girl was really pretty, with a high, intelligent forehead, large sparkling eyes, stern, regular facial features and some kind of special charm.
- In 1851, Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina, the niece of the writer S.T. Aksakova became the wife of Alexander Mikhailovich.
- Soon they had a son, Mikhail, and then a second, Vladimir.
Slide 6
Not yet a great chemist, but no longer a botanist and entymologist
- Butlerov considered N.N. Zinin his teacher all his life
- In 1857 in France he worked in the laboratory of the famous chemist A. Wurtz
- In Germany - met young A. Kekule
Slide 7
Butlerov – experimenter and theorist
- Returning to Kazan, the scientist rebuilt the laboratory and began experimental research.
- In 1861, he was the first to obtain a sugary substance through synthesis.
- In September 1861, in Germany, at a congress of German doctors and naturalists, he made his famous report “On the chemical structure of matter.”
- Returning from abroad, he wrote a number of articles where he developed the new teaching in more detail.
Slide 8
- “A.M. Butlerov is one of the greatest Russian scientists. He is Russian both in his scientific education and in the originality of his works. A student of our famous academician N.N. Zimin, he became a chemist not in foreign lands, but in Kazan, where he continues to develop the school of chemistry.”
Slide 9
- In May 1868, A.M. Butlerov, on the recommendation of D.I. Mendeleev, was elected professor at the Department of Chemistry at St. Petersburg University.
- At the beginning of 1869, Butlerov moved to St. Petersburg.
- In 1872-1882. was president of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
Slide 10
- At St. Petersburg University, he began giving lectures and got the opportunity to organize his own chemical laboratory. Butlerov developed a new method of teaching students, offering the now universally accepted laboratory workshop, in which students were taught how to work with a variety of chemical equipment.
Slide 11
Leisure
- Butlerov liked to devote his free time to agriculture, gardening, and beekeeping.
- In January 1886, in St. Petersburg, under the editorship of Academician A. M. Butlerov, the first issue of the magazine “Russian Beekeeping Leaflet” was published. This was an outstanding event in the history of domestic beekeeping.