THE K-27 CREW CONQUERS THE ATLANTIC.
.
1959 The crew of the submarine K-27, led by Gulyaev I.I., continues their studies
in the Training Center, studying stand 27/VT, which was
prototype-
reactor, which was planned to be installed on the K-27.
Its creation began in 1953 and was associated with numerous
emergency situations. In particular in 1959, those who arrived
sailors from K-27 had to take part in the liquidation of the accident
at the stand twice. The result?.. The sailors received different doses
radiation. Two sailors became disabled. Some future
submariners were written off ashore and declared unfit for service
on nuclear submarines. But the main backbone of the crew
passed this test, including his commander Gulyaev Ivan
Ivanovich. In 1960, studies ended and the sailors arrived in
Severodvinsk. We took an active part in the construction of our
the ship, which on April 1, 1962 was taken out of workshop 42 and in a solemn atmosphere launched into the water under the USSR anthem and splashes of champagne.
It should be said that when the submarine was taken out of the workshop, young officers
then, now living captains of the 1st rank Sorokin Yuri Mikhailovich.,
Vitaly Aleksandrovich Nechipurenko (unfortunately I don’t remember the third) was traditionally defeated
a bottle of champagne on the nose, wheelhouse, screws.
So the bottle in the area where the reactor is located on the left side... did not break... Sailors
Submariners are courageous people, they don’t believe in omens... but... they must
add...the left nuclear reactor always subsequently brought emergency
problems.
And on May 24, 1968, I practically “gave up” on the boat itself. But I’m going back to 1960. The boat was being built, and Gulyaeva I.I. , as an experienced submariner, he was sent as second commander on a five-month cruise on a diesel boat to the Atlantic. If my memory serves me correctly, it was a B-82 submarine, where the commander was captain 2nd rank Gennady Shvetsov. For this trip, Ivan Ivanovich received the Order of the Red Banner . During the construction of the nuclear submarine K-27, Ivan Ivanovich repeatedly had to go to sea on other submarines. Especially during the exercises. He could not live without the sea, although his soul and heart ached for his ship, which was being built and the construction of which was delayed or interrupted. This primarily concerned nuclear installations, which at that time were the only ones in the world and were planned to be installed on K -27.
The liquid metal reactor reacted very capriciously to the slightest deficiencies in thermal insulation. All it took was the slightest underinsulated spot and a “plug” would form in the system.. In short... there was a lot to do... both for the designers and for the crew and personally for its commander Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev.
The years 1962 and 1963 were especially tense.
Here is a chronology of what happened during these years...
-05/08/1962-06/10/1963 - completion of submarine, mooring testing of mechanisms.
-08/15/1962—loading of the core into the reactor..
-06-07.12.1962.- loading of liquid metal coolant into the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor.
-12/07/1962—completion of installation of power plants.
-06/28/1963 The flag of the USSR Navy was raised on the submarine K-27.
06.22.-06.26.1963 - factory tests.
- 10.29.1963 - 10.30.1963—state tests of the submarine.
-On October 30, 1963, the Act of the Government Commission was signed and the acceptance of the nuclear submarine K-27 (645 project) serial number 601 into the USSR Navy. The act was signed by Vice Admiral, famous submariner Georgy Nikitich Kholostyakov.
I think the submariners, both officers and sailors and petty officers, who then served on submarines, and those who served on submarines under construction, and having passed all those tests before the delivery of the ship to the Navy, know how much effort it took for every submariner, and thus who built and designed this ship.
Then there was the slogan “From the wall of the factory to combat service”... and the K-27 crew, led by their commander, captain 2nd rank Gulyaev Ivan Ivanovich, was ready to go out right after the signing of the Act for combat service in the Atlantic.
Two days passed after the signing of the State Act and the entry of the submarine K-27 into the USSR Navy, and its commander Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev took it out to sea for further passage to the Atlantic. It was November 2, 1963. For several days, the crew, starting from the sailor and ending with its commander... stood on their “ears”. They loaded spare parts, provisions, officers loaded their belongings and families onto a warship, which should deliver them to Gremikha, the permanent base of our boat.
This has always been the case...such is the pace...faster...faster...And in 1965, when preparing for the second trip, and in 1967, when preparing for my third round-the-world scuba diving trip.
Nothing changed. I remember 1965, 1967. In 1967, a major overhaul was carried out, the zone was loaded, then all the proper tests that were carried out after the repair, including deep-sea ones in the White Sea... chaotic (glove compartment) loading of everything that was needed on a long trip to sea..
But...this was a “golden” time for suppliers! Well, at least for our... former warrant officer of the construction battalion, and then midshipman G.I. Beresnevich... He was an “ace”... in matters of what to get, change... the rule “you give me, I give you” was his life creed .
He knew...the campaigns ended, but provisions always remained. And he always found a use for it. But as people say... everything comes to an end. It also ended pitifully for our supply officer, a participant in 2 military campaigns and awarded the Ushakov Beresnevich Grigory Ivanovich medal. After the nuclear accident in May 1968, after receiving material assets, he was found to have a significant deficiency... he “escaped”... Well, then his traces were lost... according to the information that reached him... he was convicted.
But let's go back to 1963. The boat goes out to sea.
Vice Admiral Georgy Nikitich Kholostyakov is the leader of the campaign. I note that the respected admiral was already 60 years old at that time! And he insisted on his participation in the long campaign. For example, I have not found an analogue to this in the world.
-chief designer of nuclear submarine Nazarov Alexander Karpovich.
- Engineer Rear Admiral Ivan Dmitrievich Dorofeev.
Leading SKB designers, factory workers. In total, according to the recollections of my senior colleagues, 124 people went to sea. Although other numbers were also mentioned... from 130 to 180!!!
The commander carried out a control trim (after additional loading of food) and brought the ship along the fairway into the White Sea to the diving point. The strength of the light hull is checked, the upper conning hatch is battened down and the submarine is submerged...
The commander, his entire crew, as well as the “guests” present... believed... with the dive, the military campaign to Alantic began...
But..this didn’t happen then.........It was the second day of scuba diving. The commander, realizing that for the last three months the crew had actually lived without days off or rest, did not force him to engage in combat training. And he was punished for it grateful, although... as the participants of that hike recall, it was a kind of “rest”... Everyone shared their impressions and assumptions about what they would do after the end of the hike.
The sailors, whose term of conscript service ended in 1963, were preparing for demobilization, some officers for transfer to a new duty station. In short, everyone had their own everyday plans for the future. Spare parts and provisions were removed from the aisles and secured in their places, order was restored compartments
I think it’s better to turn to the memories of those who were directly involved in those distant events of November 1963, and the first test voyage of the K-27 submarine to the Atlantic.
The author of the notes served with many of them later, knew them well, but that was the time when it was customary not to talk about many things, both to officers and sailors and petty officers
In 1968 we parted ways, as it turned out with some for many decades...
.More than 15 years of searching (although I have not parted with some since the end of my service) ..provided results: Hundreds of officers and midshipmen, about 400 sailors and petty officers who served in different years on my ship, starting in 1958, when Gulyaev I.I began to recruit a crew, and until 1981, when a small crew of only 10 submariners led by the acting commander of the ship Alexei Anatolyevich Ivanov, captain of the 2nd rank, led the K-27 on its Last Crusade ...Kara Sea to her burial place.
I want to say. Alexey Anatolyevich Ivanov came to the submarine in 1958 as a young lieutenant after graduating from a military school in Gatchina, served on the ship until 1981. Became captain of the 2nd rank. Participant in 2 cruises. Participant in the liquidation of a nuclear accident on a submarine in May 1968. Awarded the Order of the Red Name and the Order of Courage. On September 10, 1981, he was the last, as befits a captain, to leave the ship with tears in his eyes, while kissing and removing the Flag.
You can tell a lot about this man. By the way, he was the only officer who came as a non-partisan lieutenant, and left the submarine with the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, non-partisan. At that time.. that said a lot.... And so the word
- Gennady Aleksandrovich Fytov, then captain-lieutenant, assistant commander of the ship, now captain of the 1st rank.
“On the fifth day, we surfaced to periscope depth for a session and dived again. An hour later, Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev read out the code received in his name from the Commander-in-Chief... which stated that the submarine was to arrive at Western by 19-00 on November 7, 1963 A person for additional inspection of the ship by officers of the headquarters of the 1st flotilla of nuclear submarines for task 1 and readiness for combat service in the ocean.... This was a complete surprise for both the commander and the leader of the campaign, G.N. Kholostyakov.
But the Commander-in-Chief's order is an order. Exactly at 19-00 on November 7, 1963, a nuclear submarine moored to the pier in Zapadnaya Litsa Bay..."
...The contents of the Commander-in-Chief's encryption became the property of the epipage... And here again I.I. Gulyaev's ability to work with people was demonstrated. His restraint. He explained to the officers (and he almost always addressed them by name and patronymic) that it was necessary to check the condition of the compartments, statutory order, check the uniform of the personnel and be at your best in front of the inspectors.
Further G.A. Fytov recalls..."November 7 was a holiday then. Already the day before, some flagship specialists began to celebrate the anniversary of the October Revolution...And here they were given an introductory...check the submarine K-27...But instead of arriving on the ship .. without bothering themselves on a holiday, they decided to write down “standard comments” in the report on the results of the inspection, of which they had a sufficient number.. The flotilla even then included two divisions of nuclear-powered ships.. at least 16 submarines 627A pr and 658 projects. So they decided to put the results of the checks on the table of the flotilla commander, indicating there instead of nuclear submarine 627 pr and the boat number (remarks) nuclear submarine K-27!
This report was read by both Gulyaev I. and Kholostyakov G.N. He, having read the “shortcomings” with anger and anger, directly said to Rear Admiral G.N. Petelin, “Is this... sabotage or provocation.” And he stated that he was immediately going to Moscow with a report to the Commander-in-Chief about the corresponding disgrace. And the disgrace was that the act included comments on mechanisms that physically simply could not be on the K-27 submarine.
A note on the diesel...it simply isn't on the boat.
Note that the manifold of the mounted generator sparks... and it is not on the ship either. There is a turbogenerator compartment there. And so on."
I don’t know what later happened to these inspectors... history is silent,
but the one who sought to disrupt the test voyage to the Atlantic in November 1963 achieved his goal.
Moreover, Zapadnaya Litsa, the base itself was not suitable for receiving such a nuclear boat as the K-27 with its unique nuclear reactors. There were no technical means to maintain a constant temperature of the alloy of at least 125 degrees when parked at the base. The crew had to burn precious fuel. But they didn't think about it.
For more than two months they harassed the commander and his crew at the base. Gulyaev I. even went to the hospital. And only at the end of January 1964 the nuclear boat moved from Zapadnaya Litsa to its home base of Gremikh.a.
A unique trip to the Atlantic in 1963 was disrupted.
Today, almost 45 years have passed since November 1963, but it is difficult to find an answer to the question... why and by whom the exit of a unique nuclear submarine into the ocean was disrupted.
In memoirs and books that talk about the submarine K-27, they don’t talk about this. They don’t know..? Or don't want to talk?
From conversations with direct participants in that exit, from the materials that I have, it can be assumed that K-27’s exit into the ocean back in November 1963 was deliberately thwarted. Moreover, no one from high military officials was punished for this. Then the time ,the political situation worked for them.
-The Caribbean crisis, the USSR lagging behind the United States in the matter of creating nuclear boats. The Cold War was going on. The USSR government took all measures to prevent the US military advantage in the matter of nuclear submarine construction.
Nuclear-powered ships began to be “stamped” like “sausages”... In everyone’s language was the trip of the First submarine K-3 to the North Pole..
Moreover, the struggle between two directions... which nuclear-powered ships and with which reactors (water-water or liquid-metal coolant) was lost by supporters of Leiptunsky (the creator of the liquid metal reactor)..
I think all this should include the very attitude of the USSR Commander-in-Chief towards the ship.
Here is one example of the behavior of the commander at that time, Kasatonov, towards the commander and his crew before going to sea... It can be called cynical and boorish. This is how the submarine officers (the same G.A. Fytov) who witnessed that incident recall it.
“Kasatonov was summing up the checks on the state of the K-27 submarine before entering the ocean (once again!), showing rudeness in the presence of many. Kasatonov was known in the navy as a “madman with a razor”
Without any real reason, he rudely removes Captain-Lieutenant A.I. Pribysh from the campaign. (KGDU)) and the foreman of torpedomen Semenov, regardless of the opinion of commander I.I. Gulyaev, who tried to prove that there was simply no one to replace these sailors in a day. But he did not take into account the commander’s arguments Kasatonov... moreover, directly... in front of everyone declared.. "that we would all drown and if it were his will, he would not let us out into the sea, but from the order of the Commander-in-Chief" ...
After all that had been said, Gulev stood on the stage in front of the personnel, white as chalk, clenching his fists and cheekbones. After the showdown was over, Kasatonov decided to put on his overcoat, but he couldn’t get into the sleeve and threw it over his shoulder, “If only someone had thought to give the overcoat to the admiral.” ..
Gulyaev is standing on the stage and G.N. Kholostyakov, Vice Admiral, was sitting. Neither one nor the other moved from their place."
..Already at sea, there was a change in the commander of the Northern Fot. Vice Admiral Semyon Mikhailovich Lobov was appointed instead of Kasatanov. This message was greeted by the K-27 submariners in the compartments with a loud “Hurray”.
The day came when everything was left behind... many months of hassle on the part of officials, the difficult, grueling training of the crew was overcome before going out into the ocean.
Of course, it was most difficult for commander Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev. He could, over the years spent without rest during the construction of the unique submarine K-27, one day simply write a report and leave, like many others left... He had plenty of reasons for this. Moreover, the fault was not the sailors who had become so close to him crew, and bureaucrats from high military departments.
But Ivan Ivanovich was a different kind of person. He did not allow the thought that he would leave, leaving the crew, without completing the work that he began when he was appointed commander of the submarine K-27 in February 1958.
I think that the day his ship entered the ocean on April 21 was the happiest day in the life of Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev, as well as in those who came with him to the nuclear submarine K-27, which was just preparing to be laid down.
I wrote an article about that test trip, which was called “51 days of underwater planning,” published in Literary Russia on May 14, 2004, issue 19-20. Therefore, I will dwell only on those events that became known after the publication of the article. And it’s better to tell about this campaign from its direct participants, who shared notes with the author in their letters and meetings.
- Captain 1st rank Guzhelenko Anatoly Ivanovich (Kaliningrad, Russia) then in 1964, lieutenant commander, commander of the warhead-4 (RTS) ..
“At first our trip was designed for 40 days of scuba diving in various modes, then twice we were allowed (Kholostyakov “pushed”) to descend further south and on May 17, 1964, we reached a latitude of 10 degrees (these are already equatorial waters) and spent two days rushing under water in the middle and at full speed. We weren’t allowed to go to the equator (there... they still didn’t trust the technology and us from above... and there were a lot of envious people about our ship). But Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev gave the command to the entire crew to celebrate Neptune’s holiday, which we noted...as it should be in this case...
In this campaign, everything was for the first time... in the history of the Soviet submarine fleet... 1000 miles under water, then 5,000 thousand, then 10,000!!!. On June 4, the entire crew celebrated the 42nd anniversary of the birth of their commander I.I. Gulyaev. The strangest thing is that his birthday..42 years old..coincided with the hours when we were at latitude..42 deg. .! There were no special shocks during the trip, except for the serious situation in the reactor compartment with one of the nuclear reactors that we experienced... but let those who directly eliminated this accident tell about this... On June 12, 1964, we moored in Western Litsa. In 53 days (of which 51 days were under water), the nuclear submarine covered 12,345 miles, of which 12,166 miles were under water. Nobody believed this, it was a big blow to the prestige of Western Litsa, then the capital of the Soviet submarine fleet. They didn’t believe us, they checked everything and everyone. They were forced to write reports and explanations. Literally every crew member, participant in the trip was INTERROGED with passion.. that’s all exactly what happened.. we didn’t surface anywhere?.. But the fact was a fact. Our boat was “from some kind of tattered Gremikha"...the WORLD record for scuba diving in the ocean was set at that time.....
Well, and then the return to Gremikha, a ceremonial meeting...traditionally a pig...vacation...and preparation for a new campaign
41 years later, in March 2007, after a long search, several more participants in that campaign were found, special hold, chief petty officer - Raina Grigory Otarovich, chief petty officer Khanitsky Andrey Stepanovich, holders of the Ushakov Medal, a very honorable award among sailors, Ganzha Nikolai Yakovlevich, chief petty officer, holder of the Order of the Red Banner with whom we parted ways back in 1966, after they completed their service, and the author of the notes had another two years to serve on the submarine K-27. On May 24 this year, we met for the first time with Grisha Rain after his departure from service in 1966. On that day, not only did we meet after many years of separation, but Grigory also met with his reactor compartment commander, captain 3rd rank Vladislav Vladimirovich Dombrovsky, arrived from Moscow, Ivchenko Ivan Ivanovich, a midshipman, then they were conscripts of the same age from the Dnepropetrovsk region, Andrei Stepanovich Khanitsky from Moldova, the ship's boatswain.
We stayed up until late at night for two days... so many memories. We also touched on that first trip to the Atlantic (except for Vlad Dombrovsky) they were participants in it..
From the memoirs of Grigory Rain, then senior sailor, special hold 4th reactor compartment K-27 (Kirovograd, Russia)
“My comrades sitting here and I came to the boat after training in 1963... And a month later at sea... state tests. Everyone thought that we would go on a campaign in the fall of this year. The guys who had to be demobilized this year were especially looking forward to this. They We were planning to go to the autonomous station and then to the DMB. It didn’t work out. I don’t know why. There was a lot of talking. They kept us busy in Gremikha for more than 2 months, then they came to Gremikha.
The guys whose service ended were demobilized, and we were on the ship almost without days off, days and nights. We knew that we would still have to go on a hike... but when?...
And they waited. To the question, what especially filled up during the trip... everyone answered... it was the commander’s birthday... and that accident in the reactor compartment. When the question was... whether to continue staying in the ocean... or not... In general. I was afraid... And also very tired....
...In the compartment...says Rain Grigory, the radioactivity suddenly increased.
The commander even had to take part of the crew into the aft compartments and prohibit them from walking around the ship.
A special group was created led by captain 3rd rank Alexander Vasilyevich Shpakov. Specialists from the plant, institute, myself, Sasha Osyukin, Nikolay Ganzha entered there. We dressed in protective clothing and began work on punching a plug in the system. It was necessary to manually ram the gas tube, push out the frozen metal, and then weld it. The work had to be jewelry. And all this in great heat, about 80%, and cramped conditions. No one talked about radiation. The work was done perfectly.
Upon arrival from the sea, the crew went to the hospital, went through a medical examination. They took a bone marrow test from everyone... and went on vacation. Who thought about some kind of radiation... at 21-23 years old?
- Of course, who thought then... how much did anyone receive... and what dose?... Years will pass and it will make itself known to many submariners. Many of the crew who went on the first test trip to the Atlantic... did not survive until our time... but today they would be 64-70 years old! Many have become disabled...
Andrei Stepanovich Khanitsky-chief sergeant-major (Moldova)..." The birthday of our commander Ivan Ivanovich Gulyaev is especially memorable. He was 42 years old.
Congratulations came from every compartment. Our cook Vara...baked a huge cake, and everyone got one for a sailor. And of course, we drank to the commander... we had our allotted 50 grams of sea water, and maybe more (awl) was in reserve. Of course you can’t speed up much... after all, it’s a hike... but some managed to get completely drunk... The workers had a blast , specialist scientists who went to sea with us. Some walked around the compartments and sang songs... our “Uncle Misha” (political officer... this is captain 2nd rank Petukhov Mikhail Vasilyevich), had to accompany them to their place of bed. .They joked then...if the Americans knew that there was a Soviet nuclear submarine with a drunken crew nearby near their shore...they would have fled in shock...(of course this was an exaggeration).."...The voyage of a nuclear submarine led by the commander captain of the 2nd rank Gulyaev Ivan Ivanovich was coming to an end.
The crew fully completed the task assigned to them by the USSR Government. And the strangest thing was...that upon the ship’s arrival at its home base...this Government forgot to honor the commander and crew with the awards that They deserved!
This amazed many of the commanders of the first nuclear submarines.
Why did this happen?... Why, indeed, did the crew that showed record autonomy at that time, the crew that tested a unique nuclear reactor that had no analogues in the world, remain unrecognized and not appreciated by the Government for the feat they accomplished? Why did only the intervention of the Minister of Defense Radion Yakovlevich Malinovsky put an end to this issue two years after the K-27 nuclear submarine had already completed a couple of autonomous missions?
And it all lay in the hostility of the USSR Navy Commander-in-Chief Gorshkov towards Kholostyakov since the time of the Second World War, when Gorshkov was under Kholostyakov’s command.
All attempts by Georgy Nikitich to achieve awards for the K-27 crew ran into mute resistance from the leadership of the USSR Navy.
Chance helped. In 1965, Malinovsky and Kholostyakov were invited to Budapest (Hungary) as active participants in the liberation of this country. There Malinovsky inquired... how Kholostyakov was served (they had known each other since the war).-
- Yes, they are going to dismiss me from service and retire...
After this trip, come and see me,” Malinovsky said.
Holostyakov, of course, came. There he spoke about the crew of the unique boat, about its commander, and about the fact that for the past year and a half he had not been able to get this crew to be rewarded for their feat.
Malinovsky listened silently and promised to sort everything out. And take Kholostyakov himself as an adviser, which is what he did. However, looking ahead, I’ll say that after Malinovsky’s death, Georgy Nikitich was immediately sent into retirement, and the authorities only remembered him when this famous submariner and his wife were gangsterically killed in the 90s. s in Moscow in his apartment for military awards.
So, after the intervention of Rodion Malinovsky, the Minister of Defense of the USSR, on March 2, 1966, a Decree was issued on awarding the commander of the submarine K-27 Gulyaev Ivan Ivanovich with the Golden Star of Hero and his glorious crew with orders and medals. Justice was restored. At this time, I.I. Gulyaev was already serving as chief of staff of a submarine formation at the Leningrad naval base.
Concluding the story about the first commander of the nuclear submarine K-27, Gulyaev I.I. and the trip to the Atlantic, it should be noted that during his decades of service in the Navy, this man left a bright mark on himself as a submariner, an officer, a boat commander, just as a person, whom they loved and respected. He did not become an admiral, because the authorities did not like such people. He was inconvenient for her.
After he retired, Ivan Ivanovich did not break ties with members of the submarine crew, met and helped many to obtain certain benefits and solve their everyday issues.
You can be born a sailor, but you have to become a submariner.
1. Film screenings
“Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us.” This quote is from the complete works of V.I. Lenin was present in the foyers of all cinemas in the country in a prominent place, and on a long journey it acquired particular relevance.
The fact is that during the autonomous navigation of a submarine it was impossible to watch either a ballet or an exhibition of paintings, and therefore cinema is a vital necessity for submariners. The ship had two narrow-film cinema cameras “Ukraine” - a technical device that brings art to the masses, and a set of feature and documentary films. Moreover, the number of films exceeded the number of days of “autonomy”, that is, the personnel of the combat shifts received different films from the political officer every day. Each shift had 2-3 trained projectionists - “social activists”, who were entrusted with showing films. The quality of the film was generally good, and the production time of the films did not exceed 10 years. In each “autonomy”, some of the films were completely new, and some, at the time our ship left for sea, did not have a premiere even in cinemas in Moscow and Leningrad. Sometimes it happened that, having watched such a new film at a depth of 200 meters in the Hawaiian Islands and leaving after going on another vacation to Sevastopol or Samara, I saw that the demonstration of this film there was just beginning. As a rule, such films were given out for the first showing by the political officer to the shift that took first place in the competition for the week. On weekdays, viewing began in the evening, night or morning, after the shift and meals. The film was shown in two places simultaneously - in the dining room and in the wardroom. And on Sunday, films were shown around the clock, after breakfast, lunch and dinner. You could watch up to five films per day. Naturally, the demonstration was interrupted during alarms and exercises. Since the average age of the crew did not exceed thirty years, intimate sex scenes, and especially erotica, were excluded in the films. This was strictly monitored by political departments at all levels. And when selecting films, “erotic crime” was cut out of the film. But one day such a scene - the washing of women in the bathhouse in the film "Open Book" - was missed, and this film was replayed "to the holes" in the film. True, then someone cut this scene. Cartoons (especially “Well, Just Wait”), comedies, modern films about the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War, and films about the army and navy enjoyed great success. Most of the films were domestically produced, sometimes from countries of the socialist camp.
2. Quizzes
Starting from the second third of the “autonomy”, when life on combat shifts was settling into a well-established rut, and the personnel had already “got used to” each other, quizzes were held during free time off duty, usually before watching films. The quiz questions were chosen by the leaders of the combat shift, agreed upon with the political commander, and announced several days before it was held. The main topics are cinema, geography, literature and the structure of the ship. The sailors who took three prizes were given a pack of cigarettes, a can of condensed milk and a pair of dried vobl as prizes. At the end of the “autonomy” period, cigarettes were especially valued. Experienced submariners - officers and midshipmen, who had been on long voyages more than once, knew their needs for smoking and took with them the required number of cigarettes. And the conscript sailors, who had no experience of campaigns, “flew by” with a smoke by the end of the campaign. And therefore, for first place in the quiz, the prize was a pack of cigarettes (for this I took with me an extra block of Bulgarian cigarettes). The winners, as a rule, were young sailors who really wanted to smoke their own. True, after receiving such a prize, this pack at the door of the smoking room was instantly “shot” by his fellow shift workers. The second and third prizes were eaten in a narrower circle of colleagues - lovers of sweet and salty foods. Thus, holding quizzes increased the intellectual and professional level of submariners and brought them small personal joys.
3. Smoking on the ship
Everyone knows that smoking is a habit that is harmful to health, but when they are young, they don’t think about it. And yet, just talking about smoking on a submarine is an understatement. Smoking on it is a kind of ritual. When the ship is at sea on the surface, smoking is allowed in the conning tower enclosure with the permission of the watch commander. According to my observations, no more than 75% of the crew smoked. In the underwater position for smoking there is a special sealed room equipped with a fan and a smoke filtration system. Several people could be in this room at the same time for the time required to smoke one cigarette. The smoking room was visited only by personnel from off-duty shifts, on a first-come, first-served basis. Smoking in other places, on watch, or during alarms was prohibited. In the “autonomy” the number of smokers decreased slightly. Obviously, the reason was the gas composition of the air in the compartments, which differed significantly from natural.
4. Festive events
Several times the time of “autonomy” coincided with public holidays. On this day, amateur art concerts were organized on the ship during each combat shift. Moreover, the team that organized the best concert was recognized as the winner of the competition and was awarded a birthday cake. Festive lunch and dinner were prepared in the galley, the menu of which included such “homemade” dishes as dumplings, manti, salad, and vinaigrette. The whole shift made dumplings, and the most talented ones were entrusted with preparing the salad. Since at that time mayonnaise was in short supply and was not part of the ship’s food supply, they made it themselves, from products provided for by supply standards. Submariners who were especially successful in combat and political training were encouraged in the holiday order. Festive events were broadcast over the ship's radio network. The radio network was used to publish radio newspapers, congratulate birthday people, and perform musical requests. It was practiced before the “autonomy” to record congratulations and wishes of parents, wives and children on a tape recorder for birthday people. They didn’t talk about this in advance, but a pleasant surprise awaited them at sea.
5. Underwater folk art
In the first days of the “autonomous” submarines, the working days of the submariners were overloaded, and on Sunday they just wanted to sleep off after the pre-trip hassle on the shore. But even in these days, and especially in the second half of the “autonomy”, everyone who had skillful hands, and there were up to 90% of such in the crew, found an hour or two of free time to do crafts. The material and tools for this creativity were delivered to the ship in advance. This handicraft skill for the entire long “autonomy” had, basically, the same theme for the crew members. On one trip, everyone made models of submarines from ebonite, on another - models of sailing ships, on the third - paintings from multi-colored veneer, on the fourth - boxes. At the same time, the more skilled helped the beginners with both theory and practice. In addition, they made models of lighthouses, cutting boards for home cooking, and souvenir items. Officers, midshipmen, and conscript personnel were involved in this. Some achieved certain success in this work, and their work could be called a work of art. True, sometimes there were lovers of another type of “folk” art, masters who did not advertise themselves. To work, they needed a mechanical razor and mascara. And the results of the work are on the body of “advanced” conscript submariners in the form of tattoos. Such creativity was subject to disciplinary punishment, and the “tool” was destroyed. The crafts made by the crew could make a good exhibition. After the ship returned to the base, all these souvenirs, to the delight of family and friends, took pride of place in the apartments of officers and midshipmen, and sailors and foremen took their crafts home when they went on vacation or were transferred to the reserve.
6. Physical education and sports
In the first campaigns, many crew members tried to work with “hardware” - dumbbells, kettlebells, barbells - to maintain their athletic shape. But the specific gas composition of the air in the compartments had a negative impact on well-being, especially after intense training. All this could not go unnoticed by the ship's doctor, and his recommendations were not long in coming. Sports training was stopped, and light physical exercise was allowed for a short time. At the same time, this did not exclude the possibility of conducting survivability training during ship-wide exercises. For several months of sailing, the crew has to breathe air, which was mainly produced by special installations. At the same time, control was constantly carried out only over those ingredients that are explosive, flammable or toxic to the body. For example, when the hydrogen content increased by more than 3%, there was a danger of explosion, and an increased (more than 10 times) content of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, and other gases led to rapid fatigue, increased sweating, and drowsiness. Even moderate physical activity had a negative impact on the functioning of the cardiovascular system. This gas composition of the cut-off air also increased alcohol intoxication. The entire crew was given, and is now being given, 50 grams of dry wine for lunch every day. No other consumption of alcoholic beverages is permitted on the boat. But at the end of the 70s, in one of our “autonomous” units, an incident occurred when four young, physically strong guys (non-conscript service) celebrated the birthday of one of them. After drinking a bottle of vodka, with a good snack, in a separate cabin, they were found in a semi-conscious state in different sections of the ship. For a long time they could not remember how they ended up there, and one spent several days in the ship’s isolation ward in intensive care. I also have personal experience. Once, during one of the hikes, for some joyful occasion, my neighbors at the table (five people) gave me their 50 grams during lunch. Having added these 250 grams of good Yugoslav vermouth to my 50, after a hearty dinner, I reached the cabin, lay down in the bed and passed out. The watchman barely woke me up for dinner six hours later.
7. Seriously about funny things, or Curiosities on a ship
In December 1974, our ship stood at the outfitting pier of a shipyard in Primorye. All the interior rooms and compartments of the boat had to be painted, which had to be cleared of the crew’s property and belongings beforehand. By order of the commander, an emergency supply of water and food (chocolate, biscuits, sugar, canned meat, condensed milk) was unloaded from the ship. It was handed over to the quartermaster - midshipman Gena Afanasyev for safekeeping. He placed the emergency supply in tanks on the territory of the plant in his “kandeyka” (container) under lock and key. Before the New Year, the quartermaster “abused” it and left the “kandeyka” open for several days. The factory workers did not fail to take advantage of this. Sweet and meat lovers stole almost the entire emergency supply of the ship. And then the wind blew chocolate candy wrappers around the factory for a long time. About 800 of them and more than 250 cans of stewed meat and condensed milk were missing. The quartermaster, of course, was punished, but he had to go to sea, and with a shortage of emergency supplies, this was unacceptable. The commander made the only right decision at that moment - to replenish the emergency food supply with food that the crew was to receive during the transition from Primorye to Kamchatka. And the diet included other foods that replaced these products.
During this period, the foreman of the team of helmsmen and signalmen (boatswain) was midshipman Alexander Shevchenko, who had previously served in military service on the cruiser "Alexander Suvorov" of the Pacific Fleet. In the autumn of 1974, at night, during sea trials of the boat in the Sea of Japan, our course was dangerously crossed by a small fishing seiner. There was no reaction to the signal flare fired by the boatswain towards the seiner and falling on its deck. To our semaphore signal that the seiner should change its course, the answer followed: “I’m going where I’m used to.” To which the boatswain indicated to him with a semaphore the shortest route using human anatomy. To avoid a collision, we changed our course, but the seiner also turned slightly to the side.
On New Year's Eve, after meeting as part of the crew of the new year, 1975, several officers and midshipmen and I decided to take a walk around the town of Bolshoi Kamen. There was no snow, but there were Christmas trees on all the grounds and in the parks. In the central square, around the largest Christmas tree in the town, there was a round dance, and their entertainer was Shura Shevchenko. Our boatswain in boots, a vest, a “Canadian jacket” and a Santa Claus mask, having taken it to his chest, entertained the local residents with songs and dances. But the factory workers remembered him, like the quartermaster, well. When our ship left the shipyard in January 1975, the boatswain collected all the penguin-shaped urns from the pier and quay wall and loaded them into the ship's superstructure. True, then they disappeared somewhere. In the summer of 1975, after conducting a unique multi-missile salvo, our ship returned to base. At the ceremonial formation, on behalf of the command, we were given a live pig for successful shooting. The piglet managed to escape from the commander’s hands and began to rush around the parade ground, squealing. Boatswain Shevchenko had to catch him in front of the formation.
According to the ship's schedule, the boatswain opens the upper deckhouse hatch for the commander after the submarine has surfaced and, second after him, ascends to the bridge. One day, after surfacing at the end of the “autonomy”, unexpected work awaited him. At the beginning of the “autonomy” we caught a multi-kilometer foreign (obviously Japanese) fishing net with our hull. Part of the net was cut by the boat's propellers, and part of it, caught on the fence of the wheelhouse, dangled there the entire trip. The acousticians reported the presence of extraneous noise in the stern, but then they disappeared. And so, after surfacing, seeing these scraps, the commander ordered the boatswain and his crew to urgently free the boat’s hull from this “gift.” For more than one hour, the boatswain hung on the wet, slippery surface of the ship, on safety belts, removing the remains of the nets. But by the time we arrived at the base, the ship’s hull was clean.
Boatswain Shevchenko also took part in saving the man. In the winter of 1977, the boat returned to base. An icebreaker led her to the pier, in the ice. While examining the waters of the bay around the slowly moving boat, the boatswain discovered a black spot on the ice about two hundred meters from the fairway. Pointing a spotlight at this place, Shevchenko saw that in the middle of the bay, a man in an overcoat was sitting on a wooden box. A signal was sent to the icebreaker. He turned around, came closer and took the “ice knight” on board. It turned out that he was a young officer who, at night, under the influence of alcohol, decided to take a shortcut home. Instead of going to the town along the road, I went straight across the bay. When I saw the icebreaker and the boat, I stopped to wait, sat down on a box and began to fall asleep. And I would have fallen asleep forever if not for our ship. He escaped with slight frostbite on some of the important male organs, but continued his service.
But the most curious incident with the boatswain occurred in 1977, in his last “autonomy”. While submerged, he kept watch on the rudder control panel, which, to ensure the survivability of the ship, is connected to the emergency system operating in active mode. This system was under my control. During the watch, the commander set a depth corridor for the ship, these data were entered into the emergency system, and if the ship left the corridor for any reason, it automatically (like an autopilot) returned the boat to the specified depth. At the same time, the system gave a strong sound signal with a “roarer” and turned off manual control of all horizontal rudders. The boatswain, on the night watch, “got it wrong”, did not control the depth situation, and the boat left the designated corridor. A “howler” roared in the compartment, and the system, having turned off the boatswain’s control of the rudders from his remote control, began to return the boat to the specified depth. Shevchenko, having woken up, began to randomly pull the disconnected rudder control handles and shout that the boat did not obey the rudder. Having received a slap on the head and a “commentary” on the situation from the commander, he finally woke up. And the system, having completed its actions, transferred control to him and turned off the Howler. Until the end of the campaign, Shevchenko was the most cheerful on watch, but he looked at the system with caution and asked to turn it off. I could not satisfy his request, but the system worked flawlessly in all subsequent “autonomous” systems, keeping careless helmsmen awake. Shevchenko soon retired from the reserves and went to work on a fishing trawler in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
IVANENKO Vladimir Petrovich, retired captain 2nd rank, military service veteran, member of the board of the Samara City Public Fund for the Support of Navy Veterans
§ 71. General rules for the use of pronouns
Keep in mind that a pronoun usually replaces its nearest antecedent noun in a form of the same gender and number. This connection of a pronoun with a noun is often determined by the meaning, and not formally, by word order: My brother is on vacation now; he has been on vacation for two months now.
However, there is often ambiguity or ambiguity in such cases: My sister joined an artistic troupe, she is going on tour(cf.: My sister joined an artistic troupe that is leavingon tour).
Ex. 103. Indicate shortcomings and speech errors that arose as a result of incorrect use of pronouns (distortion of meaning, substitution of a concept due to incorrect word order, introduction of pronouns into the text in the absence of nouns that they should replace, incorrect choice of the grammatical form of the pronoun); edit sentences.
1) After the end of the campaign, the sailors returned to their families: they waited for a meeting for a whole year. 2) Dinosaurs were exhibited in the museum, all of which moved mechanically and made sounds. 3) Chichikov, not without difficulty, managed to convince Manilov that this was beneficial for him. 4) On this day, Petrov took Jack for a walk with all his medals. 5) In Plyushkin’s office there was a terrible mess, it was impossible to even think that a living creature could live in it.
Remember: reflexive pronoun myself and reflexive possessive pronoun mine refer to the person performing the action. Therefore, in sentences such as The director asked the secretary not to allow visitors in during lunch break, pronoun (to yourself meaning refers to the word secretary. In such cases, in order to avoid ambiguity, the sentence must be rearranged so that its meaning is clear. For example: The director told the secretary that he would not receive visitors during the lunch break.
Ex. 104. In the sentences, correct errors related to the incorrect use of pronouns. myself And mine.
1) I found the assistant in my office. 2) The mother told her son to pour himself some tea. 3) The hostess invited the residents to go to their room. 4) The father asked his daughter to invite her friends to his place. 5) The writer showed the image of the mother in her development. 6) I told the porter to take my things to the luggage compartment, and then took my place in the compartment. 7) The audience asked the poet to read his best poem again.
PRACTICUM ON SPELLING
§ 72. Spelling of indefinites
and negative pronouns
Indefinite pronouns and adverbs with suffixes -this, -either, -something and prefix some always written with a hyphen: someone, something, anything, any. If there is a preposition, these words are written separately: with someone, with someone.
For negative pronouns, the accent is written Not, no accent neither: someone, some, no one, no one.
Particles Not And neither negative pronouns are written together in the absence of a preposition (nobody) and separately if there is a preposition (no one has).
Ex. 105.
Find out (some) details, (something) to report, consult with someone, (someone) to talk to, some troubles, someone’s objections, (someone) someone to make a mistake, (someone) to hope for, to agree on something, to go somewhere, to spend the night somewhere.
Ex. 106. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters and opening the brackets.
1) (N...)what didn’t touch him, he didn’t notice (n...)what. (Pushkin) 2) (N..) (on) something to rest the eyes, exhausted by the monotony of the endless picture. (Goncharov) 3) Here - do (n...) what - friends kissed. (Krylov) 4) Klim (n...) (to) no one spoke as he did to Marina. (Gorky) 5) He understood everything and (n...) did not want to interfere. (Gubanov)
§ 73. Test tasks
1. In what form is the letter E written?
a) n... who doesn’t know
b) n.. for what in the world
c) why... why hesitate
d) n.. don’t care
2. In what variant is the letter I written?
a) no one to stay at home
b) I won’t tell you why
c) no one to ask for money
d) which people
3. In which version is continuous writing necessary?
a) (not) how many books
b) no one to consult
c) didn’t ask anyone
d) don’t think about anything
4. In which version is separate writing necessary?
a) (no) nothing left
b) (not) interested in anything
c) (no)thing to do
d) (nothing) to worry about
5. In what variant can there be variable spelling?
a) (not/nor) any
b) (not/none) anyone
c) (not/nobody)
d) (not/nor) which
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 74. Verb and its grammatical features
Verb- a part of speech that includes words denoting an action or state of an object (answering the questions what to do? what to do?), for example: listen, work, contribute, bloom, save, melt, be sad. Every verb has an initial form called indefinite form ( or infinitive). Verbs in the infinitive form have formative suffixes -th, -ty, -whose(see examples above). The indefinite form only names an action or state, without indicating either time, number, or person.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Transitional verbs denote an action capable of moving to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition. For example: read the newspaper, send a telegram, buy flowers.
All other verbs intransitive. For example: walk in the park, fly south, threaten the enemy.
Verbs with a special suffix -sya (s), are called returnable. For example: shave - shave, bathe - swim, build - build. All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. The type of verb shows how the action occurs.
Verbs perfect kind of answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of an action, its result, the end of an action, its beginning. For example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have two tenses: past (what did they do? - drew, threw, blossomed, sang) and the future simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - draw, throw, fade, sing). Verbs do not have perfect forms in the present tense.
Verbs imperfect kind of answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning. For example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have three tenses: past (what did you do? - drew, threw, blossomed, sang), present (what are they doing? - draw, throw, bloom, sing) and the future complex, consisting of two words: words will(you will, you will etc.) and the indefinite form of the given verb (what will they do? - they will draw, they will throw, they will bloom, they will sing).
Verbs have mood forms that show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, or possible under some condition, or desirable. The Russian language has three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
Indicative the mood shows that the action is real, is actually happening, has happened or will happen. For example: In the morning wewent
let's hit the road. Now wewe're talking
. Tomorrow I will see you againI'll see
.
In the indicative mood, the verb changes tenses and has forms of present, past and future tense.
Subjunctive The (conditional) mood shows that an action is possible only under a certain condition. For example: Without you II wouldn't have gotten there
to the city andI'd freeze
on road.
The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would. In the subjunctive mood, verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender (i.e., in the same way as past tense verbs change). For example: read - would read(m.r.), I would read(f.r.), would read(Wed. R.), would read(plural). (Please note the separate spelling of the particle would.)
Imperative the mood denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to be performed. For example: Hands to herrub it
.
Cover
feet with a blanket.
The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix -And- to the base of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix. For example: carry - carry - carry; bring - bring - bring; tell - tell - tell; cook - cook - cook. In the plural it is added -those
: carry, bring, tell, cook.
In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the verb does not change tenses.
In a sentence, verbs in all moods are usually predicate.
Changing verbs in the present and future tense according to persons and numbers is called conjugation.
Verbs with endings-u(-yu), -eat(-eat), -et(-et), -em(-em), -ete(-e), -ut(-et) - I conjugation.
Verbs with endings-u(-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat) - II conjugation.
Verbs want, runheteroconjugated. In units h. verb want conjugated according to the I conjugation (I want, I want, I want), and in plural Part - according to II conjugation (want, want, want). Verb run has 3rd person plural. Part I conjugation form (run), other forms - II conjugation (run, run, run, run).
Among the verbs, the group stands out impersonal, which do not change either by numbers, or by persons, or by gender. Impersonal verbs are used in two forms: 1) in a form that coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. Part of the present (future simple) tense, for example: it's getting light, it's dawning, it's dawning, it's getting cold, it's getting dark; 2) in a form that coincides with the neuter form of the past tense, for example: it was dawning, it was dawning, it was dawning, it was chilling, it was getting dark.
In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, and they do not (and cannot have) a subject. For example: 1.
It was slightly windy all night. 2. I'm not feeling well. Personal verbs can also have an impersonal meaning. For example: 1.
The tree was set on fire by a thunderstorm.(Wed: Lightning lit the tree.) 2.
The smell of hay over the meadows.(Wed: The hay smells nice.)
§ 75. Morphological analysis of the verb
Parsing order
I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (infinitive).
II. Morphological characteristics.
Permanent characteristics: a) type; b) transitivity; c) repayment; d) conjugation.
Non-constant features: a) mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) face (if any); e) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Sample parsing
The fog creeps in on a stormy night 3 across the sky with lead clothes.(A. Pushkin)
I. creeps - verb (denotes the action of an object, answers the question what does it do?). N. f. - creep.
II. Constant signs - ness. view, non-transition, return, I reference.
Fickle signs will be revealed. incl., units hour, present vr., 3rd p.
III. Haze (what is it doing?) creeps.
Ex. 107. Read the text and complete the tasks.
I probably won’t be able to convey vividly and convincingly enough how great my amazement was when I felt 3 that almost every book seemed to open a window into a new, unknown world for me, telling me about people, feelings, thoughts and relationships, which I did not know, did not see 3...
The books told me how great and beautiful a person is in striving for the best, how much he can do on earth.
I tell everyone: love the book, it will make your life easier, it will help you sort out in a friendly manner 3 the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you 3 to respect people and yourself, it inspires your mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for people. .. (According to M. Gorky)
1. Find verbs in the text.
2. Write down examples of verbs: a) perfect and imperfect forms; b) transitive and intransitive; c) returnable and non-returnable.
3. Determine the conjugation of the verbs from the last paragraph.
4. Which verb in this text has forms of different tenses? How do verbs change in the present, future and past tense?
5. Find verbs in the infinitive form. Determine their syntactic function. What other part of the sentence can the infinitive be? Give your own examples.
6. Carry out a morphological analysis of the indicated words.
§ 76. Test tasks
1. In which row are all words verbs?
a) written out, frozen, bought, forgotten
b) built, drawn, shore, sewn
c) dressed, dared, ate, go
d) stand it, give it, beat it off, erase it
2. In which series do verbs belong to the same type?
a) love, invented, worked, sang
b) fell asleep, opened up, run, looking
c) remember, feed, walk, see
d) got out, closed his eyes, worked part-time, eat
3. In which series are all verbs transitive?
a) I’ll lie down, help, clean, do
b) teach, find out, bring, compose
c) stand up, crawl, gossip, turn blue
d) dancing, embarrassed, choose, carry
4. Which sentence does not have a non-conjugated verb?
a) Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road.
b) Many books give us joyful moments.
c) He wants to learn everything good.
d) The horse runs - the earth trembles, smoke pours out of its nostrils.
5. In which version are the grammatical features indicated correctly?
a) said - perfective verb, in the past tense, in the 3rd person
b) search - imperfective verb, transitive, reflexive
c) hopes - intransitive verb, 3rd person, singular
d) make noise - verb I conjugation, in indefinite form
6. Which of the highlighted verbs has incorrectly defined grammatical features in the sentence? "ANDeven if he seems ungrateful, even if he doesn’t feel her love like the air he breathes, she doesn’t need any other reward than the consciousness that he couldn’t live a day without her.”?
a) feels - imperfective verb, transitive, irrevocative, I conjugation, indicative mood, in the present tense, in the 3rd person, in the singular, is a predicate in the sentence
b) breathes - imperfective verb, intransitive, irreversible, II conjugation, indicative mood, in the present tense, in the 3rd person singular, is a predicate in the sentence
c) (could not) - imperfective verb, intransitive, irreversible, I conjugation, conditional mood, past tense, singular, masculine, part of the predicate
d) live - perfective verb, transitive, irrevocable, unchangeable form (infinitive), part of the predicate
A CULTURE OF SPEECH
§ 77. Features of the formation of some personal forms of the verb
There is a small group of verbs that cannot form some finite forms. For example, verbs win, convince, find yourself, wonder, feel etc. do not form the 1st person singular form of the present or future tense. If it is necessary to use these verbs in the 1st person form, descriptive phrases like I can win, I want to convince, I can find myself, I’m trying to feel and so on.
Ex. 108. Open the brackets, replacing the verbs suggested in them with descriptive phrases that are suitable in meaning.
1) I (to convince) you of the need for additional classes. 2) If I don’t pass the exam, I (find myself) in an unpleasant situation. 3) Without a special computer desk, I will most likely (feel) inconvenient. 4) I am sure that I (to win) in the breaststroke swimming competition.
§ 78. Features of the formation and use of some other verb forms
When forming an aspectual pair (a pair of perfect or imperfective aspect), some verbs in modern Russian have an alternation o - a fundamentally. Such alternations may be inherent in equal common literary and normative verbal forms: adapt - adapt. However, in most such cases, the variants of verb forms differ in their stylistic characteristics: one variant is general literary, and the other is colloquial in nature. Compare: authorize(communal) - authorize(colloquial) focus(communal) - FOCUS(colloquial).
Remember:
When forming imperative forms of verbs in the Russian language, in some cases there are also variants that differ in stylistic characteristics. For example: put(communal) - put it down(simple) hug(communal) - clip(simple).
The normative literary variants are the following verbs in the imperative form: look, go, lie down, put it down, get out, get out.
Ex. 109. Open the brackets by choosing one of the shapes. Motivate your choice.
1) The development of science (determines - determines) technical progress. 2) Usually we tried (to time - to coincide) our vacation with the beginning of summer. 3) When preparing for classes, it is necessary to (focus - concentrate) attention on the main thing. 4) For the use of new work methods, the company’s staff has repeatedly (received - received) high awards.
§ 79. Test tasks
1. From which verbs cannot be formed the 1st person form of the present or future tense?
a) run
b) win
c) shave
d) purr
2. Which form of the verb is only colloquial?
a) relieve pain
b) legitimize
c) condition
d) authorize
3. In what case is the imperative form of the verb formed correctly?
a) put it down
b) lie down
c) go
d) get out
PRACTICUM ON SPELLING
§ 80. Spelling of suffixes and verb endings
In spelling verbs, the main difficulties are associated with the correct choice of suffix and ending.
TSYA and TTSYA in verbs
It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs (infinitive) from the form of the 3rd l. units hours present and future vr. To avoid mistakes in writing these forms, you should ask a question. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do? (in these forms b is written), forms 3rd l. answer the questions what does it do? what are they doing? what will he do? what will they do? (in these forms b is not written). Compare: He(what is he doing?) goes swimming. Necessary(what to do?) practice regularly.
Ex. 110. Make up phrases with verbs.
Meet - meet, free - free, reflect - reflect, return - return, have fun - have fun, sit down - sit down, clean - clean, worry - worry, quarrel - quarrel, wake up - wake up, get acquainted - get acquainted.
Ex. 111. Write down, insert the missing letters.
I had to hurry. After two kilometers the length suddenly became narrower. Clay shale began to appear. The width of the length either narrows... up to a hundred meters, then expands by more than a kilometer. The branches of the river form a labyrinth in which it is very easy to get lost if you do not stick to the main channel. Along a ridge overgrown with forest, you must walk carefully, you must often stop and look around, otherwise you can easily lose your way. (V. Arsenyev)
Verb suffixes
In the infinitive form, verbs most often have the following suffixes:
-A-(hear, do); -I-(sow, bark);
-e-(to see, to offend); -And-(nursing, nagging).
Remember: 1) a suffix is never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive -e-. In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -And-(stand, water, milk). In unstressed position the suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -And-- in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;
2) after soft consonants (except h) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e-- in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;
3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. Wed: get well soone
yay - get welle
l, laI
t-laI
l, glueAnd
t-kleAnd
l.
Ex. 112. Fill in the missing letters in the infinitive forms.
Clean...t, talk...t, spoil...t, wash...t, hate...t, mean, argue...t, desolate...t, mad. ..t, t...t, right...t, believe...t, cough...t, cry...t, drive...t, roll...t, notice... t, hope, depend..., offend.
Ex. 113. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters. Indicate the test words (verb in the infinitive form).
Lele...l, hoped...l, heard...l, looked...l, saw...l, offended...l, means...l, tha...l, finished. ..l, hanged...l, cured...l, hated...l, dispute...l, cl...l, str...l, sat...l.
Spelling verb suffixes-yva- (-iva-) And-ova- (-eva-) |
|
Suffix -yva- (-iva-) | Suffix -ova- (-eva-) written if the present tense verb ends in -yu (-yu): |
Note. Verbs ending in stressed -vat (-vayu), have before the suffix -va- the same vowel as in the indefinite form without this suffix: overcomee t - overcomee overcome, overcomee vayu; zabAnd t-zabAnd forget itAnd vayu.
Ex. 114. Insert the missing letters. Highlight the suffixes and explain their spelling.
Authorize a meeting, participate in a picket, find out a secret, exert influence, order a subordinate, untwist a rope, explore a coal deposit , report...on the results, profess...Islam, preach...good, serve dumplings, command...an army, try out new weapons, use... achievements of technology.
Remember: transitive verbs with prefixes un- (obes-) have a suffix in the infinitive and past tense -And-(to weaken someone), and intransitive ones - the suffix -e-(become weak yourself).
Ex. 115. Make up phrases with the verbs below. Explain why there is a difference in their spelling.
To become weak - to become weak, to become icy - to be iced, to weaken - to weaken, to become depleted - to become deprived of money, to bleed - to bleed, to become sterile - to sterile, to become depleted - to deplete.
Personal verb endings
Stressed personal endings for verbs of I and II conjugations are written as they are heard. Wed: eideat
, goingno
, goingeat
, goingyeah
, goingut
-
I conjugation; silentlylook
, silentlyit
, silentlythem
, silentlyite
, silentlyat
- II conjugation.
Particular difficulties arise when writing unstressed personal endings of verbs of the first or second conjugation. The endings of the present and future forms of verbs depend on the conjugation.
I conjugation | II conjugation |
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