Student slang examples. Project "slang in the language of students of our school"

Student slang

The opinion that student slang is a general formation and “absorbs” the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargons - spur (crib sheet) and bomb (a type of crib sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (with the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly demarcated from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, argot is often identified with the argot of the city. Indeed, the speech creative activity of students, youth, and various youth associations is a kind of core of the urban argot. The overwhelming majority of samples of student argot are borrowed either from other languages through professional argot, or taken from “thieves’ music.” Youth, in particular student, jargon does not have a more or less stable composition.

More stable argotisms: equator - time after the winter session in the third year, stepa, stepa, stipa - scholarship, automatic - automatic test, technician - technical school. Sometimes school and children's jargon can be traced, often used by students as a kind of primitive game, in childhood (then the university becomes a school, teachers become teachers, couples become lessons, etc.)

Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymous rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymous series is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by speakers of youth slang is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual slang units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative supply of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that there is a direct relationship between the number of synonyms that implement any meaning and the relevance of this meaning for slang speakers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech). Based on this, let's consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymous chain is a series of adjectives of positive evaluation: cool, cool, cool, cool, etc. (23 units in total). This is followed by adjectives of emotional assessment (atomic, crazy, cool, etc. - 19 units in total) and negative assessment adjectives (gloomy, rotten, dumb, etc. - 18 units in total). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shook, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning “bored, tired” (zamumukat, get, finish, etc.) and nouns with the meaning “human face” (face, sign, tambourine, etc.). A series of 15 units are synonyms for the general name of money (granny, bashli, cabbage, etc.). There are 14 units in two rows: verbs with the meaning “tired, tired” (hesitate, swing, gored, etc.) and nouns with the meaning “fool, crazy” (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.). Further, in accordance with the number of units, synonymous rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units. - “to leave, run away” (to dump, skip, run away, etc.), “to die” (to hobble, grunt, inflate fins, etc.), “child, baby” (pestrunets, kinder, baby, etc.), “good , excellent" (cool, clear, zykansky, etc.), containing 12 units. - “fight” (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), “something bad” - negative evaluation units (bullshit, bullshit, crap, etc.), “failure, bad luck” (jamb, bummer, flight, etc.), "marijuana" (plan, grass, ganj, etc.), containing 11 units. - “a feeling of depression, oppression” (crowbar, down, depression, etc.), “funny, funny incident” (joke, joke, joke, etc.), containing 10 units. - “girl, woman” (lady, gerla, woman, etc.), “get drunk” (get drunk, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), “madness, abnormality” (croeza, shiza, zadvig, etc.). Next come the rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

The concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover a significant number of the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let us pay attention to three more significant points. Firstly, the above rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of youth slang, the content of an attitude towards the implementation of meanings that are relevant primarily for the male part of the speakers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “having sex” are especially indicative (about man), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargon with the meaning “child, baby” fell into the group of series with the maximum number of units, in general, by accident: 11 units of this series are word-forming or phonetic variants of the jargon baby (babik, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, noteworthy is the significant number of synonyms associated with the designation of the drug “marijuana” (12 units). The prevalence of this drug among young people (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in connection with this, the multiplicity of slang synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or word-formative variants of a slang unit act as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; pogonalo/pogonalka - nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodlo/zapodlyak/zapodlyanka/podlyanka/podlyak - intentional meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of slang synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, having no differences in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, bread-maker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to dawdle, to row, to ditch, to slough, to chug; food, food - gluttony, gluttony, gobbling, sharpening. A total of 284 synonymous chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). By the presence of such a large number of synonymous series consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, “denoting one concept, characterize it from different sides” and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

A certain part of synonymous pairs and rows of jargon arose due to intra-jargon social stratification, the heterogeneity of the composition of youth jargon speakers. We are talking about those cases when different designations were developed in parallel for the same concept in different groups of young people, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind can be the following rows: hip / hippan (general mol.) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; drug addict (general) - junkie (self-described) - drug addict; depressnyak (general mol.) - down (hip.) - feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaki (general mol.) - olds, prants (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

Another interesting feature of slang synonymy manifests itself when considering synonymous rows of jargon in the temporal aspect. As observations show, some series of synonyms are characterized by the fact that their constituent units came into use at approximately the same point in time, while another part of the synonyms demonstrates a sequence in the appearance of their units. In this regard, it seems to us legitimate to use the definitions “synchronic synonyms” (i.e., synonyms that came into use at approximately the same time) and “diachronic synonyms” (i.e., those that arose alternately, at different times) in relation to the indicated categories of synonyms. periods). An example of synchronic synonyms is a number of jargons vidik / vidak / vidyushnik (video recorder, video player), all units of which arose simultaneously. An indicative diachronic series is formed by synonyms with the meaning “a thousand rubles” (piece, piece, ton, oblique / mower), which appeared in youth slang one after another in the order of listing.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding) among young people, jargon almost simultaneously appears that means “a person with a powerful, muscular figure” - jock / jock, kulek (the first two are derived from the verb “pump up” (“pump up”) muscles), the latter being a derivative of the word "bodybuilder" - their synchronicity does not raise much doubt. And in the synonymous series ancestors - parents / parens / prants - olds - rodaki - chelny - skulls - laces (parents) the "oldest" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while “skulls” and “laces” appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

It is advisable to consider youth argot in the context of youth culture. Researchers of youth culture are increasingly inclined to think that it is a significant factor in the cultural process. For example, I. Kon writes that “young people are not an object of education, but a subject of social action.”

Youth culture and youth argot is not something complete and monolithic, it is not advisable to consider it as something separate, specific, the topic itself is not relevant here, the kinetic-youth complex is relevant - one of the strongest “fermentative enzymes” in culture and language.

Speaking about slang, I would like to superficially touch upon the problem of swearing.

Swearing with the last words is now considered almost “good” form. Many can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to abusive expressions, but a swear word is unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only the language, but also the consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, it all starts with words... And when you can’t stand for a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from television screens, it’s difficult to understand what “is good and what is bad.” But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impossibly stupid and takes everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the fairy tale about "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. “All the way, walking through the forest with terrible force, the Gray Wolf was glued to the colossal chick - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately realized that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to tell him about his sick grandmother.” And here’s what the description of the Dnieper from Gogol’s “Terrible Revenge” looks like in jargon: “The cool Dnieper in cool weather, when, wandering and showing off, saws through the forests and mountains its cool waters. "You don't know whether he's sawing the mitten or not. A rare bird with a shnobel will scratch it all the way to the middle. And if it finishes scratching, it will whoop and throw off its hooves." This is just nonsense, devoid not only of poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which only causes fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had risked writing this, his name would never have been known. Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a man who walks up to a taxi driver and says, “Shake him to death.” “Shake it” - you can still guess. What is a “stuffed animal”? It turns out that it is a local history museum.

How long can you decorate your speech by inserting into it these universal words that mean absolutely nothing? What, for example, is the meaning of the word “to go crazy”? Enjoy reading, take a steam bath, watch TV...?

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

(Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation)

NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Philology

Test

“TSU student jargon as an integral part of the modern Russian language”

Introduction

1. Main part:

1.1 Background

1.2 Student jargon

1.3 Reasons for using jargon in the speech of young people

1.4 Replenishment of slang vocabulary

1.5 Ways to form slang vocabulary

1.6 Peculiarities of slang of TSU students

Conclusion

List of sources and literature used

Application. Dictionary of jargon

Introduction

This work is devoted to the study of student jargon at Tomsk State University - one of the corporate youth sublanguages. At the National Research Tomsk State University, 23 thousand people study (13 thousand full-time) in 130 areas and specialties. Every day, students learn, communicate with their peers, express themselves using their individual style, colorful words and expressions. The student language differs in many ways from the norms of the literary language, so it should be studied as a separate phenomenon. In modern Russian language there is youth slang, or slang(from the English slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups). Sociolinguistics studies this layer of vocabulary. Social linguistics is a scientific discipline that develops “at the intersection of linguistics, sociology, social psychology and ethnography and studies a wide range of problems related to the social nature of language, its social functions, the mechanism of influence of social factors on language and the role that language plays in the life of society.” "

Student jargon as a lexical subsystem refers to group jargon, which is used mainly by youth groups: athletes, students, military personnel, computer scientists, etc. The TSU Dictionary of Jargons has both common and distinctive features with general youth and other jargons; has its own, relatively independent, lexical base.

The relevance of research. The confrontation between literary language and jargon “...is associated with the psychology and subculture of individual, usually youth, groups” (Bondaletov); although “...social dialects are never the only means of communication, they always act only as an addition to the general (literary) language.” Jargon is capable of independently realizing not only its leading emotional-expressive function, but also the main general linguistic functions: communicative, social, informational, etc.

Identification of lexical-semantic, morphological, stylistic features of student jargon is considered relevant, since it occupies a prominent place in the speech of young people, and its composition is rapidly changing. The number of Russian students reaches a million, and they are the most intellectually and culturally developed representatives of the younger generation.

The object of the study is the student jargon of TSU as an integral part of the modern Russian language.

The subject of the study is the lexical-phraseological and word-formation levels of informal speech of students of Tomsk State University, in particular, “their” words, phrases, phraseological units that differ from the literary standard, used for the original, most often connotatively rich designation of objects, concepts, signs, actions and conditions associated with educational activities, general cultural interests and the life of modern students.

Purpose of the study: to identify the lexical and phraseological layer of words, consisting of vocabulary and phraseological nominative non-literary units, characteristic of the active dictionary of students of Tomsk State University. To achieve the goal, the following tasks must be solved:

1. Determine the lexical and phraseological corpus of informal slang speech of TSU students.

2. Clarify the etymology and interpretation of individual slang units.

3. Identify sources of replenishment and formation of student jargon.

4. Distribute jargon into thematic groups.

The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of a layer of slang expressions used in 2009-2011 by students of Tomsk State University, which was previously unstudied.

vocabulary phraseology student jargon speech

1 . Main part

1 .1 Background

The study of Russian youth slang began in the 60s and 70s. XX century, and sociolinguists had to defend the right to study “low” vocabulary. In this regard, a comparison is often quoted by K. Koscinski, who wrote: “The trouble with our lexicology is still that it studies mainly “good” words and, with the disgust of a classy lady from the institute of noble maidens... bypasses “bad” ones. words".

At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, new trends emerged in the study of informal youth speech: youth slang is being studied as a component of urban vernacular; analyzed as a language formation that has an independent lexical-semantic system; is considered from the standpoint of speech culture. During this period, jargon dictionaries were actively published [Mokienko, Nikitina 2000; Maksimov 2002; Nikitina 2003; Levikova 2003; Kveselevich 2003; Grachev 2003; Walter 2005, Nikitina 2009, etc.].

1 .2 Student jargon

In the mid-80s. “Informal” youth associations of different directions are emerging: punks, rockers, metalheads, goths, etc. Many of them are trying to create their own slang systems. They supplement the general youth jargon with individual lexical units, the emergence of which as a powerful language subsystem occurred in the late 80s - early 90s, when stereotypes were being broken in society and in the language, and priorities were changing. The hip-hop movement is actively developing - rap, graffiti, breakdancing. The younger generation is mastering computer technology and communicating on the Internet. All this contributes to the emergence of new corporate languages and the dynamics of development of the Russian lexicon.

As you know, the boundary between jargon, vernacular and colloquial speech is fluid and permeable. In this regard, some researchers talk about the emergence of the so-called general jargon, which is used not only by individual social groups, but also by the majority of Russian speakers.

It should be noted that slang and jargon are not entirely synonymous concepts. “The terms jargon and slang differ in cultural and historical connotations and traditions of use” [Nikitina - 2007: p. 4]. The word slang was borrowed from the English language, in which it had an original meaning - “the language of youth” (for example, the slang of hippies, beatniks - representatives of youth movements of the 60s of the XX century), or meant “professional jargon of some new, actively developing spheres" [Nikitina - 2007: p. 4], which includes business slang, computer slang, etc. It is noteworthy that “the new term is gradually replacing the word jargon, which during the Soviet period acquired a negative connotation” [Nikitina - 2007: p. 4].

College jargon is a peculiar language common among students in higher education institutions. Several groups can be distinguished in it. First- these are jargons common to all students: record book, university, teacher, faculty, abitura, freshman, dorm, tail, spur... There are also whole student slang expressions such as, for example, to give up on a couple, which means to skip class. Each university may have its own set of expressions (student jargon), which are passed on from senior students to junior ones.

Second the group consists of jargons that are used by students according to their department and specialization. Usually words are formed from abbreviated names of objects: matan, matanal - mathematical analysis, vyshka - higher mathematics, nachertalka - descriptive geometry, termekh - theoretical mechanics, ugolovka - criminal law, drill - ancient Russian literature, prosem - proseminary. Sometimes students replace the names of subjects with the names of teachers or authors of textbooks (Derevianko’s textbook, from which the name of the subject follows - wood). In senior years, special terms appear in the jargon of students that are no longer inherent in the student, but in the professional environment.

1. 3 Reasons for using jargon in the speech of young people

Among the most significant reasons for the use of jargon in the speech of young people the following can be distinguished:

a) to achieve a certain social status in a group based on the acceptance of its social and moral values;

b) for fun and pleasure; c) to demonstrate the sharpness of your mind; d) in order to avoid the everyday banality of using words in a literary language, the desire for greater expressiveness of speech;

e) to attract attention to one’s own person;

f) to enrich the language, giving lexical specificity to certain phenomena and objects;

g) to accentuate one’s belonging to a particular school, craft, profession, to establish and maintain contact within a given social community;

h) to perform a secret function;

i) to create your own speech mask.

1. 4 Replenishmentslang vocabulary

There are a large number of sources of youth slang. The modern generation uses slangisms to denote new realities, objects, and phenomena. The most developed semantic fields are “Person”, “Appearance”, “Clothing”, “Leisure”. Slang is a living, moving language that keeps up with the times and responds to any changes in the life of the country and society.

1. Development of computer technology

Many words and expressions come from computer slang. The Internet, its wide possibilities, and rapidly developing computer technologies attract young people. In this regard, many new jargons appear. Here are some of them:

Virus - computer virus, emoticons - funny faces in chats, system glitch, buggy - problems with the computer, soap - e-mail, RAM - operating system, mouse - computer mouse, user - computer user, gamer - player.

2. Modern musical culture

One of the hobbies of young people is music. It is part of the lives of young people. Modern music is a mixture of different cultures and musical styles. Youth jargon related to the field of music contains the names of various musical styles (pop, popsyatin - pop music, Dark - heavy music, Dream, house, drum, drum (Dram "n Base), trance) and compositions (svezhak - fresh, new music, release - a composition that has been released for sale, track - a musical composition, playlist - a list of musical compositions), names of musicians' actions (sbat - play).

Foreign music is now more popular among young people, and Russian performers and compositions are sometimes perceived negatively. Young people often come up with nicknames for musical groups and performers:

Asi-Basi, Jennifer Popez, Zhenya Lenin, Patricia Kvas, Pasha Makarov, Marmeladze, Bari Karabasov, Bari Alabastrov, Andrey Buben, Kretinushki International, Bolvanushki International, Mikhail Shukherinsky.

3. English, German and French languages.

In youth circles, English is considered the most “fashionable” and most promising language for learning. Therefore, many youth jargons are words that are borrowed from the English language. The interesting thing is that these slang words are understood even by people who have never studied English in their lives, so slang words have become part of modern speech. Anglicisms reflect new realities from the spheres of science, technology, economics, and youth subculture.

Fifty-fifty (fifty-fifty) - 50 to 50, respect - respect, loser - loser, drink - drink, people - people, crazy (crazy) - crazy; best, bestovy - the best; love story - love story.

The writing of these slang words is free; you can use both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet. For example:

No problems - No problems

Please, okay, sorry, fail

Some English words have Russian elements of word formation. For example, the following expressions:

Face against the table - face against the table (head against the wall), face - face.

Also, English affixes can be added to Russian stems: blindble (word-forming suffix of the English language -able). With the help of the same suffix, new slang units are formed, only instead of the Russian word the English word appears, although in English this suffix cannot be attached to this word. For example, greatble, superbl.

There are not many jargons using German and French.

I sprech in German - I speak German.

Pardon me - sorry.

4. Criminal vocabulary.

The vocabulary associated with the criminal sphere includes the names of persons (authority, garbage - policeman), actions (soak, bang - kill, knock - report).

Some argotisms, having become youth slang, have significantly changed their semantics. For example: gopnik is a primitive, intellectually undeveloped and aggressive person (cf. corner gopnik is a street robber), sucker is a person. not worthy of respect, trust (cf. angle: a sucker is a victim of a crime, someone who is intended to be deceived, robbed or killed).

5. Slangisms related to drugs and alcohol

They are mainly divided into words that are the name of the drug addict, the names of the drugs, and words that denote actions related to drugs.

Addict, junkie, junkie, addict

Wheels - tablets

Drugs, coke, gerych, grass, hairdryer - drugs

Puffing, blowing, smearing, throwing up, smoking - actions related to drugs

Words related to alcohol can also be divided into small groups:

Drunkard, alkanaut, bruise - alcoholic

Sinka, vodyara - alcohol

Ferment, drink, buzz - drink.

6. Computer games, videos, cartoons

A large number of slang words and expressions come into the speech of young people from computer games, but most often these words are specific in use, they are used by those young people for whom games are a hobby. Many words are borrowed from English.

Computer youth language has become very widespread lately.

Preved, bear! - traditional greeting

Handsome, bunny - a positive assessment of someone

Yatya Laf - I love you

Uzhs - horror; please - please

The last example shows that there is a tendency in computer language to shorten words and expressions to save time and also to improve typing speed.

The most expressive and memorable names of movie and cartoon characters become common nouns in youth speech.

Goblins, gremlins, simpsons, spongebob.

7. Hobbies and interests of young people

Young people have various hobbies to which they devote their free time. And the world of jargon associated with this or that hobby is bright and original.

The game of sox (sock) is a small rag ball. This game is reminiscent of the Russian game "Hot Potato", but in this game players kick the ball around with their feet. Now this game is less relevant, it is gradually becoming a thing of the past.

Football has always been popular among young people, and in this regard, one cannot do without slang words (to feint, to chase feints).

This source can be attributed to the replenishment of youth slang with the help of anime, a subculture that is so popular these days. People who are interested in anime are called anime fans.

Anime is primarily the name of animated films that are produced in Japan. The first cartoons date back to the mid-twentieth century. It is interesting that anime fans, as a youth subculture, completely lack any ideology, but have a well-represented characteristic slang, replete with Japanese words, occasionally in the Russian manner (“kawaino”, “hentaino”, etc.). Today, explanatory dictionaries of modern anime culture are being created. Some units of anime slang have passed into the spoken language of Tomsk students, who sometimes have no idea what anime is.

Anime e shny - related to anime.

Bolv A nki - Blank discs for recording anime.

Kav A th, kawaii, kawaii - Japanese. kawaii "cute, lovely." 1. A subjective positive assessment of any object, person, phenomenon of reality as cute, pleasant and attractive, causing tenderness, is more often used as a noun. 2.An anime genre that features exaggeratedly cute characters.

Nya - 1. Meow; 2. Expression of positive emotions.

Nyashka is a female or male creature that evokes tenderness and strong sympathy within the limits of easy falling in love; The behavior or appearance of a cutie can be described by the word “kawaii”.

Nyashny - cute, adorable. Syn. kawaii.

1 .5 Ways of educationslang vocabulary

Expressive word-forming elements are involved in the formation of new jargons, most often these are suffixes: -uh-, -yak-, -on-, -lovo-, -ul- (veselukha, stipukha; krutyak, mattress, hilyak; vidon, lifon; mochilovo, rubilovo, kidalovo; lapulya, beauty). This method is one of the most common in the formation of new slangisms. Words without the above formants (fun, cool, beauty) can be used by a person belonging to any social or age group, that is, they are commonly used. It is specific suffixes that make it possible to create units of youth slang.

The tendency to form abbreviated and compound words: teacher, matan, antichka, zaruba, filfaker. Playful transformations of words with associative likening them to other lexical units: filoloh (contamination: philologist and loch), studen - student, kulek - college, university, academy of culture.

The verb “smile” as slang is used in the second person singular form. part of the imperative mood - smile (face), which means - smile.

1. 6 Peculiarities of TSU student slang

Some words and expressions in the jargon of TSU students have a different meaning than those given in the dictionary. For example, in the dictionary: blow - 1. Narc. There is a special way to inhale and exhale when smoking anasha. 2. Give someone a cigarette. 3. Perform sexual intercourse with someone. 4. Scold, scold, punish someone. (dictionary). In the slang of TSU students, the most common way to cheat is to skip a couple of days, skip a class.

When studying the literature on this topic, not a single slang unit with the suffix - bl -(blinble, superble, shikarnble), which is now very popular in the formation of new jargon. This suffix is of English origin. He became widely known after the TV show “Give Youth” on the STS channel (it is interesting to note that the participants in this program also studied at Tomsk State University).

Conclusion

The emergence of many jargons is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to a particular subject or phenomenon more clearly and emotionally. Slang- this is constant word creation. It is based on the principle of a language game. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in a slang text. It is important for a young man not only “what to say,” but also “how to say it” in order to be an interesting storyteller.

List of usesovated sources and literature

1. Anishchenko O. A. Dictionary of Russian school jargon of the 19th century. - M.: ELIPS Publishing House LLC, 2007. - 368 p.

2. Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Russian jargon: Historical and etymological dictionary / Program “Dictionaries of the XXI century”. - M.: AST-PRESS BOOK. - 336 p.

3. Nikitina T. G. Youth slang: explanatory dictionary: approx. 20,000 words and phraseological units / T. G. Nikitina - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 1102, p.

4. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

5. http://slanger.ru/?mode=library&r_id=3

6. http://cs-alternativa.ru/text/1568/2

7. Dyakov A.I. Dictionary of English borrowings of the Russian language: “Novosibirsk book publishing house” - 2010. - 588 p.

8. Vesnina G., Nechaeva N.: project “Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Anime Culture”. Tomsk 2010.

Application

Dictionary of jargon of students of Tomsk State University.

Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life...

D.S. Likhachev

Dictionary of jargon

Ice - good, solid (from the English ice - ice, ice cream). More often used with the particle “not” - not ice, that is, not very, unsuitable, ugly (about a person).

Loot is money.

Bazaar (bazaar) - 1. Conversation, conversation. 2. Speech.

There is no market - no problems, no questions, everything is clear.

without a market - really, really.

Filter the market - be careful in choosing expressions (in conversation, argument).

Baida - 1. disapproved. Nonsense, nonsense. 2. Sth. poor quality, not worthy of attention. 3. Vanity, troubles.

To show off - to give a bribe, to bribe someone.

Bespontovy - bad, ugly.

Blinble - the same as BLIN.

Damn - 1. Interjection, serves as a link of words, does not carry a semantic load.

2. Expression of annoyance, swearing.

Botanyo - collected. diligent, exemplary student, student (from nerd).

Broiler - neglected Girl (large).

Babe - an address to a girl.

To be offended - to be offended, to be angry with someone.

Blow - 1. Narc. A special way to make a puff. and exhalation when smoking anasha. 2. Take a couple of walks, skip class.

The paddle is a tablespoon.

Vidon - appearance.

Vidyukha - video.

Wind A- Windows operating system.

Throw in - drink, drink. (n)

Gamer is a player, a fan of computer games (from the English game - game).

Gopnik is a not very well dressed young man who behaves unculturedly.

Great - great, wonderful (from English great + able)

Dodik is the same as USHLYOPOK.

Board - neglected a thin girl, a girl with small breasts, with a flat, expressionless figure (offensive).

Dragging - Narc. Smoking hashish. (sl.)

Drill - ancient Russian literature. (philological) (n) sl. - ancient Rukha.

To drink, or to drink - to drink (from the English drink - to drink).

To complain is to bask.

Fatty is a fat person.

To bore - to bore, to bore someone.

Hover - 1. To be somewhere. 2. The program is in a state where it does not respond at all to user actions and does not perform any actions itself.

To throw yourself in is the same as to THROW IN.

To bother oneself - to worry about something. about.

To get hooked - to attract the attention of the opposite sex, to get to know someone. for long-term relationships.

Check out - evaluate something. Mostly used - check it out! - look!

Framing is trying to meet a person of the opposite sex with the goal of starting a relationship.

Kachipatki, or kachupatki - neglected. hands.

Kidalovo - a situation where smb. a person promised something and then went back on his words.

To drink - to drink, drink, get drunk. (n)

Kipesh, kipish - 1. Noise, noise, fight. set the scene; without kipish;

2. Vanity, troubles. 3. Noisy celebration.

Klubeshnik, club - night club. (n)

Clubbing - having fun in a nightclub.

To swing - to dance, to be in a state of euphoria, pleasure, performing active actions.

To laugh - to laugh while playing on stage or during a serious action.

Snag is a clumsy, clumsy person.

Krasava - well done.

Xerify - photocopy, make a photocopy.

Cool - interesting, beautiful, unusual (an expression of a positive attitude towards something) (from the English cool - colloquial cool).

Bream - slap in the face. More often used - to receive a bream, that is, to receive a blow, punishment for smth.

A loser is a loser, a bungler, stupid, short-sighted, a person who does not command respect.

Peel - look.

Lupki - eyes.

Major (major) is a wealthy person.

Money - money.

Mochilovo is the same as RUBILOVO.

Soap - e-mail, electronic mailbox.

Myaka, myakushka - anything fluffy (animal)

Nauchka - scientific library.

Nishtyak - 1. unchanged, meaning. adj., approved Good, excellent. 2. m. Smth. very good, excellent, top quality, a source of pleasant emotions. 3. m. State of satisfaction, bliss.

Zero - new.

Okay - okay, everything's fine.

Ok - everything is fine.

Snatch - joke. receive punishment.

Awesome - very good.

Shoot - watch.

To worry - to worry, to be upset about something. about.

The pack is an interesting, entertaining, funny story.

Pevokur is a freshman.

Peroxide is a blonde girl.

Punt - disdainful - insult. girl with small breasts.

Flattening is an unsatisfactory state of health.

Get hooked on smth. - seriously smb. get carried away.

Fraud - deceitful actions towards someone.

Spoil yourself - buy new clothes, update your wardrobe.

Outfit - clothing, clothing style.

Joke, prank - 1. Joke, practical joke. 2. A story, a fable about something. cheerful.

A prankster is a joker, a person who likes to tell jokes and funny stories.

Problems - problems (from the English problems - problems).

Poke - look closely.

To deceive - 1. To deceive someone. 2. To swindle money - to extract money from someone. money.

To split - to expose someone.

Edit - edit.

Rubilovo - 1. Fight 2. Too emotional argument.

To cut a chip is to be aware of what is happening at the moment, to understand what is happening.

Try to rock - try to produce something. aggressive action, physical or simply conflicting. An attempt is implied, that is, there is also a connotation that the action was unsuccessful. More often - don't rock the boat.

Sabers - long nails. (n)

Semak - semester.

Roll up - write off.

Savory - intense, with full dedication.

To escape is to escape at a crucial moment.

Sniper - ironic-joking. about a person who cannot get anywhere.

To snowball - to cover yourself in snow, play snowballs.

Sosochka is an attractive, attractive girl, richly and tastefully dressed.

Burn - expose, catch a person who is trying to do something. hide (more often, when cheating, a teacher can burn a student).

To get burned is to perform any actions that will help someone expose or catch you.

Stipuh - scholarship. (sl.)

Soup set - neglected. thin young man.

Suprbl - very good, wonderful (from super).

Wheelbarrow, wheelbarrow - car.

Troubles (from English trouble) - problems.

To hang out is to have fun, often in company.

Rotten - boring, uninteresting (either about a person or a situation).

Carcass is a large man.

Awesome is the same as cool.

Smiling is the same as smiling, doing smb. cheerful. More often used - smile your face (addressing someone - smile).

Slap - 1. Neglect. ugly young man. 2. Neglected - insulted: loser. 3. Abnormal.

Face - face (from English face - face)

Blow-drying - drying your hair with a hairdryer.

Philolokh, philoluch - student of the Faculty of Philology.

Philfakovets (filfaker) - a student of the Faculty of Philology.

Flash drive - flash card (USB storage device).

Hilyak - neglected. weak, thin young man.

Clear - successful, skillful. More often used - well, you're clear! that is, well done.

Chica is a pretty girl.

Chicarnbl - the same as chic, very good, wonderful.

Spurs are cheat sheets.

Shugi (from the English sugar) are small notes with pleasant content.

Slang expressions:

Everything is in order! - Everything is fine.

Flatten the snout, mug - sleep.

To receive lyuli - to be punished for smth.

To move the cabbage soup is to hit you in the face.

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Introduction

1.2 Features of school and university slang in Great Britain

2.1 Use of slang by modern teenagers

Introduction

Today we can say that interest in non-literary vocabulary is growing with new generations of philologists. Slang attracts researchers with its unusual expressiveness, deviation from “traditional” vocabulary, and vivid metaphor. The study of slang becomes necessary not only for linguists, but for students of literature, since modern writers often use this version of colloquial vocabulary to convey the peculiar flavor of what is being described, to create a certain mood of the story, to create unusual speech of the heroes of the work.

Studying slang is also required for students of language history. It is known that slang in the English language has changed its meaning more than once; it has been defined as an insult, obscene colloquial speech, ending with colloquial vocabulary and poetry of a common person.

Also, the study of slang is valuable in connection with the study of vocabulary in general. We cannot study vocabulary, but it is fundamentally not to pay attention to slang, mistakenly considering it unworthy. Imagine that when sewing a dress, the master forgot to sew on the sleeve and declares that the product is completed. Most likely, you will be outraged by this attitude.

Slang, like other vocabulary, changes every day. Especially with the advent of new technologies, subcultures, and certain fashions. Thus, in works on the study of slang thirty, twenty, ten years ago, we find, firstly, words that have long gone out of use, due to the disappearance, for example, of any youth trends, the obsolescence of technology. Thus, it should be noted that a feature of the study of slang is its mobile and constantly changing form. But how did this feature come about? Mainly thanks to the mobile and changing - schoolchildren and students.

It is worth noting that the abuse of slang expressions and various phraseological units does not always bring the desired result, but most often puts you in an awkward position in front of your interlocutors. Thus, you should first make sure of the meaning of phrases, and only then use them in speech.

Do not forget that youth slang is not understood even by the parents of children who use it in their speech. In particular, it is not advisable to use slang in a conversation with a language learner; such a situation will result in great embarrassment.

Relevance of the study: this topic is valuable, first of all, in humanitarian terms; mastering slang increases the linguistic awareness of language learners, contributes to improving the culture of speech, and helps to quickly determine the appropriateness of using a particular vocabulary in various situations. Particularly important for translation practice.

Object of study: slang.

Subject of research: slang in the speech of schoolchildren.

Goal: to explore the features of the use of slang in the environment of modern youth communication - the social network Facebook.

Determine the place of slang in modern linguistics of the English language.

Consider the types of slang and give its classification.

Compile a short dictionary of the use of slang by schoolchildren in the UK and the USA, based on independent research and surveys on the Internet.

Research methods:

analysis of methodological literature on the research topic;

deduction, induction;

observation;

generalization;

In theoretical terms, the course work contributes to the study of the peculiarities of the use of slang, namely the use of slang by schoolchildren and students in English-speaking countries.

The practical value of the course work lies in the possibility of analyzing the frequency of slang use in communication among schoolchildren and students.

Structure of the research work:

The study consists of two chapters, introduction and conclusion.

The introduction discusses the relevance, goals and objectives, object, subject and methods of research.

The first chapter provides the theoretical foundation of the course work: the study of slang as a phenomenon in modern linguistics, its types, features of use in the UK and the USA.

The second chapter examines in a practical way the frequency of use and mechanisms of the appearance of slang. The basis is a study on the social network Facebook.

In conclusion, the conclusions obtained from the results of the research work are given.

linguistics English slang schoolboy

Section I. Slang as a phenomenon in modern linguistics

1.1 Slang, its classification and functions

Recently, it has become increasingly difficult for philologists to give a clear definition of the concept of slang. First of all, we were faced with the problem of clarifying the differences between the terms slang and jargon.

In order to solve this problem, we highlighted the need to determine the etymology of these concepts. However, here too we found many different opinions. So, according to one explanation, the English word slang comes from the word sling, which means “to throw.” There is also an expression that has practically gone out of circulation in the English language: to sling one`s jaw, which translated means “to speak violently.” We also learned that the word slang was first seen in handwritten form in England in the 18th century and changed its meaning more than once. Starting with “insult”, “obscene colloquial speech”, “mint of language” and ending with “colloquial vocabulary” and “poetry of the common man”. So, we have established that slang was the language of communication of ordinary people and in the future it was used as the basis for the development of a national vocabulary.

As for the scientific justification of the term slang, we chose the statement of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Khomyakov: “Slang is a relatively stable for a certain period, widely used, stylistically marked (reduced) lexical layer (nouns, adjectives and verbs denoting everyday phenomena, objects, processes and features) is a component of expressive vernacular, part of the literary language, very heterogeneous in its origins, degree of approximation to the literary standard, and possessing pejorative expression.”

We found a different justification in the “Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” by O.S. Akhmanova:

1. Conversational version of professional speech.

2. Elements of the colloquial version of a particular professional or social group, which, penetrating into the literary language or generally into the speech of people who are not directly related to this group of people, acquire in these languages a special emotional and expressive coloring. .

So, in the first variation, we understand that slang is those words that are not suitable for use in a business conversation.

In the second variation, slang is expressively pronounced words that have come out of narrow consumption and are used by the majority of people.

We came across a slightly different definition in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1998.

Slang - 1. The same as jargon (in domestic literature - mainly for English-speaking countries). As you can see, here slang is simply declared to be a synonym for jargon, moreover, predominantly the jargon of English-speaking countries.

2. A set of jargon that makes up a layer of colloquial vocabulary, reflecting a rudely familiar, sometimes humorous attitude towards the subject of speech. Used mainly in casual communication: English. junkie - drug addict, gal - girl.

Here we find emphasizing the rudeness and familiarity of slang.

As for foreign philologists, many use slang as a term identical to the concepts of jargon and argot (for example, Eric Partridge)

However, jargon, compared to slang, has a fairly clear definition: a type of language that differs from the national one in its special lexical composition and phraseology, etc. A distinctive feature of jargon is that it is used by certain professional, social or other groups that are united by common interests.

Slang, in turn, can be used by representatives of different social status.

In the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia we find the following definition:

Slang (from the English slang; s(sub) - a prefix indicating secondary, non-primary; lang(language) - language, speech. Thus slang - auxiliary, another, variant of language) - a set of special words or new meanings of already existing words used in certain human associations. It is necessary to distinguish between slang and colloquial expressions, for example, “hang around” and “keep your hooves away.” Slang can also be used in their speech by educated people, representatives of a certain age or professional group (for example, aka or ZY in computer slang). Often this is precisely what emphasizes belonging to a certain group of people. Colloquial (mostly rude) expressions distinguish people of low educational level.

Wikipedia also provides the following set of links for the word “slang”:

Youth slang

School slang

Student slang

Gaming slang

Network slang

Slang of participants in intellectual games

Drug addict slang

Geek slang

Football hooligan slang

Diver slang

Types of slang

Abbreviations

Every student of English should know this category of expressions. They can be used in films, songs, books. For example: wanna (want to), lotsa (lot of), ye (yes), lotsa (lot of), etc.

Vivid youth expressions

This type includes all words that are used by teenagers and adults only in informal speech. The statements are mostly simple and can be freely used in everyday speech. But you should remember that it is necessary to exclude this vocabulary during business meetings, interviews, and conferences. For example, the following slang expressions: posh (chic, pretentious), wicked (cool, excellent, cool). It should be noted that these expressions must be used very carefully in speech. When studying expressions, it is advisable to look at all the meanings in the dictionary and draw a conclusion: is it worth using this word.

Swear words.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations that are used in SMS correspondence or chats, in turn, are also slang. These reductions are rational for users, they provide an opportunity to save time and money.

You should pay attention to the division of slang into general (general slang) and special (special slang). B.A. Khomyakov gives the following definition of general slang: “General slang is a relatively stable for a certain period, widespread and generally understandable social speech microsystem in common speech, very heterogeneous in its genetic composition and the degree of approximation to familiar colloquial speech, with a pronounced emotional and expressive connotation vocabulary, which often represents a mockery of social, ethical, aesthetic, linguistic and other conventions and authorities." Special slang, in turn, has the following meaning: “a social speech microsystem in common speech, including kent and some formations close to it (rhymed slang, etc.), professional and corporate (group) jargons and differing genetically and functionally from the general slang" Kant, as we understand, performs two functions, the main of which is a conspiratorial function, and the secondary one is an expressive function.

Functions of slang

Identification function. Enables members of a particular group to feel cohesion, unity of thinking and expression of feelings.

Communication function. It can be argued that slang is the language of communication within a certain group of people.

Emotional-expressive function. Using slang, the speaker has a chance to express especially freely and especially fully the feelings and emotions that he is experiencing at the moment.

Evaluation function. When using slang, members of certain groups pursue the goal of expressing their personal attitude towards objects or, most often, towards the people around them. The assessment can be friendly and ironic, or even contemptuous and humiliating. Thus, evaluative expressions, like emotionally expressive ones, are divided into generally positive and generally negative.

Manipulative function. Often slang vocabulary is reflected in incentive sentences. In them, the speaker expresses his will, he sets a goal - to influence the interlocutor, to encourage him to act in a way convenient for the speaker. However, often, slang expressions of manipulative function demonstrate the speaker’s irritation and desire to stop communicating with his interlocutor.

"Creative" function. We encounter such slang when people need to express something for which there is no suitable equivalent in the literary language. Words and expressions that were created as a result of such a need are a kind of “creation” of slang.

1.2 Lexical features of school and university slang in English

Starting from school, especially by high school students, slang is used every minute. After graduating from high school and upon entering university, when communicating, teenagers try to use student language so as not to appear younger or stupider than their fellow students.

It is known that student slang in Great Britain began to dynamically expand and enrich itself in the middle of the 19th century. Presumably, since the creation of such educational institutions. Probably the pioneer in slang was the word lupi (Latin for “wolves”); peculiar “spies” of that time who reported to the management of the educational institution about those students who, instead of Latin, communicated in their native English.

When studying student slang, we were able to identify the main predominant interests of modern students and high school students in Great Britain and America:

food (snack - grazing; celebration - caning)

clothes (pants - kegs; unattractive underwear - shreddies)

The remaining categories are related to alcohol and drugs. The next most important words are related to sex, love relationships and body parts. For example, the phrases “on the sniff”, “out trouting”, “chirpsing” and “sharking” mean flirting, while the words “lumbering” and “copping off” mean that the dating process has achieved its goal.

The difficulty with learning student slang is that it updates quickly. The word may not even have time to become recorded in the dictionary, but it may partially change its original meaning, go out of circulation, and lose relevance.

Not long ago, a micro-study was carried out at King's College, from which it was concluded that there was no slang that would be associated with the learning process, books, lectures or libraries. The researchers named the word cool as the most “durable” word. The words dog and trip are considered difficult to understand and also, most often, have a negative concept.

Unlike the language of students, school slang is more related to the educational process; in it we see fewer words with disapproving meanings.

Interestingly, linguists do not consider student slang to be specific or inconsistent with the language norm. Scientists claim that slang uses techniques identical to poetry - metonymy, aliteration, rhyme, metaphor and others. Often slang is enriched with vocabulary from professional groups. It is worth noting that there are many words that have entered the slang of students from the vocabulary of drug addicts. Unfortunately, students take this segment of the population as a behavioral model. In addition, about 30% of the words in student slang are classified vocabulary that relates to sex. An even larger group of words is related to alcohol consumption.

Vocabulary that is associated with educational activities makes up only 2-3% of the student slang stock. In this small group, we identified colloquial and connotative vocabulary, slang words.

bear - school teacher;

aggie - slang. “agrarian” (a disparaging nickname for students of agricultural institutes, synonymous with stupidity and sluggishness);

underclassman (underclasswoman) - colloquial. "small fry" (a disparaging term used by college seniors or high school seniors to refer to freshmen;

college widow - colloquial "student widow" (a resident of a university town who enters into relationships with students of several generations.)

What happened on September 11, 2001 in America, unfortunately, also influenced the expansion of student slang. A huge number of people died as a result of this terrorist attack, which was reflected in the minds of US students from lexicology in the form of slang expressions. Thus, in an article by the Washington Post newspaper Emily Wax, readers were introduced to expressions that added to the already large amount of slang. So, for example, about unfashionable classmates: “Is that a burqa?” (“What kind of burqa is this?”). After a reprimand from the teacher, you can hear: “It was total jihad,” and about the teacher himself they will say “he”s “such a terrorist.”” About a classmate lost somewhere: “He”s as hard to find as bin Laden.” . It is also worth noting the change in student attitudes. Once a Palestinian boy who studied in an American school was asked if he was offended when he was called a “terrorist” or “fundamentalist,” he replied: “Sept. 11 has been such a stressful thing that it”s okay to joke a little bit. It"s funny. It"s not hurtful in the way we say it, "cause we are kidding around with each other." Despite the fact that we remember September 11 as a long-standing tragedy, we, unfortunately, cannot note a tendency to reduce such vocabulary in circulation among schoolchildren and students. On the contrary, the number of slang objections is constantly growing, which follows an increase in interest in the study of this issue.

Thus, we find British school slang in Internet communication. The British Ministry of Education rated the literary literacy of their schoolchildren as low and poor. They also noted the fact that the level of knowledge had decreased due to the use of “Internet slang” and various abbreviations by schoolchildren, and the abuse of online correspondence.

In the British newspaper Daily Telegraph we find a story about a 13-year-old girl who believes that the language of abbreviations is "simpler than standard English." The essay that the girl wrote, to put it mildly, surprised the teacher. “I couldn’t believe what I was seeing,” says the English teacher. “The page was covered in hieroglyphs, and I simply couldn’t translate some words.” The essay begins with the phrase: "My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we usd 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3: - kds FTF. ILNY, it"s a gr8 plc", which "translates" as: "My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend and their three screaming kids face to face. I love New York, it "s a great place". Judis Gilspie, a Scottish scientist said: "You'd be surprised at the number of secondary school students who don't differentiate between the words 'their' and 'there.' The problem is also that students are given too much freedom to express themselves." Cynthia McVeigh, a PhD in psychology from the University of Glasgow, says shorthand is an important feature of the younger generation: "They don't write letters, so writing essays is unusual and difficult. for them. They switch to what is convenient for them - text abbreviations that attract them with their simplicity."

1.3 British and American slang: similarities and differences

In both British and American slang, slang takes the form:

1) expressive statements (addresses, exclamations, interjections, which can change their meaning depending on the context; negatively colored vocabulary, i.e. curses, insults, obscenities, taboo words).

a) slang interjections:

Hey! can be used as a greeting, hail, reproach (AmE);

Whoa, leave it. Expresses surprise or disgust (BrE);

Look at you, huh? Expresses complete confusion. (BrE).

b) curse words:

bloody (BrE) the most frequently used curse word, relatively innocent, closer to the American damn;

feck/ feck off is a softer synonym for fuck/ fuck off;

сrap (AmE) rubbish, a lie, something useless;

Holy crap!/Holy cow! (AmE) Damn it!/Great!/Tough!;

Bastard/dirty bastard (AmE/BrE) “bastard”, “scum”, etc.

c) addresses: ladies (BrE), dork (AmE) syn. nerd, geek, bro (AmE/BrE)

d) exclamations:

Get in! (BrE) Keep it up! Blas(t)! (AmE) lit. blow, shock, shock;

Cool! (AmE/BrE) Great, cool, funny.

2) incentives to action:

Go toblaze! -- Go to hell! (AmE);

Put a sock in it! -- Shut up! (BrE);

blab (bla bla bla) (BrE/AmE) lit. empty talk, chatter, chatter.

3) questions:

You guys bitching? How are you? (AmE);

All right (mate)? (BrE) -- How are you?

Based on the form of formation of American and British slang, the following types can be distinguished:

1) word creation - the invention of new words that did not previously exist: nerd (AmE), bovvered (BrE);

2) rethinking existing words, i.e. giving existing words or phrases new meanings: Bingo! (AmE), Footprint (BrE);

3) the formation of new words as a result of the transition from one part of speech to another: Youare soObama (AmE), napster (AmE);

4) constructing a new word from parts of existing ones - for example, the beginning of one and the end of another, or the formation from one phrase consisting of several words of one word: bromance (brother + romance) (AmE), yummilicious (yummy + delicious) very delicious ( AmE), mandals (man+sandals) men's sandals (BrE)

5) abbreviations and abbreviations:

presch -- short for precious;

bro -- short for brother;

ta -- thanks (AmE/BrE);

IOU -- I owe you;

PHAT -- Pretty Hot and Tempting (AmE);

TTFN -- “ta ta for now” - goodbye! (BrE).

6) suffixation: Frenchy -- a French kiss (BrE);

7) borrowing from other sources: chick (AmE), feck (BrE),

Student slang is predominantly a doublet of colloquial, neutral lexical units.

roaddog, dude, boogerhead -- chap, pal, fellow, bud, guy, chum, mate, friend, associate;

wench, gooey -- girlfriend (girlfriend, beloved girl);

bank, yen, duckets, spent, bones, benjamin, loot -- money (money; grandmas, green);

buzzcrusher -- killjoy (a bore, a person who poisons the pleasure of others, a grouch);

to lunch -- to go crazy (go crazy)

S. B. Flexner considers youth the most active element shaping American slang.

Section II. School and student slang from “a” to “z”

2.1 The problem of using slang by modern teenagers

Many researchers should understand that teenagers themselves approach such a phenomenon as slang very creatively. It is mainly designed to make speech incomprehensible to parents. . But in England, thirteen-year-old Lucy van Amerongen, a student at Cheltenham Girls' College, decided to make parent-child understanding easier by creating the book A-Z of Teen Talk. In it, she lists about three hundred words that teenagers use every day. As for the dictionary itself, the spelling of many words is distorted; they are presented in the version in which the word is used in SMS communication.

Lancaster University linguistics professor Tony McEnery analyzed a large number of SMS messages and correspondence on social networks. The result was devastating: modern teenagers know only 1/20 of the entire vocabulary of the English language. Thus, after a couple of decades, it will become impossible for them to read classical works. Thus, "teenspeak" jeopardizes the existence of written English in England itself. Children are not only so obsessed with SMS and Internet communication that even writing an essay has become a strange activity for them.

What will these children be like in 10 years? If even now they cannot express their thoughts in normal conversation? How do you get a job?

It is known that in England the position of “advisor on problems of development of language abilities in children” has been created. The position is currently occupied by Jean Cross, who noted, “First of all, we have to explain to these kids that 800 words is not enough to get a job.” The adviser said that she plans to implement a project in which high school students will be periodically sent to various enterprises to filming various professional conversations, they will be able to use these materials in the classroom.

In modern society, special attention is paid to establishing communication between different cultures in the virtual global network. This does not depend on social or professional affiliation, age, or religious views. Recently, there has only been a large-scale use of Internet slang by all segments of the population. The vocabulary and phraseology of Internet slang reflect its following features: the absence of a certain prohibition, censorship, and usage standards.

It should be remembered that the main function of slang is the need to quickly and clearly express emotions on social networks, exchange thoughts, pose and solve problems. Example: Wtf (from the English What The Fuck), and the main reason for using slang is the passion for social networks and online games.

The global network influenced the formation of a new subsection of youth slang - “gaming slang”. Often from the game, slang gradually moves into constant use not only by gamers, but also by ordinary teenagers who feel the need for self-expression and the need to feel part of the “elite” of a youth company. Often, young people do not even think about the meaning of what was said, the meaning of the word, the appropriateness of its use, which indicates the comprehensive penetration of gaming vocabulary (abbreviations are used to quickly react to online events) into the sphere of everyday life. wear.

Since we are conducting our research on the basis of the social network Facebook, it should be noted that 500 million users visit the Facebook site every day, Zuckerberg stated this at a conference where an updated user interface and an updated social network platform for gaming and news applications of various Internet resources were presented.

2.3 Analysis of slang of British and American schoolchildren and students

The social network Facebook was chosen for the study. While writing the course work, a mini-research was conducted on the use of slang in the speech of English and American schoolchildren and students. Participants were also offered the opportunity to add their own slang options in the comments under the survey.

The following users particularly helped us in our research:

As a result of the study, we noted the following expressions:

1) to acce the test - get an “excellent” grade on the exam (category “actions”);

5) chicken - coward;

10) it will be cool - It will be cool!;

11) drop dead - calm down, shut up, stop making noise (category “actions”).

12) dead duck - dead number;

14) deadbeat - freeloader;

15) easy does it - be careful!

16) eager beaver - show off;

17) fag, faggy - blue;

18) fab - short for fabulous - magnificent;

20) green buck - buck, greens;

21) hit the deck - rise!;

22) hit the road! - get out of here!;

23) idiot box - TV;

24) in a(ass) hole - in the ass;

25) john - men's toilet;

26) It's gona be a bang! - It will be cool! (denotes positive emotions;

junked uр - stoned;

28) kid - to tease (joking): - Are you kidding? - No! No kidding! - Are you kidding? - No! No kidding! (category "actions");

30) knock it off - stop it!;

31) knut - fool;

33) make a play for - flirt, flirt (category “actions”);

34) nut (knut) - fool;

35) nore - not-a;

36) neat - cool, cool;

37) off age - aged;

38) ouch! - Ouch!;

40) psycho - psycho;

42) pain in the ass - splinter;

43) jump the queue - skip the queue (category “actions”);

45) rave - Attention!;

51) sitting on someone's butt - to wipe his pants at school, while studying;

skid row - outback;

52) something else - that type;

53) take it easy - don’t give a damn about it!;

58) use one's node or use one's head/bean - use one's brains (category "actions");

59) vanity case - cosmetic bag;

60) wimр - weakling;

61) wallet - wallet;

62) watch out - be careful;

63) wipe-out - failure;

64) worked up - excited;

65) what's up? - what do you hear? how are you?;

66) walk the floor - loom, walk back and forth;

68) yakky - chatterbox;

69) yah - yes;

70) yacky - dirty;

71) zоd - fool;

We also noticed that many slang expressions have long been considered literary and can easily be found in the dictionary: watch out - to be careful, keep on - to continue (category "actions").

We also conducted a survey on the frequency of use of slang in the speech of teenagers:

The survey involved 126 teenagers living in the UK and the USA.

The survey proved the frequency of use of slang in the speech of schoolchildren, and the importance of actions to prevent further clogging of the language.

This work examined English and American slang, its features, topics and areas of use.

The following objectives were achieved:

We have determined the place of slang in the history of the development of the English language;

We examined the types of slang and gave its classification.

We compiled a short dictionary of the use of slang by schoolchildren in the UK and the USA, based on independent research and surveys on the Internet.

Slang today is an integral part of the English language; it plays an important role in the lives of teenagers, in their vocabulary, and therefore has an impact on the development of vocabulary in general. Slang expressions appear mainly in oral speech in the form of expressive statements, but are in no way the norm of literary language.

Slang in the UK and the USA is used almost equally. But for both countries, this topic is a global problem that modern specialists are struggling with. The use of this vocabulary covers the entire topic of adolescent communication: appearance, character traits, negative and positive emotions.

Teenagers use slang in a variety of situations - to joke, and to express their sympathy for their interlocutor. Slang can both attract and disgust.

We also noted the difficulty of learning student slang - it is updated quickly. The word may not even have time to become recorded in the dictionary, but it may partially change its original meaning, go out of circulation, and lose relevance. Or, on the contrary, at first it is considered a taboo word, and after many decades it becomes entrenched in our vocabulary.

This topic raised the following question: how will the English language develop? What is its future? Being a language of international communication, at the same time it loses connections with its origins.

We can only hope for the best. We conclude that the UK and US governments need to make more decisions regarding the promotion of standard English.

We certainly pointed out the importance of studying slang: the use of slang expressions by modern writers, the creation of communication between generations.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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Today, two opposing trends are evident in the American communication system. On the one hand, status plays an important role in the system of American values. On the other hand, democratic traditions require that communication remain informal and symmetrical.

Social inequality in the process of communication is smoothed out and manifests itself not so much in an explicit, but in an implicit form.

One of the manifestations of the stratification of society is the presence of different languages, their regional variants, dialects and other lects, which can lead to functional and cultural misunderstanding between representatives of different social groups. These processes and phenomena are thoroughly discussed in the book by V.I. Karasik “The Language of Social Status”.

From a social point of view, language is a set of sociolects - variants of linguistic use used by various social groups. Sociolect serves as a symbol of group affiliation and a means of mutual support among people belonging to this segment of society.

Slang (jargon, argot) is a layer of vocabulary that does not coincide with the norm of literary language, words and expressions used by a certain social group. Such a group can be either quite narrow (rap musicians, chemists, pickpockets, etc.) or very wide (teenagers, students, fans, TV viewers). At a certain stage, some slang words and phrases pass into the masses and become understandable to everyone. At the same time, they continue to remain non-literary for a long time, and therefore bold, informal, and highly emotional.

Slang is a type of speech used in informal situations when a person feels comfortable with those with whom he is communicating (friends, colleagues, family) and is confident that he will be understood correctly. Such speech “without a tie” is more intimate, often colored in humorous tones, makes the conversation more “warm”, and brings people closer together.

The boundaries of “national” slang are very fluid. This is like a linguistic experimental field. Here, both new words in the language and old words, but used in an unusual, fresh meaning, are tested. Naturally, everything comes first from certain social groups. Only then do they become universal, retaining a touch of informality for a long time. Slang words at the initial stage go beyond the boundaries of ordinary language. But when they are absorbed into the “big” language from frequent use, they largely lose their originality and humorous tone, and after some time they become quite trivial.

The most “dangerous” words and their derivatives are also the rudest curses - obscenities (in English - vulgar words, swear words, curse, obscenities). Mat is not directly slang. True, it is precisely in the lower strata of society, where there is a lot of non-literary slang words, that it is usually used through the word, but even there it is rarely used in polite conversation. Only in special discourses, for example, in a criminal environment, can swearing be used as slang.

One of the main trends in the development of the English language in recent decades has been the “colloquialization of English”, when colloquial expressions not only enter the speech of most native speakers, but also influence the style of their communication.

The specificity of the linguistic picture of the world, which is embodied by slang, is that it is a reflection of an unofficial culture, the basis of which is the idea of the world as something incomplete, imperfect, something that dies and is born at the same time. Slang seeks to capture this moment of change, the very transition from old to new, from death to birth. Such a perception of the world is inherent only in unofficial culture, but it has no place in official culture, since the latter is based on the principle of a fixed and unchanging hierarchy, where the high and the low never merge. For example, in most civilized societies the attitude towards human physical disabilities is postulated as tolerant. The rules of political correctness require, for example, a refusal to use the lexeme disabled, suggesting a more morally acceptable person with disabilities. But in slang we record many corresponding slang units (SU), for example, wingy “one-armed person”; moreover, non-compliance with the physical or physiological norm causes the appearance of such PU as Skinny Liz “very thin girl or woman”, jelly-belly “fat” person”, etc., which are characterized by corresponding (mostly negative) connotations.

The orientations of a linguistic community are reflected in its value picture of the world as an ordered system of value judgments about the world that surrounds it. For an American student, such guidelines are, first of all, material, hedonistic, moral and aesthetic values, on the basis of which their ideological values are based.

The significant attention of students to such everyday problems as well-being and material wealth is evidenced by a number of lexical units that structure the thematic subgroup “Attitude to the law.” These are, first of all, words with a common invariant meaning “money” (bank, benjamins, bones, bread, feedies, funds, kite, loo, money tree, scrill etc.). The importance of money in the life of a person and a student, in particular, is eloquently evidenced by the acronym for money CREAM, which stands for “cash rules everything around me”. This field also includes slang nominations to denote people’s attitude towards money, for example, waste (ball, ATM bomb), as well as the names of people prone to extravagance (baller), people in financial difficulties (brizoke, cashed / cashed out) and individuals, namely women, who use other people for money (gold digging ho).

Hedonistically oriented forms of deviant behavior fix in culture the line between an adult and a child: smoking, alcohol, sex. It should be noted that “in the modern sociocultural situation, the passion for smoking and alcohol, in principle, is no longer assessed by the immediate social environment as a deviation: the attitude towards such behavior is assessed as normal.” Slangisms for denoting alcoholic beverages in the students' vocabulary are represented by the following examples: brew, chilly dog, brewdog, Heine, brewhaha, brewsky, sixer, twack, wouded soldier, (beer), 40s (40-ounce bottle of beer), handle (bottle of alcohol with a capacity of 1.5 liters), and booze, doctor, nectar, precoius juice (alcoholic drink) as a general name for an alcoholic drink.

There are significantly more slang nominations in the studied material that describe the physical and emotional state of a person caused by the use of drugs and alcohol. This is rather due not to the tendency of students to drink, but to the inclusion of the alcoholic subculture in the culture of laughter: a person is intoxicated, hungover, etc. causes irony and ridicule. Thus, to denote the state of alcoholic or drug excitement, students use the slang words abbreviated, anchored, baked, bent, bitched, blasted, blazed, buggered, erased, faded, folded, floored, juiced, mashed, messed, salted, sledged, thumped, zonked, zooted, etc.

Students also show increased interest in human physiology, the sphere of intimate relationships and sex, which, accordingly, is reflected in their speech. The detailed structure and activity of the semantic field “Sex” are due to the fact that the sexual sphere is a powerful emotional factor in the existence of a person in general and a student in particular. This sphere in its general linguistic representation is usually represented by euphemisms and secondary nominations, which are modified in the slang subculture.

A prominent place in the sphere of hedonistic factors of youth, including student life, is occupied by drugs, the use of which causes increased excitability and a tendency to “heroic” actions. The first drugs that young people begin to “get acquainted with” are the so-called “soft” drugs, therefore the majority of drug slang words that function in the slang of students refer to marijuana and its varieties (bud, cheba, chronic, green, jaba, leaf, Mary or Mary Jane, tree). In the lexical meaning of individual slangisms there is a seme indicating quality. For example, teenagers call good quality marijuana dank, poor quality marijuana - bammer, dirty brown, reggin weed, shwagg. They call marijuana-filled cigarettes L, dube, fatty, joint. To light such a cigarette means to blaze, to light some trees.

Students form their own “moral norms” inherent to them and their reference groups, while testing social norms for effectiveness. In modern slang usage, such a quality of interpersonal communication as annoyingness is negatively assessed (to bother someone - to bug somebody, annoying person - nerd, tosser, square, yeah-man). Students do not approve of sycophancy (creep, brownnose, kiss-ass - sycophant), cowardice is condemned (NDS - coward) and indecisiveness in relationships with a person of the opposite sex (chickenshit) is ridiculed.

Due to violations of discipline and public order, students sometimes have to deal with law enforcement agencies. This explains the presence in their vocabulary of a number of synonyms for naming police officers - 5-0, bacon, filth, onion, pig, po-po.

Immorality also appears as an object of verbalization in the sociolect of students. Evidence of this is a number of nominations with the semantic qualifier of the negative evaluative direction “easy behavior”. These are slang words to refer to persons engaged in prostitution (beddy, hank, hose, skag, skanky box, skeezer, slag, slagheap, strawberry, wench, etc.); persons prone to romantic relationships with more than one person (player, tramp) or those who use women for sex, avoiding meeting them again (shop liftin "da putty), girls who have intimate relationships with their friends' boyfriends (bopper) , and etc.

An important place in the system of world perception is occupied by aesthetic values, which are also enshrined in the lexical system of the sociolect under study. The leading place among them is occupied by the feeling of beauty, which is associated among American students mainly with beauty as a feature of a person’s appearance. So, they call a beautiful girl mercy, betty, fire-girl, karena, looker, MILF, PHAT, squirrel, etc. Beautiful appearance without reference to a specific gender is also emphasized by such slangs as blazin, crushhot, hottie, etc. Sexuality is also positively assessed by teenagers - jiggy, trick. They also consider a stylish person (woofy) to be good. There are also a number of slang units with the opposite meaning, i.e. with the semantic component “ugly” in the structure of their lexical meaning - butters, busted, beast, fly, fugly, hangin, howling, munter, etc.

So, to summarize what has been said, we note that the vocabulary of American students’ slang clearly reflects the specifics of the social existence of its speakers, as well as the range of their interests and values, which form the worldview of an American student. Promising directions include the study of gender characteristics in the use of American slang.

In our country, youth slang also receives enough attention. However, you can often find articles and works by Russian authors who consider youth slang a negative phenomenon of the language and call for getting rid of it, since, in their opinion, it defiles speech: “Slang kills thought, weanes its zealous admirers from thinking,” writes philologist L.I. . Skvortsov [Skvortsov, 1996, p. 189]. This idea also runs through many of D.S.’s works. Likhacheva. Lecturer at Moscow University V.M. Kasyanova writes indignantly: “Open any modern youth magazine, some “Molotok”, and you will see what their authors treat their readers to. When flirting with young people, they sometimes express themselves “cooler” than the teenagers themselves...” [Kasyanova, 2004, pp. 121-122].

In the speech of Russian schoolchildren, for example, there are such slangisms as uchilka (teacher), klassukha (class teacher), sackcloth (school principal). But the use of these words does not have the function of evaluating the named people (a teacher is not a “bad teacher”, but simply a “teacher”). It clearly demonstrates the speaker’s intention to reduce the social status of these people in the eyes of the listener and in his own, and thereby, as a rule, increase his own status (at least at the time of speech).

Student slang reflects the characteristics of youth consciousness, which is characterized by an ironic-critical perception of reality, parody, travesty of official speech forms based on language play.

Student slang is a timeless, eternal concept. The focus here is on the person of the student in the system of intra- and extra-university relations. Slang reflects the social, cultural and value characteristics of the environment in which it operates

The core of student slang consists of nominations related to education. The following thematic groups can be distinguished here:

designations of universities, individual faculties, specialties;

designations of teachers and certain categories of students;

subject components of student life;

names associated with control activities;

names of various student "events".

Let's consider the main ways of forming slang in the Russian language:

Borrowing. This method was discussed in detail in the first chapter. Here we mean tracing paper, semi-calculation, translation and phonetic mimicry. For example, teacher is a teacher, party is a party.

Affixation as a means of slang formation is also very productive. Youth slang makes do with the most standard suffixes and prefixes. For example, most adjectives derived from English roots are formed with the stressed suffix -ov-: branded - completely new, French - French; suffix -ist-: indifference - a lazy student indifferent to everything.

The next powerful source of formation of the lexical composition of slang is metaphorization. For example, strain the brain in the meaning of think or blow out in the meaning of cheat. In metaphorics there is often a humorous interpretation of the signified. Compared to the three mentioned (foreign borrowings, affixation and metaphors), the share of other sources of formation of the lexical fund of youth slang is insignificant

As for specific examples, the slang of Russian students is also quite diverse, although it is inferior to French in its diversity. Let's also look at some examples of thematic groups.

Educational institution, faculty:

Universities, universities

Sharaga - college, school

Bursa - college, school

Med - medical university

Ped - Pedagogical University

Polytech - polytechnic university InYaz - linguistic university

HSE - Higher School of Economics

Faculty of Philology, History Faculty, Mechanics and Mathematics - philological, historical and mathematical faculties, respectively

Fail an exam - fail the exam

Fail an exam - deliberately ask a student difficult questions so that he fails the exam

State - state exam

Tail - debt, failed exam

Automatic - test or exam "automatic"

Enka, enochka - a pass recorded by the teacher

Teachers:

Teacher, teacher - teacher

Teacher - teacher

Classroom - class teacher

Teacher - teacher (nitsa)

Daily educational work:

To nerd - to study diligently, to prepare for classes, diligently

do homework

Cramming - diligently learning something by heart

To cheat from a neighbor - to copy from a neighbor at his desk

Celebrate the equator - celebrate the end of the fifth semester, i.e. "middle of the educational path", 2.5 years

Academic - sabbatical leave

Couple - lesson, lecture

Window - break between lectures

Zarubezhka, antichka, matan, tower, physical education, liter, nachertalka, English, français - names of disciplines

Student, pupil:

Pervak - first year student

Schoolboy - schoolboy

Botanist (nerd, bot) - a student who is always ready for class

A nerd (crammed) - a student who studies hard

Freeloader - lazy student

Historians, physicists, lawyers, economists - students of relevant faculties

Psychos - students of the Faculty of Psychology

Germans, English, French - students of the linguistic faculty

Most of the slang units are altered official names that help new students quickly adapt to their new environment and make its realities and laws “their own.”

Thus, student slang, being a special functional variety of the Russian language, reflects the entire range of interests of the student’s personality, the circle of his contacts inside and outside the university and performs mainly a communicative-adaptive function.