- Typology of errors in students' written works
Speech errors- errors in the use and functioning of linguistic means.
Grammatical errors- errors in the structure, in the form of a language unit.
Speech errors - this is a violation of the requirements for correct speech, the norms of literary language (= you can’t say that).
Speech impediments - violation of the requirement of communicative expediency of speech, violation of recommendations related to the concept of good speech (rich, accurate, expressive) (= this can be expressed, but there is a better option).
Unlike a grammatical error, which violates the structure of a linguistic unit, a speech defect is associated with the unsuccessful use of correctly formed words or sentences. This is a functional error (in use), not a structural error (in education). To detect a speech defect, a context is necessary; without it, it is impossible to notice an error in use, since the linguistic unit itself is composed and formed correctly.
Logical errors
Logical errors are associated with errors in the logic of presentation.
I. Violation of a clear order of thoughts and parts of work in the absence of an internal plan:
Inappropriate and compulsive repetition of the same position;
Duplication of interpretations and conclusions;
Displacement of microthemes;
Unmotivated juxtaposition of different parts of the work;
Students' inattention to highlighting paragraphs;
Inability to use the red line to reflect and design the logical-compositional division of the constructed text.
II. Logical skip:
Lack of connection between thoughts; - inept transition from one position to another; - undefined connection of various subtopics.
Parsing difficulties
Intonation is the same valid way of expressing syntactic meanings in a language as word order. Never refuse to read a sentence or text, even silently, to see its semantic boundaries, in order to become generally familiar with its content and syntactic structure. The most acceptable form of carrying out such reading is the presentation of sentences in speech bars, or syntagmas.
Syntagmas in a language are not fixed in a certain way, such as word combinations formed as a result of the semantic-syntactic distribution of words. Syntagmas arise spontaneously in the process of speech. Their highlighting in the text is determined by the language system, prompted by social and individual speech practice, and occurs more intuitively, gradually, than according to strict language rules. Hence the conclusion about the need for preliminary reflection on a text or sentence in order to identify the most likely volume of syntagmas.
The text itself (its content, syntactic structure and rhythm and melody) suggests the boundaries of speech beats: At Lukomorye / there is a green oak; // golden chain / on that oak tree: // both day and night / the learned cat / keeps walking / around the chain; // goes to the right - / starts a song, / to the left - / tells a fairy tale //.(A. Pushkin.) One oblique line separates syntagmas, two lines - phrases as larger units that are relatively complete in meaning. A different division will make it difficult, and what’s more, it will make the connection of words unperceivable and unnatural.
One can assume another option for dividing this passage into syntagmas - by enlarging the syntagmas: There is a green oak near the Lukomorye; / golden chain on that oak tree: / day and night, the learned cat / keeps walking around the chain / ...
If you look at syntagmas from the side of syntax, then, perhaps, you can predict more or less probable combinations of words, components of a verbal character and phrases that can be perceived as speech tacts. Syntagmatic groups (or rows) in a stream of coherent speech can be composed, for example, of a subject and a predicate located next to each other ( dawn rises), definition with the word being defined ( in the cold darkness), a syntactically indivisible phrase ( grandfather and mother), a predicate verb with a circumstance extending it ( walked ahead of everyone), not a very common isolated member ( another room, / almost twice as large, / was called the hall), phraseological turn ( I feel / in seventh heaven /). It is more difficult to establish syntagmas in a text with homogeneous members, perhaps because the syntagmatic pause in this case is intersected by the intonation of the enumeration. In addition, series of words related by the method of composition are more difficult to fix in memory. Therefore, it is advisable to distinguish each of the homogeneous members as a separate syntagma: He retained / the sparkle of his azure eyes, / and the sonorous laughter of children, / and lively speech, / and proud faith in people, / and a different life.(M. Lermontov.)
As we see, a syntagma is a word, a phrase, and a more extensive segment of speech, united by meaning, syntactically and intonationally.
(Based on materials from A.S. Brovko Difficulties of syntactic analysis. Kyiv "Osvita", 1991. - pp. 70-71)
Three main ways to connect words in a phrase
Concordant application and compound nominal predicate
Distinguish the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate from the agreed application (single and common)
This cliff is a giant. A giant cliff loomed over the river.
To distinguish between such cases, you should remember: 
One-part and two-part sentences
The subject and predicate form the grammatical center, grammatical basis offers. Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of both main members are called two-part.
There are, however, also such sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of one main member - either the predicate or the subject. Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-piece.
- Ways of expressing the subject and the main types of the predicate
Synonymy of complex and simple sentences
Below are examples of simple complex sentences, synonymous with complex sentences placed under simple ones. Compare the examples in pairs. First, if you compare them, you will see that synonymous relationships are possible between them. Secondly, a subordinate clause as part of a complex sentence is always more independent than a phrase complicating a simple sentence.
Simple sentence
1. Book, taken by you from the library, must you like it.
2. Becoming a librarian Victor Petrovich first of all directed order in the catalogue.
3. After reading this book, You'll get great pleasure.
4. I didn't have time to receive subscription and had to study in the reading room.
Difficult sentence
1. Book, which you took in library, must you like it.
2. When Viktor Petrovich became librarian He first of all directed order in the catalogue.
3. If you will read this book then get great pleasure.
4. I did not make it in time get a subscription so had to study in the reading room.
As a result of comparing the corresponding examples of samples, you will notice stylistic differences (simple sentences with partial adverbs are more bookish, sentences with homogeneous predicates are more colloquial than the corresponding complex sentences).
Synonymy of personal and impersonal sentences
Impersonal offers- sentences that do not and cannot have a subject, for example: Already quite dawn (L. T.); His shivered (L. T.); Outside deserted (S.-Sch.); It's like this here stuffy (P.); To you not in sight such battles!(L.).
As can be seen from the examples, the predicate of impersonal sentences can be expressed by different parts of speech. Most often it is expressed by impersonal verbs ( dawn, chill, dawn) and adverbs -O, denoting the state ( stuffy, deserted).
Exercise 1.
Replace personal sentences with impersonal ones. Underline the main parts of the sentence. Notice how the meaning of the statement changes as a result of the substitution.
Sample:
Snow covered the road. - The road was covered with snow.
1. The thick and bitter smell of tobacco smoke hit my nostrils (Shol.). 2. The storm tore off the nets set by the fishermen under the shore and carried them out to sea (Sob.). 3. The incessant wind blew dry snow from the ice (Paust.).
Task 2.
Read the sentences. Come up with the opposite meaning for each of them: for the affirmative - negative, for the negative - affirmative. Write the sentences in pairs, indicating in brackets whether the sentence is two-part or one-part. Underline the main members.
Sample
There is someone in the room (two-part). - There is no one in the room (single-part).
1. I was on vacation. 2. There was no dew in the morning. 3. We didn't have a thunderstorm. 4. It was frosty at night. 5. There were no mushrooms in the forest this summer. 6. Last year there was a good harvest.
Syntax assignments in USE KIMs
In part A (the first part of the KIMs), let’s pay attention to task A 5 (in the 2009 KIMs project, also task A4) The task sounds like this: indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
While working on the review,
1) the main idea is not immediately determined.
2) the student gave an assessment of what he read.
3) the artistic originality of the text is analyzed.
4) do not replace the evaluation of the text with a retelling of the content.
In order to construct a correct sentence, reason as follows: what is the main action? Who performs the main action? What additional action? Let's answer the first question: what is the main action? The correct answer is number 4: don't replace - main action . By what entity is it performed? It is assumed that there is, there may be a subject You. This is the intended subject You " performs the main action - don't change... And the additional action is working. The relationship between the main and additional actions can be easily determined by the phrase: The ruble fell, ringing and bouncing. What is the main action of the subject? What did Pyatak do? Fell. What about the additional action? Jingling and bouncing.
In order not to make a mistake in choosing the correct sentence structure, read the article on page 117 " Approaching this station... my hat flew off"[D.E. Rosenthal. How can I say it better? M., Prosveshchenie.-1988.-P. 176]
This phrase is a parody (from a humorous story by A.P. Chekhov) and suffers not only from spelling illiteracy (“this instead of this), but also stylistic helplessness: it violates the rule that the action denoted by the gerund relates to the subject. In the above example we are talking about the actions of two objects in the grammatical meaning of the word: about me (I was approaching the station) and about the hat (it flew off). It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase, which is usually freely located in the phrase: “As I approached this station, my hat flew off.”
Compare also the incorrect use of gerunds in sentences: “When saying goodbye to friends, one of them told me...”; “On my way back home, I was caught in the rain.” Examples from student works: “Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the skills, habits and views inherent in this society”; “Reading these lines from the novel “How the Steel Was Tempered”, one gets the impression that the author expresses our thoughts and feelings” and etc. In such cases, adverbial phrases should be replaced by adverbial clauses.
Deviations from the literary norm found among classic writers are either Gallicisms (turns of phrase that arose under the influence of the French language, where such constructions are permissible), or the result of the influence of folk speech). For example:... Having the right to choose a weapon, his life was in my hands(A.S. Pushkin); Passing a familiar birch grove on the way back in the spring for the first time, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat with vague sweet anticipation.(I.S. Turgenev).
Participial phrases are not used in impersonal sentences like “Approaching the forest, I felt cold” (this sentence has a logical subject to me, but there is no grammatical subject to which the action expressed by the gerund could be attributed). Therefore, proposals like the following seem outdated:... Convinced that he could not understand this, he became bored(L.N. Tolstoy); Having read the story carefully, I think that there are no editorial amendments in it(M. Gorky).
It is possible to use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence with an indefinite form of the verb, for example: When performing this exercise, you need to be guided by the instructions given in the task.
Tough syntax question
Write what questions in this section caused you difficulties!
For example:
- How to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words?
Answer: A conjunctive word, unlike a conjunction, not only serves as a means of communication between the subordinate clause and the main one, but at the same time is a member of the subordinate clause; the conjunction only connects sentences, but is not a member of the sentence, for example: The convoy... set off, When the sun was setting (Chekhov) (union); I don't know, When father will return (conjunctive word).
- How to put punctuation marks in direct speech accompanied by original words, for example: - You say: “Forgive me!” - did he turn to his brother?
Answer: As you know, direct speech can (optional) be highlighted using two characters - quotation marks and a dash. This option should be used in this case. It is more expedient to highlight the first direct speech with a dash, and the second with quotation marks, and then the writing will take the following form:
- You say: “Forgive me!” - he turned to his brother.
This eliminates the repetition of quotation marks, in which the closing quotation marks (if they are not given a different external design, which is not used in ordinary writing) simultaneously serve as an indication of the end of the first and second direct speech.
However, there is some inconvenience with this version of punctuation: the text can be understood in such a way that the author’s words he turned to his brother
for 4th year students of FFiZh
Syntax as a communicative level of grammar. Subject of syntax as section
grammars. The connection between syntax and vocabulary and morphology.
System of syntactic units. The question is about the syntaxeme as the minimum syntactic unit.
A phrase as a syntactic unit. Phrase and word. Collocation and
Classifications of phrases. Grammatical meaning of phrases.
Types of grammatical connections in phrases.
The sentence as the basic syntactic unit. Signs of an offer.
Structural-semantic types of simple sentences.
Basic grammatical categories of a sentence.
Sentence and utterance as units of language and speech. Types of sentences by purpose
statements.
Semantic structure of a sentence: dictum and mode.
Formal grammatical structure of a sentence. Predicative basis. Concept of
structural diagram of the sentence.
The concept of sentence members as structures of semantic components. Varieties
secondary members by the number of connections with other members of the proposal. Semantics
determinants.
Structural-semantic (traditional) classification of minor members. Syncretism.
Subject, its semantics, methods of expression.
The predicate, its role in the structure of the sentence. Types of predicate.
Types of one-part verbal (personal) sentences. Their functions in the text.
Impersonal and infinitive sentences. Their structure, semantics and role in the text.
Nominative sentences. Varieties of nominative sentences.
Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences.
Input and plug-in structures. Appeal, its functions in the text.
The concept of isolation. Conditions of separation. Isolated members of a sentence with
non-semi-predicative meaning.
The concept of semi-predicativity. Varieties of isolated semi-predicative members
The concept of homogeneity, indicators of homogeneity. Classes of coordinating conjunctions. Homogeneous and
heterogeneous definitions.
Complex sentence as a syntactic unit. Classification of complex sentences.
Complex sentences. General characteristics of the BSC, structure, classification.
Subordinating connection in a complex sentence (features, varieties, means of communication).
Complex sentences of undivided structure.
Complex sentences with dissected structure.
Non-union complex sentence. The question of BSP in syntactic science. N.S. Pospelov about
specifics of the BSP. Communication facilities in the BSP.
Structural and semantic types of BSP.
proposals. Means of communication in a complex sentence.
Organization of a polynomial complex sentence. Complex syntactic structures:
Complex syntactic whole. Structure. Types of SSC. SSC and paragraph.
Types and means of communication of proposals in the SSC.
Methods of transmitting someone else's speech.
Basic principles of Russian punctuation. Punctuation marks and their functions.
Actual division of the proposal. Means of actual division. Consistent and
parallel structure of the text.
Word order functions. Word order in phrases and sentences. Inversion. Parcellation.
49.Text as an object of syntax.
Text- coherent speech pr-e on k.l. subject. T. form: 1. words of one thematic group, actions are sequential or simultaneous. 2. intonation is supported. meaning, but not expression. him, the main thing is seven.
Typologies of T.:
1. Informative: actual information. T. (scientific lit.); influencing T. (khud.lit); hybrid (air and inf.) (journalism)
2. According to the form of the story: oral (unt) / written (author)
3.By the number of addressees: monological, dialogical, polylogical.
4. In form: verbal (verbal), non-verbal (graphics), creatized (mixed)
5.According to rel. To reality: real (document, scientific), possible. D. (art.)-subjective.
Scientific T inf: Artist.T inf.:
explicit implicit
(all named) (subtext)
logical association (hint)
purely logical consequence is being built with a stop to look ahead
tolerance figurative imagery
Subtext- dotted repetition and associations, which it causes.
Khud.T.: relates. finished fragment; has a name (topic, idea) - always metaphorical; epigraph; text that has division.
1. Connectedness-1) at the level of meaning (coherence)
2)at level forms - cohesion.
2.Division: volume-chapter-paragraph-paragraph; plan-collapse.inf.
SSC-thematic. unit; paragraph-compositor-stylist.
3.Modality.
Anticipating position - theory, and then evidence (conclusion, and then explanation.)
46.Levels of division in MSSP and SME
V P group. structures predic. parts, united in meaning, form a structure. blocks that connect together and are separated. types of connections and form the ur.members of the Predic Group. parts in a polynomial joint venture determine the allocation of level members in it. This creates a def. hierarchical structure, manifested in inequality of level members First level. member-ya (main member-e) only one. It is characteristic of the entire structure as a whole and is defined by the dominant semantic relations of its components - predicate parts (or groups of them) and the dominant structural diagram. Other levels of division are distinguished within its framework.
The fawn grass dries1, the forest becomes empty2, and then in the distance you can see3 how, among the pale yellow grass and gray moss of the hills in the middle of the forest, huge green torches of elfin wood4. At level I, not a member, there are 2 computers, connected by a composition connection. s-zom AND and int. Relative to their connection - result. At level II Member examined the internal structure of each d.comp. The 1st comp is a two-member BSP homogeneous. composition with list. relations 2nd - two-member SPP indivisible. structures with explanatory-objective clauses.
Struct. scheme m.b. presented in two versions: a) vertical
b) horizontal: (,), and ([next category. status it is seen-k], (s.s. How)}.
The greatest depth (number of allocated levels) polynomial. SP does not exceed 6-7 level members, and the most frequent are P with two. level of members The number of levels depends on the character of the synth. connections in P.
31. Statement. Parcelation. Segment-I.
One P, depending on the Holy Communicator. ass, m.b. embodied in several statements with different active member .Yesterday he/received the parcel. He received the parcel/yesterday. Yesterday he received a parcel. – these statements are excellent. in each of them actualiz.inf.
4 types of statements: 1) general informational substances. inf. in general, say. enters the rhema.
2) private information - private aspect of material information, the tale is included in the topic (the story is generally known.
3) general verification - not a new message, but a reaction to the opinion of the interlocutor, correction of this opinion. Rem. one predicate. But she didn’t ask.
4) private verification - establishing the reality not of a fact as a whole, but of one aspect. It's not only evil people who walk at night.
Parcellation- division of P, in which the content of the utterance is realized not in one, but in 2 or several intelligent-semantic speech units, following one after another after a separate pause ( dots, questions, exclamations) But you can’t do that. Out loud. Screaming. In front of everyone. It differs from the accession in that the parcel parts are always outside the main part, and the accessory. M.B. both outside and inside.
Segmented design (with double designation), consisting of 2 parts: 1 h. segment (segment) at the beginning of P or T, vysyshch. in ip. (nominal theme, nominal predziavleniya), names a person or object, which in the 2nd half of the 2nd designation. in the form mm. The statement is divided into 2 parts, which are divided into sections. pause. Earth. No one will touch it... Just cling to it tighter.
30.Communication aspect P is manifested in active members, with the theme (given, basis of the statement) and rheme (new) prominent in P
I would like to highlight the communication center's statement:
1.Logical stress.
2. Word order.
3.Lex.repetition Anna was lovely...her eyes were lovely, her manner of speaking was lovely...
4. Particles. Leftonly one - wait.
5. Synthetic construction, chapter f of which selection of information: incomplete P, question. P monologue speech, one-part. P, connection, insertion structure (as for..., then...)
Types of thematic progressions:
1) simple linear sequence
T1-P1(T2=P2)-P2(T3=P2)-P3
2) last with a constant topic
3) sequence with custom theme
Subject-indicators-underline, highlight (particles)
Rhema-indicators-final. position.
28.Introductory structures-words, combinations of words, P. Objective. reality m.b. complicated sub.assessment.
Sub.modality (relative to speech to message) deg.:
Sl.( of course, of course),
Combination noun+preposition( fortunately),
Sl-s.( according to weather forecasters),
P( as the old-timers say)
Morph. sp-b (words) high.introductory-modal.sl.Mod.sl.-morphologiz-e. vyr. introductory word Short circuit mod.sl. -sub.modality, generalizing the meaning of reality, reliability, assumption, etc. ( probably, certainly, true, undoubtedly, apparently, apparently, obviously etc.) From other h/r used: noun.( fortunately),adj.( the most important),adv.( or rather, in short, by the way), main form( I guess they say, confess).
Differential prizes: 1) general meaning – the speaker’s attitude towards the message.
2) dominant sp-b v.-k-ria mod.sl.
3
status value of sub.mod.
Types by f: 1. Reliability of messages.
fact ( of course, undoubtedly, true)
2. Assumption (uncertainty) probably, perhaps, maybe
3. Emotional message (joy, sadness, surprise) to shame, to amazement, unfortunately.
4. Degree of commonality in the presentation of facts: as usual, as usual, as always.
5.Message source: according to rumors, they say, according to opinion.
6. The speaker’s attitude towards the thought process: in short, in other words, in truth, in conscience, figuratively speaking, honestly speaking
7. Relation between the parts of the statement: order of thoughts, conclusion, generalization, degree of significance of the message, highlighting (updating) parts of the statement ( by the way, for example, finally, in particular, most importantly, firstly, I repeat, in one word, therefore)
8.In order to attract attention: do you know, remember, imagine, listen.
28.29.Pluggable components isolated from the introductory ones in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, A.B. Shapiro, D., E. Rosenthal and others, but in school proctics and in other special studies they are considered as part of the introductory sl. and P.
Insertions contain additional messages, related comments and abruptly break the synth connections in P. Insertions are enclosed in brackets or with a dash. If the introductory construction can be included in the k.-n.type according to f, then the inserts are of the most varied variety, the circle of additional information. The introductory construction is planned in advance for inclusion in the statement, and inserts manufactured impressed unplanned, and this creates a condition for their actualization. According to the nature of the connection with the main message, inserts can be divided: 1) not connected with the main message, b) connection.
Insertions that determine the main part of the statement, can clarify its content, supplement with an indication of the circumstances, characterize facial expressions, gestures, intonation of the speaker ( I love you(why lie ? )
In ex. from introductory insertions P m.substantially different from the main part of the statement by intonation. Often inserted P, sharply disrupting the m/U connections of the next main utterance, accompanied by strong. feelings. Believe me (conscience is a guarantee!), Marriage will be torment for us...
26.PP. m.complicated explanation, clarification and accessory members who overeat in general. int. and f additional message. Particular explanation. they are appointed - additionally characterized by members of the PP.
Specify - narrow the concept, limit it. Last summer I vacationed in Crimea, inMiskhore . Most often, the circumstances of place and time are specified ( there, there, then, everywhere), mode of action( He was carefuluntil the pink gloss on the cheeks ,shaven).
For clarification, please:
The circumstance
Def.( He had white onesin lime ,
hands.)
Applications( Both,mother and daughter ,were wearing straw hats)
Belt .-second name according to rel. to the first, another designation of the same concept.
M. have special s-zy( i.e., namely, or (= i.e.)
I reached a village with a church in a new taste,i.e. with columns .
Explanatory relationships often characterize definitions, but they are not isolated, but only separated from the previous definition. On the thirtiethlast miles does not bode well.
At explanation two concepts act as identity, but verbally expressed differently; with clarification names of 2 different concepts, of which one more generally.,other specific.
Join .- attached to the ending P in addition to what is in it, as arising incidentally, in connection with the content of the main statement.
Contents additional contents Joining form motivated by the defined word. This connection is weakened due to the presence of synthetic indicators of the adjunct:
Location of the next word (absolute number P),
Intonation (completion of the main part, meaning pause),
S-zy( and, yes, but, and, besides, yes and)
Comparative design - design with the meaning of a sign of an object, action, etc. Increased thanks to the similarity of them (object, action, state) to others in quality and quantity. The meaning depends on the word with which it is connected. M .b. connection from several member P, with predic.bas. generally. Black,like resin ,shadows lay on the grass.
Bright shape display compare with(as if,
as if, exactly);prepositions, having a comparative-like.meaning( like, like, in detail)
With a comparable degree of quality adj and nar use turnover with s-z than (The study of people is more difficult than the study of books written about people.)
The semantics of a comparative construct is not equal to the LZ of the words included in it. The statement is based on the main LZ, expressed by the composition of the P. It was cold for more than a week,like in October ,rains.
(cold like in October, rained like in October, rained like in October) => connection with the entire basis P => connection of two statements - main. (Cold rains continued for more than a week.), ext. (It rains like this in October)
25.Homogeneous main part.
The division of P into PP and SP is fraught with difficulties in the definition. P with homogeneous main part - simple or complex.
1.a) If the composition. row<->associated generally<=>- this is PP, because enumerated<->occupation one synth place.
b) Uniting the main member in the form nominative P pred. itself SP ( Desertion, steppe.) But it is PP, if they overeat with a common definition ( Beautiful cities and suburbs.)
2.Verb predicates always have their own synth place, this is always the name of separate actions - simultaneous, subsequent, joint. They cannot be combined with a generalized word.( Blue days rose from the east and went west)
It's rare to find a ch. more generally: He was very worried: he jumped up and screamed.
The phenomenon is “homogeneous verb.<=>"controversial. has dualities. nature: 1) connection with the community.<->,2) calculate the predic. basics. Such P phenomena transitional m/u PP and JV, in particular In cases, they gravitate towards one or the other.
One nightmenacingly sighed And banged Neva .( homogeneous ) The branches dripped merrily, and water ran from the roofs. He crushed his cap in his hand, then sat down. ( complicated .)
K P transfer type rel and P with different shapes.<=>
(I'm a vagabond and I love life passionately.)
P with different types of nonverbs.<=>- this is a PP with a homogeneous part. ( The night was dark, fresh and windless.) Unified el-t – bundle.
P. with several infinitives with a general personal/bezl.f-me ch. PP with homogeneous parts.
(I wanted to sit down on the ground, lower my hands, close my eyes.)
Chief member impersonal. P are homogeneous, if - commonly. bunch.( It was quiet, gloomy and boring) Without link-SP ( Deserted and dark)
Defined - personal, general - personal with several main members - trans. type.(You look and don’t know whether his majestic expanse is moving or not) (They believed him, they knew him well.)
21 .Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, expressing the attribute of the subject of speech/thought, called the subject. The most typical form is the finite verb.
There are 3 types of structure: simple, compound (verbal, nominal), complex.
The basis for dividing the predicate into simple and composite is the way of expressing real and grammatical meanings.
Simple Ch. vyr. Ch. in the statement, commanded, conscripted. inkl. and info-vom in special use.
Youdo not laugh ! Let's talk ! Youwould metreated something, or something. And you andcry straightaway.
Simple Ch. It happens complicated. Such a predicate, in particular, is represented by:
1) repeat. conjugated Ch. forms: Gerasimlooked, looked how suddenly he laughs;
2) repeat. conjugated Ch. f., connection So: Here I amI'll make you so happy I'll make you so happy ;
3) combination conjugated. Ch. f. with the previous information of the same chapter: remember I remember , but only vaguely;
4) combination conjugated. Ch. f. with verb h-tsey know: And heknow he's dancing ;
5) continuous combination conjugations. Ch. f.type I'll go for a walk, I'll lie down and rest.
Complicated el-you contribute additionally. shades in grams and lex. the meaning of the predicate, but do not affect its structure (see: N.M. Shansky).
In quality it is simple. Ch. used stable main noun combinations like to take part, to help, to become despondent, to become sad etc. (ibid.).
Comp. tale.. 2 types:
Comp. Ch. comp. from aux. gl.i inf.
Auxiliary chapter:
Phase, designation beginning, continuation, end of action: start, become, start, finish, stop,
With modal meaning: possibility, impossibility, desire, desire, decision, effort: want, wish, be able, intend, dream, intend, dare, try and so on.
As a comp. Ch. - combinations of the infinitive with the predicate. adj., having modal. meaning ( must, intends, ready, obliged, able, glad) and verbal-nominal phraseological units. type ( have a habit, have an intention, express a desire and so on.): .
TO complicated forms of composition rel. const. from mod. and phase or two modal gl.+inf.: Shubinwanted to start working . ; II can (should) decide to leave .
Comp. nominal. formed from a connective (including zero) and a nominal (connective) part, expression: noun, adj., adverb, number, mm of various categories.
A.N. Gvozdev rel. to the number of connectives along with the “pure” connective be Ch. to become, to become, to appear, to appear, to seem,: Hewas teacher; Sisterbecame adult; Winddone unpleasant. Ligamentous function is also attributed to lexical. full value Ch.: Sisterlay sick; Summerstood roast; - combinations are called either as a composition. them. with a denominator connective (school education), or as a complex one. predicate (Grammar - 54, N.S. Valgina and others), or as a transitional type of complex predicate, combining the features of a simple and compound predicate (A.N. Gvozdev). simple verbal predicate + predicative def. or predic.addition. (L.D. Chesnokova and P.A. Lekant.)
Synth. designs formed by a combination of modal or phase ch. with a link in information and a link. member (noun or adj. in TV): Shetried to seem cheerful ; Her eyescontinued to be sad .
Such design qualifications. or how complicated. comp. them. (P.A. Lekant), or as a ternary. complex tale (Gr.-54), or as a ternary. tale mixed (verb-nominal) type (N.S. Valgina).
17. Incompleteness. Elepticity.
Incomplete p – P with lexical unsubstituted syntactic positions. Basic sphere of use – colloquial speech, dialogue. Incompleteness will be removed by context. All incomplete sentences are correlated with complete ones.
Incomplete sentences are divided into:
Contextual - these are incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context (in nearby sentences or in the same sentence) The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves. I handed mine to my father.
Situational ones are incomplete sentences with no names. members, which are clear from the situation. Someone knocked. She opened the door slightly. - Can? – he asked quietly.
Elliptical p. were identified as a variety of incomplete ones, but now they are considered separately. Elliptic P is semantically complete. P, where the eliminated ch. tale without compensation from the context or situation.
Types of elliptic sentences in connection with a general meaning:
P with the meaning of movement, movement Tatiana in the forest, the bear behind her
P with zn. speeches, thoughts I tell him about Thomas, and he tells me about Yerema
P with zn. beating, blows Here I am with a rolling pin
P with zn. take, grab I am for a candle, a candle in the stove
P with zn. presence, being There are pale circles around the month
4.Syn.rel.
Synthetic connections expressed synth (semantic) rel., in which there are relativity between objects and phenomena of action. Synt.rel. divided into:
Predicative (characteristic for predicative basis)
Non-predic. (composition and subordinate rel.)
Predic.rel..exist synth connection coordination.
Nepredik.:
Attribute (external, internal quality, property, accessory): forest, squirrel coat
Object (action, state, prize and object, for which they are, for example): love nature, worthy of praise.
Circumstances (action, sign, state of determination on the part of St. Kachva, condition of manifestation) go to bed at dawn, too bright.
2) Composition. conn.( Ida) and section( or, or);
opposes,( a,but),grad.( and, not only..., but also), exp.( that is, namely)
5. Synth relation in joint venture
1.Connect(enumerated;identified( too, also),distribution ; result; consequence. ; inconsistency-combination of dissimilar, dissimilar. gradation - inequality of two events. (not so much...as much, not exactly...but)
2.Section(mutually exclusive( or, not that...not that, either, or...toli); h/d (then...then...);alternative motivation( or this, or not that, or).
3.Antivit(compar. ; will limit. (but, yes, however) ; ledge .; reimbursement .(but, =but, however).
4.Explanation and accessory - no subtypes.
SPP 1.substance-attribute (determiner): I managed to talk to the person I was looking for;
2. explanatory-objective He talked about what happened yesterday;
3. Comparative-(comparatively)-objective: He acted more nobly than we thought;
4.pronoun-correlative: This was the one everyone had been waiting for a long time;
Calc. structure
1) with add. time 2) reasons 3) goals: 4) consequences. 5) condition 6) assignment ;
7) compare 8) subordinate-attached 9) comparison 10) place 11) m-men-ratio.
V P group. structures predic. parts, combined in meaning, form struct-sem. blocks, which will connect and dispar. types of connections and form the ur.members of the Predic Group. parts in a polynomial joint venture determine the allocation of level members in it. This creates a def. hierarchical structure, manifested in inequality of level members First level. member-ya (main member-e) only one. It is characteristic of the entire structure as a whole and is defined by the dominant semantic relations of its components - predicate parts (or groups of them) and the dominant structural diagram. Other levels of division are distinguished within its framework.
6.Phrase- min synthetic units, comp. of 2 and whiter denominators, united subordinate group. communication (according, ex., adjacent)
1. Fortunatov, Peshkovsky, Peterson: understand. Sl.s.in the broad sense as any grammatically connected pair of full-valued words.Sl.s and P are considered in the same row (finished and unfinished sl.s)
2. Vinogradov: narrows the concept of sl.s., excl. predic.combination from sl.s., subtract.s.s.s based on the word, and not P:s.s.s.s based on the word and phenomenon. nominal unit
3. Beloshapkova: word with recognition of any non-predictive construction, based on synth connection, both subordinate and op.
Signs of sl.s.:
1.Grammatical: non-predicative unit.
2.Function: unit of the nominal plan, expressed as a single, but calculated concept.
3. Structure: consisting of 2 or more significant words, connected subordinates. communication
4. Semantic: definition of synth. relation m/y word.
5. Paradigm: unit of representation. system of forms, based on the forms of the main word.
From the sl.s. excl.:
1) predicate combination,
2) composing a combination,
3) semi-predicative combination with separate members P, expanding additional messages,
4) prepositional case. and analytical forms( during the day, I will decide who is the smartest)
9. Syntactic paradigm.
The concept of a paradigm– a system of P forms, with the same lexical content, but with different. grammatical meaning of predication (modal-temporal plan) System of sentence forms - sentence paradigm.
The complete paradigm is 7-membered:
Real modality: It's raining/it's raining/it's going to rain
Irreal mode:
Opportunity It would rain
Desirability Let it rain
Encourage Let it rain!
Paradigm m.b. full and incomplete, incomplete P don't have a paradigm.
Block diagram- typical examples, according to which units of different levels of synthetic systems are constructed in speech. 2 view: block diagram on.
Predic.min
Nom. min
1) Two-voltage circuits P
- conjugated-gl.:N1-Vf The forest was noisy
Nominal:N1-N1 My brother is a teacher
N1-Adj His smile is kind
N1-Part The room is ventilated
2) Single-voltage circuits. P
Vf1S I love thunderstorms
Vf2S You won't be able to catch a fish without effort
Praed Frosty
Praed-N3 I'm cold
Vf3S It's getting dark
Inf Be silent!
N1 Winter.
3) Schemes inc. s.p.: particles( Yes.), modal.sl( Certainly).,inter-met.( Oh!)
Circuit family.Struct.diagrams of various family. potential:
1) as a designation of objective content - interpretation side: each scheme has its own interpretive action. They're singing behind the wallVр13)- purposeful, but distracted from production. action. He was carried around the world (Vs3/ n)- not purposeful, e.g., not connected with the child.
2) what exactly is the objective content. are capable of expressly limiting the content, connected with it and dependent. Vs3/ n- It may be used because it is used to denote disaggency, it is not possible when depicting the active conscious actions of people.
L. A. Belovolskaya
1. Subject of syntax.
2. System of syntactic units.
3. Syntactic connections and relationships.
4. Means of syntactic communication and construction of syntactic units.
5. Grammatical meaning of syntactic units.
6. Aspects of the study of syntactic units (logical aspect, structural aspect, communicative aspect, structural-semantic aspect).
1. Grammar of the Russian language. M., 1954, 1960 - T. 2, parts 1 and 2.
2. Russian grammar. M., 1980, vol. 2.
3. Modern Russian language / Under. ed.V.A. Beloshapkova. M., 1981.
4. Modern Russian language in three parts / V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov. M, 1987.
5. Modern Russian language / Ed. N.M. Shansky. M., 1981.
6. Chesnokova L.D. Connections of words in modern Russian language. M., 1980.
7. Raspopov I.P. The structure of a simple sentence in modern Russian. M., 1970.
8. Valgina N.S. Syntax of modern Russian language. M., 1978.
9. Lekant P.A. Syntax of a simple sentence in modern Russian. M., 1974.
10. Modern Russian language / R.N. Popov, D.P. Valkova, L.Ya. Malovitsky, A.K. Fedorov. M., 1978.
11. Modern Russian language / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. Part 2. Syntax. M., 1979.
12. Kovtunova I.I. Modern Russian language. Word order and actual division of sentences. M., 1976.
1. The term “syntax” is used to designate both the object of study and the branch of the science of language.
The syntax of a language is its syntactic structure, a set of laws operating in the language that regulate the construction of syntactic units.
Syntax as a science is a section of grammar that covers the syntactic structure of a language, the structure and meaning of syntactic units (4, p. 5).
The division of grammar into morphology and syntax is determined by the very essence of the objects being studied.
Morphology studies the meanings and forms of words as elements of intraword opposition; the meanings of verbal forms that arise in combination with other verbal forms, the meanings determined by the laws of compatibility of words and the construction of sentences, are the subject of syntax (8, p. 7).
Syntax as the science of the syntactic structure of language makes it possible to construct and show a system of syntactic units, connections and relationships between them, what and how they are composed of, and by what means components (elements) are connected into syntactic units.
Fundamental concepts of syntax - the concept of syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections (and means of communication) and grammatical (syntactic) semantics (4, p. 5).
2. Syntactic units are constructions in which their elements (components) are united by syntactic connections and relationships.
As part of syntactic units, inflected words are used in one of their forms (word forms), which together form the morphological paradigm of the word. However, word forms are studied in both morphology and syntax, but they look different.
Wed: By morning, frost will stick to the pine branches (Kedrin).
The sentence contains 7 words, 5 word forms, 5 sentence members.
Heavy evening dew should have fallen on the grass (A. Tolstoy).
The sentence contains 8 words, 7 word forms, 5 sentence members.
Thus, word forms are building elements of syntactic units: phrases, simple sentences, complex sentences, complex syntactic wholes, which are the main syntactic units (4, p. 6).
The question of the composition of syntactic units (how many there are and what they are) has not yet been clearly resolved in linguistics, however, in most university textbooks (see the list of references) all of the above-mentioned syntactic units are discussed.
3. “Syntactic connections and relationships between elements (components) of syntactic units are the main feature of syntactic constructions” (Chesnokova L.D., p. 6).
A syntactic connection is an expression of the relationship of elements in a syntactic unit, that is, it serves to express syntactic relationships between words, secondly, it creates the syntactic structure of sentences and phrases, and thirdly, it creates conditions for the realization of the lexical meaning of a word.
The main types (types) of syntactic connection are composition and subordination (4, p. 6).
Composition and subordination are structural, actually linguistic relations, designed to structurally formalize objective relations.
Subordination conveys the relationship between the facts of the objective world in the form of such a combination of two words in which one acts as the main thing, the second as the dependent.
The essay conveys the relationships between the facts of the objective world in the form of such a combination of words in which all words act as equal in relation to each other.
Based on the main types of communication in the linguistic literature, the following are distinguished: 1) explanatory communication; 2) bidirectional communication; 3) determinant connection.
Let's take a closer look at them.
Explanatory communication is typical only for word forms as part of a sentence. I.P. Raspopov in “The Structure of a Simple Sentence” (7, pp. 40-41) calls this connection an application; in “Grammar-80” it is noted that the explanatory connection is characterized as a type of coordinating connection (§ 2084).
An explanatory connection is a connection of word forms in which the second component is, as it were, “superimposed” on the first and, thanks to this, is likened to it in syntactic relations with other components of the sentence. The explanatory connection reveals the actual explanatory syntactic relationships that express different names for the same phenomenon. An explanatory connection can be seen in cases that are usually interpreted as isolation of applications (in a broad sense, including not only adjective, but also adjectival, adverbial components), it is characteristic of a sentence (I.P. Chirkina, part 4, p. 25) .
Wed: She went out into the street in an old, very shabby dress. To the left, by the road, stood a lone tree.
A bidirectional connection is characteristic only of a sentence; it is a simultaneous connection of a dependent word form with two other core word forms for it, expressing attributive and adverbial, attributive and objective syntactic relationships. (See: Grammar-80, § 2003, Chesnokova L.D., pp. 66-72, Raspopov I.P., pp. 37-40).
Example: Burying his face in a towel, he cried bitterly, as he cried in this room when his father (Fedin) unfairly and cruelly punished him as a little boy.
The word form of the little one expresses both an attributive relation to the word form his (what is he like?) and an adverbial temporal relation to the word form punished (when?).
Has the war made you superstitious? (Simonov).
The word form superstitious simultaneously expresses attributive and objective syntactic relations.
A determinant connection is a connection between the free addition of a word form to a sentence as a whole, expressing objective and adverbial syntactic relations (see the works of N.Yu. Shvedova, V.P. Malashchenko, etc.).
Examples: A writer must be a thinker, an artist, and a critic at the same time. For a great writer, knowing your native language is not enough.
The selected units are the objective determinant.
The room smelled fresh from the balcony. A warm wind blew through the open windows - an example of a circumstantial determinant.
Since syntactic connections serve to express syntactic relations, the latter should be defined.
“Syntactic relations,” writes L.D. Chesnokova, “are those semantic relations that in school syntax are qualified as grammatical meanings of phrases, these are those relations that determine the specifics of the syntactic structure of a sentence, constitute the meaning of sentence members, the meaning of subordinate clauses, the meaning of complex and non-union proposals, etc.
Relations between objects and phenomena of the real world are concretized and presented in language as relations between an object and an object, between a sign and an object, between a sign and a sign, between an action and an object, between an action and a sign, between an action and an action" (6, p. 9 ).
Structural, actually linguistic, relations are called upon to formalize and represent objective relations in language in a certain way (ibid.).
The main division of syntactic relations into predicative and non-predicative should be recognized. Predicative syntactic relations are characteristic of the grammatical basis of a sentence: subject and predicate.
Non-predicative syntactic relations are divided into coordinating and subordinating (attributive, objective, adverbial). They can occur between components of all syntactic units.
(For more details, see the referenced literature).
4. To construct syntactic units, word forms, function words, typified lexical elements, intonation, word order, etc. are used. All these means also serve to formalize syntactic connections and express syntactic relationships.
Word forms are minimal syntactic constructions that serve the semantic side of syntactic constructions, and the elements of word forms are endings and prepositions.
Conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and components of a complex syntactic whole, and express their grammatical meanings. Less clear indicators of grammatical meanings are coordinating conjunctions, but they also reveal semantic relationships between the components being composed.
Particles and their combinations can form indivisible sentences, formalize the syntactic meanings of sentences, sentence members, highlight the semantic center of a statement, etc. Particles are not included in the members of a sentence if they formulate the grammatical meaning of the entire sentence:
Is it really possible that room conditions will remain in the cabin at thousand-degree temperatures?
In other cases, particles, like prepositions, are part of the members of the sentence.
1. Subject of syntax. Question about the composition of syntactic units. System of syntactic units. Syntactic units of the non-communicative level and their brief characteristics.
2. Syntactic units of the communicative level and their brief characteristics.
Question about basic syntactic units. The concept of the grammatical meaning of syntactic units. The essence of the grammatical meaning of a phrase, a simple sentence, a complex sentence.
3. Syntactic connection as a formal-grammatical connection of syntactic units. Types of word compatibility: lexical (referential), lexical-semantic, categorical (part-speech). Verbal and non-verbal syntactic connections, their distinctive features, types.
4. Predicative connection, its features; syntactic relations and means of their expression in a given connection. Specifics of predicative communication and its main varieties.
5. The coordinating connection in its opposition to the subordinating connection, its characteristics, varieties. Basic syntactic relations in composing and their means of expression.
6. Subordinating relationship, its essence, main differential features; separation from other types of syntactic connections / from non-verbal ones; from the writing/. Collocation and other combinations of words. Question about predicative and coordinative combinations of words.
7. Typology of subordinating connection. Types of subordinating connections: by the nature of the main word as a lexical-semantic unit, by the degree of necessity of the dependent component with the main one, by the nature of the form of the dependent component.
8. Typology of subordinating connection. Types of subordinating connections: in relation to the lexical-semantic factor of compatibility, in terms of mandatory/optional compatibility, in terms of the possibility/impossibility of expressing a subordinating connection by different formal means. Correlation and interaction of various types of subordinating connections.
9. Collocation as an independent unit of syntax. The doctrine of phrases, phrases in the “narrow” sense of the word. The main features of a phrase in comparison with a word, with a phraseological unit, with a sentence.
10. Types of phrases: a/ by the morphological nature of the main and dependent words; b/ by the grammatical way of connecting components; c/ by the nature of semantic-syntactic relationships between components. Means of expressing the grammatical method of communication and semantic-syntactic relations in various types of phrases.
11. Methods of grammatical connection of components in a phrase. The content of these concepts in school and scientific grammar.
12. The grammatical meaning of a phrase and the semantic-syntactic relations of its components as a basis for establishing the status of a minor member of a sentence in traditional syntactic descriptions. Types of phrases according to the nature of semantic-syntactic relationships.
13. Structural types of phrases: simple and complex phrases. Two approaches to identifying simple and complex phrases in the scientific tradition. Various types of combinations of dependent components in complex phrases: phrases with sequential subordination and with co-subordination - homogeneous and heterogeneous (parallel).
14. Whole phrases as a special type of phrases. The main condition for the syntactic indivisibility of a phrase is the fact of the generation of an entire phrase. The nature of semantic-syntactic relations between the components of syntactically indivisible phrases; the specifics of their functioning as part of a proposal. Delineation of syntactically non-free phrases from phraseologically related and other related combinations of words. Particular varieties of syntactically indivisible phrases (CSP).
15. A simple sentence as the basic unit of syntax. Signs of a simple sentence. The grammatical meaning of a simple sentence: its essence, methods and means of expression.
16. Predicativeness as the main grammatical meaning of a sentence. Categories that formalize predicativity. Modality, the meaning of objective and subjective modality; syntactic tense, syntactic person.
17. Predicative basis of a sentence. The concept of the structural diagram and paradigm of a sentence.
18. Sentence typology. Types of sentences: 1) by the number of predicative centers, 2) by the reproduction of a structural diagram, 3) by the nature of the predicative center, 4) by the presence or absence of minor members, 5) by the presence or absence of necessary members of the sentence.
19. Sentence typology. Types of sentences: 1) by the nature of predicative relations, 2) by communicative goal setting, 3) by emotional coloring. Phraseologized and non-phraseologized sentence structures.
20. Aspects of the study of the proposal.
21. The concept of the members of a sentence, a brief history of their study. Main and minor members of the sentence. Mandatory and optional, morphologized and non-morphologized members of the sentence. The concept of the determining members of a sentence.
23. Predicate, its categorical features. The concept of the real and grammatical meaning of the predicate, classification grounds for identifying structural types of the predicate. Simple and compound predicate. A simple verbal predicate, the main ways of expressing it, forms of manifestation and complications.
24. Compound verbal predicate, its structural and semantic features, ways of expressing real and grammatical meaning in it, complication of the structure of the compound verbal predicate. The difference between a compound verbal predicate and verbal combinations with a subjective, objective and adverbial infinitive.
25. Compound nominal predicate, its structural and semantic features; types of connectives in it and the main ways of expressing its nominal part. Complication of the structure of a compound nominal predicate.
26. Minor members of a sentence and the history of their study. Principles for identifying secondary members of a sentence. Pre-primary and conditional secondary members of the sentence. Types of secondary members of a sentence: a) in relation to the structure of the sentence, b) by the nature of the syntactic connection, c) by the morphological method of expression, d) by the nature of syntactic relations, e) by semantics.
27. Addition, its categorical features, types and methods of expression. The infinitive complement and its delimitation from the infinitive part of the compound verbal predicate, the infinitive definition and the infinitive adverbial adverbial. Syncretism in the field of addition.
28. Definition, its categorical features. Types of definitions. Discrimination of inconsistent definitions from the genitive subsubstantive in the role of a complement. Syncretism in the field of definitions. Application as a special type of definition. The nature of the connection between the defined and the application.
29. Circumstance, its categorical features, types of circumstances and ways of expressing them. Circumstances are conventional and determining. The main distinctive features of the determining circumstance. Syncretism in the field of circumstances. Classification of circumstances in the school grammatical tradition. Members of a sentence with a double syntactic connection (duplexives).
30. One-part sentence. A. A. Shakhmatov about a one-part sentence. The question is about the nature of the main member of a one-part sentence. Classification of one-part sentences (general characteristics).
31. Structural and semantic features and types of verbal personal one-part sentences. The question of definite-personal and generalized-personal sentences in modern Russian studies.
32. Structural-semantic features and types of verbal non-finite one-part sentences. Specifics and varieties of infinitive one-part sentences.
33. Structural and semantic features and types of one-component sentences of the nominal class. Varieties of one-part sentences of the nominal class. The question of nominative sentences in modern Russian studies. Studying one-part sentences with the main member - the subject at school.
34. Genitive sentences, the specifics of their semantics and structure. Ways of expressing their main member. Genitive sentences in their relationship with impersonal and nominative one-part sentences, with complete and incomplete structures.
35. Indivisible sentences, the specifics of their structure, semantics and functioning.
Criteria for their selection. Question about vocative sentences. Distinguishing vocative sentences from adjacent structures.
36. Incomplete sentence, criteria for its selection. Basic types of incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences. Studying incomplete sentences at school.
37. A complex sentence, its distinctive features (in comparison with a common and complex sentence). Sentences complicated by homogeneous members: the specifics of their semantics, connections and means of expression. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Question about sentences with homogeneous predicates.
38. Complicated sentence with isolated members expressed by substantive phrase, adjective phrase, participial phrase, adverbial clause, application. The question is about the polypropositivity of such sentences. Specificity of semi-predicative relations. General and specific conditions of separation.
39. Complex sentences with clarifying and explanatory members. The actual explanation, its types and ways of expressing it. Clarification, its types (limitation, specification, complementary clarification) and ways of expressing it.
40. Sentences with separate circumstances. Conditions for their isolation. A complicated sentence with an adjunctive phrase, its differentiation from parceled constructions.
41. Complication of a simple sentence with a comparative phrase. Differential features of a comparative phrase in its comparison with an incomplete comparative clause in a complex sentence.
42. Complex sentence with introductory components and plug-in structures. Types of introductory components by function (modal, emotional, conjunction, etc.). Functions and form of insertions (word form, phrase, sentence). Punctuation design of sentences complicated by introductory and plug-in constructions.
43. Appeal. Form and functions of address. A simple sentence, complicated by inversion, and its delimitation from constructions homonymous with it.
44. A complex sentence as a semantic, intonation and structural whole. Place of a complex sentence in the system of syntactic units. Differential features of a complex sentence, its grammatical meaning and means of expression.
45. Structure of a complex sentence: open/closed; flexible/inflexible structures; homogeneous/heterogeneous composition; free and non-free (phraseologized) models of complex sentences. Transitional constructions in the area of syntax of complex sentences.
46. Types of complex sentences by means of communication and grammatical meaning. Types of complex sentences according to the purpose of the statement; mono- and polyfunctional complex sentences; a complex sentence in terms of the emotional coloring of its structure; specificity of the actual division of a complex sentence.
47. Compound sentence as a structural-semantic type of complex sentence; its differential features, the essence of grammatical meaning and means of its expression (primary and secondary). Compound sentences of an open structure: selection criteria, varieties (basic and particular), differentiation from complex sentences of a closed structure. Structural and semantic varieties of complex sentences of a closed structure (main and particular).
48. General characteristics of a complex sentence, its differential features. The main elements structuring the semantic-syntactic model of a complex sentence. Distinguishing subordinating conjunctions from allied words. Types of complex sentence structures: structures with fixed and non-fixed order of predicative parts; with reversible/irreversible parts; structures with inversely subordinate and mutually subordinate parts; free and non-free models.
49. A brief history of the study of complex sentences. Question about the classification of complex sentences. Studying complex sentences at school.
50. Complex sentences of dismembered and undivided structure. The nature of the interaction of the supporting component with the subordinate clause in the undivided structures of a complex sentence. Complex sentences of the substantive-attributive type: their differential features; their particular varieties.
51. Complex sentences of explanatory type: their differential features; their particular varieties. Difficult cases of qualification of complex sentences of the substantive-attributive and explanatory type.
52. The pronominal class of a complex sentence in its correspondence to the divided/non-divided structures of a complex sentence. Specific varieties of complex sentences of the pronominal class, their structural and semantic features, difficult cases of qualification. Non-free (phraseologized) models of complex sentences of the pronominal class.
53. Complex sentences of dissected structure: their common differential features; their particular varieties; structural and semantic characteristics of each of them. Difficult cases in the qualification of complex sentences of dissected structure. The place and scope of studying complex sentences of this type in school grammar. Non-free (phraseologized) models of complex sentences of dismembered structure.
54. Complex sentences of dissected structure with the meaning of comparison: specifics of semantics and structure, specific varieties. The difference between incomplete comparative clauses and a simple sentence complicated by a comparative clause. Contaminated structures of complex sentences with the meaning of comparison. Phraseological models of comparative complex sentences.
55. A non-union complex sentence as a special structural and semantic unit of syntax, its place in the system of a complex sentence. History of the study of non-union complex sentences. The grammatical meaning of a non-conjunctive complex sentence and the main means of its expression. Typology of a non-union complex sentence: non-union complex sentences of homogeneous and heterogeneous composition; open and closed structure; with differentiated and undifferentiated relationships. Non-conjunctive complex sentences with differentiated relations. Punctuation marks in this type of structure.
56. Non-union complex sentences with undifferentiated relations: specifics of semantic-syntactic relations between predicative parts, lexical content of the structure and intonation pattern. Particular varieties of non-union complex sentences with undifferentiated relations. Punctuation marks in this type of structures.
57. The concept of someone else’s speech and methods of its transmission. Direct speech. Indirect speech. Translation of direct speech into indirect speech. Improperly direct speech as a contamination of forms of direct and indirect speech. Structural-formal features and structural-semantic varieties of improperly direct speech. Quotation and its forms. Punctuation design of various ways of transmitting someone else's speech.
58. Complex forms of monologue and dialogic speech. A complex syntactic whole as a structural-semantic unit. The concept of microthemes. The structure of a complex syntactic whole. Means of communication between parts, types of communication. Paragraph as a stylistic and compositional unit. Complex syntactic whole and paragraph.
59. Dialogical unity as a structural-semantic unit of dialogical speech. Types of dialogic unities by meaning and formal features.
60. Principles of Russian punctuation. The system of punctuation marks in the modern Russian language, their main functions, types and specifics of use.
Basic literature for the electronic version of the lecture course
1. Kryuchkov S. E. and Maksimov L. Yu. Modern Russian language. Syntax of a complex sentence. Textbook manual for pedagogical students. Institute... - M.: Education, 1977. - 191 p.
2. Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: Textbook. for students higher textbook institutions: In 2 hours - Part 2: Morphology, Syntax / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M.: Publishing center “Academy”, 2001. – 704 p.
3. Modern Russian language: Textbook. for philol. specialist. higher educational institutions / Ed. V. A. Beloshapkova. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1999. – 928 p.
4. Modern Russian language: Textbook / Under the general editorship of L. A. Novikov. – St. Petersburg. : publishing house “Lan”, 2001. – 864 p.