Question 1. How are the unevenness of the earth's surface indicated on a geographical map?
To indicate absolute heights on plans and maps, horizontal lines are used - conditional lines connecting points with the same absolute height. The direction of the slope decline is shown with short dashes - berg strokes. The absolute heights of the tops of hills or mountains are shown on plans and maps as a number with a dot. On physical geographic maps, for greater clarity, the intervals between contour lines are colored to indicate heights and depths. For land heights, shades of green, yellow and brown are used, for ocean depths, shades of blue are used. The colors that indicate depths and heights are placed next to the map frame and are called the height and depth scale.
Question 2. What is absolute altitude?
Absolute altitude is the height of any point on the earth's surface above ocean level.
Question 3. What forces are involved in the formation of unevenness on the earth's surface?
The formation and development of relief forms are actively influenced by two groups of forces: one is the internal forces of the Earth, the main cause of which is due to the deep processes of our planet, the other is external forces arising under the influence of the thermal energy of the Sun.
Question 4. Are all the irregularities of the earth's surface forms of relief?
Yes. Landforms are specific irregularities of the earth's surface, representing a surface that encloses a three-dimensional volumetric body and consisting of relief elements or simpler relief forms. Landforms can be simple and complex, positive and negative, open and closed.
Question 5. What is relief?
Relief is all the irregularities of the earth's surface that have different sizes, shapes, origins and are formed as a result of the simultaneous action of internal and external forces. Irregularities in the earth's surface are called landforms.
Question 6. Define the following concepts: mountains, plain, lowland, hill, plateau.
Mountains are highly elevated landforms within which significant differences in elevation are observed. Plains are large areas of the Earth's surface with small differences in elevation (less than 200 m), that is, equal. They can differ in the nature of the surface, that is, they can be flat and hilly. The lowest plains are called lowlands. Higher plains are called uplands. Their height above sea level ranges from 200 to 500 m. The highest plains are called plateaus.
Question 7. Which mountains are the highest on Earth?
The highest mountains on the planet are the Himalayas, located north of the Hindustan Peninsula. In this huge mountain range, 13 peaks are more than 8 km high.
Question 8: What are mid-ocean ridges?
Mid-ocean ridges are huge and very complex mountain ranges stretching for tens of thousands of kilometers.
Question 9. How do internal and external forces influence the formation of the topography of our planet?
Internal and external forces are slowly but constantly transforming the planet's topography. Thanks to them, mountains, plains, lowlands, hills, and plateaus are formed.
Question 10. How do mountains differ from plains?
Mountains are huge, highly rugged areas of the earth's surface that are elevated above the surrounding area. Plains are huge, fairly flat areas of the earth's surface, which are characterized by slight fluctuations in relative heights.
Question 11. Why is the topography of the ocean floor different from the topography of the land surface?
Because the ocean floor is less exposed to external forces, its relief is mainly affected only by deep forces.
Question 12: How is a mid-ocean ridge different from land mountains?
Land mountain ranges do not have rift valleys, as do oceanic ones, since they were formed mainly as a result of the collision of plates, and not their separation. With such a collision, the sedimentary layers are compressed and, in the form of huge folds, bulge upward or bend downward, forming mountains and valleys. For the same reason, land mountain ranges are not cut by transform faults, like oceanic ridges.
Question 13. Using a physical map of the world, write down the names of landforms by filling out the table provided.
1. Mark the characteristics of the earth’s crust with a red pencil, the mantle with green, and the core with blue.
2. Label the internal shells of the Earth in Figure 9 and indicate at what depth the boundaries between them are located.
3. What does the earth's crust consist of? Complete diagram 4.
4. Select the most common minerals in the earth’s crust from the list and mark them with a “+” sign
5. In Diagram 5, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
6. Complete the sentences.
From magma slowly cooling at depth, they form deep igneous rocks.
Lava that spills onto the earth's surface forms erupted (volcanic) igneous rocks.
7. From the list (rock salt, marble, sand, clay, granite, limestone, chalk, basalt, gypsum) select:
a) deep igneous rock:
granite;
b) erupted (volcanic) rock:
basalt.
8. How do sedimentary rocks differ by origin? Complete diagram 6.
9. From the list (gneiss, granite, marble, sand, basalt, gypsum, peat) select:
a) sedimentary clastic rock:
sand;
b) sedimentary rock of chemical origin:
gypsum;
c) sedimentary rock of organic origin:
peat.
10. Underline the name of the most common metamorphic rock in the earth’s crust.
Sand, gravel, basalt, chalk, marble, granite, gneiss, coal, rock salt, gypsum.
11. Fill out table 5, selecting rocks of the appropriate origin from the list: peat, gneiss, granite, sandstone, coal, gravel, basalt, crushed stone, chalk, salts, sand, marble, limestone, gypsum, pebbles, clay.
12. How are some rocks transformed into others? Complete diagram 7.
13. Mark the characteristics of the continental crust with a red pencil, and the oceanic crust with a blue pencil.
14. Figure 10 shows the types of the earth’s crust (numbers 1-2); layers of the earth's crust of both types (numbers 3-7); thickness of the earth's crust (in numbers 8-10).
Identify and write down what each number represents.
1. Oceanic crust.
2. Continental crust.
3. Sedimentary layer of the continental crust.
4. Granite layer of the continental earth's crust.
5. Basalt layer of the continental crust.
6. Basalt layer of the oceanic crust.
7. Sedimentary layer of the oceanic crust.
8. The thickness of the oceanic crust is 0.5-12 km.
9. The thickness of the continental crust is 35-40 km.
10. The thickness of the lithosphere is 50 km under the oceans and 200 km on the continents.
11. The thickness of the continental crust under the mountains is 75 km.
15. Finish the sentence.
Lithosphere is the solid shell of the Earth, consisting of the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
16. Mark the characteristics of the lithosphere with a “+” sign.
17. Finish the sentence.
The lithosphere is not monolithic, but is divided by faults into separate blocks, which are called lithospheric plates.
18. Using Figure 44 of the textbook, determine which seven of the largest lithospheric plates of the Earth are depicted in Figure 11 by numbers 1-7. Circle the boundaries of their separation with a red pencil, and the collisions with a blue pencil.
1. South American.
2. African.
3. Eurasian.
4. North American.
5. Pacific.
6. Indo-Australian
7. Antarctic.
19. Finish the sentence.
The totality of all irregularities in the surface of the land and the bottom of the seas and oceans is called relief.
20. Fill out table 6.
21. Mark convex relief shapes with a red pencil, concave ones with a blue pencil.
22. How are landforms divided by size? Fill out table 7.
23. Consider Figure 12.
24. In diagram 8, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
25. In diagram 9, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between absolute heights and layer-by-layer colors. Color the drawing with the appropriate colors.
26. Consider a fragment of the map in Figure 13.
a) Complete the sentences.
The lines shown on the map are called contour lines. These lines are used to depict the terrain.
b) Is the landform shown on the map convex or concave?
Convex.
c) Color the depicted relief shape using layer-by-layer coloring.
27. Fill out table 8 by selecting from the list (continents, land plains and ocean floors, ravines, hills, mountain ranges, hummocks, gullies, intermountain depressions, ocean depressions) landforms created by internal or external forces acting on the Earth.
28. Depending on the direction, what types of slow movements of the earth’s crust are divided? Complete diagram 10.
29. Figure 14, a shows the position of the Hindustan Peninsula 70 million years ago, Figure 14, b - at the present time. The island moved to the coast of Eurasia along with the lithospheric plate at an average speed of 9 cm per year. What is the length of the route covered by Hindustan?
The length of the route of the Hindustan Peninsula is
30. Look at Figure 15 (a and b) and complete the sentences.
a) The mountains in Figure 15, a arise in places where lithospheric plates collide, and the mountains in Figure 15, b - in places where they diverge.
b) The mountains in Figure 15, a are located on land and consist of rocks crushed into folds.
c) The mountains in Figure 15, b are located on the bottom of the oceans and consist of igneous rocks.
31. The plan (Fig. 16) shows the relief of the coastal territory. Color blue the part of the area that would be flooded by the sea if the earth's crust dropped 6 m.
Earthquakes are rapid vibrations of the earth's crust caused by tremors.
33. List the types of rock occurrence shown in Figure 17.
1. Wrinkling into folds
2. Reset
3. Gorst
4. Graben
34. In diagram 11, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
35. Label the source and epicenter of the earthquake in Figure 18.
36. Why are areas of frequently recurring earthquakes located on the Earth in belts?
These belts are collision zones of lithospheric plates.
37. Label in Figure 19 the names of the parts of the volcano and volcanic emissions (substances).
38. Figure 20 shows two types of volcanic eruptions. Describe them.
a) a fissure-type volcano.
b) a crater-type volcano.
39. Why do mountain building, volcanism and earthquakes occur in the same areas?
These are the boundaries of the collision of lithospheric plates.
40. Using the textbook text and a physical map of the world, give examples of large volcanoes:
a) Mediterranean belt: Vesuvius, Etna, Elbrus, Kazbek, Ararat, Stromboli.
b) Pacific belt: Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Fuji, Popocatepetl, Orizaba, Llullaillaco, Cotopaxi, San Pedro.
41. Under the influence of what internal and external forces is the Earth’s topography formed? Fill out table 9.
42. Mark the characteristics of internal forces with a red pencil, external ones with a blue pencil.
43. What types of weathering do you know? Complete diagram 12.
44. Complete the sentences.
Weathering is the destruction and change of rocks on the land surface under the influence of natural environmental conditions.
45. How does weathering affect rocks? Fill out table 10.
46. Choose the correct answer.
A highly elongated depression in the relief formed by the long-term operation of a river is called:
c) valley;
47. What is the role of external forces in the formation of relief? Fill out table 11.
48. There are no glaciers on the East European Plain. But many hills between parallels 50 and 55° N. w. consist of glacial deposits (Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands, Northern Uvaly). How were they formed?
During the anthropogenic period of the Cenozoic era, an ancient glacier passed through this territory, which brought a large amount of sediment.
49.Choose the correct answer.
Sandy crescent-shaped hills that form in deserts are called:
c) dunes.
50. Determine which elements of the structure of a mountainous country are depicted in Figure 21 by numbers 1-4.
1. Mountain range.
2. Top of the mountain.
3. Intermountain Valley.
4. Mountainside.
51.Longest mountains on land:
b) Andes;
The highest mountains on land:
b) Himalayas.
52.How do mountains differ in absolute height? Complete diagram 13.
53. Figure 22 shows plains with different absolute heights. What are their names?
a) lowland;
b) elevation;
c) plateau.
54. Choose the correct answer.
The largest lowlands by area are:
d) Amazonian and West Siberian.
55. Choose the correct statement.
b) Plains occupy 60% of the land area, and mountains - 40%.
56. Using a physical map of the world, determine which forms of relief of the ocean floor are indicated in Figure 23 by numbers 1-5. Write down the name of each of them.
1. North Atlantic Ridge;
2. South Atlantic Ridge;
3.East Pacific Rise;
4. West Indian Ridge;
5. Australian-Antarctic rise.
57. Choose the correct answer.
Underwater mountain ranges with oceanic crust, forming a single mountain system with a length of more than 60 thousand km, are called:
c) mid-ocean ridges.
58. Mark the characteristics of mid-ocean ridges with a “+” sign.
59.Choose the correct answer.
The bed of the oceans occupies about the area of their bottom:
b) 50%.
60. What landforms does the ocean floor consist of? Complete diagram 14.
61. Determine and write down what forms of relief of the bottom of the World Ocean are shown in Figure 24 by numbers 1-5.
1. Shelf (continental shallows).
2. Continental (continental slope).
3. Ocean bed.
4. Mid-ocean ridge.
5. Deep water trench.
62. Insert into the sentence instead of each number one of the words given in the list under the corresponding number so that the sentence turns out to be correct in meaning.
1. Short, long.
2. Narrow, wide.
3. Uplifts, ridges, depressions.
4. 60 m, 600 m, 6000 m.
5. Movements, collisions.
Deep-sea trenches are long and narrow oceanic depressions with a depth of more than 6000 m, located at the boundaries of the collision of lithospheric plates.
63. Choose the correct answer.
Earth's deepest trench:
c) Marian.
64. Why does 80% of the Earth's population live on the plains (up to an altitude of 500 m) and only 1% in the mountains at an altitude of more than 2000 m?
On the plains it is easier to build buildings and roads, and conduct agriculture.
65. What threatening natural phenomena associated with the earth’s crust occur in the mountains?
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows (mudflows).
66. What economic activity does a person engage in in the mountains? How does it change depending on the height of the mountains? Describe this activity in Figure 15.
67. What methods are used to extract minerals? Complete diagram 16.
68. What is the impact of human economic activity on the earth’s crust? Complete Table 12.
I still remember with horror how we had to make a huge model of the planet for a school concert! Our design team decided that it would be a great idea to cover the fitball with plasticine. As a result, it took so much that at night I dreamed of a green-blue planet and plasticine flying above it. Our idea ultimately failed, but if the model had been completed, it would have been an image of the earth's surface. True, there are much more detailed images.
Why not make all images detailed?
Depicting the planet or its parts can be very useful. And for educational purposes, and in order to navigate in space, and even just for games or theatrical performances.
It is logical that images taken for different purposes will differ. After all, in order to so that the constructed model is useful, she must display only the properties you need Earth. For example, imagine a map or globe that will be approximately the same size as the real size of the planet - yes, they will be more naturalistic, of course, but at the same time they will be absolutely inconvenient to use.
Therefore, if you need accuracy, you need to display it accurately. If the form is important, then the priority will be to convey it. Combining everything at once will only complicate the chosen model – both for production and for use.
What types of images of the earth's surface are there?
Depending on different purposes, the surface of the planet is depicted in different ways. The main methods that have practical value are:
A plan is a small image on a planetary scale terrain. Some region, town, etc. Yes, they make it very much detailed– right down to marking trees and bushes. But it correlates the sizes of objects only within the territory that is marked on the plan . And yet it depicts the volumetric Earth on a plane. Errors cannot be avoided - as is the case with a map.
globe Same does not display the exact shape of the planet . And the objects themselves too.
So it is best to understand the ratio of the sizes of areas of the earth's surface precisely in a space image.
- Lowland is a plain that rises no higher than 200 m above sea level.
- Highlands are flat areas of land with an altitude of 200 to 500 meters above sea level.
- A plateau is a plain with a flat or slightly undulating surface, elevated above sea level by more than 500 meters.
Accumulation
Seabed rise
Change of plains under the influence of water flows
Just like the mountains, the plains gradually change. Much work is done on them by water flows, both permanent (rivers) and temporary, which form on the slopes after heavy rains or during the spring melting of snow.
Each tributary of the river digs out a valley through which it flows, each tributary erodes the banks and deepens, albeit slowly, its bed. The process of erosion occurs especially quickly on hills and plateaus, since the rivers originating from them have a more rapid flow.
Water flowing over the surface washes away the top, arable layer of soil from the fields along with the nutrients that plants need so much. The washout occurs especially quickly on steep slopes not covered with vegetation; that's why steep slopes are not plowed. Slopes with a slight slope should only be plowed across. When plowing a slope transversely, the flowing water is retained by the furrows, absorbed into the ground and does not wash away the soil. Thus, millions of hectares of fertile soil are preserved from erosion. Material from the site
Changing plains under the influence of wind
The winds, sweeping over the plains, do great destructive work. It happens that hurricane-force winds blow over the plains for several days in a row, without ceasing. A dust storm begins. In one such storm, the wind can remove a layer of soil up to 25 cm thick, and previously fertile lands turn into barren wastelands.
Grass strips, which are created at certain intervals in the fields, as well as forest strips, reduce soil blowing.
The wind does especially great work on plains covered with loose sands, not held together by plant roots - dunes and dunes. The open expanse of sand is never level.